Luke 23

Hendriksen

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-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 12 2 8 0 0 CHAPTER XXIII ) Outline of Chapter 23) ) Theme: The Work Thou Gavest Him to Do) 23:1 5 Jesus Brought Before Pilate and Questioned by Him) 23:6 12 Jesus Before Herod) 23:13 25 Jesus Sentenced to Die) 23:26 43 Calvary: The Crucifixion of Jesus) 23:44 49 Calvary: The Death of Jesus) 23:50 56 The Burial of Jesus) ) 23:1 5 Jesus Brought Before Pilate and Questioned by Him) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.2|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.2|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.11-40.27.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.11-40.27.14|AUTODETECT|” 11 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1-41.15.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1-41.15.5|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:1b 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.28-43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.28-43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” John 18:28 38) 1 6 2 8 0 0 23 1 Then the entire assembly rose and brought him to Pilate. 2 And they began to accuse him, saying, We have found this man misleading our nation, forbidding us to pay taxes to Caesar, and saying that he himself is Christ, a king. ) 3 So Pilate asked Jesus, You are the king of the Jews? Answering, he said to him, It is as you say. ) 4 Then Pilate said to the chief priests and the crowds, No crime��580�� whatever do I find in this man. ) 5 But they kept on insisting, He stirs up the people, teaching throughout the entire country of the Jews, starting from Galilee and (continuing) even to this place. ) ) 1. Then the entire assembly rose and brought him to Pilate.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.7|AUTODETECT|” The entire assembly means the Sanhedrin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.7|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The reason the assembly did this was that for the Jews to carry out the sentence of execution would have been a violation of Roman law.��581��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Pontius Pilate��582�� was the fifth procurator of Samaria and Judea. He was under the authority of Syria s legate. Many reports have come down to us about him. Estimates of his character range all the way from that of Philo who, quoting a letter from Agrippa I to Caligula, calls him inflexible, merciless, and obstinate, a man who repeatedly inflicted punishment without previous trial and committed ever so many acts of cruelty; to that of the Copts and Abyssinians who rank him among the saints! One thing is certain: he exercised little common sense in handling the delicate problem of the strained relations between the Jews and their Roman conquerors. In fact, it would almost seem as if he enjoyed annoying the Jews: using the temple treasure to pay for an aqueduct, bringing Roman standards into Jerusalem, and even defiling the temple with golden shields inscribed with the images and names of Roman deities. Add the incident recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 f.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The occasion which led to Pilate s removal from office was his interference with a mob of fanatics who, under the leadership of a false prophet, were at the point of ascending Mt. Gerizim in order to find the sacred vessels which, as they thought, Moses had hidden there. Pilate s cavalry attacked them, killing many of them. Upon complaint by the Samaritans, Pilate was then removed from office. He started out for Rome in order to answer the charges that had been leveled against him. Before he reached Rome, the emperor (Tiberius) had died. An unconfirmed story, related by Eusebius, states that Pilate was forced to become his own slayer. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.10|AUTODETECT|” From the Gospels we gather that he was proud 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.10|AUTODETECT|” John 19:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.1|AUTODETECT|” ), and cruel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.19|AUTODETECT|” ). He was probably just as superstitious as his wife 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.11|AUTODETECT|” ). Above all, as all the accounts of the trial of Jesus before him indicate, he was a self-seeker, wishing to stand well with the emperor. He thoroughly hated the Jews who, as he saw it, were always causing him trouble upon trouble. That he was utterly devoid of any remnant of human sympathy and any sense of justice cannot be proved. In fact, there are passages which seem to point in the opposite direction. At any rate, though his guilt was great, it was not as great as that of Annas and Caiaphas; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.11|AUTODETECT|” John 19:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 By combining the Gospel accounts one gains the impression that from start almost to finish Pilate did everything in his power to get rid of the case respecting Jesus. He had no love for the Jews. He hated to please them and to grant their request. Yet, on the other hand, deep down in his heart he was afraid of them and of the possibility that they might use their influence to hurt him. Up to a point he was willing to do what justice demanded, but only up to a point. When his position was threatened, he surrendered.) In harmony with this attitude on the part of Pilate the story begins to unfold as follows:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.29-43.18.31|AUTODETECT|” Pilate asks those who have brought Jesus to him, What charges do you prefer against this man? They answer, If this man were not an evildoer, we would not have handed him over to you. In other words, Don t ask any questions, just confirm the sentence we have passed. But Pilate refuses to bestow this favor on them. When they fail to bring any charges, he tries to return the prisoner to them: Take him yourselves, and judge him according to your own law 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.29-43.18.31|AUTODETECT|” John 18:29 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a). However, the Jews then make clear that they desire nothing short of the prisoner s death.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The Jews now understand that they will have to present a formal bill of indictment. They will have to make definite charges. So they quickly advance three of them:) 2. And they began to accuse him, saying, We have found this man misleading our nation, forbidding us to pay taxes to Caesar, and saying that he himself is Christ, a king.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.7|AUTODETECT|” It is clear that though the Sanhedrin had accused Jesus of blasphemy, before Pilate the Jewish leaders do not immediately press this charge. They must have been of the opinion and rightly that a more definitely political accusation would have a better chance to be considered legally valid from the aspect of Roman jurisprudence. Besides, they may have felt that a strictly religious charge would make little impression on a pagan. This does not mean, however, that the religious charge played no part in the trial. It did play a part, but not immediately. It was reserved for later 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.7|AUTODETECT|” John 19:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The first item in what may be regarded as a threefold charge was rather vague. It may perhaps be viewed as the introduction to the next two items. So construed, the total charge would be, We have found Jesus to be a man who has been misleading our nation by forbidding people to pay taxes to Caesar and by claiming that he himself is the Messiah, and, as such, a king. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.20.21-42.20.26|AUTODETECT|” As to forbidding us to pay taxes to Caesar, this was a downright lie, as is clear from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.20.21-42.20.26|AUTODETECT|” Luke 20:21 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (see especially verse 25).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.15|AUTODETECT|” And as to saying that he himself is Christ, a king, meaning in the political sense, another lie, for that Jesus never wanted to be king or Messiah in that sense is clear from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.15|AUTODETECT|” John 6:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , as well as from his entire ministry with its strong emphasis on such qualities as humility, service, self-denial.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.18|AUTODETECT|” Besides, Pilate knew very well that the Jews were not so deeply in love with Rome and with Roman rule that they would have been hankering for the execution of someone who uttered anti-Roman sentiments. He was well aware of the fact that the real reason for the demand that he confirm the death sentence which the Sanhedrin had already passed was envy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 3. So Pilate asked Jesus, You are the king of the Jews?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.25|AUTODETECT|” Pilate asked this question for his own protection, not because he believed the charge. The pronoun You is not only spelled out but heads the question. Great emphasis is placed on it, as if the procurator were saying, You & king of the Jews? How ridiculous! Answering he said to him, It is as you say. As ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.25|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.36|AUTODETECT|” John 18:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.37|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.37|AUTODETECT|” 37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 clearly show, the answer Jesus gave was an affirmation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.33-43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” Luke abbreviates. According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.33-43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” John 18:33 38) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus explained to Pilate in what sense he was indeed a king, namely, not in any political sense but in a very real spiritual sense, king over all those who pay homage to the truth.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 At this point Pilate steps outside and from the porch of the praetorium addresses the rapidly gathering crowds and their leaders:) 4. Then Pilate said to the chief priests and the crowds, No crime whatever do I find in this man.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.23|AUTODETECT|” This should have ended the matter. Jesus should now have been acquitted and released; that is, as far as human justice was concerned. We know, of course, that in a deeper sense this was not to be, for Jesus had to die for our sins. But that fact does not at all remove the guilt of the Sanhedrin and of Pilate 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The story continues as follows:) 1 16 2 8 0 0 5. But they kept on insisting, He stirs up the people, teaching throughout the entire country of the Jews, starting from Galilee and (continuing) even to this place.) As these words were being spoken Pilate listened very carefully. Teaching throughout the entire country of the Jews. To be sure, the original says throughout Judea, but, as has been shown earlier see the note on 4:44 on page 275 at times Judea means Palestine, the country of the Jews. The present passage is one of these instances, for Galilee seems to be included in Judea here.) But what must have especially aroused the interest of Pilate was something else. According to the charge that was now being made, Jesus hailed from Galilee.

Galilee s king not really; he was merely a tetrarch, but the term king was popularly ascribed to him was Herod Antipas. And right at this moment that ruler was staying in Jerusalem! As Pilate saw it, this was surely a marvelous coincidence and possibly & a way out for the procurator!) For Practical Lessons and Greek Words, etc., see pp. 1013 1015.) ) 23:6 12 Jesus Before Herod) 6 Now when Pilate heard this, he asked if the man was a Galilean.7 And when he learned that Jesus belonged to Herod s jurisdiction, he sent him up to Herod, who also was in Jerusalem at that time.) 8 Now Herod was highly pleased when he saw Jesus, because, having heard about him, he for a long time had been eager to see him, and now he was hoping to see him perform some sign. 9 So he questioned him at some length, but Jesus gave him no reply whatever.) 10 Meanwhile the chief priests and the scribes were standing there, vehemently accusing him.) 11 Then Herod, together with his soldier, having treated Jesus with contempt and having mocked him, put a gorgeous robe around him��583�� and sent him back to Pilate. 12 0n that very day Herod and Pilate became friends, for before this they had been enemies.) ) 6, 7. Now when Pilate heard this, he asked if the man was a Galilean. And when he learned that Jesus belonged to Herod s jurisdiction, he sent him up to Herod, who also was in Jerusalem at that time.) The accusers must have regarded their remark that Jesus was a man from Galilee as being a coup de ma�tre (master stroke). Was not Galilee always the very hotbed of revolution?

Think of Herod the Great s battle against the guerrillas (N.T.C. on Matthew, p. 159), and of the Zealots and the patriots who since that time were always making trouble for the Roman government. Well, that was the region to which Jesus belonged, and he himself was one of the troublemakers!) Little did they realize that exactly when they thought they had scored a point against Jesus and had probably persuaded Pilate to take the necessary action, they, at least for the time being, were being defeated. For Pilate, consistent with his purpose almost to the very end of the trial, saw in this link between Jesus and Galilee the very opportunity he was looking for to get rid of this annoying case. We can, as it were, hear him say, Well, since this man is from Galilee, and since Roman law allows an accused person to be tried either in the province where his crime is said to have been committed [which in the present case could be anywhere from Galilee to Jerusalem] or in the province to which he belongs, and finally since the ruler of this Galilean is right now in Jerusalem, I remand his case to the ruler of Galilee, namely, Herod (Antipas), for adjudication. ) 8. Now Herod was highly pleased when he saw Jesus, because, having heard about him, he for a long time had been eager to see him, and now he was hoping to see him perform some sign.) To understand what now takes place it is necessary to give a brief review of the story of Herod Antipas up to this point.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.1|AUTODETECT|” It will be recalled that in the year 4 b.c., upon the death of his father, Herod Antipas had been made tetrarch of Galilee and Perea 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.6-40.14.12|AUTODETECT|” ). Later on, while visiting his half-brother, Herod Philip, he had become infatuated with the latter s wife, Herodias. The two illicit lovers had eloped. For the sin of having his brother s wife he was sternly and repeatedly rebuked by John the Baptist (3:19, 20). But instead of repenting, the tetrarch imprisoned John. At the occasion of his birthday celebration Herod Antipas foolishly promised to give the daughter of Herodias whatever she might ask, so fascinated was he with her dancing exhibition. Instructed by her mother she asked for and received the head of John the Baptist on a platter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.6-40.14.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 14:6 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.21-41.6.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.21-41.6.29|AUTODETECT|” Mark 6:21 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.7-42.9.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.7-42.9.9|AUTODETECT|” Luke 9:7 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Afterward, when Herod heard about the marvelous deeds of Jesus, he exclaimed, This is John the Baptist, risen from the dead 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 14:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.9|AUTODETECT|” ). He was eager to see Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.9|AUTODETECT|” Luke 9:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Toward the close of Christ s ministry certain Pharisees warned Jesus, Get out and move on from here, for Herod wants to kill you! Did the presence of Jesus anywhere within the realm of the tetrarch bother his conscience?) Whatever may be the answer, now Jesus, as a prisoner, is being brought before this same impenitent, restless, inquisitive, superstitious Herod Antipas. The latter is still as wicked as he was before. Though he had been repeatedly warned, there is no evidence whatever of even an inkling of repentance. He simply wants to be entertained by Jesus. He is hoping to see him perform a miracle.) 9, 10.

So he questioned him at some length, but Jesus gave him no reply whatever. Meanwhile the chief priests and the scribes were standing there, vehemently accusing him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.60|AUTODETECT|” Though Jesus did not perform any miracle in the presence of Herod, the latter seems to have thought that the captive would at least talk to him, would certainly answer his questions. But he did not, not at all. This is significant. To be sure, other silences on the part of the Savior are also reported. There was a time when he was silent before Caiaphas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.60|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.61|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.61|AUTODETECT|” 61) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.4|AUTODETECT|” ), before Pilate 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.4|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.9|AUTODETECT|” ), and again before Pilate 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.9|AUTODETECT|” John 19:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.20|AUTODETECT|” b). But these silences were balanced by testimonies. In the case of Herod it was different. He never heard Jesus say anything at all! This man had had his full opportunity. He had been talked to and reasoned with again and again and again 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.20|AUTODETECT|” Mark 6:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But he had ignored all these warnings. And even now his only interest in Jesus was that born of perverse, contemptuous curiosity. He received no answer and deserved none.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 But when Jesus refused to speak, his enemies, the chief priests and the scribes, talked all the louder and the more incessantly, vehemently accusing him before Herod. Were they afraid that Herod might pronounce Jesus innocent and might even release him? They need not have feared, for although Herod, too, could find no basis for any charge against Jesus, he did not set him free. On the contrary, being utterly disgusted with him, he made him the object of ridicule:) 11. Then Herod, together with his soldiers, having treated Jesus with contempt and having mocked him, put a gorgeous robe around him and sent him back to Pilate.) Herod was probably too scared to condemn Jesus to death. His conscience had not allowed him to forget what he had done to another innocent person, John the Baptist.

He was filled with haunting superstitition. But also, he was probably too angry with Jesus to acquit him, for his curiosity had not been gratified. Jesus had refused to perform a miracle or even to answer any of his questions. So he and his bodyguard started to treat the manacled prisoner with contempt and ridicule. They dressed him in a brilliant robe, as if he were already an earthly king, and sent him thus arrayed back to Pilate. From the Hasmonean Palace, where Herod was probably staying,��584�� the procession returned to Pilate and the Praetorium.) 12.

On that very day Herod and Pilate became friends, for before this they had been enemies.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.13.1|AUTODETECT|”
From this brief note we learn that Herod and Pilate had been mutual enemies. The reason for this is not stated. Some point to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.13.1|AUTODETECT|”
Luke 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.12|AUTODETECT|”
, which reports that in a very gruesome manner Pilate had ordered some of Herod s subjects (Galileans) killed. For another theory see P. L. Maier, op. cit., pp. 171 177. But all we know is what is stated here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.12|AUTODETECT|”
Luke 23:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.14-49.2.18|AUTODETECT|”: the former enemies had become friends. Pilate had honored Herod by sending Jesus to him for adjudication. Herod had reciprocated in kind. The fact that both treated Jesus, and caused or permitted him to be treated, in a most shameful manner indicates that this type of reconciliation of former enemies contrasts sharply with the laudable one to which Paul refers in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.14-49.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:14 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .��585��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.1-42.23.12|AUTODETECT|” Practical Lessons Derived from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.1-42.23.12|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:1 12) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Verse 2 (cf. verse 5)) And they began to accuse him, saying, We have found this man misleading our nation, etc.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.10-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” You have not intentionally been hurting anybody. Yet you are being slandered. Remember, then, that this happened, too, to Jesus. Derive comfort from this and from such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.10-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:10 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.33|AUTODETECT|” John 16:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Verse 7) And when Pilate learned that Jesus belonged to Herod s jurisdiction, he sent him up to Herod. Why did Pilate do this? Because he did not wish to become involved. Where have we heard this before? What do you think of it?) Verse 8) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.21|AUTODETECT|” Now Herod & for a long time had been eager to see Jesus. At another occasion the Greeks, too, were eager to see Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.21|AUTODETECT|” John 12:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But what a difference! God looks at the heart. He discerns the motive. Two people are eager to do kingdom work. Wonderful. But the question is Why?) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Verse 11) Herod & treated Jesus with contempt and & sent him back to Pilate. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|” Herod as well as Pilate did not find any justification for the charge that had been advanced against Jesus. Pilate declared, several times, Not guilty. Herod said this too. So did even the penitent robber. Yet Jesus was condemned to death. And God Almighty allowed this to happen. Is it not logical to conclude that what Luke is bringing out is that, as far as God was concerned, Jesus was being punished for the sins of others? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 9 2 8 0 0 Verse 12) On that very day Herod and Pilate became friends, for before this they had been enemies. ) Friendship based on evil is worthless.) ) Notes on Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 23:1 12) Verse 1) ��, nom. s. neut. 2nd aor. participle of ��, to raise; in middle and, as here, 2nd aor., to rise.) Verse 2) ��, pres. infinitive of ��, to accuse (also in verses 10, 14); and see 6:7; 11:54.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.8|AUTODETECT|” ��, acc. s. masc. pres. act. participle of ��, to turn away, pervert, mislead; and see 9:41; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.8|AUTODETECT|” Acts 13:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.13.10|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.30|AUTODETECT|” 20:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.15|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 4 2 8 0 0 �� , to pay taxes, as in 20:22.) Verse 3) �z ��, you said (it); or: it is as you say.) Verse 4) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.40|AUTODETECT|” �4��, acc. s. neut. of �4��**, cause, reason, reason for punishment, crime, guilt, basis for a charge. See also verses 14, 22; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.40|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 6 2 8 0 0 Verse 5) ��, third per. pl. imperf. (iterative) of ��, to grow strong, urge, insist.) ��, third per. s. indicat. act. of ��, to shake or stir up, instigate.) Verse 7) ��, nom. s. masc. 2nd aor. (effective) act. participle of ��, to come upon (or arrive at) the knowledge concerning a matter, to learn, perceive, recognize.) ��, gen. s. of ��; here, jurisdiction.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.25.21|AUTODETECT|” ��, third per. s. aor. indicat. act. of ��, to send up to a higher authority; or, as here, to send up to the proper authority; in verses 11 and 15: to send back. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.25.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 25:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.12|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 18 2 8 0 0 Verse 8) ��, third per. s. 2nd aor. indicat. pass. of ��, to rejoice, be pleased; see on 19:37.) ��, highly, exceedingly.) For � 1�� see the note on 8:27 on page 452.) $��, third per. s. imperf. (progress.) indicat. of ��, to hope.) Verse 9) ��, the construction is the same as for $��.) � �� 1��, in a considerable number of words; hence, at some length.) Verse 10) �0��, third per. pl. pluperf., with sense of imperf., of 5��, which in perf. and pluperf. is intransitive, to stand; hence here: were standing.) �P��** (�V plus ��), lit. stretching themselves well or strenuously; hence simply strenuously, vigorously, vehemently.) Verse 11) ��, nom. s. masc. aor. act. participle of ��, to regard as amounting to nothing, to treat with contempt; see also on 18:9.) ��, dat. pl. of ��, armed force; in pl. troops, soldiers.) �� (same construction as the preceding verbal form), to mock. See also 14:29; 18:32; 22:63; 23:36.) ��, acc. s. of ��, clothing, robe. Cf. vestment.) ��, -�, -��, bright, shining, gorgeous; here fem. acc. s. Cf. lamp.) Verse 12) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.9|AUTODETECT|” ��, third per. pl. periphrastic imperf. of ��**, to be formerly; in the New Testament only here and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 23:13 25 Jesus Sentenced to Die) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.15-40.27.26|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.15-40.27.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:15 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.6-41.15.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.6-41.15.15|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:6 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.39-43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.18.39-43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” John 18:39 19:16) 1 8 2 8 0 0 13 Then Pilate called together the chief priests, the rulers, and the people, 14 and said to them, You have brought this man to me as one who incites the people to rebellion. But look, having examined him in your presence I have found nothing in this man to substantiate the charges you bring against him. 15 Neither has Herod, for he sent him back to us. And, indeed, nothing that deserves the death penalty was done by him. 16 I will therefore punish and (then) release him. ��586��) 18 But all together they cried back,��587�� Away with this man! Release Barabbas for us! 19 Now Barabbas was a man who had been thrown into prison because of an insurrection that had occurred in the city, and for murder.) 20 Then Pilate, wishing to release Jesus, once more appealed to them. 21 But they kept yelling, Crucify, crucify him! ) 22 For the third time he spoke to them: Why? What wrong has he done? No basis whatever for the death penalty have I found in him.

I will therefore punish and (then) release him. ) 23 But they continued to press upon him with loud voices, demanding that he be crucified, and their voices prevailed.��588�� 24 So Pilate pronounced sentence that their demand should be granted. 25 He released the man they were asking for, the one who because of insurrection and murder had been thrown into prison, but Jesus he surrendered to their will.) ) 13 16. Then Pilate called together the chief priests, the rulers, and the people, and said to them, You have brought this man to me as one who incites the people to rebellion. But look, having examined him in your presence I have found nothing in this man to substantiate the charges you bring against him. Neither has Herod, for he sent him back to us. And, indeed, nothing that deserves the death penalty was done by him. I will therefore punish and (then) release him.) When Jesus had been returned to Pilate, the latter summoned not only the members of the Sanhedrin but also the people in general, for he wished to make a public announcement.

The suggestion that he included the people because he thought that in their presence the Sanhedrin would not have the courage to insist on crucifixion is hard to prove or disprove.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.11-40.27.14|AUTODETECT|” In connection with the charge that Jesus was a revolutionary, Pilate declares, I have examined him in your presence. This would indicate that Luke has been giving us only a summary of what had taken place, for in his account we read little (at the most verse 3) about such a public examination. Even ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.11-40.27.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:11 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.2-41.15.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.2-41.15.5|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:2 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 are probably mere summaries of that which had already occurred.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Then Pilate makes the startling announcements:) I have found nothing in this man to substantiate the charges you bring against him. ) And, indeed, nothing that deserves the death penalty was done by him. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” Two very remarkable statements. Add to them those found in verses 4 and 22 of the present chapter and those recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” John 18:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.6|AUTODETECT|” 19:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , and it will be clear that on no less than five occasions did Pilate publicly declare Christ s innocence!) 1 1 2 8 0 0 In the present speech he even added the implied testimony of Herod. That ruler, by having returned Jesus to Pilate, and having done this without condemning the prisoner, had clearly reached the same conclusion, namely, Jesus is innocent with respect to the charges that were brought against him. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.12-43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” We have a right to expect that Pilate will now say, I will therefore release him. Why did he not say this? In all probability, as his later conduct shows 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.12-43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” John 19:12 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), because he was afraid of what the Sanhedrin and the crowds that had allowed themselves to be persuaded by that body might do to him. He was being motivated not by principle but by political expedience.) 1 13 2 8 0 0 So what Pilate actually says is, I will therefore punish him and release him. ) The word used in the original and here rendered punish can mean scourge. It may have that meaning here. It has been suggested, however,��589�� that in this particular case the reference is to a punishment lighter than scourging. Even so, how thoroughly unfair!) As to verse 17 see above, p. 1015, footnote 586.) 18, 19. But all together they cried back, Away with this man! Release Barabbas for us!

Now Barabbas was a man who had been thrown into prison because of an insurrection that had occurred in the city, and for murder.) Pilate was beginning to become desperate. He was eager, very eager, to get rid of this case, to shake it off. First he had tried to return Jesus to the Sanhedrin, but that did not work. Next he had endeavored to let Herod make the decision. Again, no success. Now he had made an attempt to compromise the issue: first punish Jesus and then release him.

That too did not satisfy the crowd.) A new opportunity for the solution of Pilate s problem now seemed to present itself. Since here, once more, Luke abbreviates, let us turn, for elucidation, to Mark s parallel:) Now at a feast it was customary to release to the people any one prisoner whom they asked for. And among the rebels in prison, who had committed murder in the insurrection, there was a man called Barabbas [meaning son of the father ]. So the crowd came up and asked (Pilate) to do as he had been accustomed to do for them. Pilate asked them, Do you want me to release to you the king of the Jews? For he was aware that because of envy the chief priests had handed him over (to him).

But the chief priests stirred up the mob (to get) him to release to them Barabbas instead (of Jesus) (15:6 11).) The release of a prisoner as the result of a shouted request of the populace was not unknown in the Roman world of that day, as a papyrus document has shown.��590��) For information about the particular form which this request for, and granting of, release took among the Jews we are dependent upon the Gospels. As was indicated, Mark spells this out in some detail: the request had to be made at a feast. The Passover feast only or any of the great religious festivals? This is not clear. At this particular occasion it was the crowd that took the initiative. They asked Pilate to do as he had been accustomed to do for them.

Pilate, anxious to get rid of the case regarding Jesus, immediately saw an opportunity to reach his goal. He already knew that it was because of envy that the chief priests had delivered Jesus to him, envy aroused by the Nazarene s popularity. So he probably reasoned as follows: I will give the people a choice between Jesus and a dangerous criminal, namely, Barabbas. Surely, they will choose to have Jesus released. Why, even the leaders cannot with any consistency ask for the release of a violent, murderous insurrectionist, since just a little while ago they were accusing Jesus of insurrection! And as to the crowd, I know how they will vote.

With them Jesus is very popular, as was shown even a few days ago (in connection with the triumphal entry). ) Nevertheless, Pilate was wrong. The people chose not Jesus but Barabbas: Away with this man! Release Barabbas for us! was their response.) What was it that prompted the people to make this choice? Among the reasons may well have been the following:) a. The triumphal entry had not turned out the way many of the Jews had hoped. They wanted a political Messiah, a Strong Man who would deliver them from the Roman yoke, not one who was meek and lowly, who wept and predicted punishment for them.) b.

As the people saw it, the choice was not so much between Jesus and Barabbas as it was between the will of Pilate and the will of their own Sanhedrin. They knew that Pilate hated them. He had already proved it in many ways. So they were not about to please Pilate. The fact that he wanted the release of Jesus was one big reason why they did not want it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.19|AUTODETECT|” c. The temporary absence of Pilate to study the message he had received from his wife 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) gave the members of the Sanhedrin the opportunity to move among the people in order to influence them to ask for the release of Barabbas and the destruction of Jesus.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 20, 21. Then Pilate, wishing to release Jesus, once more appealed to them. But they kept yelling, Crucify, crucify him!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.7|AUTODETECT|” Why was Pilate so determined on releasing Jesus? Was it because even in the heart of this Gentile there was a remnant of a sense of justice, perhaps even justice and sympathy? Was it because he realized that Jesus was at least a far more noble person than were his accusers? Was it because he hated the Jews so thoroughly that it was almost impossible to yield to their wishes? Was it because he had become filled with superstitious fear because of Christ s claim to divinity? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.7|AUTODETECT|” John 19:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Or was his reluctance due to a combination of some or all of these factors?) 1 10 2 8 0 0 The mob, constantly being prompted by the leaders this must be borne in mind! screamed back, Crucify, crucify him! What these people demanded was nothing less than torture. They refused to be satisfied with mild punishment for Jesus. Crucifixion is what they insisted on, nothing less.) Crucify, crucify him! Over and over again these terrible words were being yelled until they became a monotonous refrain, an eerie, ominous chant. The crowd was becoming a riotous mob, an emotion-charged, screaming rabble.) 22.

For the third time he spoke to them: Why? What wrong has he done? No basis whatever for the death penalty have I found in him. I will therefore punish and (then) release him.) There are those who experience some difficulty with the phrase For the third time. They argue that even if the report found in John s Gospel is left out of consideration, is not this the fourth appeal to the people? Count these appeals and declarations of innocence: verses 4, 15, 20, and now 22.

Were there not four of them, not just three?) It has been suggested that the four can be reduced to three by regarding verse 15 as being a reference to Herod s view. To me it seems more natural to interpret the phrase For the third time as meaning three times in succession, namely, the three appeals that were made by Pilate after the return of Jesus from Herod. The reference then would be to what is found in verses 15 (really 13 16), 20, and now 22.) Since the rest of verse 22 is virtually a repetition of what Pilate said earlier, no further comment is needed. This is true with one slight exception: this time Pilate frankly asks the audience, What wrong has he done? He implies, He has committed no wrong; at least, no wrong that would require the death penalty. ) The words, I will therefore punish and release him, show that Pilate is again violating the demands of justice, for surely Jesus deserved no punishment at all, not even mild punishment. By this time, however, the people have become fully aware of the fact that if they but persist in their demand they can bend and break obstinate Pilate:) 23.

But they continued to press upon him with loud voices, demanding that he be crucified, and their voices prevailed.) As a translation their voices began to prevail is also possible. The meaning then alight be that, due to constant prompting by the chief priests, scribes, and elders, the screams of the mob demanding that Jesus be crucified became louder and louder until at last they drowned out whatever opposition there may have been. But in connection with either translation the end result is the same: victory for the screamers, for the Sanhedrin, for cruel injustice & but also for the overruling providence of God and his people s salvation!) 24, 25. So Pilate pronounced sentence that their demand should be granted. He released the man they were asking for, the one who because of insurrection and murder had been thrown into prison, but Jesus he surrendered to their will.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.12|AUTODETECT|” The stubborn insistence of the fanatical mob, louder and louder in its demand that Jesus be crucified, coupled with the implied threat, If you release this man, you are no friend of Caesar 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.12|AUTODETECT|” John 19:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), brought about the surrender of weak-kneed Pilate, so that he pronounced sentence that Jesus was to be crucified. This pronouncement, made by a judge who again and again had declared that Jesus was innocent, was the most shocking travesty of justice history has ever recorded.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.27-40.27.31|AUTODETECT|” In order to make this injustice stand out all the more glaringly the evangelist here highlights the contrast between the release of the rebel-murderer and the sentence of death pronounced upon the Savior. Luke omits the story of the scourging and mockery to which Jesus was now subjected. For that report we must turn to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.27-40.27.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:27 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.16-41.15.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.16-41.15.20|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:16 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.1-43.19.3|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.1-43.19.3|AUTODETECT|” John 19:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” What Luke does say is this, But Jesus he surrendered [or delivered up] to their will. How significant this formulation! We cannot help thinking of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (LXX), And the Lord [i.e. Jehovah] delivered him up for our sins ; his soul was delivered up to death. We should never forget that Luke was writing under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. That very Spirit is therefore telling us that the One who was delivered up is the fulfilment of prophecy, the Messiah, the Savior from sin. Hallelujah!��591��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.13-42.23.25|AUTODETECT|” Practical Lessons Derived from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.13-42.23.25|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:13 25) 1 6 2 8 0 0 Versus 14 16) I have found nothing in this man to substantiate the charges.& I will therefore punish and (then) release him. ) Is it ever right to do what is morally wrong (in this case punishing the Innocent) in order to avoid committing a greater wrong (sentencing him to death)?) Could this be compared with the decision to try to shorten a war by dropping atom bombs on millions of civilians without giving them previous warning? Does the end justify the means?) Verses 18, 19) But all together they cried back, Away with this man! Release Barabbas for us. Now Barabbas was a man who had been thrown into prison because of an insurrection that had occurred in the city, and for murder. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.18|AUTODETECT|” If we could believe the reasoning of the rulers, we would have to conclude that they wanted Jesus destroyed because they regarded him to be an insurrectionist. But this charge had not been proved. Yet they wanted a proved and convicted insurrectionist and murderer to be released. Does not this inconsistency show that they were deceivers and that their real motive was indeed envy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )?) 1 22 2 8 0 0 Children and young people should be warned against giving in to this evil. Tell them the oft-repeated story of the two athletes. A huge statue had been erected for the winner. That made the loser so envious that evening after evening he would go out and chisel away at the statue, to cause it to fall. And it did & on top of him, crushing him to death.) On the positive side, we should encourage our children and young people to congratulate all who accomplish things worthy of praise, and to do this from the heart.) In fact, everyone, both old and young, should pray to be delivered from the demon of envy and to receive grace and energy to accomplish great things for his family, his country, his church and/or school, and for God!) ) Notes on Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 23:13 25) Verse 14) ��, acc. s. masc. pres. act. participle of ��, to turn away (people from their loyalty to the emperor), to incite to rebellion. See synonym in verse 2: the sense is similar, not the same.) ��, nom. s. masc. aor. (effective) act. participle of ��, to examine closely .) g�, for �� g�, the relative attracted to the case of the implied antecedent.) Verse 15) ��v� ��, third per. s. periphrastic perfect pass. indicat. of ��, to do, commit; cf. practice.) Verse 16) ��, nom. s. masc. aor. act. participle of ��, from ��, child; hence, to instruct and discipline a child; and, in connection with criminals, to punish; so also in verse 22.) Verse 18) ��, third per. pl. 2nd aor. indicat. act. of ��; see also on 4:33; 8:28 (= �� plus ��), to cry back or out.) ��*, all together.) �6��, sec. per. s. pres. imperat. act. of �4��, to take away (by killing).

For summary of meanings of this verb see the note on 17:13 on page 803.) ��, sec. per. s. aor. imperat. act. of ��, here in the basic sense of to release. Other meanings: to divorce, forgive, send away, dismiss, permit, etc.) Verse 19) &� ��, third per. s. periphrastic aor. (effective) indicat. pass. of ��, to throw.) ��, acc. s. of ��, an uprising, insurrection. Cf. German Aufstand, Dutch opstand.) Verse 20) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.2|AUTODETECT|” ��, third per. s. aor. indicat. of ��, to call out (to), to appeal (to); cf. 7:32; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Sometimes this verb has the meaning to call to oneself (6:13).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Verse 21) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.22|AUTODETECT|” ��, third per. pl. imperf. (iterat.) of ��** 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.34|AUTODETECT|” 21:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.24|AUTODETECT|” 22:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), to cry out loudly, to yell, scream, shout.) 1 7 2 8 0 0 ��, sec. per. s. pres. imperat. act. of ��, to crucify.) Verse 22) The language of verses 14 16 is substantially repeated here.) �4�� , reason for the death penalty; see above, on verse 4.) Verse 23) ��, third per. pl. imperf. indicat. of �� (cf. 5:1), to lie upon, press upon.) ��, aor. (ingressive) pass. infinitive of ��, see on verse 21.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.18|AUTODETECT|” ��, third per. pl. imperf. indicat. of �� (��, down; plus 0��, to be strong, have power), to bear down on with strength, to prevail. In the New Testament this verb is found only here and in 21:36; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . If the imperf. here is ingressive, the meaning is began to prevail, but this is not certain.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Verse 24) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.13-43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” ��, third per. s. aor. (effective) act. of ��, to pronounce or give sentence. It would seem that the contextual meaning, supported by the parallel passage ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.13-43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” John 19:13 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , is not merely decided but decreed, passed judgment on. I agree here with Robertson, Word Pictures, Vol. II, p. 283, as against several translators and some lexicons.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 �4��, request, demand. Cf. the cognate verb (�0��) in the immediately preceding and in the immediately following verse.) Verse 25) ��, acc. s. of ��, murder.) ��, acc. s. masc. perf. pass. participle of ��.) ��, third per. pl. imperf. middle (iterat. or progress.) of �0��, to ask (for themselves).) ��, third per. s. aor. (effect.) act. of ��, to hand over or deliver up; to surrender. Cf. 9:44; 18:32; 20:20; etc.) ) 23:26 43 Calvary: The Crucifixion of Jesus) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.32-40.27.44|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.32-40.27.44|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:32 44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.21-41.15.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.21-41.15.32|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:21 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.17-43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.17-43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” John 19:17 27) 1 11 2 8 0 0 26 Now as they led him away, they caught hold of a certain Cyrenian named Simon, who was coming in from the country. On him they placed the cross, to carry it (as he walked) behind Jesus. 27 There was following him a huge crowd of people, and of women who were beating their breasts��592�� and lamenting him.) 28 Jesus turned to them and said, Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me but weep for yourselves and for your children. 29 For note well days are coming when people will say: Blessed are the barren women, the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed! 30 Then they will begin to say��593�� to the mountains, Fall on us, and to the hills, Cover us. 31 For if men do this to the green wood, what will happen to the dry? ) 32 Along with Jesus two others, criminals, were being led away to be executed. 33 And when they came to the place called Skull, there they crucified him, along with the criminals, one on his right, the other on his left.) 34 Then Jesus said, Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing. ��594�� And they cast lots to divide his clothes among them. 35 Meanwhile the people were standing by, looking on. And even the rulers were sneering at him, saying, Others he saved; let him save himself if he is the Christ of God, his Chosen One. ) 36 The soldiers also, coming up, mocked him, offering him sour wine, 37 and saying, If you are the king of the Jews, save yourself. ) 38 And there was also a superscription over him:) THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS) 39 One of the crucified criminals began to hurl abuse at��595�� him, saying, Aren t you the Christ? Save yourself and us. 40 But the other one, rebuking him, replied, Don t you even fear God, since you re under the same sentence of condemnation? 41 And we indeed justly, for we are getting what we deserve.��596�� But this man has done nothing out of place. ��597�� 42 Then he said, Jesus, remember me when you come in your kingdom. ) 43 Jesus said to him, I solemnly declare to you, today you will be with me in Paradise. ) ) 26. Now as they led him away, they caught hold of a certain Cyrenian named Simon, who was coming in from the country. On him they placed the cross, to carry it (as he walked) behind Jesus.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.14|AUTODETECT|” As was customary and according to law, the execution was carried out outside the city 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.15.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.15.35|AUTODETECT|” Num. 15:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.15.36|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.15.36|AUTODETECT|” 36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.19.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.19.3|AUTODETECT|” 19:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.21.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.21.13|AUTODETECT|” I Kings 21:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.20|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.20|AUTODETECT|” John 19:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Those condemned to be crucified had to carry their own cross. Commentators are divided on the question whether this refers to the crossbeam alone, the upright having already been set in place on Golgotha, or the entire cross.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” Jesus too carried his own cross 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.16|AUTODETECT|” John 19:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but not for long. Sheer physical exhaustion made it impossible for him to carry it very far. Consider what he had already endured within the last fifteen hours: the tense atmosphere of the upper room, the betrayal by Judas, the agonies of Gethsemane, the desertion by his disciples, the torture of a totally hypocritical trial before the Sanhedrin, the mockery in the palace of Caiaphas, the denial by his most prominent disciple, the trial before an unjust judge, the pronunciation of the death sentence upon him, the terrible ordeal of being scourged, and the seven-itemed abuse by the soldiers in the praetorium! Humanly speaking, is it not a wonder that he was able to carry the cross any distance at all?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.21|AUTODETECT|” When Jesus succumbed beneath his load, the legionaries, exercising their right of requisitioning or making demands on people, forced Simon, a Cyrenian or man from Cyrene located on a plateau, ten miles from the Mediterranean Sea, in what is now Libya (west of Egypt) to carry Christ s cross for the rest of the distance. The theory that Simon could not have been a Jew, because he gave his sons Greek names 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.21|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ), is without merit, since marry Jews followed that practice. Besides, in Cyrene there was a large colony of Jews 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.9|AUTODETECT|” 6:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.20|AUTODETECT|” 11:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.1|AUTODETECT|” 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The further speculation that the man must have been a farmer, because on this particular Friday morning he came from the country, is also without any basis. Even today many people besides farmers have business or social connections in the country. Some even live there!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.10|AUTODETECT|” The following reconstruction, though not certain, is, however, probable. Simon, a Jew, has come to Jerusalem to attend one of the great festivals (in this case Passover), as was the custom of many Jews, including those from Cyrene 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.9|AUTODETECT|” ). There was even a Cyrenian synagogue in Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.20|AUTODETECT|” Now on this particular Friday, returning to the city from a visit to the country, Simon is pressed into service by the soldiers who are leading Jesus to Calvary, perhaps (but this is by no means certain) along the Via Dolorosa (Sorrowful Way), and are just now coming through the gate out of the city. So reluctantly at first? Simon carries Christ s cross, arrives at Calvary, and witnesses what happens there. The behavior of Jesus and his words from the cross leave such an impression on Simon that he becomes a Christian. Subsequently he and his family are living in Rome. He may have been living there before, but in any event he was a Cyrenian by birth. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.13.1|AUTODETECT|” 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .)) 1 7 2 8 0 0 Mark, writing to the Romans, mentions Simon, the father of Alexander and Rufus, as if to say, people with whom you, in Rome, are well acquainted. Paul, in his letter to the Romans (16:13), writes, Greet Rufus, outstanding in the Lord, and his mother and mine. Evidently the mother of Rufus hence, the wife of Simon had rendered some motherly service to Paul.) If this reconstruction is factual, then the service which Simon rendered, though initially forced, turned out to be a genuine blessing for himself, his family, and many others.) 27. There was following him a huge crowd of people, and of women who were beating their breasts and lamenting him.) The preceding verses see especially verse 23 may have left the impression that just about everybody in Jerusalem was opposed to Jesus. We now discover that this was not at all the case. There continued to be those who were his loyal followers.

And then there were those who at least sympathized with him. In that huge crowd that was following Jesus there were women who felt very sorry for the Master. They may have been members of a Jerusalem society of charitable women. As with great difficulty Jesus was moving on, and they noticed his bruised features, his utterly tired appearance, they wept. Their hearts were going out to him in genuine sympathy. In fact, they were beating their breasts and lamenting him.) It is not surprising that Luke he alone records this incident.

We have come to expect this of him. See Introduction, point V D.) These daughters of Jerusalem must not be confused with women such as Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Susanna, etc., who out of their own substance had helped to support Jesus and The Twelve. Those women were disciples of Jesus; the daughters of Jerusalem were not. This fact also explains what immediately follows:) 28. Jesus turned to them and said, Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me but weep for yourselves and for your children.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.34|AUTODETECT|” As to Jesus, though right now he is agonizing and though during the next several hours he will be suffering the torments of hell, his future is secure. But unless these women repent, theirs is not. Neither is that of their children. By and large Jerusalem s population consisted of unregenerate people 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 13:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.35|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.35|AUTODETECT|” 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.37|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.37|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 23:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.38|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.38|AUTODETECT|” 38) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Moreover, God does not permit impenitence to go unpunished, and this both now and in the hereafter.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 The troubles in connection with the fall of Jerusalem would be a terrible prelude to everlasting woe:) 29. For note well days are coming when people will say: Blessed are the barren women, the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!) Such terrible woes would befall the city that women would be considered blessed if they were childless. The enemy would destroy Jerusalem s inhabitants without showing any regard for sex or age. See above, on 21:24.) 30. Then they will begin to say to the mountains, Fall on us, and to the hills, Cover us.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.10.8|AUTODETECT|” With variations this saying occurs three times in Scripture. It is found first of all in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.10.8|AUTODETECT|” Hos. 10:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . So appalling would be the divine judgment against Samaria that in deathly agony people would yearn but in vain to be covered by toppling mountains and overturning hills.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.30|AUTODETECT|” In our present passage 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.30|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) the scene is, if possible, even more horrible, as anyone who has studied the writings of Josephus knows. This time it is the fall not of Samaria but of Jerusalem, in the year a.d. 70, that is in view. For Mountains, cover us, and hills, fall on us, the reverse, namely, Mountains, fall on us, and hills, cover us, is now substituted. This is probably merely a stylistic change.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.16|AUTODETECT|” But for the impenitents the final cry of anguish will be the most hopeless of all. It will be uttered on the great day of judgment. In that connection the wording is, Mountains and rocks, fall on us and hide us from the face of him who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb, for the day of their wrath is come, and who is able to stand? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.16|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 6:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Continued: 31. For if men do this to the green wood, what will happen to the dry?) Jesus is making use of a rather common proverb.��598�� He is drawing a contrast between green (that is, moist) wood and dry wood. Dry wood burns and is consumed readily; when the wood is still green and wet this is not the case. Therefore if even green wood is made to burn, then surely dry wood will burn and be consumed.) The green wood represents Jesus; the dry wood, his impenitent opponents; one might say the Jews in their impenitent state. J. Schneider, in his excellent article on this word (Th.D.N.T., Vol.

V., pp. 37 41), points out that if God has not spared Jesus, then the divine judgment will fall in full and undiminished severity on the Jewish people if they persist in unbelief and disobedience.) This is a very logical explanation and in harmony with the context, for, as has been explained, in the immediately preceding verse Jesus has predicted the punishment that would be inflicted upon Jerusalem.) John Calvin was right when he interpreted verse 31 as follows, We know that dry wood is generally thrown into the fire first; but if what is moist and green be burned, much less shall the dry be ultimately spared.& The lamentation of the women is foolish, if they do not likewise expect and dread the awful judgment of God which hangs over the wicked (Harmony, Vol. III, pp. 294, 295).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.31|AUTODETECT|” This explanation makes good sense and also shows that the rendering tree in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 must be considered an error. The passage has nothing to do with any tree; it has to do with wood in its green (moist) condition contrasted with wood in its dry state. To be sure, Jesus suffered the agonies of hell especially on Calvary, but when that suffering was finished he sat down at the right hand of the Father, full of glory, honor, and power. But for the impenitents the suffering will never end: Jerusalem s fall will be only a foretaste of their everlasting damnation. Or, to quote Greijdanus, Jesus was innocent. Now if he, the Innocent One, was made the object of such ill treatment and plunged into suffering, what will happen to those who are guilty? (Korte Verklaring, Vol. II, p. 264). See also Geldenhuys, op. cit., p. 604.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Justice is not done to this passage unless it is added that the entire address of Jesus to the daughters of Jerusalem (verses 28 31; note especially, Weep not for me but weep for yourselves and for your children ) is an unforgettable manifestation of the Savior s complete lack of self-pity and of his ardent desire, even now, that the impenitent may repent and be saved.) 32, 33. Along with Jesus two others, criminals, were being led away to be executed. And when they came to the place called Skull, there they crucified him, along with the criminals, one on his right, the other on his left.) The Greek word for Skull is Kranion (cf. cranium). In the Vulgate (Jerome s Latin version of the Bible) Kranion was rendered Calvaria; cf. Calvary.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.12|AUTODETECT|” Why was this name given to the place? Because it looked like a skull? Because a skull was found there? We can only guess. Precisely where was Calvary? Is it possible to point out its exact location today? All we really know is that Jesus was crucified outside the city wall. This is definitely stated in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.20.15|AUTODETECT|” , and probably implied also in such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.20.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 20:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.26|AUTODETECT|” 23:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.20|AUTODETECT|” . But which wall? The first wall, that built by David and Solomon, would no longer be applicable. The third wall, that begun by Herod Agrippa I, was not built until after the time of Christ. The reference must therefore be to the second or northern wall. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, or somewhere very near to it, is favored as the site by tradition. It has become clear by now that the spot it occupies was at that time just outside this wall. Calvary was near the city, and in its immediate vicinity there was a garden 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.20|AUTODETECT|” John 19:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.41|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.41|AUTODETECT|” 41) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��599��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Note how few words in the original only three: & there they crucified him are used to indicate this enormously significant event! With this marvelous restraint we might compare the manner in which Scripture tells the story of the creation of the billions of stars: and the stars 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 b).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.16|AUTODETECT|” The pronoun they refers to the soldiers, as is clear from the parallel passages in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.16|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The mode of execution to which reference is made existed in many nations, including the Roman Empire. Rome generally (not always!) reserved this form of punishment for slaves and those who had been convicted of the grossest crimes.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.25|AUTODETECT|” It has been well said that the person who was crucified died a thousand deaths. Large nails were driven through hands and feet 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.25|AUTODETECT|” John 20:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.40|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.40|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28|AUTODETECT|” ). Among the horrors which one suffered while thus suspended (with the feet resting upon a little tablet, not very far away from the ground) were the following: severe inflammation, the swelling of the wounds in the region of the nails, unbearable pain from torn tendons, fearful discomfort from the strained position of the body, throbbing headache, and burning thirst 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28|AUTODETECT|” John 19:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” In the case of Jesus the emphasis, however, should not be placed on this physical torture which he endured. It has been said that only the damned in hell know what Jesus suffered when he died on the cross. In a sense this is true, for they too suffer eternal death. One should add, however, that they have never been in heaven. The Son of God, on the other hand, descended from the regions of infinite delight in the closest possible fellowship with his Father 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.5|AUTODETECT|” 17:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” ) to the abysmal depths of hell. On the cross he cried out, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.19|AUTODETECT|” It was a gross injustice that Jesus was crucified between two criminals, as if he too were a criminal. Nevertheless, viewed in the light of God s providence, it was also an honor. Is it not true that Jesus came to earth in order to seek and save the lost (19:10)? Was he not the Friend of publicans and sinners 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” )? See also N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” John 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.15|AUTODETECT|” and on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.15|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” By causing Jesus to be crucified between these two culprits did Pilate intend to insult the Jews even more? Did he intend to say, Such is your king, O Jews, one who is not any better than a bandit, and therefore deserves to be crucified between two of them ? However that may have been, one thing is certain, the prophecy of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.39-42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” He was reckoned with the transgressors was here being fulfilled. And, in view of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.39-42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:39 43) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , fulfilled gloriously.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 34a. Then Jesus said, Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing.) On the omission of these words from certain manuscripts see the note on this passage on page 1040.) In all probability what we have here is the first of) The Seven Words of the Cross:) a. From 9 o clock until noon:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” (1) Father, forgive them: for they do not know what they are doing 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” (2) I solemnly declare to you, Today you shall be with me in Paradise 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” (3) Woman, look, your son! & Look, your mother! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” John 19:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 b. The three hours of darkness: from noon until 3 o clock; no words reported.) c. About 3 o clock:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” (4) My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28|AUTODETECT|” (5) I am thirsty 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28|AUTODETECT|” John 19:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” (6) It is finished 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” John 19:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” (7) Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 8 2 8 0 0 It is certainly in keeping with the spirit of Luke s Gospel that the three words in which the love of God as reflected in the Son is most emphatically set forth are found here (words 1, 2, and 7).) It is deplorable that so much opposition has arisen against this first saying. Some would exclude it entirely, and others try to tone it down.) The reasoning of some is as follows: those who killed Jesus were reprobates. God does not in any sense bless reprobates. Therefore Jesus cannot have asked that they be forgiven. Besides, the verb here used has a very wide meaning (this, by the way, is true). Conclusion: Jesus must have meant, Father, hold back thy wrath; do not immediately pour out the full measure of thy fury. ) The true meaning of the earnest supplication is probably as follows:) a.

Forgive them means exactly that. It means Blot out their transgression completely. In thy sovereign grace cause them to repent truly, so that they can be and will be pardoned fully. ) b. That this is the meaning is clear from the fact that the grammatical construction is exactly the same as in 11:4, And forgive us our sins, and as in 17:3, If he repents, forgive him. ) c. Is it even conceivable that he who insists so strongly that his followers must forgive every debtor, and that they must even love their enemies, should not exemplify this virtue himself?) d. When Stephen, at death s portal, clearly in imitation of the dying Christ, prayed, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge, was he not giving us the truest interpretation of Christ s supplication, Father, forgive them ?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=18.13.15|AUTODETECT|”
e. Take special note of the word Father. What trust, what love! We are reminded of Though he slay me, yet will I trust him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=18.13.15|AUTODETECT|”
Job 13:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
, A.V.).) 1 2 2 8 0 0
f. Is it not marvelous beyond words that Jesus, in his earnest intercession for his torturers, even presents to the Father a special plea, an argument, as it were, for the granting of his petition, namely, for they do not know what they are doing ?) It was true: the soldiers certainly did not know. But even the members of the Sanhedrin, though they must have known that what they were doing was wicked, did not comprehend the extent of that wickedness.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.2.31|AUTODETECT|”
Did the Father hear and answer this prayer? Part of the answer may well be the fact that Jerusalem s fall did not occur immediately. For a period of about forty years the gospel of salvation full and free was still being proclaimed to the Jews. Not only that but also: many were actually led to the Lord. On the day of Pentecost three thousand were converted 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.2.31|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 2:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.2.42|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.2.42|AUTODETECT|”
42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.4.4|AUTODETECT|”
); a little later thousands more 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.4.4|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 4:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.6.7|AUTODETECT|”
). Even a large number of priests became obedient to the faith 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.6.7|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 6:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
). Not the people as a whole, but many families and individuals were converted.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
g. By offering this prayer Jesus fulfilled the prophecy of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.22.37|AUTODETECT|”: Yet he bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors. See also on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.37|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 34b. And they cast lots to divide his clothes among them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.23|AUTODETECT|” Having crucified Jesus, the legionaries, as was their custom, divided his garments by casting lots. In all probability by means of throwing of dice the four pieces headgear, sandals, belt, and outer garment were divided among the four 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.23|AUTODETECT|” John 19:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.18|AUTODETECT|” ) soldiers. The seamless tunic, all of one piece, woven all the way from top to bottom, was also put into the lottery, all of this in accordance with the prophecy of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.18|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 22:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (LXX Ps. 21:19), which Luke may well have had in mind.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Poor, poor soldiers! How much did they take home from Calvary? A few pieces of clothing! No truly penitent hearts, no renewed visions, no changed lives, no Savior? Even today, how much or how little do some people carry home with them from the church service, the Bible class, the hymn sing, the revival meeting? Each individual should answer this question for himself.) 35a. Meanwhile the people were standing by, looking on.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.39|AUTODETECT|” Thousands upon thousands of people must have gathered in and around Jerusalem for the feast. And now here they stand, looking on. What a contrast between Jesus and his tormentors. He was not even angry, though he suffered indescribable agonies. In fact, he even prayed for those who had brought these woes upon him. Are some of the people even now beginning to have second thoughts about the propriety of their shouts, Crucify him ? Are they starting to recall his words of majesty, his earnest pleadings, and his deeds of power and compassion? But see also N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.40|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.40|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 35b. And even the rulers were sneering at him, saying, Others he saved; let him save himself if he is the Christ of God, his Chosen One.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.41|AUTODETECT|” The rulers or Jewish leaders chief priests, scribes, and elders 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.41|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.67-42.22.70|AUTODETECT|” ) were not satisfied with the mere fact that they had triumphed over Pilate and, as they thought, over Jesus. They also reveled in their victim s misery. They gloated over his apparently helpless condition. Casting overboard all decency and decorum that is generally associated with men of their rank, they were actually sneering at their enemy. They were shouting that he who saved others should save himself if he were indeed the Messiah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.67-42.22.70|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:67 70) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.42.1|AUTODETECT|” ), God s Chosen One 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.42.1|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 42:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Note also that in their hatred of him they did not even deign to address him. They considered that beneath their dignity. Not once, in the narrative of Christ s crucifixion, do the leaders address Jesus directly. Each time they talk about him, never to him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” When according to Luke they implied, and according to Matthew and Mark they actually said, He cannot save himself, they were right; that is, in a sense. They were also terribly wrong. They thought that it was weakness that kept him nailed to the cross. Actually it was power, the power of his love, love for others, that he might save them, sacrificing himself as their Substitute, voluntarily surrendering himself to fathomless agonies in order that all who repose their trust in him might be saved 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” John 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 36, 37. The soldiers also, coming up, mocked him, offering him sour wine, and saying, If you are the king of the Jews, save yourself.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.34|AUTODETECT|” The incident here recorded cannot very well refer to the drugged wine offered to Jesus when he arrived at Golgotha, and which he refused 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.34|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.23|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28|AUTODETECT|” ). It must refer either to an incident reported only by Luke, or otherwise to that found also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28|AUTODETECT|” John 19:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.29|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.47-40.27.49|AUTODETECT|” . Closely connected with the latter is what is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.47-40.27.49|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:47 49) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . It will be recalled that when the end was fast approaching Jesus cried out, I am thirsty. One of the soldiers, having dipped a sponge into a vinegar vessel, brought the liquid to the mouth of Jesus, so that it might bring some relief to his lips and throat. As Matthew reports, this happened while other soldiers, the heartless ones, were mocking.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 If this was what Luke had in mind, he would once again be departing from the chronological order of events. But how can there be any objection to that? The evangelist is still writing in an orderly fashion. After reporting what the people did, and the rulers, he now turns to the soldiers to describe what they did, without in any way stating exactly when it was that they did it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.2|AUTODETECT|” The essence of the mockery was, If you are the king of the Jews, save yourself. Had the soldiers heard about: (a) the charge advanced against Jesus by his accusers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.2|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.37|AUTODETECT|” ); (b) his own claim to true spiritual kingship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.37|AUTODETECT|” John 18:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.14|AUTODETECT|” ); or (c) the taunting exclamation of Pilate 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.14|AUTODETECT|” John 19:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )? However that may be, they use whatever information they may have gathered with reference to this subject, in order with it to ridicule the Crucified One.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Entirely aside from the possible sources of information already mentioned there was, of course, one very obvious source from which the soldiers derived their incentive to ridicule. It was the superscription over Jesus head:) 38. And there was also a superscription over him:) THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS) Pilate had caused a notice or label to be attached to the cross above Jesus head. In John s Gospel (19:19, 20) this notice is called a title, in Matthew s (27:37), a charge, accusation or indictment, and in Mark s (15:26) and Luke s (23:38) a superscription. With respect to this written notice critics have discovered another contradiction in the Bible. They point to the fact that the words of which it was composed differ in all four Gospels.

But there is more than one possible way in which this attack upon Scripture can be refuted. First, it must be considered possible that each Gospel writer gives the gist of the superscription as he sees it. The full wording may have been This is Jesus of Nazareth the King of the Jews. So Matthew says that the charge read: This is Jesus the King of the Jews ; Mark states the superscription was the King of the Jews ; Luke s version is: This is the King of the Jews ; and John, who was himself present and must have seen it, says that the title was: Jesus of Nazareth the King of the Jews. It certainly was not necessary for each evangelist to write down all the words. Another possibility is this: since the superscription was written in three languages, Aramaic, Latin, and Greek, in one, two, or even all three of these but differently in each case it may have been abbreviated.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.21|AUTODETECT|” The four agree in informing the reader that on this superscription Pilate called Jesus the King of the Jews. Why did the governor word it thus? Negatively, because he did not want to write, Jesus who claimed to be the King of the Jews, for he had proclaimed again and again that Jesus was innocent of this charge which the Jews had preferred against him. Therefore the governor absolutely refused to yield to the subsequent demand of the chief priests that he change the wording of the superscription. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.21|AUTODETECT|” John 19:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . It is impossible to state positively why Pilate worded the superscription as he did. Did he do it to bestow honor on Jesus? One would like to think so. Yet, honoring Jesus, on the one hand, and on the other, allowing him to be mocked, and ordering him to be scourged and crucified, hardly go hand in hand. What then?

Although we cannot be sure, perhaps the true answer is as follows: Pilate hated the Jews, especially their leaders. He was keenly aware that just now they had won a victory over him; for, as he probably saw it, they had forced him to sentence Jesus to be crucified. So, now he is mocking them. By means of the superscription he is saying, Here is Jesus, the King of the Jews, the only king they have been able to produce, a king crucified at their own urgent request! ) 1 4 2 8 0 0 All this does not take away the fact that although Pilate may have purposely worded the superscription as he did in order, negatively, to tell the Jews, I do not at all believe the charge you brought against him, and positively, to mock them, God Almighty is also speaking in and through this same superscription. He is making a proclamation to one and all. Bear in mind the three languages in which the notice was written. He is saying, This is Jesus, King of the Jews indeed; and not only this, but by means of this very cross he is King of kings and Lord of lords. ) 39 41. One of the crucified criminals began to hurl abuse at him, saying, Aren t you the Christ? Save yourself and us.

But the other one, rebuking him, replied, Don t you even fear God, since you re under the same sentence of condemnation? And we indeed justly, for we are getting what we deserve. But this man has done nothing out of place.) The following points should be noted:) 1. This story is peculiar to Luke. And what a story, how full of comfort for every sinner who truly repents!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.44|AUTODETECT|” 2. At first both robbers scoffed. They blasphemed the Holy One. They repeated the words and sentiments of the rulers. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.44|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.32|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 5 2 8 0 0 3. At last one of the two criminals grew silent and repented. In his little speech he:) a. rebuked his partner.) b. admitted his own guilt. In fact, he even admitted that he and his partner fully deserved the terrible death by crucifixion.) c. confessed Jesus, adding his own testimony with respect to Christ s innocence to all the other similar testimonies that had already been made (by Pilate and by Herod).) 4. What led to his conversion? We do not know, but the following items may well have been involved, certainly the last one:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.31|AUTODETECT|” a. fear of falling unprepared into the hands of the living God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.31|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Note his words, Don t you even fear God? ) 1 6 2 8 0 0 b. the first word of the cross, in which Jesus asked the Father to forgive his tormentors, etc.) c. the calm and majestic behavior of Jesus.) d. things he may have heard about Jesus.) e. the Holy Spirit working in his heart.) The penitent robber not only rebuked his partner, admitted his guilt, and confessed Jesus as the Innocent One. He did one more thing, for which he will always be remembered:) 42. Then he said, Jesus, remember me when you come in your kingdom.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.31|AUTODETECT|” He addresses the One to whom he has now surrendered his heart as Jesus, that is, Savior. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.21|AUTODETECT|” 2:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.31-42.1.33|AUTODETECT|” . And, as Gabriel had done 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.31-42.1.33|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:31 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), with that name Jesus the penitent immediately associates royal rule. The angel had said to Mary, You shall give him the name Jesus.& And the Lord God will give him the throne of his father David. He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and his kingdom [or royal rule] will never end. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Just what did the penitent mean? Did he think of Jesus as coming into his kingdom at death? Probably not. What he was asking for was that when, at the end of the age, Jesus would return in royal glory, he would remember this now converted supplicant.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” About that eschatological coming Jesus had spoken again and again. See, for example, the following passages: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.28|AUTODETECT|” 19:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.27|AUTODETECT|” 24:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.30|AUTODETECT|” 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” 25:31 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.64|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.64|AUTODETECT|” 26:64) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.22-42.17.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.22-42.17.37|AUTODETECT|” Luke 17:22 37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.27|AUTODETECT|” 21:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.36|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.36|AUTODETECT|” 36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.29|AUTODETECT|” 22:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.30|AUTODETECT|” 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . If the penitent had heard anything about Jesus at all and his prayer is hard to explain if he had not he must have heard about his predictions in connection with the glorious Return at the end of the age.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The man is asking Jesus, therefore, to be remembered by him at that time. He does not ask for any place of honor. He knows very well that such a place is not for him. But he casts himself entirely upon the Savior s grace, asking only to be remembered; that is, of course, to be remembered for good.) 43. Jesus said to him, I solemnly declare to you, today you will be with me in Paradise.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.20|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 contains a most touchingly beautiful doxology, namely, Now to him who is able to do infinitely more than all we ask or imagine, according to the power that is at work within us, to him be the glory in the church and in Christ Jesus to all generations forever and ever; Amen. Note especially these words infinitely more than all we ask.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 That too was what the penitent supplicant received: far more than he has asked for. Note the beauty and the comfort of Christ s answer:) 1. The man had asked for a blessing & in the remote future. He receives a promise pertaining to this very day. Jesus says, Today. ) 2. He had asked to be remembered. That was all he had dared to request. He receives the assurance, Not only will I remember you; you will be with me; that is, in my immediate presence. ) 3. With me where? Not in some mystical region of phantoms, nor in purgatory, but in Paradise. But what is meant by Paradise? Paradise is heaven. It is as simple as that. From my book The Bible on the Life Hereafter I quote the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.0|AUTODETECT|” The fact that heaven and Paradise are simply different words that indicate the same place is clear from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.0|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; compare verses 2 and 4. Here we read that someone was caught up to the third heaven. It may be assumed that the first heaven was that of the clouds, the second that of the stars, the third that of the redeemed. But we immediately notice that the man who, according to verse 2, was said to have been caught up to heaven, was caught up to paradise according to verse 4. This certainly indicates that heaven and paradise are the same place and not two different places. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.7|AUTODETECT|” leads to the same conclusion, for also in the book of Revelation paradise is definitely another term for heaven. We read that the tree of life is in the paradise of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.1|AUTODETECT|” ), and that tree of life is in chapter 22 associated with the holy city 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.1|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 21:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 For Practical Lessons and Greek Words, etc., see pp. 1038 1042.) ) 23:44 49 Calvary: The Death of Jesus) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.45-40.27.56|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.45-40.27.56|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:45 56) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.33-41.15.41|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.33-41.15.41|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:33 41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28-43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.28-43.19.30|AUTODETECT|” John 19:28 30) 1 6 2 8 0 0 44 It was already about the sixth hour,��600�� and darkness enveloped the whole land until the ninth hour,��601�� 45 the sun failing. And the curtain of the sanctuary was torn in two. 46 And with a loud voice Jesus cried out, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. And when he had said this, he breathed his last.) 47 Now when the centurion saw what had happened, he began to praise God, saying, Surely, this was a righteous man. 48 And all the crowds that had come together to witness this spectacle, after observing what had occurred, began to return, beating their breasts. 49 But all his acquaintances, including the women who had followed him from Galilee, were standing afar off, watching these things.) ) The people had been standing there, looking on. Rulers had been sneering. Robbers had been hurling abuse. One of them had repented and had received a wonderful assurance of salvation this very day.

Jesus had uttered his first three words, the first two of which are reported by Luke.) Then, at twelve o clock noon, something of a very dramatic character took place:) 44, 45a. It was already about the sixth hour, and darkness enveloped the whole land until the ninth hour, the sun failing.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.8.9|AUTODETECT|” Suddenly the land became dark. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.8.9|AUTODETECT|” Amos 8:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The very fact that this darkness is mentioned shows that it must have been intense and unforgettable. Moreover, it occurred when least expected, at high noon, and lasted three hours.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Much has been written about this darkness. What caused it? How extensive was it? Did it have any meaning? As to the first question, very little information is given. We are safe in saying, God brought it about.

That is far better than to say that either the devil or Nature caused it. But when the further question is asked, By what means did God bring it about? a completely satisfactory answer cannot be given. A sudden thunderstorm, even if it lasted three hours, would not have covered the entire country and would probably not have been singled out for special mention. A black sirocco storm from the desert is not generally known to cause such darkness. To be sure, Luke here in 23:44, 45 may seem to supply the answer for which we are looking. Does it not say, the sun being eclipsed ?

But, first of all, the reading is not entirely certain. There are several variants. Secondly, granted that eclipsed is the right word, this cannot refer to an eclipse in the technical, astronomical sense, for that is impossible at the time of Passover (full moon). Besides, such an eclipse would hardly last three hours! But if the term be taken in a broader sense, namely, darkened, we are back to where we were: darkened by what? The best answer may well be to regard what happened here as a special act of God, a miracle, and to inquire no further as to any secondary means.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.10.22|AUTODETECT|” How extensive was it? Here too we must abstain from giving a definite answer. It will not do to say that when the light of the sun is shut off half of the globe must be darkened. The light of the sun could be shut off for a certain country or region. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.10.22|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 10:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.10.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.10.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.33|AUTODETECT|” . Luther, Calvin, Zahn, Ridderbos, etc., prefer the translation land for ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.33|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.45|AUTODETECT|” . Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.45|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.44|AUTODETECT|” and here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.44|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Even if the translation land instead of earth should be correct, as may well be the case, the fact must not be ignored that the darkness enveloped the whole land, and was therefore very extensive.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 As to the third question, Did it have any meaning? here a positive answer is certainly in order. Yes, it did have a very important meaning. The darkness meant judgment, the judgment of God upon our sins. This punishment was borne by Jesus, so that he, as our Substitute, suffered most intense agony, indescribable woe, terrible isolation or forsakenness. Hell came to Calvary that day, and the Savior descended into it and bore its horrors in our stead. How do we know that this answer is correct? Note the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.5.30|AUTODETECT|” a. Darkness in Scripture is very often a symbol of judgment. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.5.30|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 5:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.60.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.60.2|AUTODETECT|” 60:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.2.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.2.30|AUTODETECT|” Joel 2:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.2.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.2.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.5.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.5.18|AUTODETECT|” Amos 5:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.5.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.5.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=36.1.14-36.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=36.1.14-36.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Zeph. 1:14 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.29|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.30|AUTODETECT|” 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.17|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 2:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.12-66.6.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.12-66.6.17|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 6:12 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” b. With a view to his impending death the Savior had himself stated that he was giving and was about to give his life as a ransom for many 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.28|AUTODETECT|” 26:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.46|AUTODETECT|” c. The agony suffered by our Lord during these three hours was such that he finally uttered the explanatory words found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , but not recorded by Luke, the words, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 45b. And the curtain of the sanctuary was torn in two.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.19|AUTODETECT|” Does this have reference to the outer veil the one between the sanctuary and the rest of the temple or to the inner, the one between the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies? On the basis of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.19|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 6:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.3|AUTODETECT|” 9:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.3|AUTODETECT|” ; and 10:20, all of which refer to the inner veil, it is natural to think of this second or inner curtain. As Godet points out,��602�� this veil alone had a typical sense, and alone bore, strictly speaking, the name katapetasma [the word used in the original]. Similarly C. Schneider states,��603�� The evangelists are almost certainly thinking of the inner curtain, since the other had no great significance. That the rent veil of the Synoptics is the one to which ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.3|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 refers is also the view of F. F. Bruce.��604��) 1 2 2 8 0 0 As often, so also now, Luke is not arranging his material chronologically when he mentions the tearing of this curtain before reporting the actual death of Christ. Matthew and Mark make clear that the rending of the veil followed immediately upon Christ s death; one might even say, occurred at the moment of that death. Through that death the way into the heavenly sanctuary was opened.) But something can be said also in favor of Luke s arrangement. It is again, as often, topical. He first mentions the material signs (the darkness and the rending of the veil), then the death, and then, without interruption, the effect of that death upon people: (a) upon the centurion, (b) upon the crowds, (c) upon the women from Galilee.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.10.19|AUTODETECT|” At the moment of Christ s death this curtain was suddenly sliced in two from top to bottom, as Matthew and Mark relate. This happened at three o clock, when priests must have been busy in the temple. How did it come about? Not through natural wear, for in that case there would probably have been rents all over, and the tearing would more likely have been from the bottom up. Nor is it at all probable that Matthew, who immediately afterward mentions an earthquake (27:51), is trying to convey the idea that this splitting in two of the curtain was caused by the earthquake. Had that been his intention, would he not have mentioned the earthquake before the tearing of the curtain?

What happened must be regarded as a miracle. Any secondary means that may have been used to effect it are not mentioned, and it would be futile to speculate. As to the symbolic significance, this is made clear by two considerations: first, it occurred at the moment when Jesus died; secondly, it is explained in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.10.19|AUTODETECT|”
Heb. 10:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.10.20|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.10.20|AUTODETECT|”
20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|”: through the death of Christ, symbolized by the tearing of the curtain, the way into the Holy of Holies, that is, heaven, is opened to all those who take refuge in him. For the practical lesson see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . More may be implied, but by limiting the interpretation to this we are on safe ground.) 1 2 2 8 0 0

And with a loud voice Jesus cried out, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.) The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth words of the cross (see above, pp. 1027, 1028) are not reported by Luke. He does, however, report the first, second, and seventh. What a beautiful relation between the first and the last of these seven words. Do they not show that from first to last the Son of God never rejects his Father? He keeps clinging to him throughout; yes, even when he utters the fourth word. Even then Jesus calls the One who had sent him my God. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.31.5|AUTODETECT|” The final word, by means of which the Savior, making use of the phraseology of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.31.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 31:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.31.5|AUTODETECT|” , entrusts his soul to the care of his Father is beautiful because of: (a) what it retains of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.31.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 31:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; (b) what it adds; and (c) what it omits.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” a. It retains I commend my spirit. This is significant, for it indicates that the Savior died the only kind of death that was able to satisfy the justice of God and to save man. It had to be a voluntary sacrifice. The very fact that Jesus uttered this word with a loud voice also shows that he willingly, voluntarily laid down his life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.15|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 b. It adds the significant word Father, not found in the psalm. The importance of this word at this point has already been indicated.) c. It omits the clause that immediately follows in the psalm, namely, Thou hast redeemed me. In the case of Christ, the Sinless One, no such redemption was necessary nor even possible.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” The closing words of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.4|AUTODETECT|” , namely, And when he had said this, he breathed his last, show the calm restfulness (Geldenhuys) in the mind and heart of Jesus at the moment when his soul parted from this earth. Having fully accomplished the work the Father gave him to do 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.4|AUTODETECT|” John 17:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ), he enjoyed to the full the peace of God that surpasses all understanding 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0

Now when the centurion saw what had happened, he began to praise God, saying, Surely, this was a righteous man.) The centurion had seen how Jesus had been conducting himself in the midst of all the wicked taunts and mockeries and all the pain he suffered. And now there was that loud cry of restful resignation; rather, of voluntary surrender. It was a cry of confidence, a cry which once it was heard could never be forgotten.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.51-40.27.54|AUTODETECT|” This legionary was in all likelihood not a Jew. His heart had not been hardened against Jesus, as had the hearts of many of the Jews, especially those of their leaders. Besides, he had seen and must have felt how even nature reacted to the death of Jesus. Think of the earthquake, the splitting of the rocks, and the opening of the tombs 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.51-40.27.54|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:51 54) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.54|AUTODETECT|” So, he began to praise or glorify God, saying, Surely, this was a righteous man. This probably means that he glorified God by acknowledging the righteousness of Jesus. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.54|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.39|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.39|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 state that he said, Surely, this (man) was God s Son. Undoubtedly he said both, proclaiming Jesus to be both God s Son and a righteous man. There is no conflict.) 1 1 2 8 0 0
And all the crowds that had come together to witness this spectacle, after observing what had occurred, began to return, beating their breasts.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.36|AUTODETECT|” This is not difficult to understand. Think of what these people had heard and seen and experienced. There had been the three hours of darkness, the earthquake, the splitting of the rocks, the opening of graves. Add to this the behavior of Jesus, including his words of trust in the heavenly Father and forgiveness toward men. Besides, many of these people must have been filled with a feeling of guilt. They must have said to themselves over and over again, We did this. In saying this they were right 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.36|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.14|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.15|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.13|AUTODETECT|” So, returning to the city, they began to beat their breasts in self-reproach. In this connection see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.13|AUTODETECT|” Luke 18:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.27|AUTODETECT|” 23:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Lenski states their feelings admirably, They came to witness a show; they left with feelings of woe. ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 This explains, at least to some extent, why on the Day of Pentecost there were no less than three thousand conversions. It may also go far to explain the temporary hesitancy on the part of the Jewish authorities to persecute the followers of Jesus.) 49. But all his acquaintances, including the women who had followed him from Galilee, were standing afar off, watching these things.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.26|AUTODETECT|” Who were these acquaintances that stood afar off? As far as the men are concerned, from the Gospel of John we learn that the disciple whom Jesus loved was standing close enough to the cross so that he could hear what Jesus said to him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.26|AUTODETECT|” John 19:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Were any of the other Eleven also present? Were Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.25|AUTODETECT|” Our passage states that the acquaintances, men and women, were standing afar off, perhaps from fear that harm might befall them if they tried to come closer. On the other hand, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.25|AUTODETECT|” John 19:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 seems to place these acquaintances near the cross. Did they perhaps stand afar off at first, and did they draw closer later on when they had become convinced that the soldiers would not harm them? Something like this may well have happened.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.26|AUTODETECT|” As to the identity of the women, this group included some, and may have included all of the following: (a) Mary the mother of Jesus Not for very long did she stand near the cross 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.26|AUTODETECT|” John 19:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.27|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.56|AUTODETECT|” ); (b) Mary s sister Salome, who was the mother of the sons of Zebedee; (c) Mary the wife of Clopas = the mother of James the Less and of Joses, and (d) Mary Magdalene. This suggested grouping results from a comparison of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.56|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:56) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.40|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.40|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.41|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.41|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.25|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.25|AUTODETECT|” John 19:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.10|AUTODETECT|” .) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.3|AUTODETECT|” also mentions Joanna. And note also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.3|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.10|AUTODETECT|” , where a lady by that name is called the wife of Chuza, manager of Herod s household, and where Susanna s name is added. For more on this subject see N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 431, 432 and see above, on 8:2, 3. No doubt there were other women who are not named; note the phrase among others in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Notable women were these, and this for at least three reasons:) a. With the exception of John none of the other disciples who belonged to the group of eleven is reported to have been present at Calvary, but these women were present! They displayed rare courage.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.2|AUTODETECT|” b. We are distinctly told that they were women who had followed Jesus from Galilee to Jerusalem and had been in the habit of ministering to his needs. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.2|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.3|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.3|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 . They had given evidence of hearts filled with love and sympathy.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 c. Being witnesses of Christ s death, burial, and resurrection appearance, they were qualified witnesses of facts of redemption on which, under God, the church depends for its faith.��605��) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.26-42.23.49|AUTODETECT|” Practical Lessons Derived from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.26-42.23.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:26 49) 1 8 2 8 0 0 Verse 28) Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, etc.) When someone wrongs us we tend to exaggerate the wrong and to pity ourselves. Jesus did the opposite: in the midst of the agonies he suffered as the Innocent, in fact, the Righteous One, his heart went out to others. He was seeking to save them.) Verse 34) Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing. This was true then. But as the centuries roll along and the gospel continues to spread, the words for they do not know, etc., lose a bit of their relevance. Therefore, Today, O that you would hear his voice! ) Since Jesus prayed even for his tormentors he certainly is our Intercessor now.) IN ONE SENSE HOW FALSE IN ANOTHER HOW TRUE ) ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.42|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.35|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.35|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 : Others he saved; he cannot save himself. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.50|AUTODETECT|” John 11:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.14|AUTODETECT|” 18:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 : It is expedient that one man die for the people. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.5|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 : He stirs up the people. ) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Verse 46) And with a loud voice Jesus cried out, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. And when he had said this, he breathed his last. ) In the theology of Luke what was the significance of Christ s death?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.22|AUTODETECT|” That Luke viewed it as a divine must and as a ransom for sin, resulting in the salvation of all who trust in the Savior, is clear from such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.22|AUTODETECT|” Luke 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.49|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.49|AUTODETECT|” 12:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.50|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.12.50|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.19|AUTODETECT|” 22:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.20|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.25|AUTODETECT|” 23:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.32-44.8.35|AUTODETECT|” ); 24:25 27, 44 49; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.32-44.8.35|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8:32 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.19|AUTODETECT|” !). Luke and Paul were close friends and frequently were travel companions. When these two describe the Lord s Supper, in which the meaning of Christ s death is set forth, they do so in language that is almost identical 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.19|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.20|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.23-46.11.25|AUTODETECT|” with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.23-46.11.25|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:23 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.24|AUTODETECT|” ). And Paul s doctrine of redemption through the payment of a ransom, effective for all who place their trust in Christ, is well known 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.24|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.8|AUTODETECT|” 5:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.18|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.1|AUTODETECT|” 8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.20|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 16 2 8 0 0 ) Notes on Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 23:26 49) Verse 26) ��, nom. pl. masc. 2nd aor. middle participle of ��, to catch, lay hold of.) ��, third per. pl. aor. indicat. act. of ��, to place or lay upon.) Verse 27) ��, third per. pl. imperf. indicat. middle of ��, to beat oneself while mourning, to mourn, lament. See the note on 8:52 on page 467.) Verse 29) Though �� is pres. tense, this pres. is clearly futuristic, as is our English Days are coming. ) Verse 30) ��, sec. per. pl. 2nd aor. imperat. of ��, to fall.) ��, dat. pl. of ��, a hill; cf. 3:5.) ��, sec. per. pl. aor. imperat. act. of ��. to cover.) Verse 31) Q��, dat. s. neut. of Q��, only here in the New Testament, wet, moist, humid, fresh, green.) ��, dat. s. of ��. Cf. xylophone. The following meanings of this word in the New Testament can be distinguished:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.12|AUTODETECT|” a. wood 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.12|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 18:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , twice).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.47|AUTODETECT|” b. things made of wood: club, cudgel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.47|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:47) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.55|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.55|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.43|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.43|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.48|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.48|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.52|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.52|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.24|AUTODETECT|” ); pl. stocks 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.30|AUTODETECT|” c. tree of the cross 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.39|AUTODETECT|” 10:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.29|AUTODETECT|” 13:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.24|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.7|AUTODETECT|” d. tree of life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.2|AUTODETECT|” 22:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.14|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.19|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.31|AUTODETECT|” The question, then, is, To which group does the word �� as used here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 belong? ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.17.24|AUTODETECT|” Among those who favor the rendering tree though here obviously neither tree of the cross nor tree of life are L.N.T. (A. and G.), A.V., A.R.V., N.A.S., Beck, N.I.V. But, for the reason stated in the commentary, this view is hard to defend. All things considered, the rendering wood must be considered the best. So also J. Schneider, art. on this word in Th.D.N.T., Vol. V, p. 38, R.S.V., N.E.B., Berkeley, Lenski, Phillips, Williams, Robertson, Weymouth, Goodspeed, Greijdanus, Moffatt, Jerusalem Bible, Dutch (both old and new), Schlatter, Frisian, South African, etc. The references to Talmud and Midrash in S.BK., Vol. II, p. 263, are also in line with this translation. Since the underlying figure in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.17.24|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 17:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.31|AUTODETECT|” is entirely different, that passage too fails to support the sense tree here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , as Schlatter (Das Evangelium des Lukas, Stuttgart, 1960, p. 449) and Schneider have pointed out.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 ��, third per. s. 2nd aor. subjunct. (deliberat.) of ��, to become, happen to, be done to.) Verse 32) $��, third per. pl. imperf. (descriptive) pass. of ��, to lead, bring.) ��, nom. pl. masc. of �� (�� plus ��), evildoer, criminal.) ��, aor. pass. infinitive of ��, to lift up from the ground, to put to death, execute. See on 22:2.) Verse 33) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.33|AUTODETECT|” ��, Skull 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.33|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.22|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.17|AUTODETECT|” John 19:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Cf. cranium.) 1 16 2 8 0 0 Verse 34) Although the words, Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing, are omitted in some of the best manuscripts, who would be bold enough to ascribe them to anyone but Jesus? Besides, the textual support for their retention cannot be regarded as weak.) ��, sec. per. s. 2nd aor. imperat. of ��; here in the sense of to forgive. For a summary of meanings of this verb see the note on 4:39 on page 271.) Verses 35, 36) �1��, third per. s. past perf. of 5��, with sense of imperf.; hence, they were standing (by). ) ��, third per. pl. imperf. (iterat. or progress.) of ��; see on 16:14, to sneer, mock, scoff. Note first class (simple) conditional sentence in verse 35 and again in verse 37.) ��, third per. s. imperat. (effect.) act. of ��, to save.) Verse 37) From the same verb is also ��, here and in verse 39, sec. per. s. aor. imperat. act.) Verse 38) ��, superscription. Cf. epigraph.) Verse 39) ��, gen. pl. masc. aor. pass. participle of ��, to hang; pass. to be hanged; here: on a cross; hence, to be crucified; said of the crucified criminals. For a related word see the note on 8:33 on page 452.) Verse 40) ��, nom. s. masc. pres. participle of ��, here to rebuke; but see also the note on 4:35 on page 267.) ��, sec. per. s. pres. indicat. middle of ��, to fear.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.7|AUTODETECT|” ��, dat. s. of ��, judicial verdict, judgment, sentence. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 6:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , lawsuit.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Verse 41) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.41|AUTODETECT|” ��, acc. s. of ��, out of place, improper. In the New Testament this word occurs four times: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.41|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.25.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.25.5|AUTODETECT|” Acts 25:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.6|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.2|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 6 2 8 0 0 Verse 42) �� , remember me. The verbal form is sec. per. s. aor. imperat. pass. of the simple verb ��. The compound form is found in 22:61.) ��, sec. per. s. 2nd aor. subjunct. of ��, to come.) Verse 44) Note: about the sixth hour & until the ninth hour ; i.e., by Jewish time reckoning: from noon until 3 P.M.) Verse 45) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Note gen. absolute the sun failing. The reading �� !�� is probably the best. The verbal form is gen. s. of the pres. act. participle of ��, to fail, run out; see the note on 16:9 on page 779; cf. 22:32; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Cf. eclipse, though what happened at Calvary cannot have been a solar eclipse in the technical sense. See the explanation.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 ��, third per. s. aor. indicat. pass. of ��, to tear. See the note on 5:36 on page 312.) Verse 46) ��, first per. s. pres. indicat. middle of ��, to place by the side of, to set before, commit, commend, entrust. See also 9:16; 10:8; 11:6; 12:48. In Luke s Gospel-Acts this verb occurs almost as often as in all the rest of the New Testament.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.37|AUTODETECT|” ��, third per. s. aor. indicat. of ��, to breathe out, expire; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.37|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.39|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 12 2 8 0 0 Verse 47) D��, really, without any doubt, certainly; cf. 24:34.) Verse 48) ��, nom. pl. masc. 2nd aor. participle of ��, to come to the side of together, to gather; only here in the New Testament.) ��, acc. of ��, sight, spectacle; only here in the New Testament.) ��, nom. pl. masc. aor. participle of ��, to see, observe, contemplate. Cf. theorize. See also N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, p. 85.) Q��, third per. pl. imperf. (probably inchoative) indicat. of Q��, to return. This verb, in the New Testament occurring once each in Mark, Galatians, Hebrews, and II Peter, is found about thirty times in the writings of Luke!) Verse 49) For �1��, third per. pl. past. perf., see above, on verse 35 (s. there).) A��, nom. pl. fem. pres. act. participle of A��, to see.) ) 23:50 56 The Burial of Jesus) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.57-40.27.61|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.57-40.27.61|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:57 61) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.42-41.15.47|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.42-41.15.47|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:42 47) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.38-43.19.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.38-43.19.42|AUTODETECT|” John 19:38 42) 1 5 2 8 0 0 50 And behold, a man named Joseph, a member of the council, a good and upright man 51 he had not consented to their decision and action (a man) of Arimathea, a town of the Jews, who was constantly waiting for the kingdom of God, 52 this man went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. 53 Then he took it down, wrapped it in a linen cloth, and laid it in a rock-hewn tomb, in which no one had yet been laid. 54 It was Preparation Day, and the sabbath was about to begin.) 55 Now the women who had come with Jesus from Galilee followed closely and saw the tomb and how his body was laid. 56 Then they went home and prepared spices and perfumes. But during the sabbath they rested in obedience to the commandment.) ) 50 52. And behold, a man named Joseph, a member of the council, a good and upright man he had not consented to their decision and action (a man) of Arimathea, a town of the Jews, who was constantly waiting for the kingdom of God, this man went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus.) With reference to this man note the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.43|AUTODETECT|” a. Joseph was a member of the council, that is, of the Jewish Supreme Court, the Sanhedrin. According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.43|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 he was a distinguished, highly respected member, a prominent one, a person whose counsel must have been eagerly sought, one whose word carried weight.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.24|AUTODETECT|” b. He is called a good and upright man, one who reminds us of Barnabas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.64|AUTODETECT|” c. He proved his goodness of heart, his fairness and honesty, by not consenting to the decision and action of the Sanhedrin against Jesus. He had probably purposely remained absent from the meeting where the wicked deeds were perpetrated. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.64|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:64) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.1|AUTODETECT|” 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . According to these passages the action against Jesus was unanimous. That is why we say that Joseph had probably been absent.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.1.1|AUTODETECT|” d. He was a man from Arimathea, a town of the Jews. This probably means that he came from Ramah , the city of Samuel. In ancient times it was located in the tribe of Ephraim and was known also as Ramathaimzophim 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.1.1|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It was located about 32 kilometers (20 miles) northwest of Jerusalem.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.4-40.11.6|AUTODETECT|” e. He is said to have been constantly waiting for the kingdom of God. This probably means that, in harmony with Christ s own message 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.4-40.11.6|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:4 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.12|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.57|AUTODETECT|” ), Joseph believed that the reign of God in human hearts and lives was being established and that he ardently hoped for it to be established more and more. In a sense this man had already become a disciple of Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.57|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:57) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 b). The work of God had begun in him. That is why he wanted to do what was right.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.43|AUTODETECT|” Now this man went to Pilate to ask for the body of Jesus, that it might receive an honorable interment. It took courage to do this 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.43|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and for more than one reason. First, it should be borne in mind that according to Roman law those condemned to death had lost the right to be buried.��606��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.20-43.19.22|AUTODETECT|” Add to this the fact that Pilate hated the Jews and had but a little while ago refused their request to change the wording of the superscription 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.20-43.19.22|AUTODETECT|” John 19:20 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But more than that, by means of what Joseph of Arimathea was now doing he was openly professing before the entire world, including the Sanhedrin, that he was a believer in Jesus Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.38|AUTODETECT|” Yes, it took real courage. He had been a secret disciple, one who for fear of the Jews did not dare to stand up openly for Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.38|AUTODETECT|” John 19:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.22|AUTODETECT|” ). Terrible were the threats of the Sanhedrin against the followers of Jesus. Read ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.22|AUTODETECT|” John 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.42|AUTODETECT|” 12:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 But now, because of God s sovereign grace, there was a change, a significant change in the heart and life of Joseph. By his action he shows that he now insists on being openly counted on the side of the disciples of Jesus. He will no longer be merely a secret disciple.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.44|AUTODETECT|” How did Pilate answer his request? Here Luke, as often, abbreviates. Details omitted by Luke are found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.44|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.45|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.45|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 :) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Pilate was surprised to hear that Jesus was already dead. So, summoning the centurion, he asked whether Jesus had already died. When he was so informed by the centurion, he granted the body to Joseph. ) Now back to Luke again:) 53, 54. Then he took it down, wrapped it in a linen cloth, and laid it in a rock-hewn tomb, in which no one had yet been laid. It was Preparation Day, and the sabbath was about to begin.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.39-43.19.42|AUTODETECT|” The words, He took it down, cannot mean that Joseph did this all by himself. He had helpers. One of them was Nicodemus. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.39-43.19.42|AUTODETECT|” John 19:39 42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.57|AUTODETECT|” . And there were probably others, servants perhaps. It must be borne in mind that Joseph of Arimathea was a rich man 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.57|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:57) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.40|AUTODETECT|” Having taken the body down Joseph treated it in accordance with the burial custom of the Jews 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.40|AUTODETECT|” John 19:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This probably includes that it was washed. All three Synoptics state that the body was wrapped in linen. As the linen was wound tightly around the body limb by limb, the mixture of myrrh and aloes supplied by Nicodemus was strewn in.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Then the body was carried to Joseph s tomb. The distance was probably very short, for, since it was the Day of Preparation, that is, Friday, and since sunset, that is, the sabbath, was approaching, the body of Jesus could not be buried in a distant tomb. Time would not allow. With reference to this tomb note also the following:) a. It was new, in the sense that it had never been used. Decay and decomposition had never entered it. It was therefore a fit resting place for the body of the Lord. In this connection see the remarks on 19:30, a colt on which no one ever sat. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.60|AUTODETECT|” b. It was Joseph s own tomb. Moreover, he himself had hewn it (or caused it to be hewn) out of bedrock 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.60|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” ). ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 comes to mind, He was with a rich man in his death. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.60|AUTODETECT|” c. From 24:2 it becomes clear that a stone had been placed against the tomb s entrance. With respect to this stone see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.60|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.2|AUTODETECT|” 28:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.46|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.3|AUTODETECT|” 16:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.4|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.1|AUTODETECT|” John 20:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . It was huge and heavy, resembling a great millstone.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.5|AUTODETECT|” For the probable location of the tomb, just outside the city wall, probably at or very close to the place assigned to it in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, see above, on verses 32, 33. More details about the placing of the body of Jesus in this tomb Luke does nor supply. See, however, footnote 610 on p. 1052; also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.5|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.5-43.20.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.5-43.20.7|AUTODETECT|” John 20:5 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 55, 56. Now the women who had come with Jesus from Galilee followed closely and saw the tomb and how his body was laid. Then they went home and prepared spices and perfumes. But during the sabbath they rested in obedience to the commandment.) Although there is nothing to show that the women (see verse 49) assisted in any way with the taking down of the body and the interment, they remained keenly interested in what was going on. They followed closely so that they saw exactly where the tomb was and how the body was laid. Then they went home and prepared spices and perfumes.

But so close was the beginning of the sabbath that they were unable to make all the necessary preparations before the beginning of the day of rest. During that day, in strict obedience to the commandment, they rested.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.1|AUTODETECT|” And now the sabbath was ended. Accordingly it was now Saturday after 6 P.M. The bazaars were open again. So, as we learn from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.1-43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” , Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome purchased spices in order that without any further delay they might go to the tomb the very next morning and anoint Jesus body. It is true that Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus had already wound linen bandages around the body, strewing in a mixture of myrrh and aloes. But the corpse had not yet been anointed. The living body had been anointed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.1-43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” John 12:1 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) but not the dead one. Besides, a week had gone by since the other anointing had taken places.��607��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.50-42.23.56|AUTODETECT|” Practical Lessons Derived from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.50-42.23.56|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:50 56) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Verses 50 53, 55, 56) Joseph asked for the body of Jesus, took it down, wrapped it in a linen cloth, and laid it in a rock-hewn tomb. ) Women & from Galilee & prepared spices and perfumes. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.28|AUTODETECT|” In Christ there is neither male nor female 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.28|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 With respect to Christ s body) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.62-40.27.66|AUTODETECT|” a. The enemies fear that the disciples of Jesus will steal it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.62-40.27.66|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:62 66) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.50-42.23.54|AUTODETECT|” b. Joseph of Arimathea provides an honorable interment for it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.50-42.23.54|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:50 54) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 c. Women disciples come to anoint it (24:1 and parallels).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.3|AUTODETECT|” d. God raises it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.4|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.50-46.15.58|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.50-46.15.58|AUTODETECT|” 50 58) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.23|AUTODETECT|” e. Paul describes Christ s raised body as being a prototype of the glorious resurrection body believers will one day receive from God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.20|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 ) Notes on Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 23:50 56) There is a kind of poetic cadence, a rhythmic beauty, about the manner in which Luke, led by the Spirit, expresses himself in the lengthy sentence (verses 50 53). It may well be questioned whether something of this beauty is not lost when in translation this sentence is broken up into several little pieces.) Verse 50) ��v 0��. Luke has been reporting so many terrible things men did to Jesus that he calls special attention to the deed of a man who was of the opposite disposition. Note, therefore, And behold! Among several translators who have tried to preserve this special emphasis are the following: Lenski, A.R.V., N.A.S., Dutch (both new and old).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.43|AUTODETECT|” ��, both here and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.43|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a member of the council or Sanhedrin. Cf. ��, to impart counsel.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Verse 51) &� ��, third per. s. periphrastic perf. middle of ��, lit. to set down together, to assent, agree.) ��, third per. s. imperf. (descript. and progress.) of ��, to look forward to, wait for. The word is also used in the sense of to welcome (15:2).) Verse 53) ��, nom. s. masc. 2nd aor. participle of ��, here: to take down. But see also 1:52 and 12:18. However, the verbs took it down, wrapped and laid are probably causative: he caused it to be taken down, etc. He did not do it all by himself.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.59|AUTODETECT|” ��, third per. s. aor. indicat. act. of ��, to wrap up in. The word has the same meaning in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.59|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:59) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.7|AUTODETECT|” . In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.7|AUTODETECT|” John 20:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 it means to fold up.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.59|AUTODETECT|” ��, dat. s. of ��, linen cloth. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.59|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:59) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.51|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.52|AUTODETECT|” 52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.46|AUTODETECT|” 15:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 6 2 8 0 0 ��, dat. s. neut. of �� (��, rock, stone, plus ��, to hew), rockhewn, in the New Testament a hapax legomenon.) &� ��, third per. s. periphrastic imperf. of ��, to lie, to be laid; hence here had been laid (as if the verbal form were a pluperf. passive).) Verse 54) Even the modern Greek word for Friday is ��. It is the day of preparation for the sabbath.) ��, third per. s. imperf. indicat. of ��, basically: to dawn; more generally: to begin. The expression refers here to the time of sunset when, according to Jewish time reckoning, a new day begins.) Verse 55) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.17|AUTODETECT|” ��, nom. pl. fem. aor. participle of ��**, to follow closely, in the New Testament only here and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 5 2 8 0 0 &�� , third per. pl. periphrastic past perf. act. of ��, to come with, accompany.) ��, third per. pl. aor. indicat. of ��, to see, behold. See N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, p. 85.) ��, third per. s. aor. indicat. pass. of ��, to lay, place.) Verse 56) �x ��, acc. of extent of time, (all) during the sabbath, throughout the sabbath.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.18|AUTODETECT|” !��, third per. pl. aor. indicat. of !��, to rest; in 14:4, to be silent. This verb also occurs in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.14|AUTODETECT|” 21:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 23) When Jesus had openly confessed before the Sanhedrin that he was indeed the Messiah, the very Son of God, that body had condemned him to death. But Roman law did not permit the Jews to carry out that sentence. So now the entire assembly brought Jesus to Pilate, the procurator , who at that time was staying in the praetorium or the governor s Jerusalem residence.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.33-43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” The Jewish authorities, having been compelled by Pilate to present a formal bill of indictment, advanced several charges, amounting to the accusation, Jesus is guilty of high treason. He considers himself a king. When Pilate asked Jesus whether he was indeed the king of the Jews, he answered, It is as you say. From ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.33-43.18.38|AUTODETECT|” John 18:33 38) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 we learn that Jesus explained to Pilate that the implied kingdom was spiritual, not political. At the close of the interview Pilate told the chief priests and the crowds, No crime whatever do I find in this man. But the enemies of Jesus answered, He stirs up the people, teaching throughout the entire country of the Jews, starting from Galilee and continuing even to this place (verses 1 5).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 When Pilate heard that Jesus hailed from Galilee, he, anxious to get rid of the case, decided to bind the defendant over to Herod, Galilee s tetrarch . The chief priests and scribes, who had come along, vehemently accused Jesus before Herod. It will be recalled that Herod (Antipas) was the ruler who had caused John the Baptist to be beheaded. Afterward, when miracles performed by Jesus were reported to him, he had exclaimed, This is John the Baptist, risen from the dead. Now he was anxious to see Jesus and especially to witness some of his miracles. However, Jesus refused to satisfy the wicked ruler.

Before Herod he did not even open his mouth, since that ruler had hardened himself in sin. The result of Christ s refusal to answer was that Herod, having treated Jesus with contempt, dressed him in a bright robe and returned him to Pilate (verses 6 12).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Pilate now thought of another way of shaking off his own responsibility. He told the crowds (in substance), Since neither I nor Herod have found Jesus guilty of the charges you have brought against him, I will punish him and then release him. He thought that merely punishing Jesus would satisfy the accusers. But the shouted answer came back, Away with this man. Release Barabbas to us. Barabbas was an insurrectionist and murderer. Yet, the Jews, given the opportunity to ask for the release of any one prisoner at Passover time, as was the custom, demanded that Barabbas be released and Jesus crucified. And though Pilate repeatedly asserted Christ s innocence and wanted him to be released 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Acts 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.12|AUTODETECT|” ), the Jews, urged on by their leaders, continued to demand the crucifixion of Jesus. At last Pilate, intimidated by the threat recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.12|AUTODETECT|” John 19:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , yielded, and sentenced Jesus to be crucified (verses 13 25).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.13|AUTODETECT|” At first Jesus carried the cross himself. When he could no longer carry it, the soldiers forced Simon of Cyrene to do so. Mark s parallel (15:21) calls Simon the father of Alexander and Rufus. Paul writes, Greet Rufus, the chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Was the mother of Rufus the wife of the Simon who carried Christ s cross? We cannot be sure.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 To certain women of Jerusalem who were lamenting Jesus, he said, Do not weep for me but for yourselves and for your children & for if men do this to the green wood, what will happen to the dry? ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.18|AUTODETECT|” Two criminals were crucified with Jesus, one on his right, the other on his left. With reference to all who had brought these agonies upon him, the Savior prayed, Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing. His clothes were divided by lot among the soldiers. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.18|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 22:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.23|AUTODETECT|” John 19:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The people were looking on; the rulers were scoffing. They said, Others he saved; let him save himself, etc. The soldiers offered him sour wine and said, If you are the king of the Jews, save yourself. The superscription above Jesus head read, This is the king of the Jews. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 At first both crucified criminals hurled abuse at Jesus. Finally one repented and asked the Savior to remember him. Jesus answered, I solemnly declare to you, today you will be with me in Paradise (verses 26 43).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.31.5|AUTODETECT|” From noon until 3 P.M. darkness covered the land. In connection with Jesus death the curtain of the sanctuary was sliced in two, indicating that by his substitutionary sufferings Jesus had opened the way to heaven for all believers. It was with a loud voice that he cried out, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.31.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 31:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.39|AUTODETECT|” When the centurion saw what had happened he cried out, Surely, this was a righteous man. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.39|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.37|AUTODETECT|” . The crowds returned to the city beating their breasts in self-reproach. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.37|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . But all his acquaintances, including the women who had followed him from Galilee, were standing afar off, watching these things (verses 44 49).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.57|AUTODETECT|” Before sunset (i.e., before the sabbath) Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the council and according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.57|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:57) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.60|AUTODETECT|” a rich man, having secured permission from Pilate, took down Christ s body, wrapped it in linen, and laid it in his own rock-hewn tomb 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.60|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” ), fulfilling the prophecy of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.1|AUTODETECT|” The women who had come with Jesus from Galilee followed and saw where the body was laid. They went home and prepared spices and perfumes, so that, having rested throughout the sabbath and having afterward made further preparations 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), they might be ready to come and anoint the body of Jesus on Sunday morning. Such was their intention (verses 50 56).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 ) ) ) ) 580 Or: basis for a charge.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.31|AUTODETECT|” 581 Many sources can be quoted to prove this point; e.g., Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, 41a; Abodah Zarah, 8b (the Jer. Talmud contains similar proof); A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament, Oxford, 1963, pp. 1 47; E. Lohse, art. in Th.D.N.T., Vol. VII, p. 865, etc. But in the present connection none of these are really necessary. All that is needed for anyone who still accepts Scripture as the Word of God is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.31|AUTODETECT|” John 18:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 b, The Jews said to Pilate, We have no right to execute anyone. In fact, in order to prove his point, namely, that the Jews did not have this right, Lohse appeals to this passage!) 1 5 2 8 0 0 582 Sources on Pilate are, first of all, The Gospels; then Philo, De legationem ad Caium XXXVIII; Josephus, Antiquities XVIII.55 64; 85 89; Josephus, The Jewish War II.169 177; Tacitus, Annals XV.xliv; and Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History I.ix, x; II.ii, vii. See also G. A. M�ller, Pontius Pilatus der f�nfte Prokurator von Jud�a, Stuttgart, 1888; and P. L. Maier, Pontius Pilate, Garden City, New York, 1968.) N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) 583 Or: dressed him in a bright robe.) 584 For the location of this palace see G. A. Turner, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Grand Rapids, 1973, pp. 27, 28.) 585 Notes on Greek words, phrases, and constructions in 23:1 12 begin on this page.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.15|AUTODETECT|” 586 Sufficient textual support is lacking for verse 17 ( for of necessity he must release one unto them at the feast, A.V.). But for the thought see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.6|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.39|AUTODETECT|” John 18:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 30 2 8 0 0 587 Or: cried out.) 588 Or: began to prevail.) 589 See A. N. Sherwin-White, op. cit., p. 27.) 590 See J. Blinzler, Der Prozess Jesu, pp. 301 303.) 591 Notes on Greek words, phrases, and constructions in 23:13 25 begin on page 1020.) 592 Or: were mourning.) 593 Or: Then they will say.) 594 This prayer is omitted by certain ancient manuscripts.) 595 Or: was hurling abuse at; or: began to blaspheme; or: was blaspheming.) 596 Literally: we are getting (a penalty) worthy of [or: corresponding to] the things we have done.) 597 Or: improper.) 598 The popularity of this proverb, in its various forms, as summarized in S.BK., Vol. II, p. 263, is very interesting.) Th.D.N.T. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by G.

Kittel and G. Friedrich, and translated from the German by G. W. Bromiley) 599 For more on this see the following: L. H. Grollenberg, op. cit., p. 115; G.

A. Turner, op. cit., p. 336; H. Mulder, Spoorzoeker, p. 157; and C. Kopp, The Holy Places of the Gospels, New York, 1963, pp. 374 388.) A.V. Authorized Version (King James)) 600 Or: 12 noon.) 601 Or: 3 P.M.) 602 Op. cit., Vol. II, p. 336.) 603 Th.D.N.T., Vol.

III, p. 629.) 604 The Epistle to the Hebrews (N.I.C.), p. 246.) 605 Notes on Greek words, phrases, and constructions in 23:26 49 begin on page 1039.) L.N.T. W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature) A.R.V.

American Standard Revised Version) N.I.V. New International Version of The New Testament) R.S.V. Revised Standard Version) N.E.B. New English Bible) S.BK. Strack and Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch) 606 See Tacitus, Annals VI.29.) 607 Notes on Greek words, phrases, and constructions in 23:50 56 begin on this page.) )

New Testament Commentary (Baker)

William Hendriksen (1900–1982) was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian and professor at Calvin Theological Seminary. His New Testament Commentary series, later completed by Simon J. Kistemaker, covers the entire New Testament and is one of the most highly regarded Reformed commentary sets of the …

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New Testament

MAT MRK LUK JHN ACT ROM 1CO 2CO GAL EPH PHP COL 1TH 2TH 1TI 2TI TIT PHM HEB JAS 1PE 2PE 1JN 2JN 3JN JUD REV

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