Mark 14

Hendriksen

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-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 16 2 8 0 0 CHAPTER XIV) Outline of Chapter 14) Theme: The Work Which Thou Gavest Him To Do) 14:1, 2 God s Counsel versus Man s Collusion) 14:3 9 The Anointing at Bethany) 14:10, 11 The Agreement between Judas and the Chief Priests) 14:12 21 The Passover) 14:22 26 The Institution of the Lord s Supper) 14:27 31 Peter s Denial Foretold) 14:32 42 Gethsamane) 14:43 50 The Betrayal and the Seizure of Jesus) 14:51, 52 The Young Man Who Escaped) 14:53 65 The Trial before the Sanhedrin) 14:66 72 Peter s Threefold Denial) ) 14:1, 2 God s Counsel versus Man s Collusion) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.1-40.26.5|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.1-40.26.5|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.45-43.11.53|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.45-43.11.53|AUTODETECT|” John 11:45 53) 1 2 2 8 0 0 14 1 Now the feast of the Passover and the Unleavened Bread was two days off, and the chief priests and the scribes were seeking how to take Jesus into custody by some trick, and kill him; 2 for they were saying, Not during the feast, lest there be an uproar among the people. ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” For the reader who may have experienced some difficulty in remembering which chapters in Matthew and in Luke parallel those in Mark it will be a relief to discover that for the last three chapters of each of these Gospels the answer is simple. Where there are corresponding sections, the events recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.0|AUTODETECT|” are paralleled in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.0|AUTODETECT|” and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.0|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.0|AUTODETECT|” ; for those found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.0|AUTODETECT|” see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.0|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.0|AUTODETECT|” ; and for those narrated in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.0|AUTODETECT|” study ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.0|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.0|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . For these three chapters, in each case of correspondence Mark s figure plus 12 is Matthew s figure, and Mark s figure plus 8 is Luke s figure. Cf. N.T.C. on Matthew, pp. 12 16, 28 30.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” In the middle of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.0|AUTODETECT|” and parallels is Gethsemane; the heart and center of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.0|AUTODETECT|” and parallels is Calvary (or Golgotha); and the main theme of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and parallels is He is risen. The result is as follows:) 1 6 2 8 0 0 Mark Matthew Luke ) Gethsemane 14 26 22 ) Calvary 15 27 23 ) He is risen 16 28 24 ) ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Even when we compare the contents of these chapters as a whole we discover remarkable similarity amid pleasing variety. This is true first of all with respect to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and 15 and parallels. Note chart on page 550.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.1-41.16.8|AUTODETECT|” As to the closing chapter of each of the Synoptics, the story about the women at the empty tomb is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.1-41.16.8|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:1 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.1-40.28.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.1-40.28.10|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:1 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.1-42.24.12|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.1-42.24.12|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:1 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.1-43.20.10|AUTODETECT|” . Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.1-43.20.10|AUTODETECT|” John 20:1 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Also, according to the sixth verse of each Synoptic account these women, who had come to anoint the body of Jesus, are reported to have heard the startling news, He is risen. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.15|AUTODETECT|” Parallels of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.15|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14, 15) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Mark Matthew Luke John, etc. ) 14:1, 2 26:1 5 22:1, 2 John 11:45 53 God s Counsel versus Man s Collusion ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.1-43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” 14:3 9 26:6 13 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.1-43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” John 12:1 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 The Anointing at Bethany ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 14:10, 11 26:14 16 22:3 6 The Agreement between Judas and the Chief Priests ) 14:12 21 26:17 25 22:7 14, 21 23 John 13:21 30 The Passover ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.23-46.11.25|AUTODETECT|” 14:22 26 26:26 30 22:15 20 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.23-46.11.25|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:23 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 The Institution of the Lord s Supper ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 22:24 30 The Dispute about Greatness ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.36-43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” 14:27 31 26:31 35 22:31 34 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.36-43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” John 13:36 38) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Peter s Denial Foretold ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 22:35 38 Did you lack anything? ) 14:32 42 26:36 46 22:39 46 Gethsemane ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=64.1.3-64.1.12|AUTODETECT|” 14:43 50 26:47 56 22:47 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=64.1.3-64.1.12|AUTODETECT|” 3 John 18:3 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 The Betrayal and the Seizure of Jesus ) 1 4 2 8 0 0 14:51, 52 The Young Man Who Escaped ) 14:53 65 26:57 68 22:54, 55, 63 71 John 18:13, 14, 19 24 The Trial before the Sanhedrin ) 14:66 72 26:69 75 22:56 72 John 18:15 28, 25 27 Peter s Threefold Denial ) 15:1 27:1, 2 23:1, 2 John 18:28 The Sanhedrin s Decision to Put Jesus to Death ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.18|AUTODETECT|” 27:3 10 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Judas Death by Suicide ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.33-43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” 15:2 5 27:11 14 23:3 5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.33-43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” John 18:33 38) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus Questioned by Pilate ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.39-43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” 15:6 15 27:15 26 23:13 25 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.39-43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” John 18:39 19:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus Sentenced to Die ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.2|AUTODETECT|” 15:16 20 27:27 31 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.2|AUTODETECT|” John 19:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.3|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.3|AUTODETECT|” 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 The Mockery ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 15:21 32 27:32 44 23:26 43 John 19:19 27 Calvary: The Crucifixion of Jesus ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28-43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” 15:33 41 27:45 56 23:44 49 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28-43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” John 19:28 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Calvary: The Death of Jesus ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.38-43.19.42|AUTODETECT|” 15:42 47 27:57 61 23:50 56 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.38-43.19.42|AUTODETECT|” John 19:38 42) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 The Burial of Jesus ) 1 4 2 8 0 0 27:62 66 The Guard Stationed ) ) ) From that point on the accounts diverge. Mark s disputed section (16:9 20) summarizes events reported elsewhere in greater detail and also contains some unparalleled material. It requires separate discussion at the proper place.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.0|AUTODETECT|” Matthew 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.14-41.16.18|AUTODETECT|” continues his unparalleled story about The Guard (now Frightened and finally Bribed). See verses 2 4, 11 15. He ends with the climactic and only partially paralleled description of The Great Claim; The Great Commission; and The Great Comfort (verses 16 20). Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.14-41.16.18|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:14 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.36-42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.36-42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:36 49) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19-43.20.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19-43.20.23|AUTODETECT|” John 20:19 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.9-44.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.9-44.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:9 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.12|AUTODETECT|” The report of The Appearance of the Risen Savior to Cleopas and his Companion, a narrative peculiar to Luke 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.12|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.14|AUTODETECT|” ), covers 23 verses of that evangelist s final chapter (24:13 35). With the story of Christ s Appearance to the Disciples in Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.14|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19|AUTODETECT|” John 20:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.19|AUTODETECT|” ff.) and that of his Ascension 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.19|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.9-44.1.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.9-44.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:9 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) the beloved physician closes the first of his two New Testament books.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 When the Marcan captions for all three chapters are reviewed a few times, they are easily commited to memory. Once Mark s sequence has been mastered, the corresponding parallels in Matthew and Luke when there are such parallels are also quickly located. The formula Mark s figure plus 12 = Matthew s figure, or plus 8 = Luke s figure holds throughout the three final chapters.) A blank space in any column indicates that a particular section does not occur in the Synoptic Gospel mentioned by name above that column.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” Take, as an example, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” 52) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Here both Matthew s column and Luke s have a blank space, indicating that the story about The Young Man Who Escaped is found only in Mark.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 A look at the columns indicates that as far as the Gospels are concerned it is Matthew alone who reports Judas Death by Suicide. As already mentioned, it is also the converted publican alone who tells the fascinating story of The Guard.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.1-43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” The Anointing at Bethany is in the Synoptics reported only by Mark and Matthew. There is, however, a parallel in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.1-43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” John 12:1 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The Mark-Matthew parallel holds also for The Mockery, again with what by many is considered a corresponding passage in John. There are no non-Marcan sections common to Matthew and Luke.��669��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.12-41.16.13|AUTODETECT|” The last three chapters of the Gospel according to Luke contain many unparalleled (or nearly unparalleled) sections: The Dispute about Greatness, Did you lack anything?, Jesus before Herod, the Appearance of the Risen Savior to Cleopas and his Companion 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.12-41.16.13|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:12 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.19|AUTODETECT|” ), and The Ascension 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.19|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.9-44.1.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.9-44.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:9 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.36-42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” ). Even the section on Christ s Appearance to the Disciples in Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.36-42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:36 49) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is to a large extent unparalleled.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.12|AUTODETECT|” The fourth column contains several references to John s Gospel. However, the only Johannine sections indicated are those which, to some extent, parallel material that is found in the final three chapters of the Synoptics. As for the beloved disciple s own full report read John 13 21 (even better chapters 11 21). Since in the fourth Gospel chapters 14 17 cover the Upper Room Discourses and the Highpriestly Prayer, topics absent from the Synoptics, none of the indicated parallel references in the fourth column are to these chapters, but all are to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.12|AUTODETECT|” John 11, 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.0|AUTODETECT|” , and 20. The narrative found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.21.0|AUTODETECT|” John 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is unparalleled.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The Outline of John s Gospel is very simple. There are two main divisions: a. Christ s Public Ministry (chapters 1 12) and b. His Private Ministry (chapters 13 21). For the rest, see N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, p. 66, and Vol.

II, pp. 134, 218, 260, 374, 446.) All this does not mean that once we are acquainted with the sequence in which the sections occur in these final chapters of each Gospel, we will then be able immediately to locate any and every important passage. There is wide variety even within the individual sections. Constant reading of Scripture is necessary. Constant review not only of the section headings but also of the detailed contents of each section will be a great help. If this is done, one will, for example, soon get to know that The Seven Words of the Cross are distributed as follows:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” First Word, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ��670��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” Second Word, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:43) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.26|AUTODETECT|” Third Word, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.26|AUTODETECT|” John 19:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.46|AUTODETECT|” Fourth Word, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:34) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28|AUTODETECT|” Fifth Word, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28|AUTODETECT|” John 19:28) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” Sixth Word, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” John 19:30) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” Seventh Word, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:46) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Returning, then, to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and its parallels, we notice the following variations in reporting:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.1|AUTODETECT|” a. In a manner characteristic of him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 19:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) Matthew reports that the incident about to be narrated occurred when Jesus had finished all these words. ) 1 7 2 8 0 0 b. The time indication which in Mark and Luke proceeds from the evangelist himself, is by Matthew ascribed to Jesus: He said to his disciples, You know that after two days the Passover is held; then the Son of man is handed over to be crucified. ) c. Mark speaks of the feast of the Passover and the Unleavened Bread, Matthew of the Passover, Luke of the feast of Unleavened Bread & which is called the Passover. ) d. Matthew, he alone, represents Jesus as declaring that at this Passover the Son of man is handed over to be crucified. Though that evangelist alone reports this, it is the background for all three accounts.) e. Though all three state that at this time two days before Passover Jesus enemies were plotting his death, but were afraid of the people, Mark and Matthew add that the reason for this fear was that an arrest during the feast might cause the people to riot.) f.

These same two Gospel writers, but not Luke, describe the plotters as planning to arrest Jesus by some trick, and not at the Festival. ) g. It is Matthew alone who mentions the fact that for the purpose of planning how to bring about the death of Jesus the plotters held a special meeting in the palace of Caiaphas the highpriest.) h. According to Matthew the plotters were the chief priests and the elders of the people ; according to Mark and Luke they were the chief priests and the scribes. This shows that the entire Sanhedrin chief priests, elders, and scribes was represented; probably also, that the chief priests took the lead.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.1|AUTODETECT|” It is in the light of all this that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 must be interpreted.) 1 2 2 8 0 0

Now the feast of the Passover and the Unleavened Bread was two days off, and the chief priests and the scribes were seeking how to take Jesus into custody by some trick, and kill him.& ) Note the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.10.10|AUTODETECT|” a. A reasonable assumption is that Jesus was crucified in the year a.d. 30, when the fourteenth day of Nisan fell on Thursday, and the fifteenth on Friday. In Israel the first appearance of the new moon marked the beginning of the new month. It was marked by the blowing of trumpets, sacrifices, celebrations, suspension of ordinary business, and wherever necessary by signal fires 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.10.10|AUTODETECT|” Num. 10:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.28.11-4.28.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.28.11-4.28.14|AUTODETECT|” 28:11 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.81.3-19.81.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.81.3-19.81.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 81:3 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.8.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.8.5|AUTODETECT|” Amos 8:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.8.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.8.6|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.1-2.12.14|AUTODETECT|” ). The important days of the month for example, the tenth of the month Nisan, when the Passover lamb was selected, the killing of the lamb on the fourteenth, etc. were figured from this first day, or day of the new moon, as a base. See the detailed regulations in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.1-2.12.14|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 12:1 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=17.3.7|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=17.3.7|AUTODETECT|” Esther 3:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.7|AUTODETECT|” There is no good reason to believe that Jesus and his disciples ate the lamb and celebrated Passover either earlier or later than on the appointed day. The fourteenth of Nisan was the day when the lamb had to be sacrificed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.7|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” ). It is also clear that immediately after the eating of the lamb and the institution of what has come to be known as the Lord s Supper Jesus and his disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” John 13:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.32|AUTODETECT|” ) went to Gethsemane 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.32|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.1|AUTODETECT|” John 18:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.1|AUTODETECT|” ). Here, during what we would call the night from Thursday to Friday Jesus was taken into custody. Early Friday morning the Sanhedrin took counsel against Jesus to put him to death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1|AUTODETECT|” ). He was led to Pilate that same morning and crucified that same day 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.25|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.42|AUTODETECT|” ). It is clear, therefore, that Jesus was crucified on Friday, the day before the sabbath 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.42|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.43|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.43|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.54|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.54|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.14|AUTODETECT|” John 19:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.30|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.42|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.42|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.1|AUTODETECT|” ). It was early in the morning of the day after the sabbath hence on Sunday, the first day of the week that some women went to the tomb and heard the startling news, He is risen 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.6|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.2|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.6|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.6|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.1|AUTODETECT|” John 20:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 It should be clear, therefore, that the theory according to which Jesus was crucified on Thursday is opposed by the evidence of the Gospels.��671��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.1|AUTODETECT|” The day on which the lamb was killed was followed by the seven day feast of the Unleavened Bread.��672�� celebrated from the fifteenth to the twenty-first of Nisan. So close was the connection between the Passover meal proper and the immediately following Festival of the Unleavened Bread that the term Passover is sometimes used to cover both 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Since the feast of the Passover etc. was two days off, it must have been Tuesday when Christ s enemies held their meeting for the purpose of plotting how to bring about the arrest and death of Jesus.) b. The plotters were the chief priests and the scribes ; according to Matthew, also the elders of the people. For a description of the three groups see on 11:27, 28. But is not this shocking? A dirty plot devised by Israel s leaders? By priests, scribes, and elders? Yes, indeed!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.6.9-38.6.13|AUTODETECT|” The church, too, has had many leaders. Some were good. They remind one of Joshua the highpriest, worthy bearer of a double crown, a type of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.6.9-38.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 6:9 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.52|AUTODETECT|” ). They were scribes trained for the kingdom of heaven 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.52|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” ), elders who ruled well 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.3.5|AUTODETECT|” But there were and are also others, genuine plotters, prophets who make my people err 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Mic. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.8.5-26.8.13|AUTODETECT|” ), corrupt elders perpetrating evil in the dark 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.8.5-26.8.13|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 8:5 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). When corruption invades a church, the process generally starts at the top. No politics is as rotten as church politics. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 c. These enemies were seeking how to take Jesus into custody by some trick, ��673�� that is, as the context indicates, by surprise and away from the crowds. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.6|AUTODETECT|” d. & and kill him. The plan to kill Jesus was not new. It was of long standing 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Mark 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.7|AUTODETECT|” 12:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.18|AUTODETECT|” John 5:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.1|AUTODETECT|” 7:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.19|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.25|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.37|AUTODETECT|” 8:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.40|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.40|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.53|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.53|AUTODETECT|” 11:53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.45-43.11.53|AUTODETECT|” ). We may well believe, however, that due to events of recent days the leaders were now more determined than ever to destroy Jesus. Their envy had been increased by the raising of Lazarus from the dead, causing many people to believe in Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.45-43.11.53|AUTODETECT|” John 11:45 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.1-41.11.11|AUTODETECT|” ), by the triumphal entry s effects upon the crowds 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.1-41.11.11|AUTODETECT|” Mark 11:1 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.0|AUTODETECT|” ), by the cleansing of the temple (11:15 18, 27, 28), by parables which the leaders knew were aimed against them (12:12), and by the woes pronounced against the scribes and Pharisees 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Moreover, the expression how & to kill him stresses the fact that what bothered these leaders was especially this, that though they very passionately desired to destroy Jesus they did not know how to do this without creating more trouble for themselves. This becomes even more clear from verse 2. for they were saying, Not during the feast, lest there be��674�� an uproar among the people.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.17-43.12.19|AUTODETECT|” The plotters realized that Jesus had many friends and adherents, especially among the thousands of Galileans attending the festivities. In case of any action against their Leader these followers might cause trouble. Significant in this connection is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.17-43.12.19|AUTODETECT|” John 12:17 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.9|AUTODETECT|” . Bitterly Christ s enemies had complained, Look, the world has gone after him! The chief priests, scribes, and elders were not at all desirous of having to cope with an enthusiastic, hostile, determined, rioting Passover crowd. Were the hosanna shouts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.9|AUTODETECT|” Mark 11:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.10|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) still ringing in the ears of the plotters?) 1 1 2 8 0 0 They are going to wait patiently until the people have returned to their homes. Then, when all is safe, they will kill Jesus! They will do it at their convenience.& So they thought. But it did not turn out that way.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.1-40.26.5|AUTODETECT|” The true significance of the present passage is not understood unless it is read in connection with its parallel, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.1-40.26.5|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.1-66.12.5|AUTODETECT|” . Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.1-66.12.5|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 12:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.22|AUTODETECT|” . It is only on the background of God s decree that its meaning becomes clear. Not at the Festival, said the plotters. At the Festival, said the Almighty. That was the divine decree, for which see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.22|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . That decree always triumphs. Illustrations:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.15|AUTODETECT|” a. Did it seem as if with the fall of man Satan had won the victory? Note the mother of all promises 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 3:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.18.11|AUTODETECT|” b. I will smite David even to the wall, said Saul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.18.11|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 18:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.16.12|AUTODETECT|” ). But God s decree concerning David, with whom the Messianic promises were bound up, was different 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.16.12|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 16:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.16.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.16.13|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.25.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.25.29|AUTODETECT|” 25:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.7.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.7.16|AUTODETECT|” II Sam. 7:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.7.14|AUTODETECT|” c. The combined forces of wickedness were arrayed against Judah. Their purpose was to blot out the house of David and to establish their own king. There follows the triumphant ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.7.14|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 7:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 !) 1 1 2 8 0 0 d. At Haman s request an order was issued for the destruction of all the Jews, It was one of those unchangeable (?) decrees. It was sealed with the king s ring. But the Lord s promise, according to which Messiah was to be born from the Jews, had been sealed with the oath of the King of kings. The result? Read the book of Esther.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.0|AUTODETECT|” e. Herod decides to kill the newborn king of the Jews. So he orders all the boy babies of Bethlehem and surroundings, two years and under, to be ruthlessly slain. But the holy child was already safely on his way to Egypt. Read ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.22-46.1.25|AUTODETECT|” f. At last, however, it seemed as if Satan had actually triumphed. Was not Jesus hanging on a cross? & But the very cross meant Satan s doom! ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.22-46.1.25|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:22 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.13-51.2.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.13-51.2.15|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:13 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 12:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.11|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Jehovah brings the counsel of the nations to nought;) He frustrates the plans of the peoples.) The counsel of Jehovah stands forever.) The thoughts of his heart to all generations ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.33.10|AUTODETECT|” 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.33.10|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 33:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.33.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.33.11|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.1-19.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.1-19.2.4|AUTODETECT|” 2:1 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 That is the foundation upon which God s children build their hope for eternity, to the glory of God Triune!) ) 14:3 9 The Anointing at Bethany) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.6-40.26.13|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.6-40.26.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:6 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.1-43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.1-43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” John 12:1 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ��677��) 1 3 2 8 0 0 3 And while he was in Bethany, reclining at table in the home of Simon the leper, there came to him a woman with an alabaster jar of very expensive perfume, made of pure nard. She broke the alabaster jar and poured out (the perfume) over his head. 4 But some were indignantly saying to each other, Why this waste of perfume? 5 For this perfume could have been sold for more than a year s wages,��675�� and (the money) given to the poor. And they were grumbling at her. 6 But Jesus said, Leave her alone. Why are you bothering her? (It is) a beautiful thing she has done to me. 7 For the poor you always have with you, and whenever you wish, you can do good to them; but me you have not always. 8 She has done what she could. She has anointed my body in advance for burial.��676�� 9 I solemnly assure you, wherever the gospel is preached in the whole world, also what she has done shall be told in memory of her. ) ) Of the three sources that contain this story, that in John (12:1 8) is by far the most detailed, with 142 words in the original. Mark (14:3 9) comes next, with 124 words.

The shortest is Matthew (26:6 13) with only 109. The difference consists to a large extent in the material which Mark and/or John add(s) to Matthew s summary, though the style also varies, as could be expected.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.42|AUTODETECT|” Items in Mark and/or John but not in Matthew: a. the woman broke the jar; b. the perfume could have been sold for more than a year s wages; c. the disciples were grumbling at the woman; d. the woman who anointed Jesus was Mary 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.42|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); e. she anointed Jesus feet, which she afterward wiped with her hair; f. the house was filled with the fragrance of the ointment; and g. it was Judas who, for selfish reasons, took the lead in finding fault with Mary.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 The description of the perfume varies. The same variety of phraseology is evident in connection with the stated reason why the woman did what she did.) There are no conflicts. A moment s study reveals that even items which on the surface may seem to clash e.g., according to John the woman anointed Jesus feet, but according to Matthew and Mark she poured the perfume over his head actually dovetail beautifully, as will be shown.) 3. And while he was in Bethany, reclining at table in the home of Simon the leper, there came to him a woman with an alabaster jar of very expensive perfume, made of pure nard. She broke the alabaster jar and poured out (the perfume) over his head.) Here at verse 3 Mark begins to tell a new story. To do so he must go back a few days, from the Tuesday of verses 1, 2 to the preceding Saturday evening, when a supper was given at Bethany in honor of Jesus.

Why does Mark go back? Could it be because human nature at its best, because of what God in his marvelous grace did for it, stands out all the more radiantly when it is contrasted with human nature at its worst? Could that be the reason why verses 3 9, describing Mary s beautiful deed, is here inserted between a. verses 1, 2; and b. 10, 11? Respectively these two surrounding sections picture the perversity a. of the chief priests, scribes, etc., and b. of Judas, the man who becomes their partner in crime. However that may be, what we have in this narrative of Mary versus Jesus enemies is a manifestation of troth over against treachery, of wholehearted devotion versus hideous degradation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.2|AUTODETECT|” The refreshing incident took place while he [Jesus] was in Bethany. ��678�� Present at the supper were at least fifteen men: Jesus, The Twelve, Lazarus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.2|AUTODETECT|” John 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.6|AUTODETECT|” ), and a certain Simon, mentioned here in verse 3 and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.6|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.2|AUTODETECT|” . The idea readily suggests itself that the supper (or dinner if one prefers) was prompted by love for the Lord, specifically by gratitude for the raising of Lazarus and for the healing of Simon, the man who had been a leper, is still called Simon the leper, but had presumably been healed by Jesus. It was at the home of this Simon that the dinner was given. Martha, the sister of Mary and Lazarus, was serving 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.2|AUTODETECT|” John 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.3|AUTODETECT|” Now while the guests, according to custom, were reclining at table there came to him a woman. That this woman was Mary of Bethany we learn from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.3|AUTODETECT|” John 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.3|AUTODETECT|” . She has taken a position behind the reclining Jesus. In her hand she holds an alabaster jar of very costly or expensive perfume, that is, a jar or vase of white (or perhaps delicately tinted) fine-grained gypsum. The perfume had been extracted from pure��679�� nard, that is, from the dried root leaves of this particular Himalayan plant. That the jar contained a large quantity of this precious and very fragrant extract is also clear from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.3|AUTODETECT|” John 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , not less than a Roman pound (twelve ounces)!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.5|AUTODETECT|” Suddenly she breaks the jar and pours its contents down or out over��680�� Jesus. According to Matthew and Mark she pours the perfume out upon or over his head 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 23:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.12|AUTODETECT|” ); according to John she anoints his feet. There is no conflict, for Matthew and Mark clearly indicate that the perfume was poured over Christ s body 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.8|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Evidently there was enough for the entire body: head, neck, shoulders, and feet. Simon s house was filled with fragrance. Along with the perfume, Mary poured out her heart in gratitude and devotion!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.12.5|AUTODETECT|” The rest of the paragraph describes the reaction on the part of a. some (verses 4, 5) and b. Jesus (verses 6 9). 4, 5. But some were indignantly saying to each other, Why this waste of perfume? For this perfume could have been sold for more than a year s wages, and (the money) given to the poor. And they were grumbling at her. The language is abrupt and vivid.

It is not difficult to imagine that Peter had vividly pictured to his audience, including Mark, exactly what had occurred. The scene had impinged itself indelibly upon the apostle s recollection, and it is probably in that same form that Mark here reproduces it, popular abbreviations and all. Mark s some are Matthew s disciples. It seems to have been Judas, the treasurer, who voiced the strongest objection. He quickly calculated the value of the perfume, assessing it at three hundred denarii 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.5|AUTODETECT|” John 12:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.5|AUTODETECT|” ), or even more 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.5|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Think of it: more than a year s wages gone to waste, enough to feed no less than three hundred families for one whole day, and have something left! And now all was lost. What a shame!��681��) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Piously (?) Judas blurts out his opinion that the huge amount for which this perfume could and as he saw it should have been sold, would have been a bounteous gift for the poor.) Both Matthew and Mark make it clear that the other disciples chimed in. They were indignant,��682�� and were grumbling��683�� at Mary. The perfume could have been sold and given��684�� to the poor was the sentiment of all.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.6|AUTODETECT|” Poor Mary! Almost wherever she looks, she meets angry glances, shocked disapproval. That the native language of love is lavishness these men do not seem to understand. Noble people, these men, especially Judas, the protector of the simple way of life, and the helper of the poor! But what he was really after is pointed out in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.6|AUTODETECT|” John 12:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 6, 7. But Jesus said, Leave her alone. Why are you bothering her? (It is) a beautiful thing she has done to me. For the poor you always have with you, and whenever you wish you can do good to them; but me you have not always. Jesus rushes to Mary s defense by saying, Leave her alone, or Let her be. ��685�� He continues literally, Why are you causing trouble for her? He calls what she did a beautiful thing. And such it was indeed: unique in its thoughtfulness, regal in its lavishness, and marvelous in its timeliness.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.21|AUTODETECT|” Not as if the Master were unconcerned about the poor. Far from it, as the following passages indicate: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.21|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.42|AUTODETECT|” 12:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.43|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.43|AUTODETECT|” 43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.7|AUTODETECT|” ; and in the other Gospels see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.2-40.6.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.2-40.6.4|AUTODETECT|” 6:2 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.7|AUTODETECT|” 12:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.21|AUTODETECT|” 19:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.20|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.36-42.6.38|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.36-42.6.38|AUTODETECT|” 36 38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.22|AUTODETECT|” 7:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.13|AUTODETECT|” 14:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.29|AUTODETECT|” John 13:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.23.10|AUTODETECT|” . On this subject, as well as on all others, his teaching was in line with the rest of special Revelation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.23.10|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 23:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.23.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.23.11|AUTODETECT|” 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.10|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 19:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.14.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.14.21|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 14:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.14.31|AUTODETECT|” b, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.14.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.58.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.58.7|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 58:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1-47.8.9|AUTODETECT|” ; and for the New Testament see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1-47.8.9|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:1 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.2|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.13|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.1-59.5.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.1-59.5.6|AUTODETECT|” James 5:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But there would be many other opportunities to tend to the needs of the poor. On the contrary, the opportunity to show love and honor to Jesus in the state of humiliation had almost vanished. Gethsemane, Gabbatha, and Golgotha were just around the corner. What Mary had done was therefore exactly right, beautiful even.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.39|AUTODETECT|” Continued: 8. She has done what she could.��686�� She has anointed my body in advance��687�� for burial. Similarly Matthew writes, For when she poured this perfume on my body, she did it to prepare me for burial. On this difficult passage much has been written. As some see it, Jesus is saying that Mary, without realizing it herself, had anointed Jesus for his impending death and burial. Now it must be admitted that this interpretation makes sense: God s purpose is often accomplished through the deeds of human beings, even though the latter are unaware of what is actually happening.

Besides, Mary may not have known that her Master s death was so close at hand. On the other hand, the fact should not be overlooked that Mary of Bethany was perhaps the best listener Jesus ever had. The woman who now anointed Jesus feet was the same one who had previously been sitting at his feet 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.39|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.63|AUTODETECT|” ). If even the enemies of Jesus knew about the predictions Jesus had made concerning himself 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.63|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:63) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), can we not assume that Mary knew fully as much? If so, is it not probable that the thought had occurred to her, This may well be the last opportunity I shall ever get to bestow a kindness upon Jesus; and when, according to his own prediction, his enemies kill him, will his friends be accorded the privilege of anointing his body? The view, accordingly, that Mary s conscious purpose was to prepare Jesus for burial must not be ruled out. For more detail on this see N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 178 180.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Jesus concludes his defense of Mary by saying, 9. I solemnly assure you,��688�� wherever the gospel is preached in the whole world, also what she has done shall be told in memory of her. As already indicated, it was now Saturday evening, the day before the triumphal entry. Then on Tuesday Jesus was going to make the astounding prediction, And to all the nations the gospel must first be preached 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ). For gospel see N.T.C. on Philippians, pp. 82 85. This gospel must be preached.��689�� Preaching, in the religious sense, means heralding. Careful exposition is basic. But genuine preaching is lively, not dry; timely, not stale. It is the earnest proclamation of news initiated by God. It is not the abstract speculation of views excogitated by man. See N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.2|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.34-40.25.40|AUTODETECT|” But before Jesus makes the announcement about worldwide gospel preaching he now, that is, three days earlier, solemnly promises that wherever the joyful story travels, the deed of Mary will march hand in hand with it. The memory of Mary s noble act must be kept alive. The Master will not allow it to be forgotten. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.34-40.25.40|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:34 40) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.1|AUTODETECT|” In studying this section one is prone to commit the error of becoming so filled with admiration for Mary s beautiful deed as to forget that what she did was only a reflection of the Master s own kindness toward her. Consider not only his mercy in saving her but also the tenderness he revealed when in this particular moment he rushed to her defense. After all, he knew that the hour of his own incomparably bitter suffering was fast approaching. Nevertheless, so deeply did he love his own 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.1|AUTODETECT|” John 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) that, because of his appreciation for what she had done, he was wounded deeply by the unjustified criticism to which she was subjected. His heart went out to her.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Is not the real lesson this, therefore, that God, whose image is Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.6|AUTODETECT|” ), takes infinitely keen delight in rewarding the faithfulness of those who honor him? Whenever we enumerate his many glorious attributes, should we not also pay due attention to the fact that he is indeed the Rewarder of those who diligently seek him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.6|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 11:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )?) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Note how generously and with what intense delight he rewarded:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.22.15-1.22.18|AUTODETECT|” Abraham 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.22.15-1.22.18|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 22:15 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=8.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Ruth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=8.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Ruth 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=8.1.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=8.1.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=8.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=8.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=8.4.13-8.4.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=8.4.13-8.4.22|AUTODETECT|” 4:13 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.1.1-9.1.20|AUTODETECT|” Hannah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.1.1-9.1.20|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 1:1 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.39.15-24.39.18|AUTODETECT|” Ebed-melech the Ethiopian 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.39.15-24.39.18|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 39:15 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.19.0|AUTODETECT|” King Hezekiah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.19.0|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.20.1-14.20.30|AUTODETECT|” King Jehoshaphat 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.20.1-14.20.30|AUTODETECT|” II Chron. 20:1 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.1.1-27.6.28|AUTODETECT|” Daniel and his friends 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.1.1-27.6.28|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 1:1 6:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.5-40.8.13|AUTODETECT|” The commended centurion 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.5-40.8.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:5 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.24-41.7.30|AUTODETECT|” The Syrophoenician woman 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.24-41.7.30|AUTODETECT|” Mark 7:24 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.13-41.10.16|AUTODETECT|” Those who brought their little ones to Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.13-41.10.16|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:13 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.23-41.10.31|AUTODETECT|” His loyal disciples, in spite of their many faults 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.23-41.10.31|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:23 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.41-41.12.44|AUTODETECT|” The poor widow who gave her whole living 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.41-41.12.44|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:41 44) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.11-42.17.19|AUTODETECT|” The Samaritan leper 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.11-42.17.19|AUTODETECT|” Luke 17:11 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.13-41.10.16|AUTODETECT|” Ever so many other names could be added, but this small list should suffice to indicate what is one of the main lessons perhaps even the main lesson taught here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.13-41.10.16|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:13 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 14:10, 11 The Agreement between Judas and the Chief Priests) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.14-40.26.16|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.14-40.26.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:14 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.3-42.22.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.3-42.22.6|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:3 6) 1 2 2 8 0 0 10 And Judas Iscariot, who was one of the twelve, went to the chief priests in order to hand him over to them. 11 They were delighted to hear this and promised to give him money. So he was looking for an opportunity to betray him.��690��) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.4|AUTODETECT|” According to all three accounts Judas, one of the twelve, goes to the chief priests 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.4|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) to discuss how he might deliver Jesus to them. The delight experienced by the leaders because of the unexpected entrance and offer of Judas is reported by both Mark and Luke. A sum of money for the betrayal is agreed upon. Afterward the traitor watched for an opportunity to hand Jesus over to these men, and (as Luke adds) to do this in the absence of a crowd.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 It is Matthew alone who has transmitted to posterity the traitor s vulgarly mercenary question flung at the chief priests, etc., What are you willing to give me if I hand him over to you? It is also that same evangelist who makes clear that Judas leaves the conference, with the thirty pieces of silver on his person.) Mark reports, They promised to give him money, a promise that was fulfilled at that very meeting.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.27|AUTODETECT|” Luke s account reveals the devil s part in this sordid affair, Then Satan entered Judas. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.27|AUTODETECT|” John 13:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 10. And Judas Iscariot, who was one of the twelve, went to the chief priests in order to hand him over��691�� to them.) What caused Judas to become Christ s betrayer? To the reasons given above see on 3:19 the following should be added, at least for consideration:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.4|AUTODETECT|” a. The rebuke which Jesus administered to the disciples, including Judas, Mary s chief maligner 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.4|AUTODETECT|” John 12:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), may have contributed to the traitor s decision. We say, may have, for certainty on this point is impossible.��692��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.29|AUTODETECT|” b. To his twelve privileged followers Jesus had promised dazzling rewards 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.29|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.30|AUTODETECT|” 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.28|AUTODETECT|” ), thrones even 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 19:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.31|AUTODETECT|” ). Judas must have listened with rapt attention to words such as these. But, strange to say, Jesus had also on several occasions predicted his imminent and violent death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.31|AUTODETECT|” Mark 8:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.31|AUTODETECT|” 9:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.34|AUTODETECT|” 10:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In fact, most recently he had even referred to his burial, as if it were a matter pertaining to the immediate future (14:8). Is it difficult to believe that a man such as Judas was deeply disturbed by this language, and that he drew the conclusion that to remain with Jesus meant to go down in defeat with him? He should have taken to heart the words of the Master spoken earlier, For whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake and the gospel s sake will save it (8:35). But, as remarked previously, though various elements must have entered into the reason why Judas betrayed the Master, basic to everything else was this disciple s utterly selfish heart as contrasted with Christ s infinitely unselfish and outgoing heart. It was the traitor s unwillingness to pray for renewal of life that ruined him. It was impenitence that destroyed him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.14|AUTODETECT|” For his shockingly loathsome deed there was no excuse whatever. Judas was, after all, a specially privileged person. He was one of the twelve, as all four evangelists take the trouble to point out 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.10|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.3|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.70|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.70|AUTODETECT|” John 6:70) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.71|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.71|AUTODETECT|” 71) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.17|AUTODETECT|” ). For many months Judas had been living in Christ s immediate presence, had been eating, drinking, and traveling with him. He had noticed the strength in the Master s voice when he stilled the storm, cursed the barren fig tree, and rebuked those who devoured widows houses. But Judas had also become aware of the tenderness of that same voice when it pleaded with sinners, including Judas!, to come to him and rest. He had listened to the Savior s marvelous discourses and to the decisive and authoritative answers he had given to the many questions that had been hurled at him, sometimes with the intention of ensnaring him. Judas had watched the Great Physician in the act of tenderly restoring the handicapped, or bending down mercifully over the sick and healing them & and then even adding (at times), Your faith has made you well.

Yes, Judas had witnessed all this and much more. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . And then he decided to deliver this unsurpassably powerful, wise, and compassionate Benefactor into the hands of cruel men & for thirty pieces of silver. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 11. They were delighted to hear this and promised to give him money. Naturally the chief priests were glad when a disciple of Jesus suddenly turned up to be their helper. Did he perhaps arrive on Tuesday evening, just as the members of the Sanhedrin were leaving, and did they then quickly reassemble? We do not know. What we do know is that they regarded the arrival of Judas and his implied offer to be a godsend.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.14|AUTODETECT|” The parallel accounts leave the impression that the business was quickly transacted. A combination of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.11|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.5|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.5|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.6|AUTODETECT|” 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a results in the following legitimate reconstruction of what now transpired:) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Judas: What are you willing to give me if I hand him over to you? ) The chief priests: We promise to give you thirty pieces of silver as soon as you agree to deliver him into our hands. ) Judas: I agree. ) The chief priests, after weighing out the money: Here are the thirty silver pieces. Judas takes them and departs.) This interpretation is in harmony with the psychology of the situation. The chief priests would not have allowed their golden opportunity to pass by unheeded. They knew very well that if Judas had the money in his pocket he would not have dared to back out before committing the deed.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.21.32|AUTODETECT|” As to the price paid, namely thirty pieces of silver, these pieces were tantamount in value to tetradrachmas or Hebrew shekels. Thirty of them figured at 64 72 cents each add up to (a sum) slightly more or less than $20, or not much over � 8. But with money values constantly fluctuating, it is impossible to determine with any exactness what this would amount to in present currency. For a price of a slave, gored by an ox, the Savior was sold to his enemies. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.21.32|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 21:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . For such a pitiful sum Judas betrayed the Master.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 With the money already in his possession, Judas now feels obliged to go into action. We are therefore not surprised to read: So he was looking for an opportunity to betray��693�� him. That opportunity would come his way very soon.) ) 14:12 21 The Passover) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.17-40.26.25|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.17-40.26.25|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:17 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.7-42.22.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.7-42.22.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:7 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.21-43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” ; 21 23; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.13.21-43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” John 13:21 30) 1 5 2 8 0 0 12 Now on the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, when it was customary to sacrifice the Passover lamb, his [Jesus ] disciples asked him, Where do you want us to go and get the Passover Supper ready for you to eat? 13 So he sent two of his disciples and told them, Go into the city, and a man carrying a jar of water will meet you. Follow him; 14 and wherever he enters, say to the owner of that house, The Teacher asks, Where is my guest-room, in which I may eat the Passover with my disciples? 15 And he will show you a large upper room, furnished and ready. There make ready for us. 16 So off the disciples went. They came into the city, found (everything) just as he had told them, and prepared the Passover.) 17 And when it was evening he arrived with the twelve. 18 While they were reclining at table and eating, Jesus said, I solemnly swear to you, one of you will betray me one who is eating with me. 19 They became distressed, and one by one said to him, Surely not I? 20 He told them, (It is) one of the twelve, one who dips (his hand) into the bowl with me. 21 For the Son of man goes as it is written concerning him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed. It would have been better for that man if he had not been born. ) ) According to all three synoptists Jesus, on the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, gives instructions to disciples to reserve a room for the celebration of the Passover, and to make all the necessary preparations. They are sent to the home of a certain unnamed individual, where they make ready.

During the meal Jesus suddenly shocks the little company by saying, One of you will betray me, one who is eating with me. He adds, For the Son of man goes as it is written concerning him.& ) The main variations are as follows:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.17-40.26.19|AUTODETECT|” According to Mark the instructions were given to two of Christ s disciples; according to Luke, to Peter and John. Matthew does not specify. In fact, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.17-40.26.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:17 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.12-41.14.16|AUTODETECT|” looks like a summary when compared to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.12-41.14.16|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:12 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . In his more detailed account Peter s interpreter informs his readers that the two disciples were told to go into the city, where a man carrying a jar of water would meet them. They must follow him into whatever house he enters, and must say to the owner, The Teacher asks, Where is my guest-room& ? The owner will then show the two a larger upper room, furnished and ready. There they must make the necessary preparations. All this was done, and in the evening Jesus sits down with The Twelve.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.7-42.22.14|AUTODETECT|” Up to this point there is very little difference between Mark s and Luke s account. In fact, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.7-42.22.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:7 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.12-41.14.17|AUTODETECT|” is almost a verbatim repetition of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.12-41.14.17|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:12 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . However, in verse 17 Luke has the apostles where Matthew and Mark read the twelve. Also in the same verse Luke says And when the hour came, where Matthew and Mark have (And) when it was evening. We have already called attention to the fact that according to Luke the (first) day of Unleavened Bread was the one on which the passover lamb had to be sacrificed. See above, on 14:1. Where both Matthew and Mark have Jesus saying, & one who dips his hand into the bowl with me, Luke (22:21) substitutes, But look, the hand of him who betrays me is with me on the table.

And in verse 23 Luke describes the disciples as asking each other which of them was the traitor. It is surely easy to understand that these startled men would direct their searching questions to their own hearts, to each other, and to the Lord. Every idea of contradiction is therefore unrealistic. The three accounts, though interestingly varied, are in perfect harmony.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Thus also the fact that according to Mark the disciples one by one say, Surely not I? whereas Matthew reports the same question in the more complete form, Surely not I, Lord? and with reference to Judas, Surely not I, Rabbi? simply means that with respect to this item it is Mark who summarizes. What he says is true, but on this particular point Matthew, who was present, has given us a more complete report.) 12. Now on the first day of the feast of Unleavened Bread, when it was customary to sacrifice the Passover lamb, his [Jesus ] disciples asked him, Where do you want us to go and get the Passover Supper ready for you to eat?) Finally the morning of the fourteenth of Nisan arrived. When, as sometimes happens, the term Festival of Unleavened Bread is taken in its broadest sense, even the day on which occurred the eating of the Passover lamb is included. We are not told where Jesus and his disciples spent Wednesday, the day between the one to which reference was made in verse 1 (Tuesday), and the Passover, verses 12 21 (Thursday).��694��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.3|AUTODETECT|” Nothing is said about the purchase of a lamb. We may probably assume that this had been attended to a few days earlier. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.3|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.6|AUTODETECT|” . Further preparations had to be made however. During the afternoon the lamb must be killed in the forecourt of the temple 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.6|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 12:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). A room of sufficient size must be obtained, and everything in connection with this room and its furniture must be arranged. Besides, purchases must be made: of unleavened bread, bitter herbs, wine, etc. The lamb must be made ready for use, the sauce must be prepared. Since it was now probably Thursday morning, there could be no delay.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 A few additional remarks are in order:) a. The words when it was customary��695�� to sacrifice the Passover lamb are probably added by Mark for the sake of his Gentile readers.) b. & us to go, indicates that at this particular moment Jesus and his disciples were not in the city (see verse 13). They may have been in Bethany.) c. The disciples realize that it is their duty to prepare the Passover for the Master.��696�� It is his Passover. He was the Host. The disciples were privileged to eat with him (see verses 18, 20).

They are his guests.) 13, 14. So he sent two of his disciples and told them, Go into the city, and a man carrying a jar of water will meet you. Follow him; and wherever he enters, say to the owner of that house, The Teacher asks, Where is my guest-room, in which I may eat the Passover with my disciples?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.8|AUTODETECT|” In his answer Jesus now gives instructions to two of his disciples; i.e., to Peter and John, as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 informs us. The directions given are in a sense very definite; in another sense very indefinite. They are definite enough so that the two men will experience no difficulty in finding the place where the supper is to be held. Yet, they are indefinite enough for the present to conceal the name of the owner and the location of his home. Is the indefiniteness due to the fact that not until evening must Judas know where the Passover will be kept, so that Jesus may indeed observe it with his disciples, and the plan of God regarding the subsequent events may be fully carried out?) 1 4 2 8 0 0 However this may be, the two apostles are told that on entering the city (Jerusalem) they will be met by a man carrying��697�� a jug��698�� of water.��699�� This is remarkable, for ordinarily not a man but a woman or girl would be doing this. Hence the disciples will experience no difficulty in singling out this man.) Furthermore, Jesus instructs them to follow this man into whatever house he enters.��700�� It is clear that the man to be followed is not the owner, but perhaps a servant or a son. It is useless to speculate exactly who he was, though this has been done. This holds, too, with respect to the owner. All we really know is that he must have been a disciple of Jesus. Was the owner John Mark s father, then still alive?

I am neither willing to say with Zahn that he was, nor with others that he was not.) The two disciples must say to the owner, The Teacher��701�� asks, Where is my guest-room,��702�� in which I may eat the Passover with my disciples? As indicated in the preceding, this is going to be Christ s own Passover. Even the guest-room is in a sense his own; that is, he asks that it be placed entirely at his disposal for the purpose of celebrating the feast, together with the disciples as his guests.) 15. And he will show you a large upper room, furnished and ready. There make ready for us. It was the rule in Israel that if anyone at this time had space available it must be given free of charge to whatever family or group wished to make sacred use of it.

Besides, the owner, being one of Christ s followers, would for that very reason be happy to accommodate the Master and his disciples.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.0|AUTODETECT|” This, then, is the famous Upper Room��703�� in which Jesus celebrated his last Passover, instituted the Lord s Supper, and delivered the beautiful and comforting discourses found in John 14 16. It was here also that he was going to offer the unforgettable prayer recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.0|AUTODETECT|” John 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 5 2 8 0 0 The fact that this room was built on top of the house made it right for the present purpose. In such a room one could be relatively free from disturbance. It was a place for discussion, fellowship, meditation, and prayer. Also, it was ample: the thirteen were not crowded. And it was furnished ��704�� and in every respect ready to be used for the purpose it was going to serve.) The question may be asked, How did Jesus know that the two men would find everything as here indicated? For remarks with respect to this problem see on 2:8; 5:32; 9:33, 34; 11:2, 13.

The interaction between Jesus human and his divine nature is, in the final analysis, a mystery, too deep for us to comprehend.) 16. So off the disciples went. They came into the city, found (everything) just as he had told them, and prepared the Passover. Peter and John found everything as predicted, and did everything as ordered. See above, on verse 12.) 17, 18. And when it was evening��705�� he arrived with the twelve.

While they were reclining at table and eating, Jesus said, I solemnly declare to you, one of you will betray me one who is eating with me. Though it was still what we would call Thursday when Jesus arrived, by Jewish reckoning it was already Friday. In order to obtain as complete as possible a picture of what happened in the Upper Room, the Gospel according to John will have to be consulted in addition to the Synoptics. When this is done it becomes clear that the Master did not, immediately upon arriving, predict that one of his disciples would betray him. Matthew and Mark evidently begin their account when much has already happened.) According to John s Gospel (13:1 20) Jesus has already washed the feet of his disciples, giving them a lesson in humility. Afterward he startles them by telling them that one of them is going to betray him (13:21 30).

The pointing out of the betrayer occurred, according to our passage, while they were reclining at table and eating, that is, after the meal had been proceeding for some time. For the elements that pertained to the Passover meal, as far as possible chronologically arranged, see N.T.C. on the Gospel of John, Vol. I, p. 121. The reference is probably to item f. on that page. In the same commentary see also p. 242.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.46|AUTODETECT|” One of you! It came as a bolt from the blue. It was a stunning blow. What! Did the Master actually mean to say that one of their own number was going to hand him over to the authorities, for them to deal with as they pleased? Why, it was almost unbelievable. Yet, the One who never told an untruth and whose very name was the Truth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.46|AUTODETECT|” John 8:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.6|AUTODETECT|” 14:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.28|AUTODETECT|” ) was saying this; so it must be true. Does not the Master even introduce his startling saying with I solemnly declare to you ? See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.28|AUTODETECT|” Mark 3:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.25|AUTODETECT|” Christ s shocking announcement evoked three responses, in the form of questions, as follows: a. a question of wholesome self-distrust, Surely not I? That was the reaction on the part of all the disciples with the exception of Judas Iscariot. In Mark s Gospel the question in this form is found in 14:19; Christ s answer in verses 20, 21. There was also b. a question of loathsome hypocrisy, Surely, not I, Rabbi? That, probably after considerable hesitation, was Judas reaction. For both his question and Christ s answer see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.25|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.23-43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” . Finally, there was c. a question of childlike confidence, Lord, who is it? That was the way in which John, prompted by Peter, expressed himself. The question in this form, the events relating to it, Christ s response, and the disciples reaction to that response, are recorded only in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.23-43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” John 13:23 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , which also in verse 30 mentions the traitor s departure. Therefore for b. read N.T.C. on Matthew, pp. 907, 908, and for c. read N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 245 250.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Here in Mark, therefore, we are dealing only with a.) As to this question of wholesome self-distrust, note verse 19. They became distressed,��706�� and one by one��707�� said to him, Surely not I?) Eleven hearts those of The Twelve minus Judas Iscariot are filled with misgiving. Each of these eleven men feels that he could not possibly be the one meant by the Lord and yet one never can tell. And so, one by one, each of them, caught with a certain dread of himself, asks, Surely not I? As to its form in the original, the question expects a negative answer, the kind of answer each ardently hopes the Master will give. 20. He told them, (It is) one of the twelve, one who dips (his hand) into the bowl with me.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.41.9|AUTODETECT|” It is clear that Jesus did not immediately allay the fear of these men or cure their self-distrust. Nor did he at once satisfy their suddenly aroused curiosity. Were not all the twelve disciples dipping morsels of food into the bowl filled with a broth consisting of mashed fruit (probably dates, figs, and raisins), water, and vinegar? Judas surely was not the only man doing this. What the Lord is doing, therefore, is this: he is emphasizing the base character of the betrayer s deed. He is saying, Think of it, my betrayer is a man who is sharing his meal with me.

As has been indicated, Jesus was himself the Host. All the others were eating his food. That very fact, especially in the Near East, a region where accepting someone s hospitality and then injuring him, was considered most reprehensible, should have tied the hands of all. It should have made it impossible for any of The Twelve to take any action against their Host. Think of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.41.9|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 41:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The answer given by Jesus here in verse 20 served the following purposes:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.4.6|AUTODETECT|” a. It was a warning for Judas. Let Judas ponder what he is doing. I know your designs, Judas, the Master seems to be saying. The revelation of this detailed knowledge should have put Judas on guard even at this late hour to return those thirty pieces of silver! Yes, in God s incomprehensible and all-comprehensive decree there is room even for solemn admonitions given to those who ultimately are lost.

You ask, How is that possible? I answer: I do not know, but the fact remains, nevertheless. If one does not want to accept the idea of warnings even for reprobates, he misses something of the meaning of this account. The serious character of the implied admonition increases the guilt of Judas. Before one is ready to deny the possibility of earnest warnings even for the reprobate, he should study ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.4.6|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.4.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.4.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.29.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.29.1|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 29:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.6-42.13.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.6-42.13.9|AUTODETECT|” Luke 13:6 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.34|AUTODETECT|” 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.35|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.35|AUTODETECT|” 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 b. It rivets the attention upon the depth of Christ s suffering. In a treacherous and humiliating manner he, the Lord of glory, is being handed over to his enemies. It is very important that we see this. Our reflection on the account of Christ s Passion should not become lost in all kinds of details regarding Judas and Peter and Annas and Pilate. It is, after all, the story of his suffering. It centers in him, and we must never forget to ask how all these things affected him!) c. It showed, once again, that Jesus was in full control of the situation. He was not taken by surprise. He knew exactly what was happening and what was going to happen, the very details.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.20|AUTODETECT|” d. It furnished an opportunity to the disciples to examine themselves. This point is often passed by. It is, nevertheless, very important. By giving the answer that is recorded here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.20|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.24|AUTODETECT|” Jesus did not identify the betrayer, and exactly by not identifying him the Lord was actually doing all a favor. He knew that self-examination would be the very best exercise for men such as these 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.24|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.20|AUTODETECT|” !). Let each disciple be filled with grave misgivings, with wholesome self-distrust. These men need time for self-examination. 21. For the Son of man goes as it is written concerning him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed. It would have been better for that man if he had not been born. For Son of man see on 2:10, and on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|” , pp. 403 407. Jesus, the One who via the path of humiliation attains to glorification, and in fact was glorious from the very beginning, goes, that is, lives on earth, suffers, dies, all this not as a victim of circumstances, but as it is written concerning him, hence as predicted by the prophets 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , etc.) and established in God s eternal decree. It was necessary for the Master to emphasize this truth once again, for it was so very difficult for the disciples to reconcile themselves with the idea of a Messiah who would die. Besides, when, on the day of tomorrow by Jewish reckoning today he dies on the cross, let the disciples reflect on this solemn statement, that they may know that this death does not mean the triumph of his enemies but rather the realization of God s gracious, sovereign, and ever victorious plan.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” However, nowhere in Scripture does predestination and prophecy cancel human responsibility. So also here: the cry of sorrow and anguish, Woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed fully maintains the guilt and establishes the doom of the traitor. Not to have been born would have been better for such a man. But he was born, and is in the process of committing the gruesome deed. Therefore the entire statement, It would have been better for that man if he had not been born is an expression of unreality a situation that can be changed only if Judas, who remains fully responsible, still repents. We know that he did not repent. Hence he faces everlasting damnation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). What makes his guilt all the heavier is the fact that he not only planned the treachery and took the next step volunteering to deliver Jesus to the enemy and the next accepting the thirty pieces of silver but even now, in spite of Christ s impressive warnings, goes right ahead.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 The rest of the story Judas question, Surely not I, Rabbi? and John s, Lord, who is it? is not found in Mark; but see above, on verses 17, 18.) ) 14:22 26 The Institution of the Lord s Supper) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.26-40.26.30|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.26-40.26.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:26 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.15-42.22.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.15-42.22.20|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:15 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.23-46.11.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.23-46.11.25|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:23 25) 1 3 2 8 0 0 22 And while they were eating, he took bread, gave thanks and broke it. He then gave it to them and said, Take (it); this is my body. 23 Then he took a cup and gave thanks. He gave it to them, and they all drank from it. 24 He told them, This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many. 25 I solemnly declare to you that from now on I will certainly not drink from this fruit of the vine until that day when I am drinking it new in the kingdom of God. 26 And when they had sung a hymn they went out to the Mount of Olives.) ) First, a few remarks regarding Luke s account. It presents problems both as to the Greek text and as to chronological sequence. A detailed discussion of these problems does not belong here but in a commentary on Luke. Accordingly, we limit ourselves to the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke is never primarily concerned with time sequence. The order (1:3) according to which he arranges his materials is often of a different nature, so that sayings or events apart in time but similar in thought are grouped together. Once this is understood, most of the difficulties disappear. The words of Jesus recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (unparalleled) may have been spoken at the beginning of the Passover meal.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.17|AUTODETECT|” As to the Lord s Supper, with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.17|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.27|AUTODETECT|” (the cup) compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.23|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.23|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.18|AUTODETECT|” . With ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.18|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.29|AUTODETECT|” compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.29|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.25|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.25|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.19|AUTODETECT|” . And with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.19|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.26|AUTODETECT|” (the bread) compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.22|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.22|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The words that have given rise to much controversy, namely, This is my body occur in all three accounts. What must be done with bread and wine is also either distinctly stated or at least implied in all three. Peculiar to Luke but entirely in line with the contents of the communion passages in Matthew and Mark are such dominical words as Take this, and divide it among yourselves (verse 17) and Do this in remembrance of me (verse 19).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.18|AUTODETECT|” The passage in which Luke represents Jesus as saying, But behold, the hand of him who betrays me is with me on the table (verse 21) does not mean that Judas partook of the Lord s Supper. It means that before the institution of that sacrament in other words, when Jesus reclined at table for the passover meal the hand of Judas and that of the Master were indeed together on the table 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.18|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.21|AUTODETECT|” ). There is, accordingly, no conflict between ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.21|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” John 13:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , So having taken the morsel, he went out immediately and it was night. ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Matthew s account and Mark s are almost identical. Matthew has All of you drink from it where Mark has And they all drank from it. After which is poured out for many in both, Matthew adds for the forgiveness of sins. And for Mark s when I am drinking it new in the kingdom of God Matthew substitutes when I am drinking it new with you in my Father s kingdom. Remarkable similarity, no essential difference.) 22. And while they were eating, he took bread, gave thanks and broke it.

At this point Passover passes over into the Lord s Supper; for it was while, toward the close of the Passover meal, the men were all eating freely (see on verse 18) that Jesus instituted the new sacrament that was to replace the old. A few more hours and the old symbol, being bloody for it required the slaying of the lamb will have served its purpose forever, having reached its fulfilment in the blood shed on Calvary. It was time, therefore, that a new and unbloody symbol replace the old. Nevertheless, by historically linking Passover and Lord s Supper so closely together Jesus also made clear that what was essential in the first was not lost in the second. Both point to him, the only and all-sufficient sacrifice for the sins of his people. Passover pointed forward to this; the Lord s Supper points back to it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.26|AUTODETECT|” Having taken from the table a thin slice or sheet of unleavened bread, Jesus gave thanks and then started to break up the slice. Though the original, in referring to the prayer, uses one word in verse 22 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.27|AUTODETECT|” ), and another in verse 23 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.24|AUTODETECT|” ) the first participial form occurring in connection with the bread, the second in connection with the cup there is no essential difference. Both Luke (22:19) and Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.24|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.22|AUTODETECT|” ) read having given thanks where Matthew and Mark read having blessed. It is not incorrect therefore, in both ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.22|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and 23, to adopt the rendering, Jesus & gave thanks. For more on this see on 6:41. The words which the Lord used in this thanksgiving have not been revealed. To try to reconstruct them from Jewish formula prayers would serve no useful purpose. How do we even know that our Lord availed himself of these prayers?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.15|AUTODETECT|” The breaking of the bread, to which reference is made in all four accounts, must be considered as belonging to the very essence of the sacrament. This becomes clear in the light of that which immediately follows, namely, He then gave it to them and said, Take (it); this is my body. To interpret this to mean that Jesus was actually saying that these portions of bread which he handed to the disciples were identical with his physical body, or were at that moment being changed into his body, is to ignore a. the fact that in his body Jesus was standing there in front of his disciples, for all to see. He was holding in his hand the bread, and giving them the portions as he broke them off. Body and bread were clearly distinct and remained thus. Neither changed into the other, or took on the physical properties or characteristics of the other. Besides, such an interpretation also ignores b. the fact that during his earthly ministry the Master very frequently used symbolical language 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.15|AUTODETECT|” Mark 8:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.19|AUTODETECT|” John 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.3|AUTODETECT|” 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.51|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.51|AUTODETECT|” 6:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.53-43.6.56|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.53-43.6.56|AUTODETECT|” 53 56) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.11|AUTODETECT|” 11:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.1|AUTODETECT|” ). It is striking that in all of the instances indicated by these references the symbolical or figurative character of our Lord s language was disregarded by those who first heard it! In each case also, the context makes clear that those who interpreted Christ s words literally were mistaken! Is it not high time that the implied lesson be taken to heart? Finally, there is c: when Jesus spoke of himself as being the vine 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.1|AUTODETECT|” John 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.35|AUTODETECT|” ), is it not clear that he meant that what a natural vine is in relation to its branches, which find their unity, life, and fruit-bearing capacity in this plant, that, in a far more exalted sense, Christ is to his people? Is it not clear, therefore, that the vine represents or symbolizes Jesus, the genuine Vine? Thus also he calls himself or is called the door, the morning star, the cornerstone, the lamb, the fountain, the rock, etc. He also refers to himself as the bread of life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.35|AUTODETECT|” John 6:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.48|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.48|AUTODETECT|” 48) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.58|AUTODETECT|” ), the bread that came down out of heaven 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.58|AUTODETECT|” John 6:58) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). So, why should he not be, and be represented and symbolized by, the broken bread ? Accordingly, the meaning of the broken bread and the poured out wine is correctly indicated in a Communion Form which represents Christ as saying: Whereas otherwise you should have suffered eternal death, I give my body in death on the tree of the cross and shed my blood for you, and nourish and refresh your hungry and thirsty souls with my crucified body and shed blood to everlasting life, as certainly as this bread is broken before your eyes and this cup is given to you, and you eat and drink with your mouth in remembrance of Me. ��708��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.20|AUTODETECT|” It was the desire of our Lord, therefore, that by means of the supper, here instituted, the church should remember his sacrifice and love him, should reflect on that sacrifice and embrace him by faith, and should look forward in living hope to his glorious return. Surely, the proper celebration of communion is a loving remembrance. It is, however, more than that. Jesus Christ is most certainly, and through his Spirit most actively, present at this genuine feast! Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 18:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . His followers take and eat. They appropriate Christ by means of living faith, and are strengthened in this faith.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Having said all this, it will not be necessary to expatiate to any great extent on verses 23, 24. Then he took a cup and gave thanks. He gave it to them, and they all drank from it. He told them, This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many.) Note the following:) a. Not much significance should be attached to the fact that Mark speaks of a cup, for in the parallel accounts Matthew s text varies, while Luke and Paul both use the definite article; hence the cup. At the Passover it was customary to drink several cups of diluted wine.

Since, as has been shown, the Lord s Supper was linked with the last part of the Passover, it is clear that the cup here mentioned reflects the final drinking that occurred at this feast. Hence both Luke and Paul speak of the cup after supper. The emphasis, moreover, is never on the container. All the stress is on its contents, the wine (see on 14:25), as symbol of Christ s blood.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.27|AUTODETECT|” b. By ordering all his true disciples to drink this wine 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.23|AUTODETECT|” ), which they all did 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.23|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.27|AUTODETECT|” ) Judas had already left 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.27|AUTODETECT|” John 13:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.17|AUTODETECT|” ) the unity of all believers in Christ is stressed. Moreover, the practice of having one person, a priest, drink for all is hereby condemned. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.17|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 b.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.24.8|AUTODETECT|” c. In all four accounts a relation is established between Christ s blood and his covenant. As reported by Matthew and Mark, Jesus said, my blood of the covenant. The expression goes back to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.24.8|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 24:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.17.11|AUTODETECT|” . See also the significant passage ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.17.11|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 17:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” . And note: Apart from the shedding of blood there is no remission 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” ); therefore also no covenant, no special relation of friendship between God and his people. Reconciliation with God always requires blood, an atoning sacrifice. And since man himself is unable to render such a sacrifice, a substitutionary offering, accepted by faith, is required 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” John 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.51|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.51|AUTODETECT|” 6:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.19|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 4:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.32|AUTODETECT|” 8:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.20|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.13|AUTODETECT|” 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.24|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.17.7|AUTODETECT|” ). Thus the covenant comes into being. Scripture refers again and again to God s covenant with his people. The Lord established it with Abraham 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.17.7|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 17:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.105.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.105.9|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 105:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.7|AUTODETECT|” ); hence, also with all who share Abraham s faith 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.7|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.29|AUTODETECT|” 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��709��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” d. Jesus says that his blood is poured out for many, not for all. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.9|AUTODETECT|” 17:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.32-45.8.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.32-45.8.35|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:32 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.25-49.5.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.25-49.5.27|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:25 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.29|AUTODETECT|” . Nevertheless, for many, not for just a few. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.29|AUTODETECT|” John 1:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.42|AUTODETECT|” 4:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.16|AUTODETECT|” 10:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.14|AUTODETECT|” I John 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.9|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 7:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.26|AUTODETECT|” In both Matthew and Mark Jesus indicates that this is certainly the very last time that he is going to be with his disciples at this kind of supper. By means of this saying and its implications, he both predicts his imminent death and instructs them, and their followers throughout the ages, to continue until his return 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.26|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) this manner of remembering him: 25. I solemnly declare to you that from now on I will certainly not drink��710�� from this fruit of the vine until that day when I am drinking��710�� it new in the kingdom of God. Note the solemn introduction, for which see on 3:28. Jesus knew that he was about to depart from his disciples. In fact, he was going to lay down his life the very next day; or, according to Jewish time reckoning, that very day (Friday).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.24.7|AUTODETECT|” By speaking of the fruit of the vine Jesus undoubtedly refers to wine. Note close relation between vine and wine in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.24.7|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 24:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.6.4|AUTODETECT|” . See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.6.4|AUTODETECT|” Num. 6:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=35.3.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=35.3.17|AUTODETECT|” Hab. 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . At this time of the year (April), and under conditions then prevailing in Judea, it is hard to think of anything but fermented grape juice, that is, wine, the kind of wine used at Passover; hence, diluted or paschal wine.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.73.24|AUTODETECT|” Note the expression (I will certainly not drink from this fruit of the vine) until that day when I am drinking it new in the kingdom of God. For the kingdom of God see on 1:15. It is the kingdom in its eschatological sense that is meant here, the glorious realm of the redeemed, to which their souls ascend at death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.73.24|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 73:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.73.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.73.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.56|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.56|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:56) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.59|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.59|AUTODETECT|” 59) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.23|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.4|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 20:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.6|AUTODETECT|” b, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.6|AUTODETECT|” 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.1|AUTODETECT|” ). At the close of the present age it will be transformed into the new heaven and earth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.1|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 21:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.). There believers, body and soul then gloriously reunited, will feast forever in the company of their Lord, to praise him forevermore. Then both passover and eucharist will reach their fruition.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.29|AUTODETECT|” We see, therefore, that communion not only points back to what Jesus Christ has done for us but also forward to what he is still going to mean for us. Drinking new wine in the kingdom of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.29|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.5|AUTODETECT|” ) is a symbol of the glorious reunion and never-ending festivities awaiting the children of God, in fellowship with their Savior note: when I am drinking it new in the hereafter. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 23:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.25.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.25.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 25:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.11|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.1|AUTODETECT|” 22:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.15|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 14:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.20|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 3:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.9|AUTODETECT|” 19:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Then, too, it is he, the Victorious Lamb, who will be the Host; and his faithful ones the guests, feasting with him!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.19|AUTODETECT|” 26. And when they had sung a hymn they went out to the Mount of Olives. When they had hymned, says the original. Since, as has been shown, the Lord s Supper was the natural outgrowth of the Passover, it is probable that the hymns of praise that were lifted up to God were Pss. 115 118. These are songs of praise, thanksgiving, and trust, as anyone can see by reading them. They not only constituted a fitting conclusion to the blessings enjoyed but also a most appropriate preparation for the ordeal that was about to begin. For the entire subject of songs appropriate for the home as well as for public gatherings see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.19|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.16|AUTODETECT|” and on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.16|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.1|AUTODETECT|” . When the meeting had been thus concluded, Jesus and his disciples, no longer twelve but eleven, went to the Mount of Olives. Specifically, they crossed the Kidron and entered the Gethsemane grove, located near the foot of that mountain. See 14:32; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.1|AUTODETECT|” John 18:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 14:27 31 Peter s Denial Foretold) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.31-40.26.35|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.31-40.26.35|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:31 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.31-42.22.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.31-42.22.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:31 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.36-43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.36-43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” John 13:36 38) 1 6 2 8 0 0 27 Then Jesus told them, You will all fall away,��711�� for it is written,) I will strike down the shepherd,) And the sheep will be scattered. ) 28 But after I have been raised, I will go ahead of you to Galilee. ) 29 But Peter said to him, Even though all may fall away, yet will not I. 30 Jesus answered, I solemnly declare to you that today yes, this very night before the rooster crows twice,��712�� you will deny me three times. 31 Nevertheless, with great emphasis Peter continued to insist, Even if I have to die with you, I will certainly not deny you. Similarly spoke also all (the others).) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” As has already been indicated, if the account with respect to the prediction of Peter s denial occurs in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” , it can also be found in Matthew (14+12=) 26. In the present instance so very similar is Matthew s report to that of Mark a similarity happily reflected even in the division into verses which at a much later date was applied to it , that in order to find a certain verse in Matthew all one has to do is add 4 to the number of the verse in Mark. Accordingly, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.31|AUTODETECT|” parallels ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.28|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.32|AUTODETECT|” parallels ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.32|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , etc.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” As to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , to You will all fall away , Matthew adds this very night. On the other hand, it is Mark who in his thirtieth verse is more specific and emphatic than is Matthew in his thirty-fourth. In verse 31 Mark graphically introduces Simon s boastful assertion as follows, Nevertheless, with great emphasis Peter continued to insist & Matthew s parallel is simply, Peter said to him. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 reproduces Christ s memorable words of revelation, encouragement, and admonition, addressed to Peter. In verse 33 Peter answers, Lord, I am ready to go with you both to prison and to death. Verse 34 & you will deny three times that you know me is an interesting variation of its parallel in Matthew and Mark.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.37|AUTODETECT|” Finally, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.37|AUTODETECT|” John 13:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” 38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” has Peter asking, Lord, why can t I follow you right now? I will lay down my life for you. Jesus replies, You will lay down your life for me? When allowance is made for word transposition and use of synonymns, the rest of the reply closely resembles its parallel in Matthew and Mark. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” John 13:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.34|AUTODETECT|” b with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.34|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.30|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 4 2 8 0 0 If we bear in mind that it was not the purpose of any of the Gospel writers to reproduce every word that was spoken, and that each in his own way and for his own purpose gave a fully inspired and true account of the events that occurred and of the words that were spoken, difficulties will begin to disappear. The various reports dovetail beautifully. At various points they supplement each other.) 27. Then Jesus told them, You will all fall away,��713�� for it is written,) I will strike down the shepherd,) And the sheep will be scattered.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.0|AUTODETECT|” For Old Testament passages based on the well-known figure of the shepherd and his sheep see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.79.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.79.13|AUTODETECT|” 79:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.80.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.80.1|AUTODETECT|” 80:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7|AUTODETECT|” 95:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.176|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.176|AUTODETECT|” 119:176) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.11|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 40:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” 53:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.34.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.34.5|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 34:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.24|AUTODETECT|” . Similar sayings again and again issued from the lips of Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.24|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 15:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” 25:31 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 6:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11-43.10.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11-43.10.18|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.25-43.10.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.25-43.10.29|AUTODETECT|” 25 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). A rather detailed account of this imagery can be found in N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 97 103, 116 118.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” Here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and its parallels Jesus is predicting that the disciples will all become untrue to him. They will resemble sheep that are running away from their shepherd. This will happen when Jesus, the Good Shepherd, is captured and slain.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.13.7|AUTODETECT|” In the momentary lapse of the disciples their failure to show loyalty that night Jesus sees the fulfilment of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 13:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” . The application of that passage to Jesus and his disciples does not present any great difficulty. It is true that in the context of Zechariah s prophecy the one who smites the shepherd is not mentioned. An order is simply issued, namely, to strike down the shepherd. On the other hand, the entire context refers repeatedly to Jehovah as being the Actor. It is he who will turn, bring, refine, try, hear, and say. Accordingly, Jesus was entirely justified in saying, & for it is written I will strike down the shepherd. Similarly, it was Jehovah himself who, according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.32-44.8.35|AUTODETECT|” , laid upon the Mediator all our iniquities. It was he who bruised him, put him to grief, made his soul an offering for sin. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.32-44.8.35|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8:32 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.32|AUTODETECT|” . It was God the Father who spared not his own Son 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.32|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Now when a shepherd is struck down, the sheep scatter in every direction, for they have lost their rallying point. So also when Jesus is captured and subsequently crucified, his followers will panic and flee. That this prediction was indeed fulfilled in the case of Christ s disciples is clear from passages such as the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.50|AUTODETECT|” And they all left him and fled 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.50|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.71|AUTODETECT|” Then he [Peter] started to curse and to swear, I don t know this man you re talking about 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.71|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:71) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.21|AUTODETECT|” We had hoped that he was the one who was going to redeem Israel, but & 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.21|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.31|AUTODETECT|” Jesus answered them, Do you now believe? Note well, there comes an hour yes, it has arrived! when you will be scattered, each to his own home, and you will leave me alone 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.31|AUTODETECT|” John 16:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.24|AUTODETECT|” But Thomas, one of the twelve, the one called the Twin, was not with them when Jesus came & He said, Unless I see in his hands the mark of the nails & I definitely will not believe 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.24|AUTODETECT|” John 20:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The beauty in all this is not only that Jesus here reveals that he loves them all the same, but also that his very prediction would serve the purpose of bringing the scattered sheep together again, once they reflected on the fact that their Master had lovingly forewarned them.) Christ s prediction has an optimistic climax: 28. But after I have been raised, I will go ahead��714�� of you to Galilee. In clear and unfigurative language Jesus speaks about being raised from the dead, just as he had spoken previously (8:31; 9:9, 31; 10:34). This is also another revelation of his love, for here Jesus assures them that he is going to meet them in the very region, Galilee, where their homes were, and where the Lord had originally called them to himself.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.16|AUTODETECT|” As to fulfilment, immediately after Christ s resurrection a messenger from heaven reminded the disciples of this promise (16:7). It was indeed in Galilee that the risen Savior met with these men 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.1-43.21.23|AUTODETECT|” ), with seven of them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.1-43.21.23|AUTODETECT|” John 21:1 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.6|AUTODETECT|” ), with more than five hundred of his followers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.6|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 29. But Peter said to him, Even though��715�� all may fall away, yet will not I. Matthew substitutes, I will never become untrue. Peter here commits the sin of treating the words of Jesus with disbelief. At the same time he assumes an attitude of superiority with respect to his fellow disciples. Finally, he clearly shows that he does not know himself. He has an inflated opinion of himself, is over-confident, conceited, as events are quickly going to prove.) 30. Jesus answered, I solemnly declare to you that today yes, this very night before��716�� the rooster crows twice, you will deny��717�� me three times.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.35|AUTODETECT|” In comparison with verse 27 the present predication a. is introduced in a more solemn and impressive manner, I solemnly declare see on 3:28 ; b. is far more specific, being addressed to just one person, Peter; c. indicates even more precisely when it will be fulfilled, namely, before the rooster crows twice, that is, before dawn; and d. describes the nature of the disloyalty trap into which that disciple will fall, namely, deny me three times. Rooster-crowing served as a time indication. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.35|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 shows that it marked the third of the four watches; see on that passage; therefore, 12 midnight-3 A.M.; crows twice indicating the latter part of that period.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.74|AUTODETECT|” We see Jesus here as the great Prophet. Though Peter did not know his own heart, Jesus not only knew it but also revealed it. Note the detailed character of this knowledge: three times. We see Jesus also as the great Sufferer. How what he foresaw must have grieved him. Finally, we see him as the great Savior.

The reference to the crowing of the rooster does double duty: a. It indicates the shallow character of Peter s boast. Within just a few hours, yes, even before dawn, Peter will publicly disown his Master! Yet, b. this very rooster-crowing is also a means of bringing Peter back to repentance, for Christ s reference to it becomes firmly embedded in his mind, so that at the appropriate moment this hidden memory will suddenly pull the rope that will ring the bell of Peter s conscience. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.74|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:74) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:72) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.60|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.60|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.27|AUTODETECT|” John 18:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.35|AUTODETECT|” The disciple who by the Lord had been singled out for this specific prediction persists, however, in his profession of unswerving loyalty: 31. Nevertheless, with great emphasis��718�� Peter continued to insist, Even if I have to die with you, I will certainly not deny you. Instead of with great emphasis continued to insist, another good translation would be was saying vehemently. If need be, Peter is willing even to die with 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.35|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.33|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.37|AUTODETECT|” ) and for 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.37|AUTODETECT|” John 13:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.16|AUTODETECT|” ) Jesus. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.11.16|AUTODETECT|” John 11:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Similarly spoke also all (the others). They were swept off their feet by Peter s mighty boasts. They must have felt that they could not very well promise less than Peter!) 1 7 2 8 0 0 Jesus predicted that all would become untrue to him (14:27).) All protested that this would never happen (14:31).) A little later, this very night, they all left him and fled (14:50).) * * ) The present section has shown that we do not know ourselves. All these disciples were very sure that they would never become ensnared into the sin of being untrue to Jesus. Yet, that is exactly what happened. In connection, then, with) The Unknown Self) the following thoughts should be emphasized:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.8.12|AUTODETECT|”

The sinner does not know his inner self. This is true with respect to the unregenerate for example, Hazael 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.8.12|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 8:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.8.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=12.8.13|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.17.9|AUTODETECT|” ) , but to a certain extent even with respect to those who have been reborn. Think of Peter and the other disciples, contrasting what they promised with what they actually did. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.17.9|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 17:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=24.17.10|AUTODETECT|”

God knows the sinner thoroughly. Read ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.17.10|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 17:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.1-19.139.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.1-19.139.16|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 139:1 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.24|AUTODETECT|” . Of course, this holds also for Jesus, according to his divine nature, as indicated in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.24|AUTODETECT|” John 2:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.25|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.30|AUTODETECT|” 16:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.17|AUTODETECT|” 21:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” . Christ s predictions recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.28|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.30|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 were fulfilled in every respect (14:50, 62 72).) 1 1 2 8 0 0

What, then, if anything, can man do about this situation?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.7|AUTODETECT|” a. Apart from God he can do nothing. But when by God s sovereign grace he is converted, he can and should watch his conscious thoughts, words, and deeds; for, whatever he does consciously exerts a powerful influence upon his subliminal or inner self: For as he thinketh in his heart, so is he 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.7|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 23:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.34.13|AUTODETECT|” A.V.). Important, therefore, is obedience to such exhortations as are found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.34.13|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 34:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.35|AUTODETECT|” 119:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.141.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.141.3|AUTODETECT|” 141:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.4|AUTODETECT|” John 15:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.12|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.27|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 , to mention only a few.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.12|AUTODETECT|” b. It is also true, however, that man s inner self reacts upon his outer self. And since man cannot very well directly fight those sins within himself that are hidden from his consciousness, he should ask God to do what he (man) himself cannot do. Hence, the prayer, Clear thou me from hidden faults 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.12|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 19:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.23|AUTODETECT|” ) is necessary. Very fitting is also the prayer expressed in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.23|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 139:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.24|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” c. Doing this, he should not be afraid but should fully accept and derive comfort from the divine assurance, Jehovah has laid on him [i.e., on the Messiah] the iniquity of us all 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.20|AUTODETECT|” ). Where sin increased, grace increased all the more 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.20|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 5:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27-41.14.31|AUTODETECT|” The main lesson conveyed by the paragraph just studied 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27-41.14.31|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:27 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.5|AUTODETECT|” and its parallels) is that it directs our heart to the love of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.5|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Was it not gracious of Jesus to say, Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has asked to sift you as wheat. But I have made supplication for you, that your faith may not utterly fail. And when you have returned (to me) impart strength to your brothers ? And was it not gracious of him to tell the eleven, But after I have been raised I will go ahead of you to Galilee ? Even before they were scattered he told them that they would be regathered! This is the marvelous grace of our loving Lord, the very grace that will pardon and cleanse within. ��719��) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 14:32 42 Gethsemane) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.36-40.26.46|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.36-40.26.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:36 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.39-42.22.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.39-42.22.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:39 46) 1 12 2 8 0 0 32 They went to a place called Gethsemane, and he said to his disciples, Sit here while I pray. 33 And he took with him Peter and James and John, and began to be filled with horror and anguish. 34 He said to them, I am overwhelmed with sorrow to the point of death. Stay here and keep awake, 35 And going a little farther, he was throwing himself to the ground, and was praying��720�� that if it were possible this hour might pass him by. 36 He said, Abba, Father, all things are possible with thee. Remove this cup from me; nevertheless, not what I will but what thou wilt. ) 37 And he came and found them sleeping. Simon, he said to Peter, Are you asleep? Were you not able to stay awake for a single hour? 38 Keep on the alert and keep on praying that you may not enter into temptation. The spirit is eager but the flesh is weak. ) 39 Again he went and prayed, saying the same thing. 40 Again he came and found them asleep, for their eyes were weighed down with sleep, and they did not know what to answer him. 41 And he came the third time and said to them, Sleep on now and take your rest.

It is enough. The Son of man is being betrayed into the hands of sinners. 42 Get up! Let us be going. Look, my betrayer is near. ) ) It is with profound reverence that one approaches the Gethsemane narrative. Also with due appreciation of the unique character of the event here described. This uniqueness deserves emphasis, for again and again one will hear a person who has passed through a fiery trial refer to this experience as my Gethsemane.

Better surely is the following:) Joy is a partnership,) Grief weeps alone,) Many guests had Cana,) Gethsemane but One. ) F. L. Knowles, Grief and Joy) What Jesus endured in Gethsemane was never experienced by anyone else.) But why Gethsemane at all? Why could not God have arranged it in such a way that at the very entrance of the garden Jesus would immediately have been arrested, etc.? Why all the agony, the wrestlings, the prayers, the bloody sweat?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” Could not the answer be as follows: to establish for all time that the obedience (both active and passive) which Jesus rendered was not forced upon him against his will but was voluntary? He was actually laying down his life for the sheep 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7-58.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ). That wholehearted sacrifice, in total obedience to the Father s will, was the only kind of death capable of saving the sinner 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7-58.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:7 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.37|AUTODETECT|” What kind of death did Jesus die? Merely physical death? Spiritual death? Eternal death? There can be no question of the fact that Jesus experienced physical death, separation of body and soul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.37|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.46|AUTODETECT|” ). Did he also undergo spiritual death? If by this term is meant death in sin to live apart from God is death , the answer must be a very emphatic No. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.46|AUTODETECT|” John 8:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 3:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.26|AUTODETECT|” 7:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.22|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.5|AUTODETECT|” I John 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . But what about eternal death? If by ascribing eternal death to Jesus we mean that during his entire life on earth, and especially in Gethsemane and on the cross, Jesus suffered the full equivalent of that which his people would have suffered if no one had died in their stead, the answer is, Yes, that is indeed the kind of death Jesus suffered. To state it differently, hell, as it were, came to him in Gethsemane and on Golgotha, and he descended into it, experiencing to the full its terrors.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 He has borne for us the wrath of God under which we should have perished everlastingly, from the beginning of his incarnation to the end of his life on earth, and has fulfilled for us all obedience and righteousness of the divine law, especially when the weight of our sins and of the wrath of God pressed out of him the bloody sweat in the garden, where he was bound that we might be loosed from our sins; that afterward he suffered innumerable reproaches that we might never be confounded, and & humbled himself to the deepest reproach and anguish of hell, in body and soul, on the tree of the cross, when he cried out with a loud voice, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? that we might be accepted of God, and nevermore forsaken of him.& ��721��) Those who object to this representation should ask themselves in all seriousness whether One who did not actually descend into the terrors of hell as our Substitute can be our Savior. If he did not suffer that punishment, does it not follow that this is in store for us?) * * ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.42|AUTODETECT|” Luke s account, even with the retention of 22:43, 44, ��722�� is much shorter than that of either Matthew or Mark. Luke does not mention the fact that in Gethsemane Jesus prayed more than once. However, this is no reason for positing a conflict between Luke and the others. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.42|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 states the very essence of Christ s prayers at this time, as is clear from both Matthew and Mark. Luke s additions with reference to the angel and the thick drops of blood harmonize very well with that which the other Gospels report with respect to the Sufferer s agony. God be praised for having given us Luke s account as well as those of Matthew and Mark!) 1 2 2 8 0 0 As to Matthew and Mark, their reports are almost identical from start to finish. The main differences are as follows:) a. While both Matthew (26:39) and Mark (14:36), by means of direct discourse, report Christ s first prayer in Gethsemane, Mark, before doing so, introduces this prayer by means of indirect discourse (verse 35b). In the introduction note the word hour; in the prayer itself cup. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.39|AUTODETECT|” b. It is true that the prayer reported in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.42|AUTODETECT|” and the one found in 26:42 are essentially the same, for in both Jesus prays that if possible the cup may pass him by, and submits himself completely to the Father s will. It is that essential sameness in essence which Mark is declaring (14:39). But within this essential oneness there was, nevertheless, room for a degree of difference in emphasis. The words of the two prayers are not exactly identical. It is Matthew who brings out the distinction. See N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.42|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 919. There is no conflict.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 c. In connection with Christ s second return to the sleeping disciples Mark adds, They did not know how to answer him (14:40).) * * * ) In Gethsemane Jesus agonized) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.1|AUTODETECT|” 32. They went to a place called Gethsemane, and he said to his disciples, Sit here while��723�� I pray. Just where was Gethsemane? This oil press garden must have been somewhere in the general area across the Kedron 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.1|AUTODETECT|” John 18:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.39|AUTODETECT|” ) and on the slope of the Mt. of Olives 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.39|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But exactly where, and how far up the slope? Is the present so-called Franciscan Garden the real spot where Jesus agonized and prayed? Or does the Russian Gethsemane, higher up the hill, have a better claim to authenticity? And what about the Armenian Gethsemane? One fact is often forgotten.

Says Josephus (Jewish War VI.5), Meanwhile the Romans, though sorely harassed in the gathering of timber, had completed their earthworks in twenty-one days, having, as previously stated [see V.522, 523], cleared (of trees) the entire district around the town to a distance of ninety furlongs [about eleven miles or eighteen kilometers]. In his very interesting book Spoorzoeker in Bijbelse Landen (Combing Biblical Lands, Amsterdam, 1973, pp. 121, 122) Dr. H. Mulder, who himself lived in this vicinity for a while, states, It is impossible that in the days of Jesus and his disciples these very trees [the ones shown to visitors today] were yielding fruit to the then owner.& To be sure, the trees of today, attended by the monks, are very, very old [Dutch stokoud ]. But even five hundred or seven hundred years is quite an age for a tree! ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Wherever it was, the point which Mark brings out is that near the entrance of this quiet place an ideal spot for resting, sleeping, praying, and teaching , a grove probably belonging to one of Christ s followers, Jesus left eight of his disciples. He told them to remain there while he himself was praying.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 33. And he took with him Peter and James and John.& Also at other occasions (5:37; 9:2) these same three men were selected by the Master to be with him. Why just these three? See on 5:37. That, in proceeding farther into the grove, Jesus would take some of his disciples with him is not strange. Being human himself, he stood in need not only of food, drink, clothing, shelter, and sleep, but also of human fellowship. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.37|AUTODETECT|” . He needed these men. Even more, they needed him! & and began��724�� to be filled with horror and anguish. The words & filled with anguish ��725�� are used by both Matthew and Mark. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.37|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.33|AUTODETECT|” the first verb is (filled with) sorrow ; in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.33|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.42.7|AUTODETECT|” (filled with) horror. ��726�� All the waves and the billows of distress came pouring over his soul. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.42.7|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 42:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.66|AUTODETECT|” b. Why this terror and dismay? Was it because he knew that even now Judas was approaching or preparing to approach in order to deliver him to his enemies? Was it because he was painfully aware that Peter would deny him, that the Sanhedrin would condemn him, Pilate sentence him, his enemies ridicule him, and the soldiers crucify him? No doubt all that was included. However, as the story develops we notice that it was especially this one thought, namely, that he, a most tender and sensitive soul, is more and more being driven into isolation. Many of the people have already left him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.66|AUTODETECT|” John 6:66) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.50|AUTODETECT|” ). His disciples are going to forsake him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.50|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Worst of all, on the cross he will be crying out, My God, my God, why has thou forsaken me? (15:34). Did he, perhaps, here in Gethsemane see this tidal wave of God s wrath because of our sin coming?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.13|AUTODETECT|” 34. He said to them, I am overwhelmed with sorrow to the point of death. Literally the original reads, Overwhelmed is my soul��727�� to the point of death. By means of the forward position of the word overwhelmed Jesus shows where he wishes to place the emphasis. To be sure, he had been a curse-bearer throughout the days of his humiliation, but now he was becoming overwhelmed with the curse, was more than ever before becoming a curse for those who place their trust in him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” ). This consciousness would not again leave him until he was able to say, It is finished 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” John 19:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” ). He knew that he was giving his life as a ransom for many 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” ); that he, the sinless One, was being made sin, that is, the vicarious bearer of God s wrath 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It is not surprising that he said to his three closest disciples, Stay here and keep awake.��728�� Did they do so? See verses 37 and 39.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 The anguish of death not just physical death but eternal death in the place of his people, to atone for their sins was coming upon Jesus, now more than ever before. That is why he speaks of sorrow to the point of death. And he bore it all alone!) In Gethsemane Jesus agonized and prayed) 35. And going a little farther, he was throwing himself to the ground, and was praying that if it were possible this hour might pass him by.) Consider the beautiful lines by William B. Tappan:) Tis midnight; and on Olive s brow) The star is dimmed that lately shone.) Tis midnight; in the garden now) The suff ring Savior prays alone.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.41|AUTODETECT|” The agony continues and even intensifies. But now the story of Christ s agonizing shifts into that of his praying (already briefly introduced in verse 32). Jesus wishes to be all by himself during his prayer. Hence, he now leaves even the three behind. Yet not far behind, for he desires to retain the possibility of contact with them. According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.41|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 he withdrew from or beyond them about a stone s throw.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 In a very picturesque manner��729�� Mark describes what happened: Jesus was throwing himself to the ground and was praying. & began to pray is also possible.��730�� The substance of his prayer was that if it were possible this hour might pass him by.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.4|AUTODETECT|” Note this hour. It is not true that whenever Jesus uses this or a similar expression he always has reference to the same event. What is true is that the hour in the phraseology of Jesus means the predestined moment, season, or time, for something to happen. Thus, there was a proper time, a predestined moment, for Jesus to perform a certain sign 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.4|AUTODETECT|” John 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.25|AUTODETECT|” ), a predestined season for him to awaken those spiritually dead 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.25|AUTODETECT|” John 5:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.28|AUTODETECT|” ), a predestined time (still future) for him to raise all the physically dead 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.28|AUTODETECT|” John 5:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.1|AUTODETECT|” ). And so also there was a predestined hour for the Son of man to depart from this world 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.1|AUTODETECT|” John 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.23|AUTODETECT|” ) and, by means of his death and resurrection, to be glorified 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.23|AUTODETECT|” John 12:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.1|AUTODETECT|” 17:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.22|AUTODETECT|” ). Jesus was a strong believer in the doctrine of divine predestination, never for a moment accepting it at the expense of the doctrine of human responsibility! See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.22|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 4 2 8 0 0 He is in deep agony, probably, as was indicated previously, because he sees more sharply now than ever before the woes that await him. So he prays that this hour, this time of indescribably bitter pain and anguish, may pass him by.��731��) The actual words of the prayer are now given: 36. He said, Abba, Father, all things are possible with thee. Remove this cup from me; nevertheless, not what I will but what thou wilt. Note the following:) a. It is not necessary to believe that Jesus, in addressing his Father, used two words: the Aramaic Abba and the Greek Patr, both with the same meaning, namely, Father.

He probably said Abba, a word which Mark, writing mainly for non-Jews, immediately translates into the language with which his readers are better acquainted, Greek.) b. All things are possible with thee. Jesus here very properly appeals to the fact that the Father, whom he is addressing, is able to do whatever he wants to do. It is, accordingly, in the spirit of complete confidence and submission that he makes his petition.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” c. Remove this cup from me. This cup means this terrible, impending experience, climaxed by the cross and complete abandonment 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). For cup see further on 10:38.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 d. Nevertheless, not what I will but what thou wilt. The completely sinless, in fact exemplary, nature of the supplication appears from the fact that the clause, Remove this cup from me, is immediately modified by nevertheless, not what I will but��732�� what thou wilt. It is clear that Jesus is submitting himself entirely to the will of the Father.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.43|AUTODETECT|” That the soul of our Lord was indeed filled with excruciating anguish as he prayed this prayer is clear from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.44|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.44|AUTODETECT|” 44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7|AUTODETECT|” , There appeared to him an angel from heaven, strengthening him. And being in anguish, he prayed very fervently; and his sweat became like thick drops of blood, falling down upon the ground. ��733�� It was indeed with strong crying and tears 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) that he was offering up his prayers and supplications.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 After the first prayer Jesus returned to the three men who had been exhorted to keep awake: 37. And he came and found them sleeping. Simon, he said to Peter, Are you asleep? Were��734�� you not able to stay awake for a single hour? Sleeping at this hour, probably past midnight, was natural, especially after the exciting experiences in the Upper Room (the washing of the disciples feet, the revelation that one of The Twelve was going to betray his Master, the departure of Judas, the institution of the Lord s Supper) and afterward ( All of you will become untrue to me, Peter s protest, etc.). Nevertheless, these men should have stayed awake.

They could have, had they only prayed for strength to do so. Though Christ s gentle reprimand concerned all three note the plural yet it was addressed particularly to Peter, no doubt because in the matter of pledging his loyalty and even boasting about it he had taken the lead.) This was the same Peter who on the way to Gethsemane and even while still in the Upper Room had made boasts such as these:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.29|AUTODETECT|” Even though all may fall away, yet will not I 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.29|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Even if I have to die with you, I will certainly not deny you (14:31).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.33|AUTODETECT|” Lord, with you I am ready to go both to prison and to death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.33|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.37|AUTODETECT|” Lord, I will lay down my life for you 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.37|AUTODETECT|” John 13:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 And now, here he is & sound asleep, even though Jesus had urged him to pray so as to be able to remain awake!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Jesus continues, 38. Keep on the alert and keep on praying that you may not enter into temptation.��735�� The context clearly indicates that here a slightly different meaning must be assigned to the same Greek word that was used also in verses 34, 37. Keep (or: stay) awake becomes Keep on the alert, or Remain watchful. The reason for the change is the clause that you may not enter into temptation. A person may be wide awake physically and may still succumb to temptation, but if he remains awake spiritually, that is, if with heart and mind he remains on the alert or watchful, he will overcome temptation. See N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.40.6|AUTODETECT|” . The temptation for the disciples was to become untrue to Jesus. We already know that they, definitely including Peter, did not remain alert, did not make earnest work of prayer, and therefore did, indeed, succumb to temptation. Jesus adds: The spirit is eager but the flesh is weak. If in this nightly hour Jesus experienced the weakness of his own human nature, hence the need of prayer, we may be sure that this was far more seriously true in the case of the disciples. In the present passage spirit indicates man s invisible entity viewed in its relation to God.

As such it is the recipient of God s favor and the means whereby man worships God. See further on 8:12, including footnote 370. Flesh, as here meant, is the human nature considered from the aspect of its frailty and needs, both physical and psychical. See N.T.C. on Philippians, p. 77, footnote 55. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 40:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.29|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.25|AUTODETECT|” . This use of flesh must not be confused with that according to which flesh indicates the human nature regarded as the seat of sinful desire 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 7:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.4-45.8.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.4-45.8.9|AUTODETECT|” 8:4 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; etc.). To the disciples, borne down with sleep, it was a battle between their spirit which was eager to do what was right and thus to remain on guard against temptation, and their flesh which, because of its weakness, was prone to yield to Satan s desires.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 39. Again he went and prayed,��736�� saying the same thing. Though Jesus did not utter exactly the same words, he did say what amounted to substantially (though not precisely) the same thing.��737�� For the difference in wording and emphasis see N.T.C. on Matthew, p. 919.) 40. Again he came and found them asleep, for their eyes were weighed down with sleep, and they did not know what to answer him.��738�� Their drowsiness had once again gained the victory over their desire to stay awake and remain on the alert. Their eyes were weighed down with sleep, for their hearts had not been filled with prayer. So all alone Jesus must fight the battle. No help of any kind does he receive from men, not even from these three!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.6|AUTODETECT|” Though the Master spoke to them, they did not know what to say in return. To a certain extent these three men were reliving a previous experience. Read the story of the Master s Transfiguration. Note especially ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.6|AUTODETECT|” Mark 9:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.32|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 9:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . But here in Gethsemane, in addition to being weighed down with sleep, were Peter, James, and John perhaps also somewhat oppressed with shame, sensing, however vaguely, that if they had obeyed the exhortation to keep on praying they would not have fallen asleep?) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Again Jesus leaves the three and is in communion with his Father. Mark takes up the story when for the third time the Suffering Servant returns to his disciples:) In Gethsemane Jesus prayed and kept watch) With respect to the final two verses of this section there is great diversity of opinion among commentators. With very slight alteration I have adopted the rendering of verse 41 that is found in A.V. and A.R.V.:��739��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.43|AUTODETECT|” 41. And he came the third time and said to them, Sleep on now and take your rest. No longer does Jesus reprove these men. No longer does he say to Simon, Were you not able to stay awake for a single hour? No longer does he even tell all three to keep on the alert and keep on praying. In reading the words of verse 41 we receive the definite impression that for Jesus the Gethsemane struggle is over. The victory has been won. In his heart there is perfect peace. He has been strengthened by an angel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.22.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and through his own prayers. To be sure, the three men had failed him. But never, no never will his love fail them.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 So what verse 41 pictures to us is the Good Shepherd tenderly watching over his own, that is, over these very men who have sinfully neglected to watch with him! According to Mark, Jesus added It is enough.��740�� It may well be impossible to determine exactly what he had in mind when he said this. Could he have meant, There have been enough attempts to keep you awake and watching ? Enough reproof ? But these are guesses. We do not know.

The Son of man is being betrayed into the hands of sinners.) The vigil was of short duration. After just a little while Jesus could see the approaching band. He now rouses the three men by saying: 42. Get up! Let us be going. Look, my betrayer is near.��741�� Going where?

Away as far as possible from the approaching band? Fleeing? No, the very opposite: going forward to meet those who have come to arrest Jesus; yes, to meet them, including Judas!) ) 14:43 50 The Betrayal and Seizure of Jesus) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.47-40.26.56|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.47-40.26.56|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:47 56) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.47-42.22.53|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.47-42.22.53|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:47 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.2-43.18.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.2-43.18.12|AUTODETECT|” John 18:2 12) 1 5 2 8 0 0 43 And immediately, while he [Jesus] was still speaking, Judas, one of the twelve, arrived, and with him a crowd (armed) with swords and clubs, from the chief priests and the scribes and the elders. 44 Now he who was betraying him had given them a signal, saying, The one I kiss is the man; grab him and lead him away under guard. ��742�� 45 And when he came, he immediately stepped up to him, saying, Rabbi, and kissed him fervently.��743�� 46 They laid their hands on Jesus and arrested him. 47 And one of the bystanders drew his sword and struck the highpriest s servant, cutting off his ear.) 48 Jesus answered and said to them, As against a robber��744�� did you come out, with swords and clubs to seize me? 49 Every day I was with you in the temple teaching, and you did not arrest me. But (this happened) in order that the scriptures might be fulfilled 50 And they all left him and fled.) ) The story here told is found in all four Gospels. By far the longest reports are those in Matthew and in John, of approximately equal length. Covering about two-thirds as much space as either of these are the accounts, also nearly equal in size, found in Mark and in Luke.) Leaving out minor details, the main variations are as follows:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.10|AUTODETECT|” Though Matthew and Mark, as often, run closely parallel, Matthew contains one important item not found in Mark, namely, the expostulation which Jesus addressed to the man [Peter, according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.10|AUTODETECT|” John 18:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.52-40.26.54|AUTODETECT|” ] who had struck the highpriest s servant and had cut off his ear. This reprimand, found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.52-40.26.54|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:52 54) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , ends, as not unusual in Matthew, with a reference to fulfilment of prophecy.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 As to Mark, except for the mention of scribes (14:43) and the words, and lead him away under guard (14:44), this evangelist reports nothing that cannot be found in Matthew. But is not the very brevity of Mark s account it is almost all action an element that contributes to its sparkling vividness?) Luke s account contains the following items not found elsewhere: a. Judas, are you betraying the Son of man with a kiss? ; b. Lord, shall we smite with a sword? ; c. Jesus touched the man s ear and healed him ; and d. But this is your hour and the power of darkness. ) Peculiar (either entirely or to a large extent) to John are the following bits of information:) a.

Judas knew this place [Gethsemane], for Jesus often met there with his disciples ; b. So Judas took the cohort and some officers from the chief priests and the Pharisees, and went there with torches and lanterns and weapons. c. the story showing how Jesus took the initiative, advanced up to the group and said, For whom are you looking? When the commander and others with him answered, For Jesus, the Nazarene, Jesus answered, I am he. They lurched backward and fell to the ground. Jesus repeated his question and received the same answer. Jesus answered, I told you that I am he.

Therefore if you are looking for me, let these men go their way. By inspiration John sees in this incident the fulfilment of words spoken earlier by Jesus. See N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, p. 380. d. John informs us that the name of the servant whose right ear Peter had struck off with the sword was Malchus, and that Jesus responded to Peter s rash deed by saying, Put your sword into the sheath. The cup the Father has given me, shall I not drink at? ) * * *) Though the story, as always, is definitely and basically that about Jesus, what was done to him and how he reacted, on the surface the actors in this very dramatic happening are brought to the forefront in the following order: Judas (verses 43 45), the band that came to arrest Jesus (verse 46), one of the bystanders (Peter, verse 47), Jesus (verses 48, 49), and the disciples (verse 50).) Judas) 43.

And immediately, while he [Jesus] was still speaking, Judas, one of the twelve, arrived, and with him a crowd (armed) with swords and clubs, from the chief priests and the scribes and the elders.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” So, having taken the morsel, Judas went out immediately, and it was night. So reads ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” John 13:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.28|AUTODETECT|” . Where did he go? He must have hurried off to the chief priests, etc., the men who had hired him. Was he afraid that once his treachery became known the alarm would spread and from everywhere friends of Jesus think especially of the many from Galilee, now in the city would gather in his defense? Act quickly, he must have told the Jewish authorities, preferably by night, when no crowds are around. Act tonight. The authorities had been waiting for him. So busy were they with this plot to destroy Jesus that, as explained in N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 401 404 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.28|AUTODETECT|” John 18:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.62-40.27.65|AUTODETECT|” ), they had not yet partaken of the Passover meal. The probable whereabouts of Jesus had to be ascertained; a posse had to be organized; the temple police must be notified; permission must be obtained, whether from Pilate, which in view of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.62-40.27.65|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:62 65) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 seems probable, or from the Roman chiliarch, so that a group of soldiers could accompany the temple police; all the members of the Sanhedrin must be alerted; Annas must not be left in the dark; lanterns, swords, and clubs must be collected; the need of secrecy must be emphasized to all those who are in on this; etc. etc.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.2|AUTODETECT|” Finally, then, all is in readiness. Now to find Jesus. Judas did not know for certain where the group might have gone after leaving the Upper Room, but since he knew that Gethsemane was the place often visited by the Master and his disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.2|AUTODETECT|” John 18:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the traitor was able to make a good guess, one that proved to be correct. So, while Jesus was still talking to the three disciples, Judas was seen entering the grove. Judas, one of the twelve, says the text, to emphasize the terrible character of the crime this man was committing. See on verse 10 and note repetition of one of the twelve in verse 20. Since he was one of the twelve, it would be impossible to mention all the privileges that had been bestowed upon him during the many days, weeks, and months he had spent in Christ s immediate company. Such confidence had the other eleven resposed in this same Judas that they had even made him their treasurer.

And now he was proving himself totally unworthy of all these honors and advantages, of all this trust. A shameless, disgusting quisling he had become, a wretched turncoat, one who for the paltry sum of thirty pieces of silver was delivering over to the enemy the greatest Benefactor whose feet ever trod this earth, even the Mediator, both God and man, the Lord Jesus Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 No one knows exactly how the crowd that accompanied Judas was arranged, if it be even correct to speak about any order or arrangement. If any guess be permissible it would be as follows:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.10|AUTODETECT|” In front Judas. This, at least, seems rather well established. The crowd is said to be with him. Besides, he is the one who is going to step up to Jesus (verse 45), to point him out to the others. The highpriest s personal servant, Malchus, must also have been near the front 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 18:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.3|AUTODETECT|” ) and so were also probably the temple police, Levites 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.3|AUTODETECT|” John 18:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.3|AUTODETECT|” ). The detachment of soldiers, together with their commander, cannot have been far behind 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.3|AUTODETECT|” John 18:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.3|AUTODETECT|” ). ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.3|AUTODETECT|” John 18:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 mentions a cohort, probably obtained from the tower of Antonia, situated at the northwest corner of the temple area. Though a cohort at full strength consisted of six hundred men (the tenth of a legion), the Roman authorities would probably not have depleted their garrison to that extent. At any rate, the band must have been rather large.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.32|AUTODETECT|” But why Roman legionaries at all? Would not the temple police have sufficed? The answer is that the Sanhedrin had learned that these officers could not always be relied on. Who knows, they might even side with Jesus, as had happened once before. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.32|AUTODETECT|” John 7:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.45|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.45|AUTODETECT|” 45) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Hence, it was felt that a detachment of soldiers was also needed. And because the Roman authorities themselves were very desirous of preventing trouble in Jerusalem, especially during Passover, when there was always danger of Jewish rebellion, the requested legionaries were quickly obtained.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.52|AUTODETECT|” Perhaps somewhat farther toward the back were members of the San hedrin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.52|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.55|AUTODETECT|” ). Whether any others were present we cannot be certain. Even ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.55|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:55) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 does not necessarily imply this.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The force that had been commissioned to capture Jesus was well equipped. The men carried swords and clubs. As to the first, these were probably the short swords carried by the heavily armed Roman soldier. See N.T.C. on Ephesians, p. 279, including footnote 177. The clubs or cudgels, we may assume, were in the hands of the temple police. Absolute certainty in such matters is not possible.

Words have histories, which in the present case means that the term used in the original for swords may at times have a more general meaning. It was not always used to distinguish these weapons from the broadswords. Also, we cannot be entirely certain that none but soldiers carried swords. Did not even Peter have a sword? See verse 47. All we really know is that those who came to arrest Jesus carried swords and clubs.

Their distribution is not definitely indicated, though it is natural to think of soldiers equipped with swords. The Gospel of John also mentions torches and lanterns. Torches and lanterns to search for the Light of the world. And it was full moon! Swords and cudgels to subdue the Prince of Peace. For the Man of Sorrows the very sight of this band of ruffians, which considered him their quarry, meant indescribable suffering.

And to think that the men who were supposed to be leaders in Israel, highly religious and devout, chief priests and scribes and elders, together composing the Sanhedrin, had sent this force. Instead of welcoming Jesus as the long-expected Messiah, they were sending a posse to capture him, with the ultimate purpose of having him brought before the authorities that he might be sentenced to death! For more on chief priests, scribes, and elders, see above, on 14:1.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.23|AUTODETECT|” 44, 45. Now he who was betraying him had given them a signal,��745�� saying, The one I kiss is the man; grab him and lead him away under guard. And when he came, he immediately stepped up to him, saying, Rabbi, and kissed him fervently. There are those who say that a kiss was the customary way of greeting a rabbi. However that may be, we may be sure that then as well as today though more so in certain regions of the globe than in others a kiss was the symbol of friendship and affection. As used by Judas, however, it was the prearranged signal for the arresting band to grab Jesus and, as Mark adds, to lead him away safely or under guard 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.15|AUTODETECT|” ). To be sure, Judas already has his money 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but he also knows that he will not be able to keep it until he has made sure that the one he is betraying is actually in the hands of the Sanhedrin.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.22|AUTODETECT|” So, having arrived in Gethsemane, in front of the posse that had been dispatched to arrest Jesus, Judas, on seeing Jesus, steps forward to a position directly in front of him. He then greets him by saying Rabbi, or, as Matthew has it, Hello, Rabbi. Does the fact that Judas addresses Jesus thus and not as Lord, indicate disrespect? We must be very careful here. It is true that at the Passover meal, when all the other disciples said, Surely not I, Lord? but Judas alone said, Surely not I, Rabbi 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.22|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.5|AUTODETECT|” and 25), the contrast between the two modes of address is so obvious that it may well have been intentional. In the present case, however, there is no basis for any comparison. On the whole it remains true that Rabbi, in addressing Jesus, was very common, especially during the earlier and middle part of Jesus ministry 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.5|AUTODETECT|” Mark 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.38|AUTODETECT|” John 1:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.49|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.49|AUTODETECT|” 49) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.2|AUTODETECT|” 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.31|AUTODETECT|” 4:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.25|AUTODETECT|” 6:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.2|AUTODETECT|” 9:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.49|AUTODETECT|” ). Nathanael certainly did not show any lack of respect when he thus addressed Jesus; rather the opposite, as the context indicates 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.49|AUTODETECT|” John 1:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.8|AUTODETECT|” ). And even during the latter part of his ministry the term was not in disuse 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.8|AUTODETECT|” John 11:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.8|AUTODETECT|” ), and Jesus himself approved of it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.8|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 23:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.45|AUTODETECT|” ). All we can safely say is that there is some evidence for the fact that, with the increase of reverence for Jesus, Lord was gradually substituted for Rabbi. See N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, p. 103, footnote 44. After Christ s resurrection Rabbi disappears, and Lord is used with great regularity. In the present instance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.45|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) it is probably best to concentrate rather on what Judas did instead of on what he said.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 And what he did has caused all later generations to recoil with horror at the mere mention of his name. Embracing Jesus he kissed him probably fervently or repeatedly.��746��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.50|AUTODETECT|” For the striking response of Jesus see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.50|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.48|AUTODETECT|” , and see N.T.C. on that passage. And do not forget ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.48|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:48) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . It is clear that even at this very late moment Jesus was earnestly warning Judas. For his everlasting perdition he had only himself to blame!) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The band that came to arrest Jesus) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.4-43.18.9|AUTODETECT|” 46. They laid their hands on Jesus and arrested him. For the details see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.4-43.18.9|AUTODETECT|” John 18:4 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.3|AUTODETECT|” and N.T.C. on those verses. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.3|AUTODETECT|” John 18:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.27|AUTODETECT|” shows that the arrest was made by a. the soldiers and their chiliarch (commander) and b. the temple guards. Gentiles and Jews combine against Jesus. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.27|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” . John s Gospel, moreover, makes it clear that before allowing himself to be bound Jesus demonstrated his power over his captors, proving that he voluntarily surrendered himself to them, in line with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.15|AUTODETECT|” b, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 b. In this capture it was the Captive who triumphed!) 1 1 2 8 0 0 One of the bystanders) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.49|AUTODETECT|” 47. And one of the bystanders drew his sword and struck the highpriest s servant, cutting off his ear.��747�� By this time the eight disciples have joined Jesus. See verse 50 and cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . One of those standing near goes into action. Although the incident is related in all four Gospels, only John (18:10) mentions the names of the two persons who (in addition to Jesus himself) figured most prominently in it. These two were Peter and Malchus, the highpriest s servant. The reason why John alone mentions these two names may well have been that when he published his Gospel it was no longer possible to punish the assailant.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.6|AUTODETECT|” That assailant or bystander was Simon Peter. Emboldened perhaps by the marvelous triumph of Jesus over the men who had come to capture him at first the would-be captors, at the word of Jesus, had lurched backward and fallen to the ground 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.6|AUTODETECT|” John 18:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.33|AUTODETECT|” ) , and impelled by his own previous boasts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.33|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.35|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.35|AUTODETECT|” 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.29|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.33|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.37|AUTODETECT|” John 13:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.22|AUTODETECT|” ), Simon drew his short sword from its scabbard. Then he sprang at Malchus and, probably because the servant saw what was coming and quickly jumped aside, cut off his ear. Peter probably still believed that the Messiah must not die. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.22|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.52-40.26.54|AUTODETECT|” Mark says nothing about Jesus reaction to Peter s rash action. What did the Master say about it? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.52-40.26.54|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:52 54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.51|AUTODETECT|” . What did he do about it? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.51|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 The attention is now focused entirely upon) Jesus) 48, 49. Jesus answered and said to them, As against a robber [or: rebel] did you come out, with swords and clubs to seize me? Every day I was with you in the temple teaching, and you did not arrest me.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.52|AUTODETECT|” As has been pointed out earlier, the word answered does not always mean replied verbally to a question ; it may also mean, as here, reacted to a situation. Right then and there Jesus, though bound, addressed the crowds. The venerable members of the Sanhedrin were also present 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.52|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). See above, on 14:43. Of course, they had no business being here during this sacred night, but were so anxious to see whether their sinister plot against the enemy would succeed that they were actually to be seen among this crowd, probably in the rear. See N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 403, 404. Jesus, then, pointed out to the crowds to all those who had come to arrest him and all those who gloated over his capture how cowardly and perfidiously they were behaving.

They had come out against him with an army, equipped with swords and clubs, as if he were a highwayman or, as the text can also be rendered, an insurrectionist, rebel, or revolutionary. In reality he was and had been a quiet, peaceful Prophet, sitting day by day in the temple, teaching the people. His life had been an open book. Had he been guilty of any crimes, those in charge of law and order would have had every chance to seize him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.39|AUTODETECT|” If anyone wishes to know what kind of person this Jesus had proved himself to be during the slightly more than three years of his public ministry, let him read such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.39|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.13-41.10.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.13-41.10.16|AUTODETECT|” 10:13 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.4.23-40.4.25|AUTODETECT|” ; and see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.4.23-40.4.25|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 4:23 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.25-40.11.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.25-40.11.30|AUTODETECT|” 11:25 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.18-40.12.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.18-40.12.21|AUTODETECT|” 12:18 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.49-42.22.51|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.49-42.22.51|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:49 51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.19|AUTODETECT|” 24:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.15|AUTODETECT|” John 6:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.11|AUTODETECT|” 18:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.36|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.36|AUTODETECT|” 36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.37|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.37|AUTODETECT|” 37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.42|AUTODETECT|” . To say, as some have done, that Jesus was harmless is putting it too mildly. He was and is the Savior of the world 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.42|AUTODETECT|” John 4:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.14|AUTODETECT|” I John 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.44|AUTODETECT|” ), the world s greatest Benefactor. How absurd and hypocritical it was for the foe in the hour of darkness to pounce upon this Good Shepherd, from whom no one who heeded his message had anything to fear, and who even taught people to love their enemies! See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.44|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.7|AUTODETECT|” By addressing the crowds in this manner Jesus was in reality doing them a favor. He was exposing their guilt. Is it not true that it takes confession of guilt to bring about salvation? Though it is a fact that by far the most of those who heard Jesus speak these words hardened themselves in sin, we have no right to conclude that the message, together with other messages that followed (for example, the seven words from the cross, Peter s Pentecost address, etc.), was completely ineffective. See, for example, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.7|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The impression left upon us by these words of our Lord is that they were spoken in a calm and earnest manner. To be sure, Jesus rebukes, but at the same time he is even now seeking the lost, that he may save them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|” He adds: But (this happened) in order that the scriptures might be fulfilled. Had it not been for God s eternal decree for man s salvation, a decree reflected in the prophets 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.23.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.23.6|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 23:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.9.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.9.26|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 9:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.11.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.11.12|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 11:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.13.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.13.1|AUTODETECT|” 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.11|AUTODETECT|” ; etc.), these captors could have accomplished nothing at all! Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.11|AUTODETECT|” John 19:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The Disciples) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” 50. And they all left him and fled. As was indicated previously, verse 27 is being fulfilled here. Notice: all, not only the eight but also the three; not only two of the three (James and John) but even Peter, in spite of his grandiloquent boasts and tremendous promises. It is but fair to add that a little later two (Peter and John) recovered themselves, turned around and started following at a safe distance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” John 18:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It is, however, also only fair to add that for Peter this following & had disastrous results (verse 66 f.).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.24|AUTODETECT|” All these eleven disciples heaped shame upon themselves. Peter s case was especially bad. Somewhat later Thomas, too, failed miserably 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.24|AUTODETECT|” John 20:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” f.). Best of all is John. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” John 18:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.25-43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” . Not only does he enter the highpriest s palace, where Jesus was tried, but we even see him of all the eleven disciples him alone, as far as the record goes! at the cross 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.25-43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” John 19:25 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Was he perhaps the one who had boasted least? There is a lesson here!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” The main lesson, nevertheless, is not connected with Peter or Thomas or John. Our eyes should be riveted on the Lamb of God who was taking away the sin of the world. Forsaken by all, in order that all who believe in him would never be forsaken! Voluntarily Jesus entered into this state of desertion, abandonment. It was to become an increasing horror. The climax is reached in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 7 2 8 0 0 ) 14:51, 52 The Young Man Who Escaped) 51 And a certain young man, with only a linen cloth thrown about his body, was following him; and they seized him. 52 He left the linen cloth behind, and escaped naked.) ) This incident is reported only by Mark. It covers only two verses. There is no need to reprint them in bold type.) Before summarizing what I, along with many others, believe to be the true meaning of this short report, let me briefly tell the reader what two advocates of redaction criticism ��748�� have done with it. In order not to be guilty even in the slightest degree of misrepresenting their view we urge the readers to read the article itself. The two authors, who have spent much labor on it, deserve that much consideration.) Briefly, then, they affirm that what is here presented by whoever it was that wrote it makes no sense as an actual, historical incident. On a night in early spring no person in that climate would go outside wearing only one piece of clothing. Also, when these verses are taken literally, they would be the report of a trivial incident, one in which the Marcan author would not have been interested.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” What then? According to the composers of the article, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” 52) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 must be interpreted symbolically. Also, it should be studied in connection with 16:5, which informs us that some women, having entered the tomb early Sunday morning, saw a young man dressed in a white robe. The two young men the one of 14:51, 52 and the one of 16:5 are really one and the same person. His nakedness and flight in 14:51, 52 symbolizes dying with Christ. His reappearance (16:5) in a bright new garment indicates rising with Christ. In 14:51, 52 he is symbolically baptized; in 16:5 he emerges in his sparkling new baptismal robe.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Objections:) a. Why should it be unnatural for a young man, who is in a hurry, to rush outside even at this time of the year, with only a piece of linen cloth wrapped around himself? In similar circumstances, do not things of this character happen frequently?) b. If, as accepted by many, this dramatic near-capture befell the author himself, would it have been considered trivial by him?) c. Nowhere does Scripture establish any connection between the young man of 14:51, 52 and the young man of 16:5. Then what right have we to do so? Matthew (28:5) calls this young man an angel. Luke speaks of two men in dazzling apparel (24:4), angels (verse 23).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” d. Neither in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 nor in 16:1 8 is anything said about baptism. What right, then, have we to inject a reference to baptism into these passages?) 1 4 2 8 0 0 e. The account reads as if it were a report of an actual, literal, historical happening. The style is the same as in the immediately preceding context (verses 43 50, Jesus betrayal and seizure) and in the immediately following (verses 53 65, his trial before the Sanhedrin). If these two passages record what actually happened, why not verses 51, 52?) Having disposed of the redaction criticism theory, what do I believe to be the true explanation? First of all, in a footnote��749�� I briefly summarize the various views respectively advanced by several commentators. Anyone interested can read them.) Secondly, I here present my own view.

Certainty with respect to the young man s identity is impossible. Nevertheless, the probability that he was Mark, a position already stated in Introduction I, would seem to have the following evidence on its side:) a. Neither Matthew nor Luke has retained this item. It does not appear to have been of special interest to them. But to Mark, to him alone, it was of sufficient importance to be included in his Gospel. This is understandable if he himself was that young man.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” b. The apostle John, too, refers to himself without mentioning his name 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” John 18:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.26|AUTODETECT|” 19:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.2-43.20.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.2-43.20.8|AUTODETECT|” 20:2 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.7|AUTODETECT|” 21:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 c. By itself the item is rather insignificant, except if it refers to what the author, Mark, himself experienced that solemn night.) To the reconstructed story as found in Introduction I it is necessary to add that several modifications are possible and have actually been suggested by various authors; for example:) a. Granted that the young man was awakened by the departure of Jesus and the eleven from the house with the Upper Room, when did his near-capture occur? If there is a close temporal connection between verses 51, 52 and the immediately preceding verse , then it occurred in connection with the flight of the eleven. They fled. He did not, and consequently was pursued and barely escaped.

If there is no such temporal connection, the near-capture may have occurred earlier. We just do not know.) b. It is also possible that the young man was awakened from his sleep assuming that he slept! a little later. The situation may have been as follows: Judas and his band arrived at Mark s house, thinking that Jesus was still there. The commotion caused by their disappointment awakens Mark. With the linen quickly wrapped around himself he, sensing what is happening, rushes out in order to warn the already departed Jesus.

He arrives in Gethsemane just as the eleven are fleeing and Jesus is being led away. As he is following Jesus, the near-capture occurs.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.12|AUTODETECT|” c. We are not at all certain that the house with the Upper Room was the one mentioned in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . It may have been, but a possibility is not necessarily a fact. If it was not, then this, too, would affect the course of events at least to some extent. All further speculation would be useless.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 What is certain, however, is that the escape of the young man, whom most commentators, not without reason, consider to have been John Mark, was dramatic. His would-be captors grabbed him and would have captured him had it not been for his amazing dexterity shown in disengaging himself, in a flash, from his linen cloth, shirt, sheet, or whatever it was.��750��) The contents of 14:51, 52 having now been treated as referring to an actual, historical incident, something that was in all probability experienced by the author of the book, namely, John Mark, is it possible, without doing violence to sober exegesis, to derive any lessons from this passage or from 14:43 52 as a whole?) The answer might well be that what stands out is:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.48|AUTODETECT|” a. The unshakable and majestic composure of Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.48|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:48) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.51|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.51|AUTODETECT|” 51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.4|AUTODETECT|” John 18:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.6|AUTODETECT|” ) over against the fear and nervousness of those around him: captors lurch backward and fall to the ground 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.6|AUTODETECT|” John 18:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.50|AUTODETECT|” ); disciples flee 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.50|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” b. His willingness to be isolated for the sake of his people. All left him and fled: the eleven, including even Peter; also the young man of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” 52) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Alone he faces his enemies, alone he suffers, and alone he is going to lay down his life, in order that all those who accept him as their Savior and Lord may never be alone. Hallelujah, what a Savior!) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 14:53 65 The Trial before the Sanhedrin) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.57-40.26.68|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.57-40.26.68|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:57 68) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.54|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.54|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.55|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.55|AUTODETECT|” 55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.63-42.22.65|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.63-42.22.65|AUTODETECT|” 63 65) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ��754�� ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.24|AUTODETECT|” John 18:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ��755��) 1 10 2 8 0 0 53 They led Jesus away to the highpriest; and all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes were assembled. 54 And from a distance Peter followed right into the highpriest s courtyard. There he was sitting with the officers and warming himself near the fire. 55 Now the chief priests and the entire Sanhedrin were seeking to obtain evidence against Jesus to put him to death, but were not finding any. 56 For, though many were bearing false testimony against him, their testimonies did not agree.��751��) 57 Then some stood up and were giving this false testimony against him: 58 We heard him saying, I will destroy this temple made by (human) hands, and in three days I will build another not made by (human) hands. 59 But not even so did their testimony agree.) 60 Then the highpriest arose, came forward and asked Jesus, You don t answer? What is it that these men are testifying against you? 61 But he remained silent and did not answer.��752�� Again the highpriest was questioning him, saying, Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed? 62 Jesus said, I am, and you will see) the Son of man) sitting at the right hand of the Power) and coming with the clouds of heaven. ) 63 Then the highpriest tore his clothes and asked,) What need do we still have of witnesses? 64 You have heard his blasphemy. What do you think? They all condemned him as being worthy of death. 65 And some began to spit at him, to blindfold him, to strike him with their fists, and to say to him, Prophesy! and the officers received him with blows.��753��) ) A comparison of the Matthew-Mark parallels reveals the following:) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.57|AUTODETECT|” mentions all three of the Sanhedrin s component groups; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.57|AUTODETECT|” Matthew 26:57) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 omits the chief priests.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 While both Gospels mention the fact that Peter was sitting with the officers, Matthew (verse 58) adds to see the outcome ; Mark (verse 54), warming himself near the fire. ) The testimony of the false witnesses Matthew two, Mark some is more fully reproduced in Mark (verse 58) than in Matthew (verse 61). Moreover, Mark adds, But not even so did their testimony agree. ) Matthew s & whether you are the Christ, the Son of God (verse 63) parallels Mark s & Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed? (verse 61). Moreover, it is Matthew alone who informs us that the highpriest was putting Jesus under oath,) Matthew (verse 67) omits Mark s item (verse 65) that during the mockery Jesus was blindfolded.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.54|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.55|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.55|AUTODETECT|” 55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53|AUTODETECT|” may be called an abbreviated reproduction of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.54|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.54|AUTODETECT|” 54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.63|AUTODETECT|” . With very little change ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.63|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:63) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.64|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.64|AUTODETECT|” 64) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.65|AUTODETECT|” reproduces ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.65|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:65) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Note, however, Mark s spit at him, where Luke has mocked him. In verse 65 Luke adds, And they were saying many other insulting things to him. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0

- - ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53-41.14.65|AUTODETECT|” To understand ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53-41.14.65|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:53 65) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.12-43.18.14|AUTODETECT|” and that which follows in chapter 15 it is necessary to bear in mind that Jesus had to undergo two trials. The first has often been called the ecclesiastical trial; the second, the civil. The first contained three stages, and so did the second. The three stages of the so-called ecclesiastical trial were: a. the preliminary hearing before Annas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.12-43.18.14|AUTODETECT|” John 18:12 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.19-43.18.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.19-43.18.23|AUTODETECT|” 19 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53|AUTODETECT|” ); b. the trial before the Sanhedrin, that is, before the highpriest, the chief priests, elders, and scribes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1|AUTODETECT|” ); and c. the trial before the same body just after daybreak 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The three stages in the trial before the civil authorities were: a. the trial before Pilate, b. that before Herod, and c. that before Pilate resumed. Just as it is true that the preliminary hearing before Annas is found only in John s Gospel, so also Christ s appearance before Herod is recorded only by Luke (23:6 12).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53-41.14.65|AUTODETECT|” In our present paragraph 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53-41.14.65|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:53 65) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), therefore, it is assumed that the preliminary hearing before Annas has been held.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.3|AUTODETECT|”

They led Jesus away to the highpriest; and all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes were assembled. As ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.3|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.13|AUTODETECT|” informs us, the highpriest was Caiaphas. He occupied that office from a.d. 18 36, and was son-in-law of Annas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.13|AUTODETECT|” John 18:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.3|AUTODETECT|” ). He was a rude and sly manipulator, and opportunist, who did not know the meaning of fairness or justice and who was bent on having his own way by hook or by crook 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.3|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.26.4|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.49|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.49|AUTODETECT|” John 11:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.18|AUTODETECT|” ). He did not shrink from shedding innocent blood. What he himself ardently craved for selfish purposes, he made to look as if it were the one thing needful for the welfare of the people. In order to bring about the condemnation of Jesus, who had aroused his envy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), he was willing to use devices which were the product of clever calculation and unprecedented boldness. He was a hypocrite, as will become evident (see below, on verse 63).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.13|AUTODETECT|” Note that we are distinctly told that all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes were assembled. Accordingly, this must have been an assembly of the Sanhedrin, not just a few members but a goodly number being present. For chief priests, elders, and scribes cf. 14:43 and see on 14:1. It is to the palace of 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.13|AUTODETECT|” John 18:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.24|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 , and of) Caiaphas (see N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, p. 391) that Jesus was led.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.26.58|AUTODETECT|”

And from a distance Peter followed right into the highpriest s courtyard. There he was sitting with the officers and warming himself��756�� near��757�� the fire. Though all the disciples had fled, two Peter and another disciple soon rallied and began to follow the band that was leading Jesus to the highpriest s palace. In the case of Peter, following Jesus was probably prompted, in part, by the loud boasts he had uttered, as recorded in verses 29 and 31; in part also, by sheer curiosity, as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.58|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:58) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” states, and perhaps we should add, in part by love for his Master. How this disciple secured admission to the palace is described in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15|AUTODETECT|” John 18:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.18.16|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.69|AUTODETECT|” . Peter, then, having been allowed to enter the palace by its outer gate, walked through the archway that led to the unroofed courtyard, where he sat down with the palace servants and the temple guards (policemen), warming himself near the fire. By this time most of the soldiers, having delivered their prisoner, had probably returned to the fortress of Antonia. The record of Peter s first denial, which here in verse 54 is merely introduced, is found in 66 68; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.69|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:69) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.70|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.70|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.54-42.22.57|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.54-42.22.57|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:54 57) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15-43.18.18|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15-43.18.18|AUTODETECT|” John 18:15 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The story now returns to Christ s trial before the Sanhedrin.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 55, 56. Now the chief priests and the entire Sanhedrin were seeking to obtain evidence against Jesus to put him to death, but were not finding any. For, though many were bearing false testimony against him, their testimonies did not agree.��758��) It is clear as daylight that by means of these verses, and others like them, Scripture blames the chief priests and the entire Sanhedrin for the death of Jesus.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.53|AUTODETECT|” Not the masses but the leaders chief priests, Pharisees, Caiaphas are mentioned in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.53|AUTODETECT|” John 11:53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.0|AUTODETECT|” as the ones who plotted Christ s death. Jesus uttered his Seven Woes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.6|AUTODETECT|” ) not against the mob but against scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites. When Pilate at Jesus trial before him said to the multitude, I am bringing him out to you in order that you may know that I find no crime in him, it was the chief priests and their officers who shouted crucify (him), crucify (him) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.6|AUTODETECT|” John 19:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.20-40.27.23|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. verses 15, 16). The priest-ridden mob followed the example of the leaders, as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.20-40.27.23|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:20 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.25|AUTODETECT|” makes very clear. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.25|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.13-44.3.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.13-44.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Acts 3:13 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.27|AUTODETECT|” 4:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.14|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.15|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.55|AUTODETECT|” . It is as the passage now under study 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.55|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.56|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.56|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) clearly attests, blame for the murder of Jesus rests especially on the religious leaders of that day. Nevertheless, by no means is it possible, on scriptural grounds, entirely to excuse those who followed the example of these leaders. Rather, all those who took part in the crime or were in agreement with it share the blame.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 This firm belief, moreover, is not a manifestation of hostility toward Jews (anti-Semitism). The very opposite is the truth. It is because we love the Jews that we desire to become the means in God s hand to bring them to Christ, and thus also into the fellowship of the church. We feel for these people. In fact, in a sense we stand where they stand, for we made common cause with them against Jesus. Not that we plotted his death, as did their ancestors.

Yet it remains true that we, yes even we ourselves, killed Jesus, for our sins nailed him to the cross. But by that very crucified and risen Christ we were saved.��759��) Opposition against this view has arisen from many sides. Ecumenical assemblies have published declarations exculpating the Jews from responsibility for the death of Jesus. Some of these decrees have been good, some hardly in keeping with historical facts. Moreover, the Jews themselves, as could be expected, have gone even farther in striving to absolve themselves from blame. Thus, Haim Cohn, an internationally famous specialist in Jewish legal tradition, argues��760�� that Annas and Caiaphas, did all that they possibly and humanly could to save Jesus, whom they dearly loved and cherished as one of their own.

And Hugh J. Schonfield states that the only way for the church once and for all to remove the stigma from the Jews is to renounce the absolute reliability of the sacred documents.��761��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.55|AUTODETECT|” From an entirely different direction doubt has also been cast upon the contents of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.55|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.56|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.56|AUTODETECT|” 56) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53|AUTODETECT|” . In connection with Now the chief priests and the entire Sanhedrin were seeking to obtain evidence against Jesus to put him to death.& Taylor��762�� remarks that apparently Mark thought of the meeting as a full session of the council, but that it is doubtful that it actually had this character, especially if it was a night session. He then defends the view that Luke (22:66 71) is not in agreement with Mark s position and teaches that the trial took place on the following morning. Now it is indeed true that the night session of the Sanhedrin, introduced in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.54|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.54|AUTODETECT|” 54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.55|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.55|AUTODETECT|” 55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.63-40.26.65|AUTODETECT|” , especially in its confrontation between Jesus and the highpriest 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.63-40.26.65|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:63 65) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.69-42.22.71|AUTODETECT|” ), resembles the early morning session as pictured in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.69-42.22.71|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:69 71) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.66|AUTODETECT|” . Shall we say, then, that Mark errs, ascribing to a night session that which actually happened when day came 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.66|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:66) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.61|AUTODETECT|” )? Not at all. There is a problem here, but the ascription of an error to Mark by no means solves that problem. After all, the two sessions are not the same. At night it was the highpriest who asked Jesus, Are you the Christ? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.61|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:61) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.70|AUTODETECT|” ). In the early morning session they all said, Are you the Son of God, then? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.70|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:70) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.66|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. verse 66). In their respective commentaries on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.66|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:66) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 f. many commentators including A. Plummer, R.C.H. Lenski, and N. Geldenhuys point out this difference, and explain why it was deemed necessary to hold a morning session. We may rest assured, therefore, that there are no real contradictions.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.13|AUTODETECT|” For the absolutely sinless One to be subjected to a trial conducted by sinful men was in itself a deep humiliation. To be tried by such men, under such circumstances made it infinitely worse. Greedy, serpent-like, vindictive Annas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.13|AUTODETECT|” John 18:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.49|AUTODETECT|” ), rude, sly, hypocritical Caiaphas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.49|AUTODETECT|” John 11:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.50|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.50|AUTODETECT|” 50) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.29|AUTODETECT|” ), crafty superstitious, self-seeking Pilate 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.29|AUTODETECT|” John 18:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and immoral, ambitious, superficial Herod Antipas; these were his judges!) 1 1 2 8 0 0 In reality, the entire trial was a farce. It was a mis-trial. There was no intention at all of giving Jesus a fair hearing in order that it might be discovered, in strict conformity with the laws of evidence, whether or not the charges against him were just or unfounded. In the annals of jurisprudence no travesty of justice ever took place that was more shocking than this one. Moreover, in order to reach this conclusion it is not at all necessary to make a close study of all the technical points with reference to Jewish law of that day. It has been emphasized by various authors that the trial of Jesus was illegal on several technical grounds, such as the following: a.

No trial for life was allowed during the night. Yet, Jesus was tried and condemned during the hours of 1 3 A.M. Friday, and executed on the Feast, which was forbidden. According to Pharisaic law, no hearings in a case involving capital punishment could even be initiated on the eve of a major festival like Passover. No conviction was allowed at night. To execute a sentence on the day of one of the great feasts was contrary to the established regulations.��763�� b.

The arrest of Jesus was effected as a result of a bribe, namely, the blood-money which Judas received. c. Jesus was asked to incriminate himself. d. In cases of capital punishment, Jewish law did not permit the sentence to be pronounced until the day after the accused had been convicted. Such and similar points of law have been mentioned again and again and used as arguments to prove the illegality of the entire procedure against Jesus of Nazareth.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.8-44.6.15|AUTODETECT|” Attempts have also been made to refute them, one by one, as if the Jewish authorities, also in their procedure against Jesus, acted strictly in accordance with legal regulations, and were uninfluenced by subjective considerations such as envy and malice. But all such attempts have failed miserably. With respect to law, order, and justice, as practiced by the Jewish leaders of the first century a.d., history supplies the answer. Did the Jews really proceed in a legal manner when they murdered Stephen? Read ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.8-44.6.15|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:8 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.54|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.54|AUTODETECT|” 7:54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.58|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.58|AUTODETECT|” 58) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.59|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.59|AUTODETECT|” 59) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Did they show a painstaking regard for justice when they killed James, the Lord s brother? Study Josephus, Jewish Antiquities XX.200. Add to this the fifth century a.d. compilation of Jewish traditions about Jesus. It is called Toledoth Jeshu and it clearly charges the Jerusalem priesthood with responsibility for the conviction of Jesus. The truth is that the hair-splitting casuistry of rabbinic law had discovered all kinds of ways to circumvent its own regulations. All Caiaphas had to do was to say that the trial of Jesus at this time and under these conditions was in the interest of the people and of religion.��764��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.1|AUTODETECT|” To any fair-minded individual it must be evident at once that all these legal technicalities were but so many details. They do not touch the heart of the matter. The main point is nothing less than this: it had been decided long ago that Jesus must be put to death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And the motive behind this decision was envy (15:10). The Jewish leaders just could not take it that they were beginning to lose their hold upon the people and that Jesus of Nazareth had denounced and exposed them publicly. They were filled with rage because the new prophet had laid bare their hidden motives, and had called the temple court from which they derived much of their profit a den of thieves. On the surface, the dignified chief priests, elders, and scribes might try to put on an act by the seeming imperviousness of their demeanor; underneath they were vengefully nettled, convulsively agitated. They were thirsting for blood!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.59|AUTODETECT|” Hence, this is not a trial but a legal farce, a detestable plot, and the entire plot is their own. They devised it and they see to it that it is carried out. Their officers take part in the arrest of Jesus. They themselves were present! They seek the witnesses false witnesses, of course against Jesus, in order that they may put him to death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.59|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:59) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.64|AUTODETECT|” ). They all condemn him as being deserving of death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.64|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:64) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1|AUTODETECT|” ). They (by means of their underlings) bind him and lead him away 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.28|AUTODETECT|” ). They deliver him to Pilate 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.28|AUTODETECT|” John 18:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.20|AUTODETECT|” ). Before Pilate they stir up the people to get Barabbas released in order that Jesus may be destroyed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.12|AUTODETECT|” ). They intimidate Pilate, until at last the latter delivers Jesus up, to be crucified 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.12|AUTODETECT|” John 19:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.31|AUTODETECT|” ). And even when he hangs upon the cross, they mock him, saying, He saved others, himself he cannot save 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.31|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Note well that according to our passage the people who were supposed to be neutral judges were themselves seeking evidence against Jesus to put him to death. Ostensibly they were gathered for the purpose of investigation; in reality they were bent on annihilation. In their search they were never successful. To be sure some so-called witnesses showed up, but their testimony was false. Moreover, as both verse 56 and verse 59 prove, their testimony did not agree.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.19|AUTODETECT|” 57 59. Then some stood up and were giving this false testimony��765�� against him: We heard him saying, I will destroy this temple��766�� made by (human) hands, and in three days I will build another not made by (human) hands. But not even so did their testimony agree. The allusion is to the veiled saying of Jesus reported in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.19|AUTODETECT|” John 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.20|AUTODETECT|” , Break down this temple, and in three days I will build it up. The Jews who had first heard Jesus say this had misinterpreted it, as if Jesus referred to nothing else than the physical structure he had just cleansed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.20|AUTODETECT|” John 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But he was speaking about the sanctuary of his body (verse 21). For explanation see N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, p. 125.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Now what did these two false witnesses do? In addition to misinterpreting they also misquote. In fact, they made themselves guilty of the following falsehoods:) a. They said that they had heard Jesus say that he he himself would destroy the temple. Jesus never said that. Instead he had spoken about the Jews destroying their own temple.) b. They said that Jesus had contrasted the temple made by (human) hands with another not made by (human) hands. These modifiers cannot be found in the language used by Jesus.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.17|AUTODETECT|” c. Their implication was that Jesus was a defamer of the temple, which was the very opposite of the truth. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.17|AUTODETECT|” Mark 11:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.49|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 It is not at all surprising that when these two witnesses presented their garbled account of a saying of Jesus there were details with respect to which even they were not in agreement. They were simply all mixed up, and this not innocently but with evil intent.) 60. Then the highpriest arose, came forward and asked Jesus, You don t answer? What is it that these men are testifying against you?��767��) The question inevitably occurs, But if these leaders had already made up their minds with respect to the question, What shall we do with Jesus? why did they at all search for witnesses? Probably to be able to justify their action before others; for example, before Pilate and the general public; or to satisfy a legal requirement. Perhaps even to soothe their own consciences?

The remark made by G. C. Morgan may well be true: They must find witnesses; they must have some reason for the thing they do. This was the unconscious compliment which devilish falsehood paid to the ascendency of truth. ��768��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.49-43.11.50|AUTODETECT|” Of course, Jesus could have exposed the totally unwarranted character of the accusation, I will destroy this temple.& He could have shown that it was both a misinterpretation and a distortion of what he had said. But he knows very well that the purpose of this trial is not to vindicate the right, but rather to cause the wrong to triumph. So he remains silent. This irritates Caiaphas. That presiding officer has taken it upon himself to go way beyond presiding over a meeting. Instead, he is using this session of the Sanhedrin as a tool for the realization of his own pronounced intention 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.49-43.11.50|AUTODETECT|” John 11:49 50) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.42.1-23.42.4|AUTODETECT|” ) to destroy Jesus. So, visibly agitated, he rises from his seat and asks Jesus the question of verse 60. As if to say, A serious charge is this. It certainly requires an answer! 61. But he remained silent and did not answer. He is fulfilling the prophecy of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.42.1-23.42.4|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 42:1 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.18-40.12.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.18-40.12.21|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:18 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|” ; and even more specifically, of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.19.11|AUTODETECT|” . See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.19.11|AUTODETECT|” I Kings 19:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.19.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.19.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.57.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.57.15|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 57:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.9.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.9.9|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 9:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.7-40.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.7-40.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:7 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.5|AUTODETECT|” 21:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.24|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.5|AUTODETECT|” . For similar behavior on the part of Jesus on this day it is already Friday see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.5|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.9|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.44|AUTODETECT|” b. But not only was he fulfilling prophecy; he was in so doing also suffering intensely because of this assault on himself the Truth by Satan, the father of the lie 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.44|AUTODETECT|” John 8:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.63|AUTODETECT|” When it seemed as if the trial would turn out to be a failure, Caiaphas all of a sudden leaps to the rescue by as it were waiving all secondary considerations and asking the main question, the one which had been on the minds of the leaders for a long time. Mark reports this dramatic development in these words: Again the highpriest was questioning him, saying, Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed? That was the clincher, the decisive question. Did this question suddenly suggest itself to his mind, or had he thought of it previously and kept it in reserve, to be used if necessary? According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.63|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:63) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.25|AUTODETECT|” , in order to emphasize the ominous gravity of the question and the impossibility of refusing an answer, the highpriest places Jesus under oath, the weightiest oath of all, namely, by the living God. He demands a clear and straightforward reply to the question, Do you really claim to be the long-expected Messiah? Now it cannot be said that up to this time Jesus had never revealed himself as such. In his conversation with the Samaritan woman had he not very definitely declared himself to be indeed the Messiah? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.25|AUTODETECT|” John 4:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.26|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.26|AUTODETECT|” 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.15|AUTODETECT|” . Had he not defended those who addressed him as the Son of David 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 21:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.10|AUTODETECT|” )? Had he not, by implication, referred to himself as the stone rejected by the builders but made the cornerstone 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.10|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )? Had he not pointed to himself as the Son of man coming in clouds with great power and glory (13:26)?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.15|AUTODETECT|” All of this is true. But it could be argued that a declaration made in Samaria did not necessarily reach the Jews; that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 21:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.1-41.12.11|AUTODETECT|” was not a direct claim but only a reflection on an exclamation made by others; that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.1-41.12.11|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:1 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.4|AUTODETECT|” is parabolic, hence not direct; and that the term Son of man was not interpreted in the same way by everybody. It can even be added that there were definite reasons why during the earlier part of his ministry Jesus did not openly declare to the Jews, I am the Messiah. See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.4|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.9.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.9.30|AUTODETECT|” 9:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.20|AUTODETECT|” 16:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.9|AUTODETECT|” 17:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.44|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.44|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.45|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.45|AUTODETECT|” 45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.15|AUTODETECT|” . They would certainly have misunderstood it. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.15|AUTODETECT|” John 6:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.31|AUTODETECT|” . But now that the events that were happening with reference to him were making it clear that his messiahship was that of the Suffering Servant, as he had himself declared again and again to his disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.31|AUTODETECT|” Mark 8:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.12|AUTODETECT|” 9:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.33|AUTODETECT|” 10: 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.34|AUTODETECT|” 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.14|AUTODETECT|” John 3:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the moment had also arrived to come forth with a very clear statement, made before the highest authorities of the Jewish nation. Accordingly, when Caiaphas asked what he must have considered a question that would drive his enemy into a corner, he was actually in the providence of God giving the Son of man the opportunity for which he was looking.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 We are not surprised therefore that, without the least hesitancy, in answer to the highpriest s question, Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed��769�� , 62. Jesus said, I am, and you will see) the Son of man) sitting at the right hand of the Power) and coming with the clouds of heaven.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.13|AUTODETECT|” That is the way in which Daniel had seen the coming Redeemer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.13|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” ). It was thus that David sang of him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 110:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.38|AUTODETECT|” ), and thus also that Jesus had himself described himself 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.38|AUTODETECT|” Mark 8:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.35-41.12.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.35-41.12.37|AUTODETECT|” 12:35 37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.26|AUTODETECT|” 13:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), be it previously only to his disciples. Jesus is looking down history s lane. He sees the miracles of Calvary, the resurrection, the ascension, the coronation at the Father s right hand . Pentecost, the glorious return on the clouds of heaven, the judgment day, all rolled into one, manifesting his power and glory. On the final day of judgment he, even Jesus, will be the Judge, and these very men Caiaphas and his partners will have to answer for the crime they are now committing. Christ s prophecy is also a warning!) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The following items deserve special attention:) a. Jesus said, I am, meaning, I am indeed the Christ, the Son of the Blessed. This, in turn, sheds light on the meaning of the Matthean parallel You said (it), which can, therefore, mean no less than the majestic, affirmative declaration, Yes, I am. That the Gospel of Mark very definitely describes Jesus as being the Messiah, even the Son of God, in the most exalted sense of that term, has been shown in detail in N.T.C. on Matthew, pp. 58 60.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.20|AUTODETECT|” b. As to the Son of man, the One who from (and by means of) suffering attains to glory, but was glorious from all eternity, see above on 2:10; also, for a more complete study, see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (pp. 403 407 of that commentary).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.37|AUTODETECT|” c. The grammatical construction of at the right hand has been explained in connection with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.37|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.33|AUTODETECT|” , see footnote 499. For the idea of Christ s session at the Father s right hand, see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.33|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.5|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 12:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.20-49.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; and N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.20-49.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:20 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.9-50.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.9-50.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:9 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.13|AUTODETECT|” d. The phrase coming with the clouds of heaven see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.13|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Joel 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=36.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=36.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Zeph. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.14-66.14.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.14-66.14.16|AUTODETECT|” 14:14 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.34.5-2.34.7|AUTODETECT|” reminds us of the fact that Scripture frequently associates a cloud or clouds with the idea of judgment, God s coming in order to punish the wicked. This, however, is by no means always the case. In fact, sometimes it is God s love, mercy, and grace that are emphasized 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.34.5-2.34.7|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 34:5 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.26|AUTODETECT|” ), though even then punitive justice is not left out of the description. On clouds see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.26|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and N.T.C. on Matthew, p. 667.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 63, 64. Then the highpriest tore his clothes and asked, What need do we still have of witnesses? You have heard his blasphemy. What do you think?��770��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.37.29|AUTODETECT|” Here the hypocrisy of the highpriest becomes very clear. He acts as if he is overwhelmed with grief, as was Reuben when, on returning to the pit, he noticed that Joseph was no longer there 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.37.29|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 37:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.37.34|AUTODETECT|” ). See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.37.34|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 37:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.44.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.44.13|AUTODETECT|” 44:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.7.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.7.6|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 7:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.13.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.13.31|AUTODETECT|” II Sam. 13:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.21.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.21.27|AUTODETECT|” I Kings 21:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.5.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.5.7|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 5:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.5.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.5.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.18.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.18.37|AUTODETECT|” 18:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=17.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=17.4.1|AUTODETECT|” Esther 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , to mention only a few from among many instances of tearing one s clothes in token of poignant grief or overwhelming sorrow. In reality Caiaphas must have been filled with fiendish glee.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 When a highpriest tore his clothes, he had to do this in a certain, definitely prescribed way. The exact method to be followed has been preserved in the Talmud.��771��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.16|AUTODETECT|” As he did this he asked his audience, What need do we still have of witnesses? In other words, Why continue to search for witnesses when all of us are witnesses? When he adds, You have heard his blasphemy, he is using the word blasphemy in its gravest sense: unjustly he has claimed for himself prerogatives that belong to God alone. Representing oneself as the fulfilment of Daniel s prophecy, such a claim could be made only by God. Hence, either a. Jesus was indeed divine, the Son of God in the fullest sense of that term, or else b. he was guilty of blasphemy. And such blasphemy was punishable by death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.16|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 24:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Caiaphas has chosen the second alternative.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.50|AUTODETECT|” He continues, What do you think? Mark, using indirect discourse, reproduces the reaction of the judges as follows, They all condemned him as being worthy of death. Matthew, using direct discourse, writes, They answered, Deserving of death is he. The verdict was unanimous. We assume that one member was absent 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.50|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.51|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.51|AUTODETECT|” 51) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). There may have been others.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 This unanimous verdict was not as yet a formal sentence. Declaring a person guilty and sentencing him are two different matters. In order to create at least a semblance of legality, a short period of time must elapse between these two actions. As was pointed out earlier, according to existing regulations that interval should have been a day. But as the Sanhedrists see it, such a prolonged delay would have been too dangerous. It could have given the friends of Jesus enough time to organize a revolt in his behalf.

Now is the time to act. Early in the morning the Sanhedrin will have to be convened once more. See on 15:1. That will be for the purpose of sentencing. And even that action will not be final. It must still be approved by Pilate, the governor.) 65.

And some began to spit at him, to blindfold him, to strike him with their fists, and to say to him, Prophesy! and the officers received him with blows.��772��) The venerable(?) members of the Sanhedrin now show their real cruel, vengeful, sadistic character. Utterly mean are they, inhuman, base, contemptible! Even if we make allowance for the possibility that the cruelty to which Jesus was now subjected was the action of the underlings, and not directly of the priests, etc., it remains true that it was carried out with the wholehearted permission and co-operation of the members of the Sanhedrin. In fact, it is possible that the sequence And some & and the officers implies that a distinction is being drawn between what some not all! of the Sanhedrists did, and what the officers (temple guards, etc.) did. If that distinction should be correct,��773�� then these guards, who caught Jesus with blows, were simply following the example of their superiors, and being emboldened by them (Swete).) The cruelty reached its climax when with their fists these wicked men struck their blindfolded prisoner in the face, and then shouted, Prophesy, meaning, as Matthew and Luke explain, Prophesy to us, Christ, who is it that hit you? ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.47|AUTODETECT|” What stands out in this story is the fortitude of Jesus, his majestic calmness and deep-seated, firmly anchored confidence, over against the haunting fear of his venomous adversaries. Note how scared these adversaries are, even though for the moment they seem to be victorious. Not only now but also shortly before these happenings, and again after Christ s resurrection, they are never sure of themselves. They are always beset by harrowing fears: fear of the Romans 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.47|AUTODETECT|” John 11:47) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.48|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.48|AUTODETECT|” 48) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.2|AUTODETECT|” ), of the crowds 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.2|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.62-40.27.64|AUTODETECT|” ), of the disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.62-40.27.64|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:62 64) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ), and of news 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And was not the blustery, bullying behavior of the highpriest this very night proof of feverish inner agitation, of morbid, undulating restlessness?) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Over against all that stands Jesus majestic, calm, and eloquent declaration, I am (indeed the Son of the Blessed), and you will see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of the Power and coming with the clouds of heaven. It is he who is the real Victor. It is he who is fully at rest. It is he who imparts rest to all who repose their trust in him. It is he who is still saying, Come to me all who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am meek and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is kindly, and my burden is light. ) ) 14:66 72 Peter s Threefold Denial) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.69-40.26.75|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.69-40.26.75|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:69 75) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.56-42.22.62|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.56-42.22.62|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:56 62) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15-43.18.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.15-43.18.18|AUTODETECT|” John 18:15 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.25-43.18.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.25-43.18.27|AUTODETECT|” 25 27) 1 6 2 8 0 0 66 Now while Peter was below in the courtyard, one of the highpriest s servant-girls came, 67 and seeing Peter warming himself, took a close look at him, and said, You, too, were with Jesus the Nazarene. 68 But he denied (it). I don t know or understand what you re talking about, he said, and he went out into the entryway. And a rooster crowed.��774��) 69 When the servant-girl (there) saw him, she, in turn, told the bystanders, This fellow is one of them. 70 But again he proceeded to deny (it).) And again, a little later, those who were standing around were saying to Peter, Certainly you are one of them, for you are a Galilean! 71 Then he started to curse and to swear, I don t know this man you re talking about. 72 At once a rooster crowed the second time.��775�� And Peter recalled the word Jesus had spoken to him, Before the rooster crows twice,��776�� you will deny me thrice. And when he reflected on this he wept.) ) The story is found in all four Gospels. However, since John, without in any way being in conflict with the Synoptics, has his own arrangement, for his contribution we refer to N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 388 394, 399, 400.) As to the Synoptics, though the story is basically the same in all three and there are no contradictions, each Gospel presents the story in its own way. Omitting minor points, note the following interesting variations:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.58|AUTODETECT|” In connection with the first denial ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.58|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:58) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.69|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.69|AUTODETECT|” 69) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.70|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.70|AUTODETECT|” 70) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.54|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.54|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.66-41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.66-41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” 66 68) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.54-42.22.57|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.54-42.22.57|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:54 57) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 at the outset Mark s account, not surprisingly, is somewhat more vivid and detailed than are the others. The portress was one of the highpriest s servant-girls. She took a close look at Peter. What this girl said to Peter, and how he replied, is substantially the same in all the accounts. (However, according to Matthew and Mark, Peter said, I don t know what & ; according to Luke, I don t know him. ) Luke adds that the girl saw Peter as he sat in the light. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.71|AUTODETECT|” With respect to the second denial ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.71|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:71) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.72|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.72|AUTODETECT|” 72) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.69|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.69|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:69) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.70|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.70|AUTODETECT|” 70) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.58|AUTODETECT|” a; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.58|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:58) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Mark has He proceeded to deny it. Matthew adds with an oath. According to Luke s report at least one male bystander chimed in with what the portresses were saying to Peter, which amounted to This fellow is one of them. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.73-40.26.75|AUTODETECT|” As to the third denial and the conclusion of the story ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.73-40.26.75|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:73 75) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.70-41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.70-41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:70b 72) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.59-42.22.62|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.59-42.22.62|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:59 62) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Mark reports that those who are standing around were saying to Peter, Certainly you are one of them, for you are (Luke: he is) a Galilean. Here Matthew has, & for your accent gives you away. All report what the crowing of the rooster did to Peter s memory. Mark ends the story with, And when he [Peter] reflected on this he wept (exact translation is in dispute); Matthew and Luke, He went outside and wept bitterly. Luke shows that there was an interval of about an hour between the second and the third denials. He also informs us that in connection with the crowing of the rooster, the Lord turned and looked at Peter. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The First Denial) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.28|AUTODETECT|” Let no one say that Peter was a man completely lacking in courage. On the contrary, a careful examination of the Gospels indicates that among all the disciples he was one of the most daring. Was it not Peter who said, Lord, if it be thou, bid me to come to thee on the water 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 14:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.29|AUTODETECT|” )? Was it not he also who boldly declared, Thou art the Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.29|AUTODETECT|” Mark 8:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.47|AUTODETECT|” )? Was it not he who, all by himself taking on the entire mob that had come to Gethsemane to capture Jesus, had drawn his sword and had struck the highpriest s servant, cutting off his right ear 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.47|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:47) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.50|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.50|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.10|AUTODETECT|” John 18:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.36|AUTODETECT|” )? And after Christ s resurrection was it not Peter who had uttered the unforgettable words of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.36|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.10|AUTODETECT|” , Let all the house of Israel therefore be assured of this, that God has made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom you crucified ? Of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.20|AUTODETECT|” , Let it be known to you all, even to all the people of Israel, that in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom you crucified, does this man stand before you completely healed ? Of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.29|AUTODETECT|” , We cannot but speak the things we saw and heard ? And of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , We must obey God rather than men ?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.30|AUTODETECT|” Yes, Peter was definitely a man of great courage. But when he forgot for a moment that both for the possession and for the exercise of this gift he was dependent entirely upon God, even Peter failed. When he looked away from Jesus he was no longer Peter the man of courage. This, too, can be illustrated by examples from his life both before Christ s resurrection 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 14:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.50|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.50|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ) and afterward 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:11 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.31|AUTODETECT|” This same lesson is illustrated in the story of Peter s three denials. He failed because he let go of Christ s hand. He was restored because Jesus held him fast in his hand 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ). Peter s life is a vivid illustration of Paul s memorable passage, For by grace you have been saved, through faith; and this not of yourselves, (it is) the gift of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 The background of the first denial has already been indicated; see above on 14:54. The story is continued here in verses 66, 67. Now while Peter was below in the courtyard, one of the highpriest s servant-girls came, and seeing Peter warming himself, took a close look at him and said, You too were with Jesus the Nazarene.��777��) Note: below in the courtyard, where Matthew has outside in the courtyard. These two ways of describing the courtyard cannot be understood apart from the knowledge of an Oriental palace or house of the well-to-do. Such a house looks into its own interior: that is, its rooms are built around an open courtyard. An arched passage leads from the heavy outside door or (better) gate into this inner court.

In this passage there is a place (in some houses a little room) for the gate-keeper. Sometimes, as also in the present instance, the court was lower than the rooms which ranged around it. It is not entirely impossible that the room to which Jesus had been led was a kind of gallery, from which what happened in the court could be seen and heard. This theory has its objections, however. One might ask, Would not the loud conversations of the men who stood in the open courtyard have been a cause of annoyance to the priests who conducted the trial? ) When John had been admitted by the gate-keeper, he secured admission for Peter also. John spoke to the girl who kept the gate. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.56|AUTODETECT|” It would seem that the very moment when Peter had entered the palace, the portress, viewing him from her nook in the vestibule, had her suspicions. The fact that she had admitted him at the request of John seemed to indicate that Peter too was a disciple of Jesus. The uneasiness that could be read on his face confirms her suspicions. So, about to be relieved by another gate-keeper, she walks toward Peter, who has already entered the open courtyard, and who in the light of the fire by which he is warming himself is clearly visible 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.56|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:56) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). She fixes her eyes on him. Then, stepping even closer, she says to him, You too were with Jesus the Nazarene. That the words she uses are reported somewhat differently in John s Gospel presents no difficulty. It must not be taken for granted that either or any Gospel, all by itself, reports all the words spoken by this girl. Her accusing jabber may have included all the following lines: You surely are not also one of this man s disciples, are you? Why, I m sure you were also with Jesus the Nazarene. ) 1 3 2 8 0 0 68. But he denied (it). I don t know or understand what you re talking about, he said, and he went out into the entryway. Peter evidently has been floored. The suddenness and boldness of the servant-girl s incriminating remark catches him off guard. In spite of all his loud and repeated promises of unswerving loyalty to Jesus, promises made only a few hours earlier, he is now thoroughly frightened.

One might say: he panics. Evidently he had failed to take to heart Christ s admonition recorded in 14:38. So he tries to make the girl believe that he doesn t know or understand what she is talking about, and in his frustration he makes for the entryway, hoping that for him it will be an exit.) The man who had been warming himself by the fire suddenly discovers that matters are becoming too hot for him. He is probably afraid that at any moment an underling whether temple guard or palace servant will grab him and make him a prisoner. The fear that someone might even recognize him as the person who slashed off the ear of the highpriest s servant may have made things even worse for him. I must escape, he says to himself, and that as quickly as possible. ) And a rooster crowed.

Did it really? The Greek text presents a problem. But the argument for the retention of these words is not as weak as some seem to think.��778��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” However, is it not true that, according to Matthew s report, Jesus had said, This very night, before the rooster crows, you will deny me three times (26:34)? But if 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:68) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) the words And a rooster crowed are authentic, Peter has denied the Master only once, not three times, before that rooster crowed. Possible solutions:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” a. Simply omit the words And a rooster crowed from the text of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:68) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Many modern translations do this. When this is done without even informing the reader by means of a note that there is doubt about the right to exclude these words, is this fair?) 1 1 2 8 0 0 b. Include the words in dispute but state that this first rooster-crowing had not registered, as is shown by the fact that there is no further reference to it in the text.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” c. Recognize the fact that between 12 midnight and 3 A.M. there was nothing to stop a rooster from crowing hence, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:68) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.34|AUTODETECT|” , but that the reference in Christ s prediction as well as in the fulfilment hence, in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.34|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.74|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.74|AUTODETECT|” 74) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.60|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.60|AUTODETECT|” 60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.38|AUTODETECT|” John 13:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.27|AUTODETECT|” 18:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.30|AUTODETECT|” , and also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.30|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” 72) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.35|AUTODETECT|” , is to the rooster-crowing that marked the end of the 12 (midnight) - 3 A.M. period. See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.35|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 This would mean that when Jesus predicted Peter s three manifestations of unfaithfulness he meant, I solemnly declare to you: this very night, before the rooster crows, that is, crows for the second time, you will deny me three times. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” If either b. or c. is adopted the problem may well have been solved. Perhaps b. and c. should be combined. As footnote 778 indicates, there is good reason, in agreement with A.V., Moffatt, Weymouth, Beck, Phillipps, and Berkeley Version, to allow the disputed words of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:72) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 to stand.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The Second Denial) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.71|AUTODETECT|” 69, 70a. When the servant-girl (there) saw him, she, in turn, told the bystanders, This fellow is one of them. But again he proceeded to deny (it). The second denial follows closely upon the first. In his frustration resulting from the first embarrassment Peter tried to get out of the building. However, the portresses are unwilling to let him out. So he gets no farther than the entranceway or vestibule which via the gate leads to the outside. Several people are standing around. It seems that the portress who is about to go off duty has already told the news about Peter to the girl who has come to relieve her. So this second girl 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.71|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:71) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.69|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.69|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:69) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) now says to those standing around, This fellow is one of them (as Mark has it); This fellow was with Jesus the Nazarene (Matthew s way of stating the same thing).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.71|AUTODETECT|” There are those who see a contradiction between Mark and Matthew at this point.��779�� As they see it, according to Mark s representation there is only one portress: the girl of verses 66, 67 is also the one of verse 69. But according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.71|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:71) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.69|AUTODETECT|” the girl who is mentioned in connection with Peter s second denial is another girl. Now it should be frankly admitted that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.69|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:69) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 can indeed be read in such a way that there would be a conflict. It can be read to mean: And the servant-girl (mentioned a moment ago) seeing him said again to the bystanders, This fellow is one of them. This, however, does not make Mark s account any more intelligible, for as he tells the story the girl has not yet been speaking to those standing around; so how could she speak to them again? But by thus rendering the passage are we not creating both a difficulty and a conflict where there need not be one? Is it really so certain that throughout the report Mark must have been thinking of only one portress? Is it not true that while Matthew, by saying a servant-girl & another girl, makes clear that the words of two girls are reported in this story, Mark may be doing the same thing by referring to girls in the plural: one of the highpriests s servant-girls came and & said & (verses 66, 67), a (not the only possible) natural sequel being another servant-girl said.& Also, when Mark continues, He [Peter] went out into the entryway & when the servant-girl saw him, is not When the servant-girl who was there saw him a reasonable interpretation?

And since it has already been shown that the word again creates a difficulty even for those who accept only one servant-girl, is not the proposed translation which substitutes in turn ��780�� for again better all around? It is clear at any rate that here again a Gospel contradiction cannot be proved.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 The fact that at least one male bystander now chimes in with what the two girls are saying does not make matters any easier for Peter. Again Peter proceeded to deny��781�� that he knew Jesus. According to Matthew this time his denial was accompanied by an oath.) The Third Denial) and the Conclusion of the Story) 70b, 71. And again, a little later, those who were standing around were saying to Peter, Certainly you are one of them, for you are a Galilean!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.59|AUTODETECT|” We have noticed that even during the second denial interest in Peter s case was no longer confined to the portresses. And now the bystanders again express themselves. The reason for this was as follows: Having been refused exit, Peter returns to the open courtyard. An hour elapses 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.59|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:59) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It would seem, therefore, that the first two denials took place during Christ s appearance before Annas. Now the situation changes somewhat: Jesus has been brought before Caiaphas and the entire Sanhedrin. Christ s first trial before this body is almost over.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.73|AUTODETECT|” During the interval of an hour the news about Peter has been spreading. Now the palace servants and the officers, the men who are standing around the fire with Peter, begin to tell him that he is one of Christ s disciples, and that his very accent or brogue identifies him as a Galilean. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.73|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:73) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . A comparison of the Gospel accounts shows that some people are talking to Peter; others, about him. Accusations are flying in from every side. This was enough to get anyone excited, especially excitable Simon! As if all this were not enough, a relative of Malchus blurts out, Did I not see you in the garden with Jesus? For this story see N.T.C. on John, Vol.

II, pp. 399, 400. Then he started to curse and to swear, I don t know this man you re talking about. Angry and excited Peter now begins to call down curses on himself and to swear that he doesn t even know Jesus. He must have said something like, May God do this or that to me if it be true that I am or ever was a disciple of Jesus. He stands there invoking on himself one curse after another. And the louder this Galilean talks, the more, without realizing it, he is saying to all those standing around, I m a liar. ) 1 3 2 8 0 0 In his infinite and tender mercy the Lord, who in his sovereign providence controls all things, including even roosters, comes to the rescue: 72. At once a rooster crowed the second time. And Peter recalled the word Jesus had spoken to him, Before the rooster crows twice, you will deny me thrice. And when he reflected on this he wept.��782��) Note the following:) a. Mark s representation At once a rooster crowed the second time, and Matthew s At once a rooster crowed are not in conflict. Neither is there any real contradiction between Mark s Before the rooster crows twice you will deny me thrice and Matthew s This very night, before the rooster crows, you will deny me three times. See on verse 68.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.61|AUTODETECT|” b. How was it that Peter recalled the word spoken to him? From ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.61|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:61) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 we gather that at the very moment when the rooster crowed, or at least very nearly at that moment, someone was looking straight into Peter s eyes. It was Jesus, his face very likely still black and blue because of the blows it had received. It would seem that the Master, his trial ended, was being led across the court to his prison cell, from which within a few hours he would emerge once more to face the Sanhedrin.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 When Peter heard the crowing of the rooster, and saw Jesus looking at him, with eyes full of pain, yet also of pardon, his memory of Christ s warning prediction was suddenly awakened. In this connection we must not forget that the look of Jesus would have been wasted on Peter, if it had not been that Peter was looking at Jesus. ��783��) c. The original of the words, And when he reflected on this he wept has given rise to much discussion. See footnote.��784�� The A.V. rendering is probably still the best.) d. When we review the entire story it becomes clear that the following lessons are taught here (and there may be others):) First of all, how deceitful is man s heart! See above, on 14:31: The Unknown Self.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.55.12-19.55.14|AUTODETECT|” Secondly, how Christ must have suffered! No doubt much more because of these denials by a highly favored disciple and friend than because of the blows and the mockery inflicted on him by his declared enemies. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.55.12-19.55.14|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 55:12 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Finally, how God s grace and the Savior s forgiving love are here revealed! See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” 53:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.5|AUTODETECT|” 55:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 14) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.31.15|AUTODETECT|” There is a close connection between chapters 13 and 14. According to 13:32 Jesus said, But about that day or that hour no one knows.& He knew that his times were in the Father s hand. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.31.15|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 31:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . But the venerable members of the Jewish supreme court seemed to have been of the opinion that they themselves were in control, and had the power to determine the day of Christ s death. See 14:2.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 There is also another obvious connection. Chapter 13 contains an admonition which Jesus repeats several times in one form or another, namely, Stay on the alert . See verses 23, 33, 35, 37. This word of warning is repeated in 14:38. But according to 14:37, 40, 41 this is exactly what Peter, James, and John failed to do.) As to the contents, chapter 14 is divided into 11 very unequal sections, as follows:) 1. Not during the feast, said the plotters.

During the feast (Passover), said the Almighty, echoed by Jesus. And so it happened (verses 1, 2).) 2. In connection with Mary of Bethany s generous, thoughtful, and timely deed of anointing Jesus, we are shocked by the disciples inexcusable criticism, Why this waste of perfume? What is especially striking is the emphatic manner in which Jesus rushes to Mary s defense with the words, Wherever the gospel is preached in the whole world, also what she has done will be told in memory of her (verses 3 9).) 3. Mary receives the Master s everlasting praise. Judas receives money from the Jewish leaders.

Having received it he now looks for an opportunity to betray Jesus (verses 10, 11).) 4. Mark now relates how Jesus sent two of his disciples a. to secure a room to celebrate Passover with his disciples, and b. to make the necessary preparations. The Master s predictions with respect to the two disciples experiences in Jerusalem in search for a room are fulfilled in every respect.) It was Thursday evening, during the Passover meal, that Jesus declared, One of you will betray me one who is eating with me. Since all the disciples were eating with Jesus, they, one by one, said to him, Surely not I? All the disciples were given an opportunity to examine themselves. Note the combination of divine sovereignty and human responsibility in Christ s words, The Son of man goes as it is written concerning him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed (verses 12 21).) 5.

Toward the end of the Passover meal Jesus instituted the Lord s Supper. It signifies that because of what Jesus did for his people in what is now the past they should give him their love; also, that because whenever the supper is truly celebrated he is present with those who partake of it, they should embrace him as the object of their faith; and finally that, in view of his promise with respect to the future a promise made when he instituted the supper , they should look forward with living, firmly anchored hope to everlasting communion with him in the mansions above (verses 22 26).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.13.7|AUTODETECT|” 6. On the way to the Mount of Olives (as even before, in the Upper Room) Jesus predicted that all his disciples would become untrue to him, in fulfilment of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 13:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . All protest and profess their unflinching loyalty; especially Peter. Jesus said to him, I solemnly declare to you that today yes, this very night before the rooster crows twice, you will deny me thrice. Paragraph 11 shows that this was exactly what also happened (verses 27 31).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 7. In Gethsemane Jesus a. agonized; b. agonized and prayed; c. prayed and kept watch. Three times he prayed, the substance of his prayer being, Father, remove this cup from me; nevertheless, not what I will but what thou wilt. After his third prayer, on returning to his disciples and finding them still (or: again) sleeping, he stood there, tenderly keeping watch over them and saying, Sleep on now and take your rest. It is enough. ) Shortly afterward he added, Get up! Let us be going. Look, my betrayer is near (verses 32 42).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|” 8. By means of a kiss (or kisses) Judas identified and thus betrayed Jesus to a detachment of soldiers, temple-police, and Sanhedrists, all of them well equipped. Peter draws his sword and strikes the highpriest s servant, cutting off his ear. Jesus exposes the folly and guilt of his captors. In fulfilment of his prediction all the disciples flee. What is especially significant is the fact that Jesus allows himself to be seized, bound, and led away. The Victim is obviously the Victor. In fulfilment of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , he is surrendering his life as an offering in exchange for many (verses 43 50).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.8|AUTODETECT|” 9. Though Jesus captors did not catch any of the disciples and probably did not even try 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.8|AUTODETECT|” John 18:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) , they did try to capture a certain young man who, with only a linen cloth thrown around his body, was following Jesus. As they seized this young man, he left the linen cloth behind and escaped naked. In the opinion of many Mark is narrating his own unforgettable experience (verses 51, 52).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” 10. Before the Sanhedrin Jesus, in answer to the highpriest s question, declares himself to be the Messiah, the One who is about to be gloriously exalted 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 110:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.13|AUTODETECT|” ), and who one day, in fulfilment of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.13|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , will appear upon the clouds of heaven, clothed with dominion and majesty. The nervous highpriest, who had failed to elicit from witnesses damaging testimony on which they could agree, now tears his clothes and asks, What need do we still have of witnesses? You have heard his blasphemy. What do you think? They all condemn him as being worthy of death. Mockery and cruelty follow (verses 53 65).) 1 10 2 8 0 0 11. The background of Peter s first denial is indicated in 14:54. The story is continued here. The first denial takes place in the courtyard of the highpriest s palace, where Peter is warming himself in the presence of the palace servants and temple guards. A portress takes a close look at him and exclaims, You too were with Jesus the Nazarene. The next denial occurs, in all probability, as Peter is trying to escape to the outside.

The portress who had come to relieve the first one tells the bystanders, This fellow is one of them. Since Peter apparently was not allowed to make his exit, he returns to the courtyard. Here, about an hour later (according to Luke) those standing around are saying to Peter, Certainly you are one of them, for you are a Galilean. ) Whenever he is accused Peter denies any connection with Jesus. The third time he started to curse and to swear, I don t know this man you re talking about. It was then that the rooster crowed.) There had been rooster-crowing before, after the first denial. But the rooster-crowing immediately after the third denial was the significant one.

When the rooster crowed this second time, Peter recalled the word Jesus had spoken to him, Before the rooster crows twice, you will deny me thrice. ) When he reflected on that which, in spite of all his earlier promises and boasts, he had done, and on what Jesus really meant to him and had done for him, he wept! (verses 66 72).) ) ) ) N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) 669 This is an embarrassment to the advocates of Q. See N.T.C. on Matthew, pp. 21, 47, 48.) 670 Absent from some ancient manuscripts.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.62-40.27.66|AUTODETECT|” 671 On this question see also N.T.C. on Matthew, p. 534. The crucifixion on Thursday theory was revived recently by Roger Rusk, in the March 29, 1974 issue of Christianity Today, pp. 720 722. It was refuted by Harold W. Hoehner in the April 26, 1974 issue, pp. 878, 881. As Hoehner points out, if Jesus had died on Thursday instead of on Friday, Pilate would have secured the sepulcher until the fourth day, not the third 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.62-40.27.66|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:62 66) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). As to the computer which established the exact times of all the new and full moons from 1001 b.c. to a.d. 1651, and confirmed the fact that in the year a.d. 30 the fourteenth of Nisan occurred on Thursday, the fifteenth on Friday, though this information is interesting and helpful, yet as far as the date a.d. 30 is concerned it is not exactly new. See, for example, P. Schaff, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 135.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 672 Note the plural �p ��, probably referring to the unleavened cakes of bread, and based on the Hebrew plural matzoth. Besides, it must be borne in mind that this was a feast lasting several days and including many festive activities. That fact, too, may account for the plural. See N.T.C. on Matthew, pp. 792, 793.) 673 � �� probably, though not necessarily, a Hebraism. Matthew uses the simple, instrumental dative ��. The meaning is identical.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.6|AUTODETECT|” 674 After the final particle ��, either (as here) the future indicative 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.6|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.12|AUTODETECT|” ) or the more frequent subjunctive 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.12|AUTODETECT|” Luke 14:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) can be used, with little if any difference in meaning. See Gram.N.T., p. 988.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.0|AUTODETECT|” 677 This story must not be confused with that of the sinful woman of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.0|AUTODETECT|” Luke 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . For the arguments in favor of rejecting this identification see N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 174, 175.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 675 Literally: for more than three hundred denarii.) 676 Or: for the i.e., for my burial.) 678 Note the two gen. absolutes: he being in Bethany and he reclining at table. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.3|AUTODETECT|” 679 The meaning of ��, -�-�� both in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.3|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.3|AUTODETECT|” and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.3|AUTODETECT|” John 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 has been much debated. �� = �� may well be the best interpretation. Either pure or genuine is favored by most commentators.) 1 7 2 8 0 0 680 �� third per. s. aor. indic. of ��, to pour down or out over. The gen. �P�� .�.�. is perhaps due to �� w. gen. (down, down from, etc.), a preposition which with the acc. generally has an entirely different meaning (along, over, through, toward, etc.). See Gram.N.T., pp. 511, 512; and L.N.T. (A. and G.), pp. 406 409.) 681 For the value of a denarius see above on 6:37 and on 12:42. Shall we say that in the estimation of Judas there had been $50 $60 worth of perfume in that jar?) 682 ��, nom. pl. masc. pres. participle of ��. See above on 10:14, footnote 459.) 683 �� third per. pl. imperf. of ��. See on 1:43.) 684 �� and ��, aor. inf. passives (after ��), stating what these men held to be a simple fact, namely, that the perfume could and should have been sold, and the proceeds given to the poor. �� is best viewed as gen. of price after ��.) 685 �� sec. per. pl. aor. imper. active of ��, as in 10:14; see on that passage, footnote 460).) 686 ��, third per. s. aor. indic. of ��; here C �� is an abbreviation of C �� ; hence, the meaning is, She has done what she was able to (or: what she could) do. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.21|AUTODETECT|” 687 �� ; i.e., She undertook in advance to anoint, etc., amounting to She anointed & beforehand. The main verb �� is here used adverbially. Cf. its use in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.21|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 4 2 8 0 0 688 See on 3:28.) 689 �� third per. s. aor. subjunct. passive of ��.) 690 Or: how he might conveniently hand him over [or: deliver him up].) 691 Literally, that he might hand him over. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.14|AUTODETECT|” 692 Even the adverb �� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) does not make it certain, for that is a word with a very wide meaning. Temporal sequence then, thereupon does not necessarily imply cause-and-effect relationship. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc is faulty reasoning.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 693 �� is a third per. s. aor. subjunct. form of ��, literally, (he was seeking) how he might conveniently hand him over. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.37|AUTODETECT|” 694 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.37|AUTODETECT|” Luke 21:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 may give a hint, but this is not certain.) 1 10 2 8 0 0 695 ��, the imperfect is used to indicate a custom.) 696 ��, aor. subjunct. after ��; ��, aor. subjunct. expressing purpose, after 5��.) 697 ��, pres. participle of ��. For the various meanings of this verb see N.T.C. on Galatians, p. 232, footnote 171.) 698 ��, earthenware jar, pitcher, or jug. Cf. ceramics.) 699 U�� gen. of contents.) 700 The indefinite E�� is naturally followed by the subjunctive (third per. s. aor.). The second E�� (A�� & ��) is followed by the (probably deliberative) aor. subjunct. first per. s. in a final relative clause embodying an indirect question. See Gram.N.T., p. 969.) 701 For the designation Teacher or Master, here used by Jesus with reference to himself, see above on 4:38b, including footnote 172; and see also on 10:17.) 702 ��. Cf. �� in the sense of to loosen, to unharness (the pack animals); hence, to rest, to take lodging for the night. Accordingly �� is here a guest-room.) 703 �� = �� and �� (��), anything above the ground; in the present context an upper room.) 704 ��, acc. s. neut. perf. pass. participle of ��; see on 11:8, footnote 528.The room was, as it were, bestrewn (covered, furnished) with couches.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.32|AUTODETECT|” 705 @�� , gen. absolute, a rather common expression in Matthew and in Mark 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.32|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.35|AUTODETECT|” 4:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.47|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.47|AUTODETECT|” 6:47) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and 15:42). See further on 1:32.) 1 10 2 8 0 0 706 $�� . The question is, Does the original mean became (= began to be) distressed, or does $�� have the weakened, pleonastic sense, so that the correct translation would be were distressed. See on 1:45 and on 6:7, footnote 233. The context, according to which these men received a sudden shock, would seem to argue in favor of became or began to be. Thus also A.V., R.S.V., A.R.V., N.A.S., Williams, and Dutch (both Staten en Nieuwe Vertaling).) 707 �7� ��p �7�. There are many explanations of this idiom.

Simplest would seem to be to regard the three words as a unit, and nominative in apposition with the subject they in $��.) 708 Form for The Lord s Supper, belonging to the Liturgy of the Christian Reformed Church. See Psalter Hymnal (Centennial Edition), Doctrinal Standards and Liturgy of the Christian Reformed Churh, Grand Rapids, 1959, p. 94 of the Liturgical Forms.) 709 For more on this covenant, its one-sidedness or two-sidedness, the relation of covenant to testament, etc., see N.T.C. on Galatians, p. 134 (including footnote 98) and on Ephesians, pp. 129, 130; also the author s book, The Covenant of Grace, Grand Rapids, 1932.) 710 First �� 1st per. sing. aor. subjunctive of ��; then ��, 1st per. sing. present subjunctive .) 711 Or: become untrue (to me).) 712 For omission of twice in some MSS. see footnote 778.) 713 ��, sec. per. pl. fut. indic. passive of ��; see on 4:17, footnote 147. Various translations have been attempted. Some insist on the literal be made to stumble, or simply stumble. Others prefer be offended, turn against (me), fall away (from me), become untrue (to me). The context would seem to favor the last two.

See also the fine article on ��, ��, by G. St�hlin, Th.D.N.T., Vol. VII, pp. 339 358, especially p. 349.) 714 In the present case the verb �� (here ��, first per. s. fut. indic.) cannot have the meaning go in front of you and lead you ; cf. 10:32. It must mean go ahead of you, so as to arrive earlier and meet you (in Galilee), as is clear from 16:7.) 715 According to L.N.T. (A. and G.), p. 219, �0 �� can have the meaning even though. In the present passage most English translations have although, even though, even if, or something similar. Robertson calls attention to the fact that the true text in the present passage is �0 ��, not ��v �0.

He sees a distinction and takes �0 �� to mean and if, the matter mentioned in the clause beginning with �0 �� being belittled. If this distinction is valid, the translation might be, whoever else may become untrue, I certainly will not, or something similar. See N.E.B. s rendering.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.49|AUTODETECT|” 716 As in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.49|AUTODETECT|” John 4:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , �� here ��v� $ is followed by the infinitive. See Burton, op. cit., par. 380.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 717 �� sec. per. s. fut. middle indic., or (volitive) aor. subjunct. (same form) of ��. For this verb see also on 8:34, footnote 381.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.10|AUTODETECT|” 718 ��, in the New Testament found only here, but compare related words in 7:37; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.10|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.13|AUTODETECT|” 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.20|AUTODETECT|” (see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, p. 135, including footnote 103 in that book); also see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.20|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 6 2 8 0 0 A.V. Authorized Version (King James)) 719 The words between quotation marks are from the beautiful and deservedly popular hymn by Julia H. Johnston, Grace Greater Than Our Sin.) 720 Or: began to pray.) 721 Quoted from Psalter Hymnal (Centennial Edition), Doctrinal Standards and Liturgy of the Christian Reformed Church, Grand Rapids, 1959, p. 93, Lord s Supper Form.) 722) For detailed discussion of the textual problem the reader should consult commentaries on Luke. Briefly, those who reject this passage about an angel who came and strengthened Jesus, and about the Master s sweat becoming like thick drops of blood, present the following reasons for this rejection: a. this passage is missing from Codex Vaticanus and from other important manuscripts; b. it looks like a scribal embellishment of Luke s text; c. it may be considered a Western interpolation; and d. it is out of harmony with the contents of the immediately preceding verse.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7|AUTODETECT|” On the other hand, those who take the opposite view answer: a. the passage is present in Codex Sinaiticus and is supported by several other witnesses, some of them early; b. it is especially Luke who throughout his Gospel and book of Acts mentions angels again and again (see any good Concordance and note frequency of the word angel in Luke s writings as compared with its frequency in the other Gospels); c. Luke also shows that Jesus himself was very conscious of the presence and work of angels; d. the question is legitimate whether the omission of verses 43, 44 from several important manuscripts, etc., may not be ascribed to a theological bias, namely, the mistaken belief that what is reported here, being supposedly out of harmony with the doctrine of Christ s deity, was therefore a legitimate basis of appeal for the Arians; and d. the passage is entirely in line with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . In both cases the fact that, in a sense, Christ s human nature, though entirely without sin, needed strengthening, is held before us. Besides, as to the reasoning of those who reject the passage, are not some of their arguments of a purely subjective character? I believe the passage should be retained.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 723 In this passage does �� mean while or until ? Grammars do not agree. Contrast Burton, op. cit., par. 325 , and Gram.N.T., p. 976 . While would seem the most natural. If until, then the translation would have to be until I have prayed, for Jesus would hardly tell the disciples to sit at a certain place until he prays (or starts praying). Lenski, op. cit., p. 399, has until in his translation but while in his explanation.

However, on the same page he imparts some very interesting information about Gethsemane. Among commentaries on Mark that are read or consulted Bible students should be sure to include that of Lenski. Moreover, the �� rule (see footnote 286) is flexible.) 724 For $��, third per. s. aor. indic. middle of �� see on 1:45 and on 6:7, footnote 233. Though in 6:7; 13:5 and perhaps a few other passages there could be a pleonastic use of this verb, this is not at all probable here. Gethsemane was unique. The account leaves the definite impression (see especially verses 33, 34) that the suffering which Jesus now began to experience was more intense than anything he had borne previously.) 725 Both �� and �� are present infinitives after $��.

The verb �� is of uncertain derivation. The etymology to be away from home cannot be proved. See also N.T.C. on Philippians, pp. 140, 141.) 726 Another good translation of $�� is began to be greatly amazed. See on 9:15.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.6|AUTODETECT|” 727 See above, on 8:12, footnote 370; also on 10:45. The soul is here the self 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.6|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), with emphasis on the emotional.) 1 12 2 8 0 0 728 Though both of these actions remaining and keeping awake are durative in character, it is only with respect to the second verb that the emphasis falls on this continuation. Hence �� is aorist imper., the action being indicated as a simple fact, an order to be obeyed, but �� is present imper. For �� also see on 13:34 and on 14:38.) 729 Note the imperfects �� and ��.) 730 For prayer postures and their significance see N.T.C. on I and II Timothy and Titus, pp. 103, 104.) 731 �� third per. s. aor. subjunct. of �� as in 13:30.) 732 Note the strong adversatives. The sec. per. s. aor. imperat. of ��, namely, �� is balanced by �� & ��.) 733 For the textual question see above, footnote 722.) 734 Note striking contrast here between the present and the aorist: Are you asleep & were you not able (or: Did you not have the strength) & ) 735 Note the sec. per. pl. pres. imperatives, durative in character: �� and ��. 5�� is negat. final: lest or that & not. �� (another reading has �0��): sec. per. pl. aor. subjunct., an illustration of the non-literal use of �� followed by �0�, (that you may not) enter, that is, seek or sinfully expose yourselves to (temptation). The aorist summarizes the entering action.) 736 Lenski, op. cit., p. 404, calls �� the imperfect. It happens to be an aorist.

Verse 35 has the imperfect ��.) 737 �� acc.-�� probably here used in the sense of the Hebrew dbhr.) 738 &�� & ��, periphrastic imperfect. $��, third per. pl. pluperf. with sense of imperfect. ��, the deliberative subjunctive of the direct question is retained in the indirect question.) A.R.V. American Standard Revised Version) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.26.45|AUTODETECT|”
739 The original here rendered, Sleep on now and take your rest is �� x ��x� ��v �� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.26.45|AUTODETECT|”
Matt. 26:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.14.41|AUTODETECT|”
and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.14.41|AUTODETECT|”
Mark 14:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
). Reasons for rejecting other translations are given in N.T.C. on Matthew, p. 920, footnote 848.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.6.2|AUTODETECT|”
740 ��, third per. s. pres. indic. of ��, here used impersonally; cf. use in 7:6: is (far) from. Also see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.6.2|AUTODETECT|”
Matt. 6:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.6.5|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.6.5|AUTODETECT|”
5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.6.16|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.6.16|AUTODETECT|”
16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.4.18|AUTODETECT|”
, where the meaning seems to be to receive in full. See also N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.4.18|AUTODETECT|”
Phil. 4:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.15.20|AUTODETECT|”
. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.15.20|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 15:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|”
29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.4.3|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.4.3|AUTODETECT|”
I Thess. 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.5.22|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.5.22|AUTODETECT|”
5:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=54.4.3|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=54.4.3|AUTODETECT|”
I Tim. 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.11|AUTODETECT|”
; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.11|AUTODETECT|”
I Peter 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=57.1.15|AUTODETECT|”
the sense is abstain from; and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=57.1.15|AUTODETECT|”
Philem. 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0: was parted from.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 741 In Get up & Let us be going we have the combination of a sec. per. pl. pres. imperat. and a first per. pl. pres. hortative subjunctive. My betrayer, literally: the one (who is) betraying me. Finally, $�� is third per. s. perf. indic. of ��, and has the usual meaning has come near, hence is near.) 742 Or: safely.) 743 Or: again and again.) 744 Or: insurrectionist, revolutionist, rebel.) 745 ��, in the New Testament only here. For the occurrence of this word elsewhere see M.M., p. 617.) 746 It is a well-known fact that the prefixes in such compounds as the one here used �� often lose their intensive force. Nevertheless, the use of the simple form of the verb in verse 44 �� first per. sing. aor. subjunctive of �� contrasted with the compound form in the next verse, probably points to the strengthened connotation in this second case.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.51|AUTODETECT|” 747 ��, nom. s. masc. aor. middle particple of ��. ��, third per. s. aor. act. indic. of ��. ��, third per. s. aor. act. indic. of ��. �� and �� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.51|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.9|AUTODETECT|” ) are diminutives of �V� (outer) ear. Probably by this time these diminutives had lost most or all of their diminutive force. See above, Introduction IV, footnote 5; and also see on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.9|AUTODETECT|” Mark 3:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , footnote 108.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” 748 R. Scroggs and K. I. Groff, Baptism in Mark: Dying and Rising With Christ, JBL 92 (Dec. 1973), pp. 531 548. The basic idea, namely, that there is a connection between ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 0 and 16:5, has also been accepted by others. See S. E. Johnson, op. cit., p. 238.) 1 13 2 8 0 0
First, there are those who either say, The young man was not Mark, or simply We do not know who he was. ) a. Lenski rejects every effort to identify the young man of 14:51, 52, and believes that the incident simply shows the temper of the captors of Jesus (op. cit., pp. 410, 411).) b. With respect to the young man s identity Bolkestein (op. cit., p. 334) also simply states, We do not know. ) c. Swete (op. cit., p. 354), though remaining non-committal with respect to the identity of the young man, states that the theory that he resided in the house of the Upper Room and the view that he was the evangelist himself, are not incompatible.) d. Taylor (op. cit., pp. 561, 562) thinks that the young man was probably not Mark. If Mark, there would have been more details.) Secondly, there are those the majority by far who either lean toward the position that the young man was Mark, or rather positively so assert.) a.

Van Leeuwen (op. cit., pp. 187, 188) opines that Mark is a guess that may well be correct.) b. Gould (op. cit., p. 276) thinks that the very failure of the author to mention the name of this young man, plus the mention of the incident at all, may well point to Mark.) c. Robertson (Word Pictures, Vol. I, p. 386) also leans toward the theory that the young man was Mark, in whose house the group had probably observed the Passover meal.) d. Among others who are of the same opinion, with certain reservations, are M.-J. Lagrange, Evangile selon Saint Marc, Paris, pp. 396, 397; and A.

E. J, Rawlinson, St. Mark, London, 1925, pp. 215, 216.) e. Th. Zahn, Introduction to the New Testament, English tr. Edinburgh, 1909, p. 494, leans strongly toward Mark.

So does Barclay, op. cit., p. 365.) f. Cole, also leaning toward Mark, very aptly adds, It seems unnecessary and unfair to spiritualize an incident like this; it is stated as a plain fact, and as such it must be accepted, whatever spiritual lessons we may then see fit to associate with the event (op. cit., p. 224).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” Thirdly, the following views with respect to the identity of the young man have not found much support: the apostle Paul (Ewald), the apostle John (Ambrose), James, the brother of Jesus (Epiphanius). This holds too with respect to the idea of F. C. Grant (op. cit., p. 886) that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” 52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.2.16|AUTODETECT|” was suggested by ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Amos 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.59|AUTODETECT|” 750 ��. The word occurring here (in verse 51 and again in verse 52) is also found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.59|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:59) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.46|AUTODETECT|” and its parallels: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.46|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.53|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.53|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:53) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where it indicates the linen cloth in which the body of Jesus was wrapped. Sindon, though archaic, is still a good English word. It indicates a fine fabric, especially one of linen. Was the young man s sindon a shirt, tunic, bed-sheet? We do not know. ��, nom. masc. s. perf. passive participle of ��. ��, third per. s. imperfect indic. of ��. Cf. acolyte. ��, third per. s. aor. of ��.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.0|AUTODETECT|” 754 Strictly speaking, verses 66 71 of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.0|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53-41.14.65|AUTODETECT|” do not belong here, for they record what happened early in the morning. They constitute a parallel to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.53-41.14.65|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:53 65) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.57-40.26.68|AUTODETECT|” and to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.57-40.26.68|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:57 68) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 only in the sense that certain passages in this Luke portion closely resemble the Matthew and Mark references. This simply means that certain questions asked during the night were repeated during the early morning trial.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.0|AUTODETECT|” 755 As to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.0|AUTODETECT|” John 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.12-43.18.14|AUTODETECT|” , only verse 24, Then Annas sent him bound to Caiaphas the highpriest belongs here. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.12-43.18.14|AUTODETECT|” John 18:12 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.19-43.18.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.19-43.18.23|AUTODETECT|” 19 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 do not belong here but describe Christ s preliminary hearing before Annas, as is explained in N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 385 387.) 1 14 2 8 0 0 751 Literally: were not equal. So also in verse 59.) 752 Or: and answered nothing.) 753 Or: slaps in the face.) N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) 756 Note pleasing contrast between ��, aorist, and &� �� & ��v ��, periphrastic imperfects.) 757 Note �� in the sense of near, as in 11:1.) 758 Mark s account is very vivid. Note the imperfects: were seeking, were not finding (verse 55), were bearing false testimony (verse 56 and again in the next verse).) 759 With little change the last two paragraphs beginning with Not the masses were taken from my booklet Israel in Prophecy, Grand Rapids, 1972, See pp. 13, 14.) 760 In his book, The Trial and Death of Jesus, 1971.) 761 The Passover Plot, New York, 1965, pp. 140, 142.) 762 Op. cit., p. 565.) 763 See Mishna, Sanhedrin IV.1.) 764 See G. Dalman, Jesus-Jeshua, New York, 1929, pp. 98 100.

S. Rosenblatt, who in his article, The Crucifixion of Jesus from the Standpoint of Pharisaic Law, JBL 75 (Dec. 1956), pp. 315 321, denies the account of the trial of Jesus as presented in the Gospels, nevertheless admits (p. 319) that although the details of the trial given in the New Testament were definitely contrary to Pharisaic law, a way of removing an undesirable enemy is usually found when the will is there. That is exactly the point.) 765 Same verb as in verse 56. The imperfect tense �� continues.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.20|AUTODETECT|” 766 Or sanctuary, but the distinction between 1��, the entire temple complex, and ��, the Holy Place and Holy of holies, though valid at times, cannot always be pressed; particularly not in connection with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.20|AUTODETECT|” John 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . See N.T.C. on Matthew, p. 944.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 767 �0� ��, into the midst; here (came) forward. See L.N.T. (A. and G.), p. 508; and see also on 3:3. �� , (verse 60), sec. per. s. pres. indic. of �� . ��, (verse 61), third per. s. aor. indic. of the same verb. Note also the double occurrence first in the question of verse 60; then in the statement of verse 61 of the double negative: �P� & �P��. For the double negative in Mark see Introduction IV, footnote 5, under h. Nevertheless, it is probably incorrect to place great emphasis on this double negative. The parallel passage in Matthew has the simple negative (26:62), and even this only in the question.

It is entirely possible, therefore, that Mark s two double negatives represent his own popular style, his thoroughly legitimate manner of reporting. If that be true, You don t answer? and He did not answer may well suffice. Cf. also the French Ne r�ponds-tu rien? and the South African Antwoord U niks nie?) 768 Op. cit., p. 308.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.68|AUTODETECT|” 769 For the designation �P�� see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.68|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:68) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.31|AUTODETECT|” 11:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.3|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” . It is always used to indicate Deity. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 it ascribes godhead, in the most exalted sense, to Christ.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 770 ��, nom. s. masc. aor. participle of ��. �� Q�� ; What does it seem to you? = How does it strike you? What do you think (of it)?) 771 See S.BK., Vol. I, p. 1007 f.) 772 As in verses 19 and 33, so also here there is good reason to retain the translation began for $��, for a new stage has arrived in the afflictions suffered by Jesus: the verdict has been announced. But see also on 1:45 and 6:7, footnote 233. Began, in turn governs four pres. (durative) infinitives: to spit (at), to blindfold, to strike, and to say. Literally �� means to put a veil around; hence, to cover, and (since the veil is put around the face) to blindfold.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.63|AUTODETECT|” 773 The reason why it is best to express ourselves cautiously on this point is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.63|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:63) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 which, as many interpret it, ascribes the mocking, beating, blindfolding, etc., to the men who were guarding Jesus, the underlings, and not to the Sanhedrists themselves.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 774 Grk.N.T. (A-B-M-W) ascribes dubious textual validity to these words. But see footnote 778.) 775 Some MSS. omit the second time. But see footnote 778.) 776 Some MSS. omit twice. But see footnote 778.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.23|AUTODETECT|” 777 For the Nazarene see N.T.C. on 1:24; also on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.71|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.71|AUTODETECT|” 26:71) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.46|AUTODETECT|” ; and on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.46|AUTODETECT|” John 1:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” 778 It cannot be questioned that the manuscripts which omit the words in dispute are weighty. Therefore many modern translators and commentators reject And a rooster crowed. See, however, the discussion in V. Taylor, op. cit., p. 574. The fact that Mark s report seems to require the inclusion of the words note verses 30 and 72 should receive at least as much consideration as does their omission from verse 68 in important manuscripts. Why speak about a second rooster-crowing if there has been no first? Is it not possible that a scribe, thinking that the mention of rooster-crowing in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.68|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:68) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 was in conflict with the story as presented by Matthew, etc., started the process of omitting it? May not something similar account for the omission of twice from verses 30 and 72, and of the second time from verse 72? It is easier in these cases to explain omission from the true text than interpolation into it.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 A.V. Authorized Version (King James)) 779 So, for example, V. Taylor, op. cit., pp. 574, 575. In fact, the contradiction he sees reaches even farther than this, but this we can ignore, since portresses and male bystanders must not be confused.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.22|AUTODETECT|” 780 This is a legitimate translation of ��. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.22|AUTODETECT|” John 12:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 t.r.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 781 Note the imperfect ��, which is a vivid description of what was happening, and may indicate (though not necessarily) that the action continued for some time.) 782 For the textual problems in connection with this verse see above, on verse 68, footnote 778. Though it is true that Mark uses the imperfect ��, it is not necessary to translate He continued to weep, since the very idea of weeping already implies continuity.) 783 G. Campbell Morgan, op. cit., p. 312.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.37|AUTODETECT|” 784 Of the various renderings that have been proposed the most simple and perhaps the best would seem to be to interpret �� (nom. sing. masc. aor. participle of ��) as meaning putting to, applying to, and then to supply �x� �� (or something similar), resulting in the sense applying the mind to, reflecting on, thinking on. Thus also A.V., A.R.V., Gould, Robertson, Erdman. Both Bruce and Swete, after mentioning several other possibilities, finally retain two, though not the same two. The one retained by both is thinking on. The rendering He burst into tears, or broke down and wept, preferred by some, rests on the idea that �� indicates violent action 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.37|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.7|AUTODETECT|” ). See F. Hauck, Th.D.N.T., Vol. I, p. 529. Such violent action, however, is not always implied 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.7|AUTODETECT|” Mark 11:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.62|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.62|AUTODETECT|” Luke 9:62) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” ). And when it is implied, the object (direct, indirect, or both) is mentioned. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.72|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:72) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is different.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 )

New Testament Commentary (Baker)

William Hendriksen (1900–1982) was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian and professor at Calvin Theological Seminary. His New Testament Commentary series, later completed by Simon J. Kistemaker, covers the entire New Testament and is one of the most highly regarded Reformed commentary sets of the …

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New Testament

MAT MRK LUK JHN ACT ROM 1CO 2CO GAL EPH PHP COL 1TH 2TH 1TI 2TI TIT PHM HEB JAS 1PE 2PE 1JN 2JN 3JN JUD REV

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