Temporal Sentence

Temporal Sentence
§ 145. I. The prep. (many of which are nouns in cons. state), e.g. ‏ב‎, ‏כ‎, ‏ל‎, ‏מן‎, ‏לִפְנֵי‎, ‏אַֽחְַרֵי‎, ‏עַד‎, &c., are joined with the nominal form of the verb, the inf. cons. 2. These prep. become conjunctions when the rel. ‏אְַשֶׁר‎, ‏כִּי‎, is added to them, and are then joined with the finite forms of the verb. 3. The rel. element ‏אְַשֶׁר‎, however, is often omitted, though not usually after strict cons. forms like ‏לפְנֵי‎, &c.
(a) When may be expressed by ‏ב‎, ‏כ‎, with inf., or by ‏כִּי‎, ‏כַּֽאְַשֶׁר‎ with finite. Genesis 39:18 ‏כַּֽהְַרִימִי קוֹלִי‎ when I lifted up, Genesis 24:30 to Genesis 4:8 ‏בִּֽהְיוֹתָם בַּשָּׂדֶה‎ when they were in the field, Genesis 45:1.—Hosea 11:1 ‏כִּי נַעַר ישׂ׳‎ when Isr. was a child, Genesis 44:24, Joshua 17:13.—Genesis 24:22 ‏כַּֽאְַשֶׁר כִּלּוּ לִשְׁתֹּת‎ when they had done drinking, Judges 8:33; Judges 11:5. The form ‏כְּמוֹ‎ is more poetical, Genesis 19:15. After designations of time the simple ‏אשׁר‎ may be when, Hosea 2:13, Psalms 95:9, cf. § 9c. Also ‏אִם‎ if, when, with freq. actions, Genesis 38:9.
(b) After, by ‏אַֽחְַרֵי‎ with inf., or ‏אַֽחְַרֵי אְַשֶׁר‎ with finite. Genesis 14:17 ‏אַֽחְַרֵי שׁוּבוֹ מֵֽהַכּוֹת‎ after his returning, Genesis 13:14; Genesis 24:36.—Deuteronomy 24:4 ‏אַֽחְַרֵי אְַשֶׁר הֻטַּמָֽאָה‎ after she has been defiled. Joshua 9:16, Judges 11:36; Judges 19:23, 2 Samuel 19:30.
(c) Before, by ‏לִפְנֵי‎ with inf., Genesis 13:10 ‏לִפְנֵי שַׁחֵת י׳ אֶת־סְדֹם‎ before Je. destroyed Sodom, Genesis 36:31, 1 Samuel 9:15, 2 Samuel 3:35.—Very often by ‏בְּטֶרֶם‎, usually with impf. even when referring to past; Genesis 27:33 ‏בִּטֶרֶם תָּבוֹא‎ before thou camest, Genesis 37:18; Genesis 41:50. Of fut., Genesis 27:4; Genesis 45:28. Occasionally with perf., Psalms 90:2, Proverbs 8:25 (inf. Zephaniah 2:2, text dubious). The simple ‏טֶרֶם‎ properly not yet (usually with impf., Genesis 2:5, Exodus 9:30; Exodus 10:7), has also sense of before, with impf., Exodus 12:34, Joshua 3:1, Isaiah 65:24.
(d) Since, ‏מֵאָז‎, with perf., Exodus 9:24 ‏מֵאָז הָֽיְתָה לְגוֹי‎ since it became a nation. Genesis 39:5, Exodus 5:23, Joshua 14:10, Isaiah 14:8, Jeremiah 44:18. Once with inf., Exodus 4:10. As prep. with noun, Rth_2:7, Psalms 76:7.—As adv. formerly, long ago, &c. Isaiah 16:13; Isaiah 44:8; Isaiah 45:21; Isaiah 48:3, Isaiah 48:5, 2 Samuel 15:34, Psalms 93:2, Proverbs 8:22.
(e) Then, ‏אָז‎, with perf. 1 Kings 8:12 ‏אָז אָמַּר שְׁלֹמֹה‎ then said Sol., Genesis 49:4, Judges 5:11, 2 Samuel 21:17. Not uncommonly with impf., Deuteronomy 4:41, 1 Kings 8:1; 1 Kings 9:11; 1 Kings 11:7, cf. § 45. On ‏אז‎ in apod., cf. § 131, R. 2. Joshua 22:31, 2 Kings 5:3, 1 Chronicles 14:15.
(f) Until, ‏עַד‎, with infin., or ‏עַד אְַשֶׁר‎, ‏עַד כִּי‎, ‏עַד אִם‎, ‏עַד אְַשֶׁר אִם‎ with finite, with ref. to past or fut. Genesis 27:45 ‏עַד־שׁוּב אַף־אָחִיךָ‎ till thy brother's anger turn away. Genesis 27:44 ‏עַד אְַשֶׁר־תָּשׁוּב חְַמַת אחיך‎ till thy brother's rage shall turn away. Genesis 29:8, Exodus 23:30, Deuteronomy 3:20, Judges 4:24, 1 Samuel 22:3; 1 Samuel 30:4, 1 Kings 17:17.—Ex. of ‏עד כי‎ Genesis 26:13; Genesis 41:49; Genesis 49:10, 2 Samuel 23:10. Of ‏עד אם‎ Genesis 24:19, Genesis 24:33, Isaiah 30:17. Of ‏עד אשׁר אם‎ Genesis 28:15, Numbers 32:17, Isaiah 6:11. By falling away of rel. the simple ‏עד‎ often stands with finite, Genesis 38:11, Joshua 2:22, 1 Samuel 1:22, 2 Kings 7:3, Psalms 110:1-7, Proverbs 7:23.
(g) As often as, ‏מִדֵּי‎ (‏דַּֽי‎) with inf., 1 Samuel 1:7; 1 Samuel 18:30, 1 Kings 14:28, 2 Kings 4:8, Isaiah 28:19; once impf. Jeremiah 20:8.
Rem. 1. The word after in some cases = seeing that Genesis 41:39, Joshua 7:8, Judges 11:36, 2 Samuel 19:30, cf. Ezra 9:13 (common in post-biblical Heb.). After has also a pregnant sense = after the death of, or departure of (Ar. bad). Genesis 24:67 ‏אַֽחְַרֵי אִמּוֹ‎ after his mother. Job 21:21, Proverbs 20:7. Frequent in Ecc, ‏אַֽחְַרַי‎ when I am gone. Cf. ‏לְפָנַי‎ before I came, Genesis 30:30. In Leviticus 25:48, 1 Samuel 5:9 ‏אַֽחְַרֵי‎ with finite tense. Joshua 2:7 ‏אחרי כַֽאשׁר‎ after when, pleonastic, if text right.
Rem. 2. Isaiah 17:14 ‏בטרם‎ construed with noun. Psalms 129:6 ‏שֶׁקַּדְמַת‎ before is unique.
Rem. 3. Some adverbs of time are: when? ‏מָתַי‎, Genesis 30:30; how long, till when? ‏עַד מָתַי‎; with neg., how long... not? 2 Samuel 2:26, Hosea 8:5, Zechariah 1:12.—still, yet, ‏עוֹד‎. The noun may be in casus pend., resumed by suff., Genesis 18:22 ‏ואב׳ עוֹדֶנּוּ עֹמֵד‎ and Abr. was still standing, 1 Samuel 13:7, cf. Genesis 45:26, Genesis 45:28; Genesis 25:6. With ptcp. § 100.
Rem. 4. On the expression of when, while by the circums. clause, cf. § 137. On the expression of sentences like and when thou overtakest them thou shalt say (Genesis 44:4) by two vav perfs. cf. § 132; and such sentences as and when he overtook them he said (Genesis 44:6) by two vav impfs. § 51, R. 1. In general cf. the circums. cl., the conditional sent., and sections on vav perf. and vav impf.