John 11

John 11:1

Was sick (ηνασθενων). Periphrastic imperfect active of ασθενεω, old verb (from ασθενης, α privative, and σθενος, strength).

Lazarus (Λαζαρος). See on Lu 16:20 for the name of another man in the parable, a shortened form of Eleazer, only other N.T. use, but in Josephus and rabbinical writings. No connexion between this Lazarus and the one in the parable.

Of Bethany (αποΒηθανιας). Use of απο as in 1:44 Philip of Bethsaida and 1:45 Joseph of Nazareth. This Bethany is about two miles (11:18) east of Jerusalem on the south-east slope of Olivet and is now called El Azariyeh, from the name Lazarus. Jesus is still apparently at the other Bethany beyond Jordan (10:40). It is doubtful if a distinction is meant here by απο and εκ between Bethany as the residence and some other village (εκτηςκωμης) as the birthplace of Lazarus and the sisters.

Of Mary and Martha (ΜαριαςκαΜαρθας). Note Μαρθας, not Μαρθης for the genitive. Elsewhere (John 11:19; Luke 10:38) Martha comes first as the mistress and hostess. The two sisters are named for further identification of Lazarus. Martha was apparently the elder sister (John 11:5; John 11:19; Luke 10:38). “The identification of Mary with Mary Magdalene is a mere conjecture supported by no direct evidence, and opposed to the general tenor of the Gospels” (Westcott).

John 11:2

And it was that Mary which anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair (ηνδεΜαριαμηαλειψασατονκυριονμυρωκαεκμαξασατουςποδαςαυτουταιςθριξιναυτης). This description is added to make plainer who Mary is “whose brother Lazarus was sick” (ηςοαδελφοςΛαζαροςησθενε). There is an evident proleptic allusion to the incident described by John in 12:1-8 just after chapter 11. As John looks back from the end of the century it was all behind him, though the anointing (ηαλειψασα, first aorist active articular participle of αλειφω, old verb for which see Mr 6:13) took place after the events in chapter 11. The aorist participle is timeless and merely pictures the punctiliar act. The same remark applies to εκμαξασα, old verb εκμασσω, to wipe off or away (Isaiah 12:3; Isaiah 13:5; Luke 7:38; Luke 7:44).

Note the Aramaic form Μαριαμ as usual in John, but Μαριας in verse 1. When John wrote, it was as Jesus had foretold (Matthew 26:13), for the fame of Mary of Bethany rested on the incident of the anointing of Jesus. The effort to link Mary of Bethany with Mary Magdalene and then both names with the sinful woman of Lu 7:36-50 is gratuitous and to my mind grotesque and cruel to the memory of both Mary of Bethany and Mary Magdalene. Bernard may be taken as a specimen: “The conclusion is inevitable that John (or his editor) regarded Mary of Bethany as the same person who is described by Luke as αμαρτωλος.” This critical and artistic heresy has already been discussed in Vol. II on Luke’s Gospel. Suffice it here to say that Luke introduces Mary Magdalene as an entirely new character in 8:2 and that the details in Luke 7:36-50; John 12:1-8 have only superficial resemblances and serious disagreements.

John is not here alluding to Luke’s record, but preparing for his own in chapter 12. What earthly difficulty is there in two different women under wholly different circumstances doing a similar act for utterly different purposes?

John 11:3

Sent saying (απεστειλανλεγουσα). First aorist active indicative of αποστελλω and present active participle. The message was delivered by the messenger.

Thou lovest (φιλεις). Φιλεω means to love as a friend (see φιλος in verse 11) and so warmly, while αγαπαω (akin to αγαμα, to admire, and αγαθος, good) means high regard. Here both terms occur of the love of Jesus for Lazarus (ηγαπα in verse 5). Both occur of the Father’s love for the Son (αγαπα in 3:35, φιλε in 5:20). Hence the distinction is not always observed.

John 11:4

Heard it (ακουσας). The messenger delivered the message of the sisters. The reply of Jesus is for him and for the apostles.

Is not unto death (ουκεστινπροςθανατον). Death in the final issue, to remain dead. Lazarus did die, but he did not remain dead. See αμαρτιαπροςθανατον in 1 John 5:16, “sin unto death” (final death).

But for the glory of God (αλλ’ υπερτηςδοξηςτουθεου). In behalf of God’s glory, as the sequel shows. Cf. 9:3 about the man born blind. The death of Lazarus will illustrate God’s glory. In some humble sense those who suffer the loss of loved ones are entitled to some comfort from this point made by Jesus about Lazarus. In a supreme way it is true of the death of Christ which he himself calls glorification of himself and God (13:31). In 7:39 John had already used δοξαζω of the death of Christ.

That the Son of God may be glorified thereby (ιναδοξασθηουιοςτουθεουδι’ αυτης). Purpose clause with ινα and the first aorist passive subjunctive of δοξαζω. Here Jesus calls himself “the Son of God.” In 8:54 Jesus had said: “It is my Father that glorifieth me.” The raising of Lazarus from the tomb will bring glory to the Son of God. See 17:1 for this idea in Christ’s prayer. The raising of Lazarus will also bring to an issue his own death and all this involves the glorification of the Father (John 7:39; John 12:16; John 13:31; John 14:13). The death of Lazarus brings Jesus face to face with his own death.

John 11:5

Now Jesus loved (ηγαπαδε). Imperfect active of αγαπαω picturing the continued love of Jesus for this noble family where he had his home so often (Luke 10:38-42; John 12:1-8). The sisters expected him to come at once and to heal Lazarus.

John 11:6

That he was sick (οτασθενε). Present active indicative retained in indirect discourse after a secondary tense (ηκουσεν).

Two days (δυοημερας). Accusative of extent of time.

In the place where he was (ενωηντοπω). Incorporation of the antecedent τοπω into the relative clause, “in which place he was.” It was long enough for Lazarus to die and seemed unlike Jesus to the sisters.

John 11:7

Then after this (επειταμετατουτο). Επειτα (only here in John) means thereafter (Lu 16:7) and it is made plainer by the addition of μετατουτο (cf. John 2:12; John 11:11), meaning after the two days had elapsed.

Let us go into Judea again (ΑγωμενειςτηνΙουδαιανπαλιν). Volitive (hortative) subjunctive of αγω (intransitive use as in verses John 11:11; John 11:16). They had but recently escaped the rage of the Jews in Jerusalem (10:39) to this haven in Bethany beyond Jordan (10:40).

John 11:8

Were but now seeking to stone thee (νυνεζητουνσελιθασα). Conative imperfect of ζητεω with reference to the event narrated in 10:39 in these very words.

Goest thou thither again? (παλινυπαγειςεκει;). Present active intransitive use of the compound υπαγω, to withdraw (6:21; 8:21) from this safe retreat (Vincent). It seemed suicidal madness to go back now.

John 11:9

In the day (τηςημερας). Genitive of time, within the day, the twelve-hour day in contrast with night. The words of Jesus here illustrate what he had said in 9:4. It is not blind fatalism that Jesus proclaims, but the opposite of cowardice. He has full confidence in the Father s purpose about his “hour” which has not yet come. Jesus has courage to face his enemies again to do the Father’s will about Lazarus.

If a man walk in the day (εαντιςπεριπατηεντηημερα). Condition of the third class, a conceived case and it applies to Jesus who walks in the full glare of noonday. See 8:12 for the contrast between walking in the light and in the dark.

He stumbleth not (ουπροσκοπτε). He does not cut (or bump) against this or that obstacle, for he can see. Κοπτω is to cut and pros, against.

John 11:10

But if a man walk in the night (εανδετιςπεριπατηεντηνυκτ). Third condition again. It is spiritual darkness that Jesus here pictures, but the result is the same. See the same figure in 12:35 (1 John 2:11). The ancients had poor illumination at night as indeed we did before Edison gave us electric lights. Pedestrians actually used to have little lamps fastened on the feet to light the path.

In him (εναυτω). Spiritual darkness, the worst of all (cf. Matthew 6:23; John 8:12). Man has the capacity for light, but is not the source of light. “By the application of this principle Christianity is distinguished from Neo-Platonism” (Westcott).

John 11:11

Is fallen asleep (κεκοιμητα). Perfect passive indicative of κοιμαω, old verb to put to sleep. Common as a metaphor for death like our cemetery.

I go (πορευομα). Futuristic use of the present tense as in 14:2.

That I may awake him out of sleep (ιναεξυπνισωαυτον). Purpose clause with ινα and the first aorist active subjunctive of εξυπνιζω, a late compound (εξ, υπνος, sleep) for the older αφυπνιζω, here only in the N.T. See Job 14:12 where also it occurs along with κοιμαομα.

John 11:12

He will recover (σωθησετα). Future passive indicative of σωζω used in its original sense of being or getting well (safe and sound). Conclusion of the condition of the first class (εκεκοιμητα).

John 11:13

Had spoken (ειρηκε). Past perfect of ειπον (ερω). The disciples had misunderstood Christ’s metaphor for death.

That he spake (οτλεγε). Present active indicative retained in indirect discourse after the secondary tense (εδοξαν).

Of taking rest in sleep (περτηςκοιμησεωςτουυπου). Only use of κοιμησις (from κοιμαω) in the N.T., but it also was used of death (Sirach 46:19). Hυπνου (in sleep) is objective genitive of υπνος (sleep, Matthew 1:24).

John 11:14

Plainly (παρρησια). Adverb (see on 7:4), without metaphor as in 16:29.

Is dead (απεθανεν). First aorist active indicative, “died.”

John 11:15

For your sakes (δι’ υμας). That they may witness his raising from the grave.

That I was not there (οτουκημηνεκε). Imperfect middle ημην of the later Greek instead of the common active ην in indirect discourse in place of the usual present retained as in verse 13.

To the intent ye may believe (ιναπιστευσητε). Purpose clause with ινα and the ingressive aorist active subjunctive, “that ye may come to believe” (more than you do). See the same use of the ingressive aorist in επιστευσαν (2:11) where the disciples gained in belief.

Nevertheless let us go to him (αλλααγωμενπροςαυτον). Volitive subjunctive, repeating the proposal of verse 7. He is dead, but no matter, yea all the more let us go on to him.

John 11:16

Didymus (Διδυμος). The word means twin. Clearly Thomas had a twin brother or sister. Applied two other times to him (John 20:24; John 21:2). The Aramaic word for Thomas means Twin and Didymus is just the Greek equivalent of Thomas. He may even in Greek circles have been called Didymus.

His fellow disciples (τοιςσυνμαθηταις). Dative case and article use like “his.” Only use of συνμαθητες in the N.T., rare word (in Plato).

Us also (καημεις). As well as Jesus, since he is bent on going.

That we may die with him (ινααποθανωμενμετ’ αυτου). Purpose clause with ινα and the second aorist active subjunctive of αποθνησκω. Die with Jesus, Thomas means. Lazarus is already dead and they will kill Jesus (verse 8). Pessimistic courage surely.

John 11:17

Found (ευρεν). Second aorist active indicative of ευρισκω.

That he had been in the tomb four days already (αυτοντεσσαραςηδηημεραςεχοντα). Literally, “him (accusative object of ευρεν) having already four days in the tomb.” See 5:5 for the same idiom (ετηεχων) for expression of time (having 38 years). In Jewish custom burial took place on the day of death (Acts 6:6; Acts 6:10).

John 11:18

About fifteen furlongs off (ωςαποσταδιωνδεκαπεντε). The idiom of απο with the ablative for distance is like the Latin a millibus passum duobus (Caesar, Bell. Gall. ii. 7), but it (προ also, John 12:1) occurs already in the Doric and in the Koine often (Moulton, Proleg., p. 101; Robertson, Grammar, p. 110). See it again in John 21:8; Revelation 14:20.

John 11:19

Had come (εληλυθεισαν). Past perfect of ερχομα. These Jews were probably not hostile to Jesus. There were seven days of solemn mourning (1 Samuel 31:13). The presence of so many indicates the prominence of the family.

To Martha and Mary (προςτηνΜαρθανκαΜαριαμ). Correct text, not the Textus Receptus προςταςπερΜαρθανκαΜαριαμ (to the women about Martha and Mary).

To console them (ιναπαραμυθησωντα). Purpose clause with ινα and first aorist middle subjunctive of παραμυθεομα, old verb (παρα, beside, μυθος, word), to put in a word beside, to offer consolation. Again in verse 31. See 1 Thessalonians 2:11; 1 Thessalonians 5:14. See Job 2:13 for these visits of consolation, often deplorable enough, though kindly meant.

John 11:20

That Jesus was coming (οτΙησουςερχετα). Present middle indicative retained in indirect discourse after the secondary tense ηκουσεν (first aorist active).

Went and met him (υπηντησεναυτω). First aorist (ingressive) active indicative of υπανταω, old compound verb, to go to meet (Matthew 8:28) with the associative instrumental case αυτω.

But Mary still sat in the house (Μαριαμδεεντωοικωεκαθεζετο). Imperfect middle of καθεζομα, old verb to sit down, graphic picture of Mary, “while Mary was sitting in the house.” Both Martha and Mary act true to form here as in Lu 10:38-42.

John 11:21

Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died (Κυριε, εηςωδεουκαναπεθανενοαδελφοςμου). Condition of the second class with ε and the imperfect ης (no aorist of ειμ, to be) in the condition and αν with the second aorist active indicative of αποθνησκω. Mary (verse 32) uses these identical words to Jesus. Clearly they had said so to each other with wistful longing if not with a bit of reproach for his delay. But they used ης, not ηλθες or εγενου. But busy, practical Martha comes to the point.

John 11:22

And even now I know (κανυνοιδα). Rather just, “Even now I know.” Αλλα (but) of the Textus Receptus is not genuine.

Whatsoever thou shalt ask of God (οσααναιτησητονθεον). Indefinite relative (οσα, as many things as) with αν and the first aorist middle (indirect middle, thou thyself asking) subjunctive of αιτεω. Martha uses αιτεω (usual word of prayer of men to God) rather than ερωταω (usual word of Jesus praying to the Father), but in 16:23 we have ερωταω used of prayer to Jesus and αιτεω of prayer to God. But the distinction is not to be pressed. “As many things as thou dost ask of God.”

God will give (δωσεσοοθεος). Repetition of οθεος for emphasis. Martha still has courageous faith in the power of God through Jesus and Jesus in verse 41 says practically what she has said here.

John 11:23

Thy brother will rise again (αναστησεταοαδελφοςσου). Future middle (intransitive) of ανιστημ. The words promise Martha what she has asked for, if Jesus means that.

John 11:24

In the resurrection at the last day (εντηαναστασεεντηεσχατηημερα). Did Jesus mean only that? She believed it, of course, and such comfort is often offered in case of death, but that idea did not console Martha and is not what she hinted at in verse 22.

John 11:25

I am the resurrection and the life (Εγωειμηαναστασιςκαηζωη). This reply is startling enough. They are not mere doctrines about future events, but present realities in Jesus himself. “The Resurrection is one manifestation of the Life: it is involved in the Life” (Westcott). Note the article with both αναστασις and ζωη. Jesus had taught the future resurrection often (6:39), but here he means more, even that Lazarus is now alive.

Though he die (καναποθανη). “Even if he die,” condition (concession) of third class with καεαν (καν) and the second aorist active subjunctive of αποθνησκω (physical death, he means).

Yet shall he live (ζησετα). Future middle of ζαω (spiritual life, of course).

John 11:26

Shall never die (ουμηαποθανηειςτοναιωνα). Strong double negative ουμη with second aorist active subjunctive of αποθνησκω again (but spiritual death, this time), “shall not die for ever” (eternal death).

Believest thou this? (πιστευειςτουτο;) Sudden test of Martha’s insight and faith with all the subtle turns of thought involved.

John 11:27

Yea, Lord (Ναι, κυριε). Martha probably did not understand all that Jesus said and meant, but she did believe in the future resurrection, in eternal life for believers in Christ, in the power of Christ to raise even the dead here and now. She had heroic faith and makes now her own confession of faith in words that outrank those of Peter in Matthew 16:16 because she makes hers with her brother dead now four days and with the hope that Jesus will raise him up now.

I have believed (πεπιστευκα). Perfect active indicative of πιστευω. It is my settled and firm faith. Peter uses this same tense in 6:69.

That thou art the Son of God (οτσυεοΧριστοςουιοςτουθεου). The Messiah or the Christ (1:41) was to be also “the Son of God” as the Baptist said he had found Jesus to be (1:34), as Peter confessed on Hermon for the apostles (Matthew 16:16), as Jesus claimed to be (John 11:41) and confessed on oath before Caiaphas that he was (Matthew 26:63f.), and as John stated that it was his purpose to prove in his Gospel (20:31). But no one said it under more trying circumstances than Martha.

Even he that cometh into the world (οειςτονκοσμονερχομενος). No “even” in the Greek. This was a popular way of putting the people’s expectation (John 6:14; Matthew 11:3). Jesus himself spoke of his coming into the world (John 9:39; John 16:28; John 8:37).

John 11:28

Called Mary (εφωνησενΜαριαμ). First aorist active indicative of φωνεω. Out of the house and away from the crowd.

Secretly (λαθρα). Old adverb from λαθρος (λανθανω). To tell her the glad news.

The Master (οδιδασκαλος). “The Teacher.” So they loved to call him as he was (13:13).

Is here (παρεστιν). “Is present.”

Calleth thee (φωνεσε). This rouses Mary.

John 11:29

And she (καεκεινη). Emphatic use of the demonstrative εκεινος as often in John, “And that one.”

Arose quickly (ηγερθη). First aorist (ingressive) passive of εγειρω and intransitive. Naturally so on the sudden impulse of joy.

And went unto him (καηρχετοπροςαυτον). Imperfect middle, possibly inchoative, started towards him, certainly picturing her as she was going.

John 11:30

Now Jesus was not yet come into the town (ουπωδεεληλυθεοΙησουςειςτηνκωμην). Explanatory parenthesis with past perfect as in verse 19. Martha had her interview while he was still coming (verse 20) and left him (went off, απηλθεν, verse 28) to hurry to Mary with the news. Why Jesus tarried still where he had met Martha we do not know. Westcott says, “as though He would meet the sisters away from the crowd of mourners.”

John 11:31

Followed her (ηκολουθησαναυτη). First aorist active indicative of ακολουθεω with associative instrumental case (αυτη). This crowd of consolers (παραμυθουμενο) meant kindly enough, but did the one wrong thing for Mary wished to see Jesus alone. People with kind notions often so act. The secrecy of Martha (verse 28) was of no avail.

Supposing that she was going unto the tomb (δοξαντεςοτυπαγεειςτομνημειον). First aorist active participle of δοκεω, justifying their conduct by a wrong inference. Note retention of present tense υπαγε in indirect discourse after the secondary tense ηκολουθησαν.

To weep there (ινακλαυσηεκε). Purpose clause with ινα and the first aorist active subjunctive of κλαιω, old verb to weep. Sometimes to wail or howl in oriental style of grief, but surely not that here. At any rate this supposed purpose of Mary was a real reason for this crowd

not to go with her.

John 11:32

Fell down at his feet (επεσεναυτουπροςτουςποδας). Second aorist active of πιπτω, to fall. Note unusual position of αυτου. This impulsive act like Mary. She said precisely what Martha had said to Jesus (verse 21). But she said no more, only wept (verse 33).

John 11:33

When Jesus therefore saw her weeping (Ιησουςουνωςειδεναυτηνκλαιουσαν). Proleptic position of “Jesus,” “Jesus therefore when he saw.” She was weeping at the feet of Jesus, not at the tomb.

And the Jews also weeping (κατουςΙουδαιουςκλαιοντας). Mary’s weeping was genuine, that of the Jews was partly perfunctory and professional and probably actual “wailing” as the verb κλαιω can mean. Κλαιω is joined with αλαλαζω in Mr 5:38, with ολολυζω in James 5:1, with θορυβεω in Mr 5:39, with πενθεω in Mr 16:10. It was an incongruous combination.

He groaned in the spirit (ενεβριμησατοτωπνευματ). First aorist middle indicative of εμβριμαομα, old verb (from εν, and βριμη, strength) to snort with anger like a horse. It occurs in the LXX (Daniel 11:30) for violent displeasure. The notion of indignation is present in the other examples of the word in the N.T. (Mark 1:43; Mark 14:5; Matthew 9:30). So it seems best to see that sense here and in verse 38. The presence of these Jews, the grief of Mary, Christ’s own concern, the problem of the raising of Lazarus–all greatly agitated the spirit of Jesus (locative case τωπνευματ). He struggled for self-control.

Was troubled (εταραξενεαυτον). First aorist active indicative of ταρασσω, old verb to disturb, to agitate, with the reflexive pronoun, “he agitated himself” (not passive voice, not middle). “His sympathy with the weeping sister and the wailing crowd caused this deep emotion” (Dods). Some indignation at the loud wailing would only add to the agitation of Jesus.

John 11:34

Where have ye laid him? (Πουτεθεικατεαυτον;). Perfect active indicative of τιθημ. A simple question for information. The only other like it in John is in 6:6 where it is expressly stated that Jesus knew what he was going to do. So it was here, only he politely asked for direction to the tomb of Lazarus. The people invite him to come and see, the very language used by Philip to Nathanael (1:46). It was a natural and polite reply as they would show Jesus the way, but they had no idea of his purpose.

John 11:35

Jesus wept (εδακρυσενοΙησους). Ingressive first aorist active indicative of δακρυω, old verb from δακρυ or δακρυον, a tear (Acts 20:19), only here in N.T. It never means to wail, as κλαιω sometimes does. “Jesus burst into tears.” Κλαιω is used of Jesus in Lu 19:41. See Hebrews 5:7 “with strong crying and tears” (μετακραυγηςκαδακρυων). Apparently this was as Jesus started towards (see verse 38) the tomb. In a sense it was a reaction from the severe strain in verse 33, but chiefly it was the sheer human sympathy of his heart with Martha and Mary touched with the feeling of our common weakness (Hebrews 4:15). Often all that we can do is to shed tears in grief too deep for words. Jesus understood and understands. This is the shortest verse in the Bible, but no verse carries more meaning in it.

John 11:36

Loved (εφιλε). As in verse 3 which see. Imperfect active. Even the Jews saw that Jesus loved Lazarus.

John 11:37

Could not this man (ουκεδυνατοουτος). Imperfect middle of δυναμα. They do not say δυνατα (can, present middle indicative). But clearly the opening of the blind man’s eyes (chapter 9) had made a lasting impression on some of these Jews, for it was done three months ago.

Have caused that this man also should not die (ποιησαινακαουτοςμηαποθανη). First aorist active infinitive of ποιεω with ινα, like the Latin facere ut (sub-final use, Robertson, Grammar, p. 985), with the second aorist active subjunctive αποθανη and negative μη. These Jews share the view expressed by Martha (verse 21) and Mary (verse 32) that Jesus could have

prevented the death of Lazarus.

John 11:38

Again groaning in himself (παλινεμβριμωμενοςενεαυτω). Direct reference to the use of this same word (present middle participle here) in verse 33, only with ενεαυτω (in himself) rather than τωπνευματ (in his spirit), practically the same idea. The speculation concerning his power stirred the depths of his nature again.

Cometh to the tomb (ερχεταειςτομνημειον). Vivid historical present.

A cave (σπηλαιον). Old word (from σπεος, cavern). Cf. Matthew 21:13.

Lay against it (επεκειτοεπ’ αυτω). Imperfect middle of επικειμα, old verb to lie upon as in 21:9 and figuratively (1 Corinthians 9:16). Note repetition of επ with locative case. The use of a cave for burial was common (Genesis 23:19). Either the body was let down through a horizontal opening (hardly so here) or put in a tomb cut in the face of the rock (if so, επ can mean “against”). The stones were used to keep away wild animals from the bodies.

John 11:39

Take ye away the stone (αρατετονλιθον). First aorist active imperative of αιρω. They could do this much without the exercise of Christ’s divine power. It was a startling command to them.

By this time he stinketh (ηδηοζε). Present active indicative of old verb, here only in N.T. (cf. Exodus 8:14). It means to give out an odour, either good or bad.

For he hath been dead four days (τεταρταιοςγαρεστιν). The Greek simply says, “For he is a fourth-day man.” It is an old ordinal numeral from τεταρτος (fourth). Herodotus (ii. 89) has τεταρταιοςγενεσθα of one four days dead as here. The word is only here in the N.T. The same idiom occurs in Acts 28:13 with δευτεραιο (second-day men). Lightfoot (Hor. Hebr.) quotes a Jewish tradition (Beresh. Rabba) to the effect that the soul hovers around the tomb for three days hoping to return to the body, but on the fourth day leaves it. But there is no suggestion here that Martha held that notion. Her protest is a natural one in spite of her strong faith in verses 22-27.

John 11:40

Said I not unto thee? (Ουκειπονσοι;). Jesus pointedly reminds Martha of his promise to raise Lazarus (verses 25f.).

That if thou believedst (οτεανπιστευσηις). Indirect discourse with εαν and the first aorist active subjunctive (condition of third class) retained after the secondary tense ειπον. He had not said this very phrase, εανπιστευσηις, to Martha, but he did say to her: Πιστευειςτουτο; (Believest thou this?). He meant to test Martha as to her faith already hinted at (verse 22) on this very point. Jesus had also spoken of increase of faith on the part of the disciples (verse 15).

Thou shouldest see the glory of God (οψητηνδοξαντουθεου). Future middle indicative of the old defective verb οραω retained in the conclusion of this condition in indirect discourse. Jesus means the glory of God as shown in the resurrection of Lazarus as he had already said to the disciples (verse 4) and as he meant Martha to understand (verse 25) and may in fact have said to her (the report of the conversation is clearly abridged). Hence Bernard’s difficulty in seeing how Martha could understand the words of Jesus about the resurrection of Lazarus here and now seems fanciful and far-fetched.

John 11:41

So they took away the stone (ηρανουντονλιθον). First aorist active indicative of αιρω, but without the explanatory gloss of the Textus Receptus “from the place where the dead was laid” (not genuine).

I thank thee that thou heardest me (ευχαριστωσοοτηκουσαςμου). See 6:11 for ευχαριστεω. Clearly Jesus had prayed to the Father concerning the raising of Lazarus. He has the answer before he acts. “No pomp of incantation, no wrestling in prayer even; but simple words of thanksgiving, as if already Lazarus was restored” (Dods). Jesus well knew the issues involved on this occasion. If he failed, his own claims to be the Son of God (the Messiah), would be hopelessly discredited with all. If he succeeded, the rulers would be so embittered as to compass his own death.

John 11:42

And I knew (εγωδεηιδειν). Past perfect of οιδα used as imperfect. This confident knowledge is no new experience with Jesus. It has “always” (παντοτε) been so.

Which standeth around (τονπεριεστωτα). Second perfect active (intransitive) articular participle of περιιστημ. It was a picturesque and perilous scene.

That they may believe (ιναπιστευσωσιν). Purpose clause with ινα and first ingressive aorist active subjunctive of πιστευω, “that they may come to believe.”

That thou didst send me (οτσυμεαπεστειλας). First aorist active indicative of αποστελλω and note position of συμε side by side. This claim Jesus had long ago made (5:36) and had repeatedly urged (John 10:25; John 10:38). Here was a supreme opportunity and Jesus opens his heart about it.

John 11:43

He cried with a loud voice (φωνημεγαληεκραυγασεν). First aorist active indicative of κραυγαζω, old and rare word from κραυγη (Matthew 25:6). See Matthew 12:19. Occurs again in John 18:40; John 19:6; John 19:12. Only once in the LXX (Ezra 3:13) and with φωνημεγαλη (either locative or instrumental case makes sense) as here. For this “elevated (great) voice” see also Matthew 24:31; Mark 15:34; Mark 15:37; Revelation 1:10; Revelation 21:3. The loud voice was not for the benefit of Lazarus, but for the sake of the crowd standing around that they might see that Lazarus came forth simultaneously with the command of Jesus.

Lazarus, come forth (Λαζαρε, δευροεξω). “Hither out.” No verb, only the two adverbs, δευρο here alone in John. Lazarus heard and obeyed the summons.

John 11:44

He that was dead came forth (εξηλθενοτεθνηκως). Literally, “Came out the dead man,” (effective aorist active indicative and perfect active articular participle of θνησκω). Just as he was and at once.

Bound hand and foot (δεδεμενοςτουςποδαςκαταςχειρας). Perfect passive participle of δεω with the accusative loosely retained according to the common Greek idiom (Robertson, Grammar, p. 486), but literally “as to the feet and hands” (opposite order from the English). Probably the legs were bound separately.

With grave-clothes (κειριαις). Or “with bands.” Instrumental case of this late and rare word (in Plutarch, medical papyrus in the form κηρια, and Proverbs 7:16). Only here in N.T.

His face (ηοψιςαυτου). Old word, but προσωπον is usual in N.T. See Revelation 1:16 for another instance.

Was bound about (περιεδεδετο). Past perfect passive of περιδεω, old verb to bind around, only here in N.T.

With a napkin (σουδαριω). Instrumental case of σουδαριον (Latin word sudarium from sudor, sweat). In N.T. here, John 20:7; Luke 19:20; Acts 19:12. Our handkerchief.

Loose him (λυσατεαυτον). First aorist active imperative of λυω. From the various bands.

Let him go (αφετεαυτονυπαγειν). Second aorist active imperative of αφιημ and present active infinitive.

John 11:45

Beheld that which he did (θεασαμενοοεποιησεν). First aorist middle participle of θεαομα and first aorist active indicative of ποιεω in the relative (ο) clause. They were eye-witnesses of all the details and did not depend on hearsay.

Believed on him (επιστευσανειςαυτον). Such a result had happened before (7:31), and all the more in the presence of this tremendous miracle which held many to Jesus (John 12:11; John 12:17).

John 11:46

Went away to the Pharisees (απηλθονπροςτουςΦαρισαιους). Second aorist active indicative of απερχομα. This “some” (τινες) did who were deeply impressed and yet who did not have the courage to break away from the rabbis without consulting them. It was a crisis for the Sanhedrin.

John 11:47

Gathered a council (συνηγαγονσυνεδριον). Second aorist active indicative of συναγω and συνεδριον, the regular word for the Sanhedrin (Matthew 5:22, etc.), only here in John. Here a sitting or session of the Sanhedrin. Both chief priests (Sadducees) and Pharisees (mentioned no more in John after 7:57 save John 12:19; John 12:42) combine in the call (cf. 7:32). From now on the chief priests (Sadducees) take the lead in the attacks on Jesus, though loyally supported by their opponents (the Pharisees).

And said (καελεγον). Imperfect active of λεγω, perhaps inchoative, “began to say.”

What do we? (Τποιουμεν;). Present active (linear) indicative of ποιεω. Literally, “What are we doing?”

Doeth (ποιε). Better, “is doing” (present, linear action). He is active and we are idle. There is no mention of the raising of Lazarus as a fact, but it is evidently inoluded in the “many signs.”

John 11:48

If we let him thus alone (εαναφωμεναυτονουτως). Condition of third class with εαν and second aorist active subjunctive of απιημ. “Suppose we leave him thus alone.” Suppose also that he keeps on raising the dead right here next door to Jerusalem!

All will believe on him (παντεςπιστευσουσινειςαυτον). Future active of πιστευω. The inevitable conclusion, “all” (παντες), not just “some” (τινες). as now.

And the Romans will come (καελευσονταοΡωμαιο). Another inevitable result with the future middle of ερχομα. Only if the people take Jesus as their political Messiah (6:15) as they had once started to do. This is a curious muddle for the rulers knew that Jesus did not claim to be a political Messiah and would not be a rival to Caesar. And yet they use this fear (their own belief about the Messiah) to stir themselves to frenzy as they will use it with Pilate later.

And take away both our place and our nation (κααρουσινημωνκατοντοπονκατοεθνος). Future active of αιρω, another certain result of their inaction. Note the order here when “place” (job) is put before nation (patriotism), for all the world like modern politicians who make the fate of the country turn on their getting the jobs which they are seeking. In the course of time the Romans will come, not because of the leniency of the Sanhedrin toward Jesus, but because of the uprising against Rome led by the Zealots and they will destroy both temple and city and the Sanhedrin will lose their jobs and the nation will be scattered. Future historians will say that this fate came as punishment on the Jews for their conduct toward Jesus.

John 11:49

Caiaphas (Καιαφας). Son-in-law of Annas and successor and high priest for 18 years (A.D. 18 to 36).

That year (τουενιαυτουεκεινου). Genitive of time; his high-priesthood included that year (A.D. 29 or 30). So he took the lead at this meeting.

Ye know nothing at all (υμειςουκοιδατεουδεν). In this he is correct, for no solution of their problem had been offered.

John 11:50

That it is expedient for you (οτσυμφερευμιν). Indirect discourse with present active indicative of συμφερω used with the ινα clause as subject. It means to bear together, to be profitable, with the dative case as here (υμιν, for you). It is to your interest and that is what they cared most for.

That one man die (ιναειςανθρωποςαποθανη). Sub-final use of ινα with second aorist active subjunctive of αποθνησκω as subject clause with συμφερε. See John 16:7; John 18:7 for the same construction.

For the people (υπερτουλαου). Hυπερ simply means over, but can be in behalf of as often, and in proper context the resultant idea is “instead of” as the succeeding clause shows and as is clearly so in Galatians 3:13 of the death of Christ and naturally so in 2 Corinthians 5:14; Romans 5:6. In the papyri υπερ is the usual preposition used of one who writes a letter for one unable to write.

And that the whole nation perish not (καμηολοντοεθνοςαπολητα). Continuation of the ινα construction with μη and the second aorist subjunctive of απολλυμ. What Caiaphas has in mind is the giving of Jesus to death to keep the nation from perishing at the hands of the Romans. Politicians are often willing to make a sacrifice of the other fellow.

John 11:51

Not of himself (αφ’ εαυτουουκ). Not wholly of himself, John means. There was more in what Caiaphas said than he understood. His language is repeated in 18:14.

Prophesied (επροφητευσεν). Aorist active indicative of προφητευω. But certainly unconscious prophecy on his part and purely accidental. Caiaphas meant only what was mean and selfish.

That Jesus should die (οτεμελλενΙησουςαποθνησκειν). Imperfect active of μελλω in indirect discourse instead of the usual present retained after a secondary tense (επροφητευσεν) as sometimes occurs (see 2:25).

John 11:52

But that he might also gather together into one (αλλ’ ινασυναγαγηειςεν). Purpose clause with ινα and the second aorist active subjunctive of συναγω. Caiaphas was thinking only of the Jewish people (λαου, εθνος, verse 50). The explanation and interpretation of John here follow the lead of the words of Jesus about the other sheep and the one flock in 10:16.

That are scattered abroad (ταδιεσκορπισμενα). Perfect passive articular participle of διασκορπιζω, late verb (Polybius, LXX) to scatter apart, to winnow grain from chaff, only here in John. The meaning here is not the Diaspora (Jews scattered over the world), but the potential children of God in all lands and all ages that the death of Christ will gather “into one” (ειςεν). A glorious idea, but far beyond Caiaphas.

John 11:53

So from that day (απ’ εκεινηςουντηςημερας). The raising of Lazarus brought matters to a head so to speak. It was now apparently not more than a month before the end.

They took counsel (εβουλευσαντο). First aorist middle indicative of βουλευω, old verb to take counsel, in the middle voice for themselves, among themselves. The Sanhedrin took the advice of Caiaphas seriously and plotted the death of Jesus.

That they might put him to death (ινααποκτεινωσιναυτον). Purpose clause with ινα and first aorist active subjunctive of αποκτεινω. It is an old purpose (John 5:18; John 7:19; John 8:44; John 8:59; John 10:39; John 11:8) now revived with fresh energy due to the raising of Lazarus.

John 11:54

Therefore walked no more openly (ουνουκετπαρρησιαπεριεπατε). Imperfect active of περιπατεω, to walk around. Jesus saw clearly that to do so would bring on the end now instead of his “hour” which was to be at the passover a month ahead.

Into the country near to the wilderness (ειςτηνχωρανεγγυςτηςερημου). It was now in Jerusalem as it had become once in Galilee (7:1) because of the plots of the hostile Jews. The hill country northeast of Jerusalem was thinly populated.

Into a city called Ephraim (ειςΕφραιμλεγομενηνπολιν). Πολις here means no more than town or village (κωμη). The place is not certainly known, not mentioned elsewhere in the N.T. Josephus mentions (War, IV. ix. 9) a small fort near Bethel in the hill country and in 2 Chronicles 13:19 Ephron is named in connexion with Bethel. Up here Jesus would at least be free for the moment from the machinations of the Sanhedrin while he faced the coming catastrophe at the passover. He is not far from the mount of temptation where the devil showed and offered him the kingdoms of the world for the bending of the knee before him. Is it mere fancy to imagine that the devil came to see Jesus again here at this juncture with a reminder of his previous offer and of the present plight of the Son of God with the religious leaders conspiring his death?

At any rate Jesus has the fellowship of his disciples this time (μετατωνμαθητων). But what were they thinking?

John 11:55

Was near (ηνεγγυς). See 2:13 for the same phrase. This last passover was the time of destiny for Jesus.

Before the passover to purify themselves (προτουπασχαινααγνισωσινεαυτους). Purpose clause with ινα and the first aorist active subjunctive of αγνιζω, old verb from αγνος (pure), ceremonial purification here, of course. All this took time. These came “from the country” (εκτηςχωρας), from all over Palestine, from all parts of the world, in fact. John shifts the scene to Jerusalem just before the passover with no record of the way that Jesus came to Jerusalem from Ephraim. The Synoptic Gospels tell this last journey up through Samaria into Galilee to join the great caravan that crossed over into Perea and came down on the eastern side of the Jordan opposite Jericho and then marched up the mountain road to Bethany and Bethphage just beside Jerusalem.

This story is found in Luke 17:11-19; Mark 10:1-52; Matthew 19:1-20. John simply assumes the Synoptic narrative and gives the picture of things in and around Jerusalem just before the passover (John 11:56; John 11:57).

John 11:56

They sought therefore for Jesus (εζητουνουντονΙησουν). Imperfect active of ζητεω and common ουν of which John is so fond. They were seeking Jesus six months before at the feast of tabernacles (7:11), but now they really mean to kill him.

As they stood in the temple (εντωιερωεστηκοτες). Perfect active participle (intransitive) of ιστημ, a graphic picture of the various groups of leaders in Jerusalem and from other lands, “the knots of people in the Temple precincts” (Bernard). They had done this at the tabernacles (7:11-13), but now there is new excitement due to the recent raising of Lazarus and to the public order for the arrest of Jesus.

That he will not come to the feast? (οτουμηελθηειςτηνεορτην;). The form of the question (indirect discourse after δοκειτε) assumes strongly that Jesus will not (ουμη, double negative with second aorist active ελθη from ερχομα) dare to come this time for the reason given in verse 57.

John 11:57

The chief priests and the Pharisees (οαρχιερειςκαοΦαρισαιο). The Sanhedrin.

Had given commandment (δεδωκεισανεντολας). Past perfect active of διδωμ.

That he should shew it (ιναμηνυση). Sub-final ινα with first aorist active subjunctive of μηνυω, old verb to disclose, to report formally (Acts 23:30).

If any man knew (εαντιςγνω). Third-class condition with εαν and second aorist active subjunctive of γινωσκω.

Where he was (πουεστιν). Indirect question with interrogative adverb and present indicative εστιν retained like γνω and μηνυση after the secondary tense δεδωκεισαν.

That they might take him (οπωςπιασωσιναυτον). Purpose clause with οπως instead of ινα and first aorist active subjunctive of πιαζω so often used before (7:44, etc.).