Mark 4

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 13 2 8 0 0 CHAPTER IV) Outline of Chapter 4) Theme: The Work Which Thou Gavest Him To Do) 4:1 9 Parables: Opening Words and The Parable of The Sower) 4:10 12 The Purpose of the Parables) 4:13 20 Explanation of the Parable of the Sower) 4:21 25 Various Sayings of Jesus) 4:26 29 The Parable of The Seed Growing in Secret) 4:30 32 The Parable of The Mustard Seed) 4:33, 34 Christ s Use of Parables) 4:35 41 A Tempest Stilled) ) 4:1 9 Parables: Opening Words and The Parable of the Sower) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.1-40.13.9|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.1-40.13.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:1 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.4-42.8.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.4-42.8.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:4 8) 1 2 2 8 0 0 4 1 Again he began to teach beside the sea. The crowd that gathered about him was so very large that he stepped into a boat and sat (in it) out on the sea, while all the people were on the land, facing the sea. 2 He was teaching them many things in parables, and in his teaching he said to them: 3 Listen! Once upon a time��134�� the sower went out to sow. 4 It so happened that, as he was sowing, some seed fell along the path. The birds came and gobbled it up. 5 Some fell on rocky ground, where it did not have much soil, and because it did not have depth of soil it sprang up immediately. 6 But when the sun came up it was scorched, and since it had no root it withered away. 7 Some fell among the thorns. The thorns shot up and choked it, and it did not yield any grain. 8 And some seeds fell into good soil. Coming up and growing they were bearing fruit, yielding: some thirty(fold), some sixty, and some a hundred. 9 And he said, He who has ears to hear, let him hear. ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.1|AUTODETECT|”

1. Again he began to teach beside the sea. The meaning is Again, as he had done earlier (2:13; 3:7). The reference is to the shore of the Sea of Galilee. Exactly when this renewed teaching beside the sea took place Mark does not report. But see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The crowd that gathered about him was so very large that he stepped into a boat and sat (in it) out on the sea, while all the people were on land, facing the sea. While on previous occasions the crowd had been large (3:7; cf. 1:34; 2:2, 15; 3:8, 10), the present multitude is described as very large. ��135�� Result: This time we know (contrast 3:9) that Jesus actually stepped into a boat, which was then rowed out a little distance from the beach. From the land the huge throng was facing��136�� the sea; hence, was also facing Jesus, who in turn was facing the people.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.21|AUTODETECT|” This time, therefore, the Lord used a boat as his pulpit. This point should not be quickly passed by. One of the astounding facts with respect to Christ s earthly ministry is the rich variety of methods he employed to reach his audiences. Many a time he must have preached and taught at the regular synagogue service 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.1.39|AUTODETECT|”

39. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.1|AUTODETECT|” 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.2|AUTODETECT|” 6:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.20|AUTODETECT|” ); and in Judea also in the temple 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.20|AUTODETECT|” John 18:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.4.16|AUTODETECT|” ). He believed in regularity of worship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Luke 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.1|AUTODETECT|” ). This shows that the habit of some, who have begun to substitute their own group meetings for church attendance, would except in special circumstances of stress or necessity not meet with his approval. On the other hand, this regularity did not prevent him from availing himself of additional opportunities to spread the good news. He did not limit himself to temple and synagogue, but addressed the crowd anywhere. He spoke to the people from a mountain 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ff.), while with them in a house 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.38|AUTODETECT|” ff.), by the seaside (4:1a), in the desert (8:1 4), while sitting in a boat (4:1b), or even when a group had gathered in a cemetery 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.38|AUTODETECT|” John 11:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.46|AUTODETECT|” ff.). There was no stiffness or rigidity about the Master. Without losing sight of principle for he never sinned 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.46|AUTODETECT|” John 8:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.19-46.9.22|AUTODETECT|” ) he was always adapting himself to circumstances, or circumstances to himself. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.19-46.9.22|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:19 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The same holds with respect to his flexibility in selecting an audience, or allowing an audience to select him as the Speaker. He spoke to anyone who was willing to listen: crowds, The Twelve, separate individuals; publicans and sinners; men but also women; Jews but also non-Jews; the poor as well as the rich. To all he proclaimed the good tidings.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.46|AUTODETECT|” Finally, as the present section indicates, in his preaching and teaching he made use of illustrations, parables, that is earthly stories with heavenly meanings. In fact, a study of Christ s sayings and discourses reveals that his style ran the gamut of interest-arousing devices. Nevertheless, all his words were from the heart to the heart. There were no artificial smiles, unnatural gestures, stilted phrases. Everything was genuine. Never did a man speak as this man speaks 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.46|AUTODETECT|” John 7:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It was thus he commanded, commissioned, admonished, exhorted, explained, questioned, consoled, refuted, and predicted.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.13|AUTODETECT|” The minister, therefore, whose spiritual (?) contact with the world of human beings destined for eternity consists of delivering mostly reading? to his own people one sermon a week, or even two, without stirring appeals, tender admonitions, illustrations, and/or a climax; and who then retires to his study for the next six days, may well ask himself whether anyone will ever say about him, I recognize that he has been with Jesus. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The so-called layman whose heart is never so filled with the warmth of Christ s love that he listens eagerly and that his mouth overflows with praise and witness-bearing, should ask himself the same question.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

2. He was teaching them many things in parables. Mark presents only a very small selection of these parables (verses 2b 32); Matthew, a much wider selection (most of chapter 13). And even Matthew s group of seven kingdom parables need not be considered the full record of all the parables Jesus spoke at this time. Mark, after presenting the parable of The Sower, The Seed Growing in Secret, and The Mustard Seed, concludes his story on this theme by adding, With many such parables he was speaking the word to them & (verses 33, 34); then turns to another subject. After the words, and in his teaching be said to them, Mark records that Jesus began the first of this series of parables by saying, 3.

Listen! Once upon a time the sower went out to sow. After the introductory word Listen, in this connection found only in Mark, not in Matthew and Luke, and arousing the attention of the audience, the sentence continues literally, Behold or Lo or Look. The word used in the original has about the same interest promoting effect as our Once or Once upon a time. ��137�� In the present case the focus of attention is not the fact as such that the sower went out to sow, but the entire story.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.6|AUTODETECT|” Instead of the sower the rendering a farmer has been suggested. However, when this is followed up consistently, so that verse 14 then becomes The farmer sows the word, the inadequacy of such a rendering becomes immediately apparent, for it is not a farmer who sows the word, but it is the Son of man who does this.��138�� 4. It so happened that, as he was sowing, some seed fell along the path. It was customary for wheat or barley to be sown by hand. But it makes all the difference in the world how that seed is received. As this man is sowing, it was unavoidable that a portion of the seed fell along the footpath on which he was walking through the field.

Since the place where it fell had not been reached by the plow, and/or many feet had walked here, the soil was too hard for anything to fall into it. So this seed remained on the surface, with the result: The birds came and gobbled it up. The feathered creatures acted very quickly and greedily. The seed was snatched up; then down it went into the alimentary tract; hence literally, they (the birds) ate it down. 5. Some fell on rocky ground, where it did not have much soil, and because it did not have depth of soil it sprang up immediately. It is typical of Palestine now Israel and its surroundings that a considerable portion of its tillable soil is found on top of layers of rock.

In such a situation the seed, in the process of sprouting, has only one way to go, namely, up. So, instead of first becoming firmly rooted, the seed described in this part of the parable sprang up immediately. 6. But when the sun came up it was scorched, and since it had no root it withered away. Because this seed lacked depth of earth, it could not take root; hence, when the sun was risen it was scorched, thus Matthew and Mark. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.6|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.8|AUTODETECT|” supplies the intermediate cause of withering: (for lack of roots) this seed had no moisture. No wonder that it was scorched to death. 7. Some fell among the thorns. The thorns shot up and choked it.& This soil was infested with the roots of thorns. Since generally nothing grows faster than that which is not wanted, and each patch of ground had adequate room for only a definitely restricted amount of healthy plant life, it is not surprising that the faster growing weeds were soon choking the very life out of the noble grain. Mark states the result as follows: and it did not yield any grain. 8.

And some seeds fell into good soil. Coming up and growing they were bearing fruit, yielding: some thirty(fold), some sixty, and some a hundred. Note Mark s change from singular to plural, from collective seed to individual seeds. Could it be that in this case the evangelist (and before him Jesus) wishes to place special emphasis on the variety in the yield? Mark describes this yield in the ascending order: thirty(fold), sixty, hundred; contrast ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.8|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (descending order). By the use of the imperfect (were bearing, yielding) he pictures the scene!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.43|AUTODETECT|” An earnest admonition concludes the parable: 9. And he said, He who has ears to hear, let him hear. Ears must be used to hear, that is, to listen closely and take to heart. In all of Christ s teaching, both on earth and from heaven, it would be difficult to discover any exhortation that he repeated more often, in one form or another, than the one of verse 9 (see also verse 23; cf. 8:18 in both Mark and Luke; 13:9 in both Matt. and Rev.; further: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.43|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.35|AUTODETECT|” 14:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.11|AUTODETECT|” 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.29|AUTODETECT|” 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.6|AUTODETECT|” 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This repetition is not surprising. Is not lack of receptivity that which, if persisted in, leads directly to the unpardonable sin? The results of unwillingness to hear, or of hearing but not heeding, are set forth in Jesus own explanation of the parable (verses 13 20).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 4:10 12 The Purpose of the Parables) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.10-40.13.17|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.10-40.13.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:10 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.36|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.36|AUTODETECT|” 36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.9|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 5 2 8 0 0 10 When he was alone, those who were about him together with the twelve were asking him concerning the parables. 11 He said to them, To you has been given the mystery of the kingdom of God, but for the outsiders everything comes in parables, 12 that:) They may see and see but not perceive;) And hear and hear but not understand;) Lest they should turn again and be forgiven. ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.10-41.4.12|AUTODETECT|” The admonition, He who has ears to hear, let him hear, did not remain unheeded. 10. When he was alone, those who were about him together with the twelve were asking him concerning the parables. Jesus was now alone, in the sense that he had dismissed the crowds and had gone home. Nevertheless, he was not entirely alone. With him were The Twelve. But note: those who were about him together with the twelve.

The meaning must be that in addition to twelve well-known disciples there were present also some who belonged to the wider circle of constant followers. Mark pictures this combined group in the act of asking Jesus about the parables. The plural is significant. Though Mark, before describing Jesus as being now alone has related only one parable, that of The Sower, Matthew reports four parables The Sower, The Tares, The Mustard Seed, and The Leaven before telling the readers (13:36) that Jesus dismissed the crowds and went home , where he was interrogated by his disciples. However, when we fix our attention on the wording of the incident recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.10-41.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:10 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.0|AUTODETECT|” the questioning done by the disciples and the answer given by Jesus , we should turn again to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.0|AUTODETECT|” Matthew 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , but this time to verses 10 17, especially verses 10, 11, 13 15. Luke s report (8:9, 10) looks like a very brief summary.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.10|AUTODETECT|” Those who surrounded Jesus wanted to know two things: a. why he used parables in addressing the crowds 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.10|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.36|AUTODETECT|” ), and b. what was the meaning of a certain particular parable; for example, that of The Tares 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.36|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ), or 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) that of The Sower. 11. He said to them, To you has been given the mystery of the kingdom of God, but for the outsiders everything comes in parables.& ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.0|AUTODETECT|” This word mystery is very interesting. Outside of Christendom, in the realm of paganism, it referred to a secret teaching, rite, or ceremony having something to do with religion but hidden from the masses, and known (or practiced) only by a group of initiates. In the LXX (Greek) translation of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.0|AUTODETECT|” Daniel 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.25|AUTODETECT|” , where the word occurs no less than eight times (as a singular in verses 18, 19, 27, 30, and 47b; as a plural in verses 28, 29, and 47a), it refers to a secret that must be revealed, a riddle that must be interpreted. In the book of Revelation, where it occurs four times (1:20; 10:7; 17:5, 7), it is perhaps best explained as being the symbolical meaning of that which required explanation. The word occurs twenty-one times in Paul s epistles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.25|AUTODETECT|” 16:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.1|AUTODETECT|” 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.2|AUTODETECT|” 13:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.2|AUTODETECT|” 14:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.51|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.51|AUTODETECT|” 15:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.3|AUTODETECT|” 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.32|AUTODETECT|” 5:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.19|AUTODETECT|” 6:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.26|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.26|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.2|AUTODETECT|” 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.3|AUTODETECT|” 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.7|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.9|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.25|AUTODETECT|” ). There it can be defined as a person or a truth that would have remained unknown had not God revealed him or it, a revealed or open secret. Thus, had it not been disclosed we would not have known that in every age a remnant of Jews (as well as of Gentiles) will be saved, until at last through faith in Jesus Christ all Israel will thus have been gathered; and that this process will continue until Christ s return, when the full number of Gentiles destined to be saved will also have been brought in 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.51|AUTODETECT|” ). Again, had it not been revealed we would not have known that we shall not all sleep, etc. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.51|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.4-49.3.6|AUTODETECT|” ). A very similar mystery or revealed secret is Christ himself in all his glorious riches, actually dwelling through his Spirit in the hearts and lives of both Gentiles and Jews, united in one body, the church 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.4-49.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:4 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.26|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ). And how, apart from divine disclosure, would we have been able to discover that one day the spirit of lawlessness will become incarnate in the man of lawlessness ? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.7|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.11|AUTODETECT|” This same general definition of mystery, namely that it is a divinely disclosed secret, a person or thing which apart from revelation could not have been discovered, fits very well into the context of the present passage of Mark s Gospel (4:11) and its parallels 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.11|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.13|AUTODETECT|” ), the only Gospel instances of its use. Here the mystery is the powerful manifestation of the reign of God in human hearts and lives; which reign, in connection with Christ s coming, was attended by mighty works in both the physical and the spiritual realms. Jesus declares that this mystery that it was indeed God who was doing all these things, not Satan had been given, that is, graciously disclosed to those who were with him at this time; in fact, to all who had accepted him by genuine faith. To outsiders everything comes in parables ; that is, to them Christ s teaching had to be presented in parabolic form. From what follows it is clear that when Jesus here speaks about outsiders he is thinking especially of hardened Pharisees and their followers, men with impenitent hearts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), for he continues: 12. that) 1 3 2 8 0 0 They may see and see but not perceive;) And hear and hear but not understand;) Lest they should turn again and be forgiven.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.9|AUTODETECT|” In this way Mark summarizes the substance of Christ s quotation from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.9|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 6:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.10|AUTODETECT|” . ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.13-40.13.15|AUTODETECT|” is even shorter. A fuller statement is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.13-40.13.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:13 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .��139��) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Jesus, then, is saying, For the outsiders everything comes in parables, that they may see and see but not perceive & lest they should turn again and be forgiven. But how can that be? Isn t this shocking? Can it be true that the kind and merciful Savior, the very One who was constantly extending tender invitations, would take great pains to prevent people from perceiving and understanding the truth? That he would actually go out of his way to keep men from turning to God and being forgiven?) There have been various attempts to solve this problem. Among them are the following:) 1.

We misinterpret the little word that when we take it to mean in order that or so that. ��140�� Or else, Mark himself misinterpreted the Aramaic word which Jesus probably used.) Answer. Mark represents Jesus as saying not only that but also lest. This combination that & lest shows that the little word that can best be taken to indicate purpose.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.28-40.11.30|AUTODETECT|” 2. The saying is an unauthentic and intolerable version of a genuine saying of Jesus.��141�� It is sometimes added that in view of such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.28-40.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:28 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.20|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 3:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Jesus could never have spoken the words ascribed to him in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.28-40.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Answer. For the theory that this saying is unauthentic and intolerable there is no proof. Also, is it fair to refer to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.28-40.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:28 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.20|AUTODETECT|” , but to forget about verse 25; or, to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.20|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 3:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.9|AUTODETECT|” , and to ignore verse 16? Besides, does not Mark s summary truly reflect ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.9|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 6:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ?) 1 2 2 8 0 0 3. If Christ s words were those reported by Mark, they must have been spoken in jest. Jesus evidently wanted his words to be taken in a sense which was the exact opposite of their literal meaning. This is clear from the fact that Matthew diametrically changes the meaning of the statement, for he makes Jesus say because [instead of that] seeing they do not see.& ��142��) Answer. If it be granted that when the Master uttered the words, To you has been given the mystery of God he was speaking in earnest, stating what he knew to be a fact, and not making a joke, the rest of the closely knit saying must also be considered a fact. And as to the alleged conflict between Matthew, on the one hand, and Mark and Luke, on the other, why cannot both be right?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.18|AUTODETECT|” The true explanation, as this author sees it, is as follows: Both because and that are correct. It was because by their own choice these impenitent Pharisees and their followers had refused to see and hear, that, as a punishment for this refusal, they are now addressed in parables, that they may see and see but not perceive, and hear and hear but not understand, lest they should turn again and be forgiven. They must endure the blame of their own blindness and hardness (Calvin on this passage).��143�� God had given these people a wonderful opportunity. It is his sovereign will to remove what man is unwilling to improve, to darken the heart that refuses to hearken. He hardens those that have hardened themselves. If God even surrenders to the lusts of their hearts the unenlightened heathen when they hold back the truth in unrighteousness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.26|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.26|AUTODETECT|” 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.13|AUTODETECT|” ), will he not punish more severely the impenitents before whom the Light of the world is constantly confirming the truthfulness of his message? And if he blesses those who accept the mysterious, will he not curse those who reject the obvious? It is evident, therefore, that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.12|AUTODETECT|” is in harmony with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.10-40.13.15|AUTODETECT|” ; in fact, the because of the former helps to explain the that or in order that of the latter. When, of their own accord and after repeated threats and promises, people reject the Lord and spurn his messages, then he hardens them, in order that those who were not willing to repent will not be able to repent and be forgiven. See also N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.10-40.13.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:10 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.37-43.12.41|AUTODETECT|” ; and on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.37-43.12.41|AUTODETECT|” John 12:37 41) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 4:13 20 Explanation of The Parable of The Sower) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.18-40.13.23|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.18-40.13.23|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:18 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.11-42.8.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.11-42.8.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:11 15) 1 2 2 8 0 0 13 And he said to them, Do you not know what this parable means? How then are you going to understand all the parables? 14 The sower sows the word.��144�� 15 The ones along the path where the word is sown are the kind of people in whose case, whenever they hear, Satan immediately comes and takes away the word that was sown in them. 16 And the ones sown on rocky ground are the kind of people who, whenever they hear the word, immediately accept it with joy. 17 However, they have no root in themselves and last but for a short while. Then, when affliction or persecution arises on account of the word, they immediately fall away. 18 And some, the ones sown among the thorns, are the kind of people who hear the word, 19 and then the cares of this present world, the deceitful glamor of riches, and the desires for other things enter in and choke the word, and it becomes unfruitful. 20 And those sown on the good soil are the kind of people who hear the word, accept it, and bear fruit, some of them (yielding) thirtyfold, some sixty, and some a hundred. ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Mark has already told us that, having dismissed the crowds, Jesus was alone with The Twelve and some other constant followers, and that this combined group then asked him about the parables (4:10). Luke, more specifically, adds that these disciples asked Jesus what this particular parable, the one of The Sower, meant (8:9). This explains what we now read in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.37|AUTODETECT|” . And he said to them, Do you not know what this parable means? How then are you going to understand all the parables? If they have no insight into the parable of The Sower, how will they be able to sense the meaning of��145�� any parable? This implies that the Master wants them to listen carefully, so they may be able to catch the meaning of other parables also. Jesus then proceeds to explain the parable: 14.

The sower sows the word. This is one of the key passages for the understanding of the story illustration. It should be borne in mind throughout. It fixes our attention upon two objects: the sower and the seed. As to the first, although in this parable he is nowhere identified for the emphasis is on the kind of soil rather than on the sower , in that of The Tares it is definitely stated that the sower is the Son of man 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.37|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.13-40.16.15|AUTODETECT|” ), that is, Jesus himself 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.13-40.16.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:13 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.40|AUTODETECT|” ). There is no good reason to believe that this identification does not also hold for the parable of The Sower. Jesus, therefore, points to himself as the sower. By a legitimate extension of the figure 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.40|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.3|AUTODETECT|” ) we are justified in saying that the sower is not only Jesus but anyone minister, missionary, evangelist, any genuine witness-bearer who truly proclaims the Son of man s message. As to the second, we have already been told and this is implied in the very term that the sower sows the seed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.3|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” ff.). So, when Jesus now states, The sower sows the word, the conclusion must be that the seed symbolizes the word, the message from God. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.11|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” To these two tenets the third can now be added: The ground or soil upon which the seed falls is clearly man s heart, or, if one prefers, man himself. This is definitely implied in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.15|AUTODETECT|” a, what was sown in his heart. In each of the four instances recorded in the parable the ground or soil, that is, the heart, hence the person, is different. One might speak of the unresponsive heart 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the impulsive heart (verses 16, 17), the preoccupied heart (verses 18, 19), and the good, responsive, or well-prepared heart (verse 20). Substitute the word person for heart and the meaning remains essentially the same. The heart indicates the person or hearer as he is in his inner being. Correct is therefore the following: What, then, is the lesson? The Savior has given us the answer in his own interpretation of the story. The seed is the word of God, or the word of the kingdom; and the soil is human hearts: so that, reduced to a general law, the teaching of the parable is, that the result of the hearing of the gospel always and everywhere depends on the condition of heart of those to whom it is addressed. The character of the hearer determines the effect of the word upon him. ��146��) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Unresponsive Hearts) Jesus continues: 15. The ones along the path where the word is sown are the kind of people in whose case, whenever they hear, Satan immediately comes and takes away the word that was sown in them. Meaning: the people that are represented by seed sown along the path (see verse 4) are the kind that allow Satan, the great adversary (see above, on 1:13), to take away the message that had been sown in them. By no means does Jesus excuse these people, as if only Satan and not they themselves were responsible for what happened to the divine message that had been spoken to them. Verse 15 does not cancel verse 9! But here in verse 15 these frivolous hearers are being told that in treating the word of God so lightly they are co-operating with the prince of evil!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.25|AUTODETECT|” These people do nothing with the message. They do not use it to good advantage. Immediately after they have heard it any favorable effect it might have had on them is annihilated. What accounts for their negative reaction? Perhaps it is ill-will toward the messenger. Or perhaps hostility with respect to this particular message. Or they do not wish to be inconvenienced 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.25|AUTODETECT|” Acts 24:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The spirit of indifference may have crept into them, perhaps little by little until it was total, their hearts having become as hard as the path on which the seed of the parable was scattered.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.33.32|AUTODETECT|” The Lord, addressing Ezekiel, gave this description of the prophet s audience: You are to them like a lovely song, sung with a beautiful voice, and played well on an instrument; for they hear your words, but refuse to practice them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.33.32|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 33:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.26|AUTODETECT|” ). Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.7.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The following lines may also be appropriate in this connection:) 1 7 2 8 0 0 The Baptist found him far too deep,) The Deist sighed with saving sorrow,) And the lean Levite went to sleep,) And dreamt of eating pork tomorrow. ) Praed The Vicar) Impulsive Hearts) 16, 17. And the ones sown on rocky ground are the kind of people who, whenever they hear the word, immediately accept it with joy. However, they have no root in themselves and last but for a short while. Then, when affliction or persecution arises on account of the word, they immediately fall away. The description of unresponsive hearts or hearers is followed by that of impulsive ones. Note how in this particular case both Mark and Matthew twice make use of the word immediately.

These people act on the spur of the moment. Immediately they accept the word, with joy even! And then immediately they fall away. They get caught, are ensnared, by affliction and persecution. It is this that induces them to give up what at first they had so enthusiastically embraced.��147�� Had they been genuine believers they would not have been to the end thus ensnared.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.3|AUTODETECT|” In the midst of affliction, that is, all kinds of pressure mostly from the outside in a non-Christian environment, and persecution, actual suffering deliberately brought about by the enemy, all of this on account of the message, perseverance is the mark of the true believer. This perseverance, which by implication is here commended, must however be genuine. It must take place for the sake not of self but of Christ. It must be a willingness to suffer out of love for the Lord, his word, his people, and his cause. When such love is absent, the endurance is futile 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.11|AUTODETECT|” b). When it is present, it produces gladness of heart, assurance of salvation. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.11|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.33|AUTODETECT|” John 16:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.31-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.31-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” 31 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.27-50.1.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.27-50.1.30|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:27 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.14|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 But the people symbolized by the seed that had fallen on rocky soil (see on verses 5, 6) lacked such stick-to-itiveness. They never took to heart the examples of Ruth, Jonathan, Stephen, and Paul. The word loyalty was not in their vocabulary.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.9|AUTODETECT|” As to examples of such fair-weather friends, is it not reasonable to suppose that among the many Hosanna shouters 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.9|AUTODETECT|” Mark 11:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.3|AUTODETECT|” and parallels) there were also some who a few days later screamed, Crucify, crucify ? It must be borne in mind that not only after Christ s resurrection 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.18|AUTODETECT|” 5:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.11|AUTODETECT|” 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.54-44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.54-44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” 7:54 60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.1|AUTODETECT|” 8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.22|AUTODETECT|” ; etc.) but even earlier 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.22|AUTODETECT|” John 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.34|AUTODETECT|” 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.10-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” , and may well be implied also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.10-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:10 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.23|AUTODETECT|” 10:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.22|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.4|AUTODETECT|” 12:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ) Christ s followers were being persecuted. Not everyone affected by such persecution stood the test. To some the words of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.19|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” applied: They went out from us, but they never actually belonged to us. As to genuine believers, see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” John 10:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , My sheep listen to my voice, and I know them, and they follow me. I give them everlasting life, and they shall certainly never perish, and no one shall snatch them out of my hand. ) 1 6 2 8 0 0 The erstwhile outward adherants, never genuine followers at all, for their confessions did not spring from inner conviction , failed to consider that true discipleship implies self-surrender, self-denial, sacrifice, service, and suffering. They ignored the fact that it is the way of the cross that leads home.) Preoccupied Hearts) 18, 19. And some, the ones sown among the thorns, are the kind of people who hear the word, and then the cares of this present world, and deceitful glamor of riches, and the desires for other things enter in and choke the words, and it becomes unfruitful. This passage describes the case of people whose hearts resemble soil infested with roots and runners of thorns. Such dirty soil is a serious threat to the growth of any desirable plant. Similarly hearts filled with worry with respect to the workaday world, beclouded by dreams about riches, and (Mark adds) the desire for other things, thwart any influence for good that might otherwise proceed from the entrance of the kingdom message.

Such hearts are preoccupied. They have no room for calm and earnest meditation on the word or message of the Lord. Should any such serious study and reflection nevertheless attempt to gain entrance, it would immediately be choked off.) Cares, that is, constant anxiety about worldly affairs namely, about matters pertaining to the age in which they are living fill such minds and hearts with dark foreboding. When these persons are poor they deceive themselves into thinking that if they were only rich they would be happy.) When they are rich they delude themselves into imagining that if they were only still richer they would be satisfied, as if material riches could under any circumstances guarantee contentment. In fact, the glamor that pertains to riches is deceitful glamor.) To the two thorns already mentioned Jesus, as reported by Mark, adds a third, namely, the desires for other [or: for the remaining] things. No doubt he includes all other wrong desires��148�� under this heading.

Such desires or cravings are wrong either a. because the object for which these people yearn is wrong; for example, a desire for dangerous drugs, or for intimate relations with another man s wife; or b. because, even though the thing which one desires to have or to do is perfectly legitimate, the desire itself may be inordinate; for example, to play baseball or chess to the neglect of everything else. That Jesus was especially thinking of sinful pleasures would seem to follow from Luke s brief summary: cares and riches and pleasures of life (8:14). So interpreted, we notice that Luke s enumeration runs parallel with that of Mark.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Doubtlessly when Jesus mentioned the thorns that choked the sprouting seed, he left out nothing that could be placed in this general category. Anything at all in the entire realm of Possessions, Power or if one prefers Prestige , and Pleasure, that destroys the effect of the good seed of the word is included. For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the vainglory of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.16|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 A.R.V.).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 In the days of Amos outwardly religious men would ask, When will the new moon be over, that we may sell grain? And the sabbath, that we may offer wheat for sale [or: that we may open the wheat market], making the bushelbasket small and the shekel large, and dealing deceitfully with false balances? The deceptive glamor of riches was the thorn that choked to death whatever good the message from God might have done. Other examples, both from Scripture and daily life, abound.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.30.7-20.30.9|AUTODETECT|” The people here indicated cannot be richly blessed nor can they be a blessing. The word as it affects them cannot be fruitful. There is nothing wrong with the sower. Also, there is nothing wrong with the seed. With these people, however, everything is wrong. They should ask the Lord to deliver them from corroding cares and dream-world delusions, so that the kingdom message may begin to have free course in their hearts and lives. Then their minds, rescued from gnawing anxieties and delusory fantasies, will be able to reflect meaningfully on such precious passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.30.7-20.30.9|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 30:7 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.26.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.26.3|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 26:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.19-40.6.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.19-40.6.34|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:19 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.23|AUTODETECT|” 19:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.6|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.13-42.12.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.13-42.12.34|AUTODETECT|” 13 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.6-54.6.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.6-54.6.10|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:6 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.5|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.5|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.6|AUTODETECT|” 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Responsive Hearts) 20. And those sown on the good soil are the kind of people who hear the word, accept it, and bear fruit, some of them (yielding) thirtyfold, some sixty, and some a hundred. With these people the message of the kingdom falls into good soil, the kind of soil that, negatively speaking, is neither hard nor shallow nor preoccupied; positively speaking, is receptive and fertile.) These people hear because they want to hear. They reflect on what they hear, for they have faith in the speaker. So they reach a measure of true understanding. They put the message into practice and bear fruit: conversion, faith, love, joy, peace, longsuffering, etc.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.1.1-19.1.3|AUTODETECT|” The importance of spiritual fruitbearing, as the mark of the true believer, is stressed even in the Old Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.1.1-19.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 1:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.92.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.92.14|AUTODETECT|” 92:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.13|AUTODETECT|” 104:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ). This line of thought is continued in the Gospels 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.17-40.7.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.17-40.7.20|AUTODETECT|” 7:17 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.33-40.12.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.33-40.12.35|AUTODETECT|” 12:33 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.38|AUTODETECT|” ; John ch. 15) and in the rest of the New Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.38|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.31|AUTODETECT|” 16:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 7:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.22|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.17|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.11|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.15|AUTODETECT|” 13:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.17|AUTODETECT|” James 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 There is, however, a difference in the degree of fruitfulness. Not all are equally penitent, trustful, loyal, courageous, meek, etc., hence also not all are equally productive in bringing other lives to Christ. In the case of some believers the seed, the message, yields thirtyfold, that is, thirty times as much as was sown; in some sixty, and in some a hundred. Matthew has the opposite order (100, 60, 30). In faithfully reproducing Christ s message, each evangelist employs his own style. There is no essential difference.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.19-50.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Consider Timothy, Titus, and Paul: three eminent men of God, men in whom the seed of the gospel had sprouted and had brought forth fruit. After their conversion the three have in common unwavering loyalty to the cause of the gospel, willingness to perform difficult kingdom tasks, love for souls, a love that sprang from love for God, the very God who had first loved them. Yet, there was a difference between the three. Timothy a wonderful Christian indeed! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.19-50.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:19 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.10|AUTODETECT|” ) needed a little prodding. He was the timid type. The Corinthians were told to see to it that when Timothy arrived, he would be with them without fear 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ). And see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.16|AUTODETECT|” a. Titus, on the other hand, is the man who is able not only to take orders but also to go ahead of his own accord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.16|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.23-47.11.28|AUTODETECT|” ). He is resourceful, a man of initiative in a good cause. One finds in him something of the aggressiveness of Paul. Neither Timothy nor Titus, however, can compare with Paul. Anyone who reads ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.23-47.11.28|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:23 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.10|AUTODETECT|” should be convinced of that. Without exaggeration he was able to write the words of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , ascribing all the glory to God alone.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” The comparison here made between Timothy, Titus, and Paul is not intended to convey the idea that Timothy produced only thirtyfold, Titus exactly sixty, and Paul a hundred. It is intended only as evidence for the basic truth, which this concluding part of the parable establishes, namely, that even among those whose lives are spiritually fruitful there are differences. Let everyone do his best to produce much fruit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” John 15:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” ), always remembering however that even though the parable emphasizes that the result of the hearing of the gospel depends on the condition of the hearts of those to whom it is addressed, so that human responsibility is stressed, in the final analysis every good thought, disposition, word, deed, character has its source in God and his sovereign grace 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.26-41.4.29|AUTODETECT|” ). See also the explanation of the parable of The Seed Growing in Secret 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.26-41.4.29|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:26 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 ) 4:21 25 Various Sayings of Jesus) 21 And he said to them, The lamp is not brought in to be put under the peck-measure, is it, or under the bed? Is it not (brought in) to be put on the lampstand? 22 For there is nothing concealed except to be disclosed, nor is anything covered up except to come to light. 23 If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear. 24 And he said to them, Be careful what you hear. In accordance with the measure whereby you measure it shall be measured back to you, and more besides shall be given to you. 25 For he who has, to him shall be given; and he who does not have, from him shall be taken away even what he has. ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.15|AUTODETECT|” For verse 21 cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.16|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.33|AUTODETECT|” 11:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.26|AUTODETECT|” For verse 22 cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.2|AUTODETECT|” 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.15|AUTODETECT|” For verse 23 cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.9|AUTODETECT|” 13:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.43|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.43|AUTODETECT|” 43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.9|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.35|AUTODETECT|” a; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.35|AUTODETECT|” 14:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 For verse 24a see above, on verse 23.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.2|AUTODETECT|” For verse 24b cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.2|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.38|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.12|AUTODETECT|” For verse 25 cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.29|AUTODETECT|” 25:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.26|AUTODETECT|” b; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.26|AUTODETECT|” 19:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 5 2 8 0 0 In this paragraph are found several sayings of Jesus that, as shown above, are recorded also elsewhere. It is natural to believe that Jesus repeated some of his famous words.) The connection between verse 21 and the preceding is not clear. This holds also for the relation between the verses of the new paragraph (21 25). This does not mean that the sayings are here grouped artificially. But though an attempt will be made to show inner coherence the thought connections between the several verses , it must be admitted at the very outset that certainty in such matters is unobtainable.) 21. And he said to them, The lamp is not brought in to be put under the peck-measure, is it, or under the bed?

Is it not (brought in) to be put on the lampstand?) And he said to them. To whom? Probably to the same group as in verse 10; hence, not to the general public. Contrast And he said to them of verses 21 and 24 with And he said of verses 26 and 30. In the latter case Mark returns to the time when from the boat the Master was addressing the crowds.) Jesus, in the parable of The Sower, had emphasized the necessity of fruitbearing, the result of seed falling upon good soil, that is, of the word entering well-prepared hearts. Fertile hearts resemble shining lamps.

If this view of the connection is right, then by means of a different figure Jesus is stressing the same basic truth, namely, that hearts and lives should be fruitful, that they should shine so as to benefit others, to God s glory.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Nevertheless, in the light of the then prevailing conditions, as set forth in the Gospels, the conclusion would seem to be warranted that the basic thought is taking a slightly different turn here. What is it that causes hearts and lives to shine? Answer: the word of God asserting its influence within these hearts and lives. That word is symbolized by the seed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.11|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.105|AUTODETECT|” ); also by the lamp 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.105|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 119:105) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.3|AUTODETECT|” ). It was that word and that lamp which the rabbis were hiding under an elaborate load of human traditions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.3|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 15:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.1-40.6.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ch. 23) and hypocritical actions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.1-40.6.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:1 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.15|AUTODETECT|” 23:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.15|AUTODETECT|” ). That word must reveal its power once more. That lamp must shine forth again in all the pristine purity of its light, in order to be a blessing to men. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.16|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 b. This interpretation sheds light on what Jesus says about the absurdity of putting the lamp under the peck-measure or the bed, instead of on the lampstand.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Note the article before the name of each piece of furniture here mentioned. This is not strange, for: a. lamp, peck-measure, bed, and lampstand were familiar pieces in a typical Galilean home; b. in the homes of the poor there may have been only one lamp, only one peck-measure, etc.) As to the lamp, picture a terra cotta saucer-shaped object with handle on one end; on the other end a nozzle-shaped extension with hole for a wick. As to the two holes in the lamp s upper surface, one is for adding oil, the other for air. Of course, not all lamps were similar. For the different types consult encyclopaedias; better still, visit the museum.) The question Jesus asks is a double one. It is immediately evident not only from the Greek but from the translation as here proposed,��149�� that the first part looks forward to the answer No ; the second expects Yes.

Who would ever think of first lighting the lamp and then putting it under the peck-measure?��150�� Or under the bed, a kind of mattress which, when not in use was rolled up. Doing this with the lamp would be absurd. A lit lamp belongs on the lampstand! Such a lampstand was generally a very simple object. It might be a shelf extending from the pillar in the center of the room (the pillar that supported the large cross-beam of the flat roof), or a single stone projecting inward from the wall, or a piece of metal conspicuously placed and used similarly.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.66.16|AUTODETECT|” The point is, of course, that believers, too, should let their light shine. They should permit the word of God to be in full control over their own lives: their inner self, dispositions, thoughts, words, teachings, writings, deeds. And they should never hold back but should testify. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.66.16|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 66:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.107.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.107.2|AUTODETECT|” 107:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.2|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.12-62.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.12-62.2.14|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:12 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.11|AUTODETECT|” . God intended that the mystery given to his children should be disclosed. It is hidden only from those who continue to harden themselves against its appeal. Thus, while the teaching of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is not refuted, the emphasis now is rather on that which must happen first of all: the sower must sow the seed; the lamp must be placed where it can shine; the mystery must be disclosed, not concealed.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.12.14|AUTODETECT|” But whether revealed or concealed, whatever is done with it will not go unnoticed: 22. For there is nothing concealed except to be disclosed, nor is anything covered up except to come to light. Men may try to cover up things, but in this they will always be unsuccessful, for God brings everything out into the open. One day whatever is now concealed will be revealed. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.12.14|AUTODETECT|” Eccl. 12:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.36|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.43|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.43|AUTODETECT|” 13:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” 16:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.2|AUTODETECT|” 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.3|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.12|AUTODETECT|” 20:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Now this is a fact that is often ignored. Men think they can get away with their evil thoughts, plans, words, and actions. God, however, will expose all this. It is therefore not surprising that, as reported by Mark, Jesus continues: 23. If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear. Essentially verse 23 is the same as verse 9, though the form differs slightly . Therefore see on verse 9.) Another but closely connected thought is now added: 24. And he said to them, Be careful what you hear. With respect to men s here in verses 21 25 especially Christ s followers duty and responsibility in the matter of hearing, three things are stressed in the Gospels:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.9|AUTODETECT|” a. That they should hear or listen 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.9|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the emphasis being on hearing over against refusing to hear;) 1 1 2 8 0 0 b. What they should hear (verse 24), what to hear over against what not to hear; and) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.18|AUTODETECT|” c. How they should hear 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), attentively, judiciously, over against how not to hear.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.33|AUTODETECT|” As to Be careful, Take heed, or Be on your guard, see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.33|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.38|AUTODETECT|” . When a person is constantly listening to what he should not be hearing for example, malicious gossip , he will be inclined to judge rashly and condemn. He will be wrongly measuring people, condemning them. Let him then bear in mind: In accordance with the measure whereby you measure it shall be measured back to you & If the one who does the measuring is kind, he will judge favorably, will take delight in giving credit where credit is due, in bestowing favors 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.38|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.1-40.7.5|AUTODETECT|” ). On the other hand, if he is of the opposite disposition, he will easily fall into the habit of judging severely, unkindly 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.1-40.7.5|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.33|AUTODETECT|” ; especially verse 2). Whatever it be, the measure he gives will be the measure he gets. If he gives generously he will receive even more generously: and more besides shall be given to you. This reminds one of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.33|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the original uses the same verb,��151�� and similarly in a favorable sense: all these things shall be added to you, that is, shall be granted to you as an extra gift. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.7|AUTODETECT|” God s gifts are always most generous. He is forever adding gift to gift, favor to favor, blessing to blessing. He gives not only of his riches as a billionaire might do when he gives a dollar to charity , but according to his riches, the riches of his grace 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.16|AUTODETECT|” ). He imparts grace upon grace 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.16|AUTODETECT|” John 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.7|AUTODETECT|” ). He not only pardons but pardons abundantly 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.7|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 55:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.7.18|AUTODETECT|” ). He delights in lovingkindness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.7.18|AUTODETECT|” Mic. 7:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.65.24|AUTODETECT|” ). Before they call I will answer; and while they are still speaking I will hear 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.65.24|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 65:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.9.20-27.9.23|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.9.20-27.9.23|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 9:20 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ). When he loves, he loves the world; and when he gives, he gives his only begotten Son 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” John 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.25|AUTODETECT|” ). That Son, moreover, not only intercedes for his people but ever lives to make intercession for them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.25|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Truly, He giveth and giveth and giveth again. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.24.13|AUTODETECT|” More besides shall be given to you. When Abraham s servant asks Rebekah for a drink, she not only quenches his thirst but in addition also that of the camels 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.24.13|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 24:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.24.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.24.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.24.18-1.24.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.24.18-1.24.20|AUTODETECT|” 18 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.24.42-1.24.46|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.24.42-1.24.46|AUTODETECT|” 42 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 This is only a faint reflection of what God in Christ is doing constantly:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.3.9-11.3.15|AUTODETECT|” He not only grants Solomon s wish for wisdom, but in addition promises him riches and length of days 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.3.9-11.3.15|AUTODETECT|” I Kings 3:9 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.5-40.8.13|AUTODETECT|” He not only accedes to the centurion s request to heal the latter s servant, but in addition pronounces a blessing upon the centurion 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.5-40.8.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:5 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.21-41.5.24|AUTODETECT|” He not only answers the plea of Jairus, restoring to life his daughter, but in addition sees to it that the child gets something to eat 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.21-41.5.24|AUTODETECT|” Mark 5:21 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.43|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.43|AUTODETECT|” 43) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.32|AUTODETECT|” He, the resurrected Christ, not only fulfils his promise to meet the disciples in Galilee 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.32|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.7|AUTODETECT|” 28:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.16-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.16-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” 16 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.33-42.24.48|AUTODETECT|” ), but in addition meets and blesses them even earlier, in Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.33-42.24.48|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:33 48) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 He not only pardons the sinner as a governor might grant pardon but, in addition, adopts him and grants him peace, holiness, joy, assurance, freedom of access, super-invincibility (Rom. chapters 5 8).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.6|AUTODETECT|” This interpretation of the final clause of verse 24 is supported by what immediately follows in verse 25. For he who has, to him shall be given, and he who does not have, from him shall be taken away even what he has. In matters spiritual, standing still is impossible. A person either gains or loses; he either advances or declines. Whoever has, to him shall be given. The disciples (exception Judas Iscariot) had accepted Jesus. With reference to them he was later on going to say to the Father, They have kept thy word 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.6|AUTODETECT|” John 17:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.47.1-26.47.5|AUTODETECT|” ) and They are not of the world (17:16). To be sure, this faith was accompanied by many a weakness, error, and flaw. But the beginning had been made. Therefore, according to heaven s rule, further progress was assured, an advance in knowledge, love, holiness, joy, etc., in all the blessings of the kingdom of heaven, for salvation is an ever deepening stream 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.47.1-26.47.5|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 47:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.16|AUTODETECT|” ). Every blessing is a guarantee of further blessings to come 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.16|AUTODETECT|” John 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He shall have abundantly. The theory according to which Jesus (or Mark) was referring only to an increase of knowledge or even insight is improbable. Such discernment is, to be sure, included, but there is nothing in the context that would limit so rigidly the blessing here promised.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.24-40.25.30|AUTODETECT|” On the other hand, whoever does not have, from him shall be taken away even that semblance of knowledge, that superficial acquaintance with matters spiritual, which he once had. Is there not an analogy of this in the realm of knowledge on a level below the strictly spiritual? Is it not true that the person who has learned enough music to play a few simple melodies, but not really enough to be able to say, I have mastered this or that instrument, and then stops practicing altogether, will soon discover that the little skill which he had at one time has vanished? The man who refuses to make proper use of his one talent loses even that 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.24-40.25.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:24 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 ) 4:26 29 Parable of the Seed Growing in Secret) 26 And he said, The kingdom of God is as if a man should scatter seed on the earth, 27 and should sleep and rise night and day, and the seed should sprout and grow-how he does not know. 28 By itself the earth produces crops: first the blade, then the ear,��152�� then the full grain��153�� in the ear. 29 But whenever the (condition of the) crop permits, at once he puts in the sickle, because the harvest has come.��154��) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.31|AUTODETECT|” It would appear from verses 33, 34 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.34|AUTODETECT|” 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.26-41.4.32|AUTODETECT|” ) that when Jesus spoke the pair of parables recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.26-41.4.32|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:26 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (as also the one in 4:3 9), he was speaking to the crowds. In other words, Mark returns here to the situation that prevailed when from a boat the Lord addressed the people (verse 1).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.16.30|AUTODETECT|” Between the parable of The Sower, to which such prominence is given in the Synoptics, and which Mark also reports first of all (verses 3 9) and the one about The Seed Growing in Secret, which is peculiar to Mark,��155�� there is a close relationship. The first stresses human responsibility: the seed cannot sprout, grow, and bear fruit unless it falls into good soil. Meaning: the word or message of God, the gospel, bears fruit only when the heart responds favorably. This is an aspect of the truth that must never be neglected. Yet, this may happen at times. A preacher asks his audience, What can man do in order to be saved? and then creates suspense by remaining silent a few moments& , after which he continues, Let me tell you: he can do exactly nothing!

God does it all! Should he not also tell the other side of the story? When the jailer asked, Men, what must I do to be saved? Paul and Silas did not say, You can do nothing at all. What they said was, Believe in the Lord Jesus and you shall be saved, you and your household 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.3|AUTODETECT|” It is true, nevertheless, that of himself man can do nothing. It is only by means of power imparted by God that man is able to turn to God in true faith. He cannot be converted unless he is first of all regenerated 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.3|AUTODETECT|” John 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.18|AUTODETECT|” ). See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.18|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 31:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . On this aspect of the truth, namely, God s sovereignty, the present parable places the emphasis. It teaches that just as God alone, not the farmer, thoroughly understands and is in fact the Author of physical growth, so also God alone, not man, thoroughly understands and is the Author of spiritual growth, the establishment and progress of the reign of God in hearts, lives, and spheres. It is because of his will that the spiritual seed, the word or message of the gospel, asserts its increasingly powerful influence upon the hearts of men and thus also upon society generally. What a comfort this is, for now with patience we await the harvest that is certain to arrive. Victory is assured: God s plan must be and is going to be carried out.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Accordingly, the parable sets forth three thoughts. So closely are they linked that the three actually form a unit. They are as follows:) 1. To man growth is a mystery (verses 26, 27).) 2. The seed reveals its potency (verse 28).) 3. The harvest-time spells victory (verse 29).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Thus it is in the realm of nature; thus also in that of grace, for the kingdom s growth is also a mystery. Its (the kingdom s) word 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) reveals its potency, which is going to become very clear on the day of the harvest, the final judgment, certain to arrive at the appropriate moment.) 1 5 2 8 0 0

1. To man growth is a mystery) 26, 27. And he said, The kingdom of God is as if a man should scatter seed on the earth, and should sleep and rise night and day, and the seed should sprout and grow��156�� how he does not know.) Jesus is again describing the kingdom of God. See on 1:15. He is saying that this reign of God over hearts and lives, with consequent influence in every sphere, is mysterious in its growth. It is with this kingdom or kingship as it is with a man who casts seed on the earth.

Having entrusted the seed to the soil, evening arrives. For the Jews that meant the beginning of a new day. Soon afterward the man, tired out from a day of hard labor, goes to sleep, sleeping on and on until dawn. In the morning he arises. As to the seed he has been scattering the preceding day, he fully realizes that he can do nothing about it. He lacks all control over the processes of germination and growth.

When night falls once more, he again goes to sleep. Again he rises in the morning. That routine of sleeping and rising, sleeping and rising, night and day, night and day, goes on and on and on.) Meanwhile the seed is sprouting and growing. Just how this growth takes place he, the farmer, does not know. Neither does the chemist or the most learned agricultural specialist. He has never been able to figure out exactly how the seed is able to transform a tiny bit of shall we say dead ? soil into a living plant cell; no, not just into a cell, any cell, but into the kind of cell that is precisely similar to the cells that were in the plant from which the seed originated.) All the farmer can do is trust.

To be sure, he can cover the seed, root up weeds, loosen the soil, add fertilizer, and perhaps even channel water to his plot. All these things are important. But he cannot cause the seed to sprout and grow. As to that, all he can do is sleep night upon night, and rise day after day. The rest he must leave entirely to the seed, ultimately to the One who created the seed, who knows it thoroughly, and activates it. The farmer must trust and pray.

He must wait patiently.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.6|AUTODETECT|” In the spiritual realm this holds also. The admissions I cannot and I know not are just as true with respect to the establishment and growth of the reign of God as they are with respect to germination and development of physical seed. For I cannot see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.6|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.8|AUTODETECT|” , I planted, Apollos watered, but God supplied the growth. For I know not see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.8|AUTODETECT|” John 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , The wind blows where it wills, and you hear the sound, but you do not know where it comes from and where it goes to. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 2. The seed reveals its potency) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.10|AUTODETECT|” 28. By itself the earth produces crops: first the blade, then the ear, then the full grain in the ear. By itself means without visible cause, and apart from any human help. Think of the city gate which opened to Peter of its own accord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.10|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , the only other New Testament instance of the occurrence of this word).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The secret of growth has, as it were, been entrusted to the earth. However, this term earth by metonymy must here mean the seed embedded in the earth. To that seed God entrusted the secret, so that it now, as it were, knows exactly what it has to do, when to do it, and how.) As to man, if the day after sowing, or even the next day or the following one, he looks at the field, he sees no sign of life whatever. But some time later when he looks again, he stands amazed when he beholds ever so many little sprouts where before nothing had been visible. He exclaims, What potency was concealed in things so small! ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=22.4.16|AUTODETECT|” So it is also with the kingdom, the reign of God. A faithful minister scatters the seed year upon year. He explains, pictures, invites, exhorts, comforts, warns, urges, makes pastoral calls. Nevertheless, to a considerable extent his efforts seem to have been futile. Then of a sudden the winds of God begin to blow upon the gardens (hearts) of his parishioners 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=22.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Sol. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The word shows its power. It had been active before, but results had not been greatly in evidence. But now men and women, old and young, educated and unlettered, rich and poor, jubilantly confess their faith and show this in their lives. The Spirit is working mightily, always in connection with the word, the gospel. The people have peace within their hearts, the assurance of salvation. They look forward to the inheritance stored up for them in heaven.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.150.0|AUTODETECT|” But that is by no means all. These people are grateful. Therefore they realize that everything everywhere must be done to the glory of their wonderful God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.150.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 150) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.1-43.17.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.1-43.17.4|AUTODETECT|” John 17:1 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.20|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 6:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31|AUTODETECT|” 10:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Jude 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.12-66.5.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.12-66.5.14|AUTODETECT|” 5:12 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.1-66.19.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.1-66.19.8|AUTODETECT|” 19:1 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.11.30|AUTODETECT|” ). They also begin to put forth every effort not only to be the means in God s hand for the conversion of others, a worthy ideal indeed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 11:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.3|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.28-40.11.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.28-40.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:28 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.37|AUTODETECT|” 23:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.22|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but also to see to it that the will of God as revealed in his Word is recognized and obeyed in every sphere: the family, the church, government (on every level), education, art, science, literature, commerce, industry, etc., etc. Thus the kingdom or reign of God becomes established upon the earth.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Note the progress that is here indicated: from blade to ear to full grain in the ear.��157�� In the plant world this transition from one stage to another is so gradual that it can truly be called imperceptible. Try to indicate the precise moment when the blade develops into the ear, or the latter produces a row of full kernels. It cannot be done. Nevertheless, though imperceptible, development is also inevitable. Under normal conditions nothing can stop growth. Who has not seen places where a plant pushed its head through a sidewalk or a wall or at times even through a pipe?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.4.18|AUTODETECT|” Something very similar happens in the case of the kingdom of heaven. Though it may not be possible clearly to describe growth in holiness hence, progress in the reign of God over one s life from one day to another, nevertheless it remains true that The path of the righteous resembles the light of dawn, that shines more and more brightly until the full-orbed day 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.4.18|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 4:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” ). This holds not only with respect to the life of the individual believer; it holds also with reference to the influence of the gospel as throughout the centuries, little by little, it travels from one nation to another, and increasingly causes its power to be felt in every sphere of life. See N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.6-23.40.8|AUTODETECT|” . This clearly reveals the potency of the word 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.6-23.40.8|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 40:6 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.24|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 3. The harvest-time spells victory) 29. But whenever the (condition of the) crop permits, at once he puts in the sickle, because the harvest has come. Whenever the (condition of the) crop permits��158�� means when the proper time arrives; then, but not until then.) The description of harvest or harvest-time the word used in the original can mean either is very dramatic. At once, without any delay, the man (of verse 26)��159�� puts in the sickle, for the moment for which he has been waiting has finally arrived. Farmers who wait too long are going to suffer loss.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.3.0|AUTODETECT|” Thus it is in nature. Thus also in the spiritual realm. The picture drawn is truly apocalyptic. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.3.0|AUTODETECT|” Joel 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.0|AUTODETECT|” [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.0|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.14-66.14.16|AUTODETECT|” ]:13; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.14-66.14.16|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 14:14 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.15|AUTODETECT|” . The lesson is: the victory is sure; harvest is approaching and will certainly arrive at the very moment decided in God s eternal plan. Then God s kingdom will be revealed in all its splendor 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.15|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 11:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.17.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.17.14|AUTODETECT|” 17:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Be patient, therefore, brothers, until the arrival of the Lord. Look, the farmer waits for the precious produce of the soil, being patient over it until he receives the early and the late rain. You also should continue to wait patiently. Strengthen your hearts, for the arrival of the Lord is near 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.7|AUTODETECT|” James 5:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 4:30 32 The Parable of the Mustard Seed) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.31|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.18|AUTODETECT|” Luke 13:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 3 2 8 0 0 30 And he said, With what shall we compare the kingdom of God, or by what parable shall we present it? 31 It is like a mustard seed which, when sown on the ground, is the smallest of all the seeds on the ground; 32 yet, once sown, grows and becomes the biggest of all the garden herbs, and sends out branches so large that the birds of the air can lodge��160�� under its shade. ) ) In our treatment of The Synoptic Problem (N.T.C. on Matthew, pp. 6 54) it was pointed out that one of the reasons why Matthew, Mark, and Luke resemble each other so closely may have been literary relationship, both Matthew and Luke having probably used Mark s Gospel; all three having utilized Matthew s earlier notes; Luke perhaps also Matthew s Gospel (p. 53). It was also shown that one of the reasons why the three are so different may have been that in the use of sources, whether oral or written, each evangelist exercised his Spirit-guided judgment, in accordance with his own character, education and general background, and with a view to the realization of his own distinct plan and purpose (p. 54). An illustration both of the variety and the unity is found in this parable of The Mustard Seed.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.0|AUTODETECT|” ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 1 11 2 8 0 0 verse 31 verse 30 ) He presented another parable to them, saying, And he said, With what shall we compare the kingdom of God, or by what parable shall we present it ) verse 31 ) The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. It is like a mustard seed which, when sown on the ground, ) verse 32 ) It is the smallest of all the seeds; is the smallest of all the seeds on the ground; ) verse 32 ) yet, when it is full-grown, it is the biggest of the garden herbs, and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and lodge in its branches. yet, once sown, grows and becomes the biggest of all the garden herbs, and sends out branches so large that the birds of the air can lodge under its shade. ) ) ) What a variety of expression! Nevertheless, no discrepancy anywhere! And the similarity is as striking as is the variety.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.0|AUTODETECT|” Luke 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 also contains this parable, as follows:) 1 4 2 8 0 0 verse 18) He said therefore, What is the kingdom of God like, and to what shall I compare it?) verse 19) It is like a mustard seed, which a man took and cast into his garden; and it grew to be a tree, and the birds of the air lodged in its branches. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.31|AUTODETECT|” Here, too, there is no discrepancy, no conflict between Luke and the others. We note, moreover, the close resemblance between Luke s eighteenth verse and Mark s thirtieth. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.31|AUTODETECT|” a is wholly different. Did Luke, though retaining his own style, have Mark before him as he wrote? There is also a close resemblance between Luke s nineteenth verse and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.32|AUTODETECT|” b, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Luke resembles Matthew more closely than he does Mark. Was he making use of what Matthew had already written: the latter s notes, or perhaps even his Gospel? However that may be, the fact stands out that amid pleasing variety of presentation an equally delightful harmony is evident. In the selection of his sources, both oral and written, as well as in everything else pertaining to his writing, each Gospel writer, for his own purpose employing his own style, was being guided by the Holy Spirit.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” In the parable of The Sower (verses 3 9, 13 20) the emphasis was on human responsibility; in that of The Seed Growing in Secret (verses 26 29), on divine sovereignty. When these two co-operate man working out his own salvation because God is working within him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) , abundant growth results, as shown in the parable of The Mustard Seed.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 To be sure, this idea of growth, success, a good harvest, was already brought to the fore in the preceding parables (see verses 8, 20, 28, 29). But there are two differences. Here, in the parable of The Mustard Seed, a. this fact receives all the emphasis; and b. added stress is placed on the truth that great results develop from small beginnings. The central idea of the new parable, then, is this: the kingdom of God, no matter how small and insignificant it may appear at first, will continue to expand and to become increasingly a blessing to all who enter it.��161��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.18|AUTODETECT|” 30. And he said, With what shall we compare the kingdom of God, or by what parable shall we present it? What we have here is an oratorical question��162�� to arouse interest. Note the striking resemblance in form to the similarly double question found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.18|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 40:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.31|AUTODETECT|” and to the one in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 7:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 It was not a question rising from embarrassment, Jesus being at a loss as to what he should say next in illustration of the kingdom and its growth. It was a device not unknown to the rabbis to sharpen the attention of the audience. So very important did the Lord consider the amazingly marvelous theme of the kingdom and its growth that he wanted everyone to listen carefully. Hardened foes would remain hardened; rather, were to become even more hardened (verse 12), but though the lesson is lost on them, it would be revealed and savingly applied to the others.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Under the symbolical figure of a mustard seed, the parable first of all describes the smallness of the kingdom in the beginning of its new dispensation phase: 31. It is like a mustard seed which, when sown on the ground, is the smallest of all the seeds on the ground .& Among seeds sown in the garden 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Luke 13:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.20|AUTODETECT|” ) the mustard seed was generally the smallest. Proverbially it therefore indicated anything that was very minute in its beginning 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 17:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.6|AUTODETECT|” Luke 17:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.32|AUTODETECT|” ). Thus also the kingdom of God in the days of Christ s sojourn on earth was represented by a small band of genuine believers. Compared to the entire population of the Roman empire, or to all those who were at that time living in Palestine, or even to the large crowds that followed Jesus but for selfish reasons, Christ s real kingdom see on 1:15 was indeed insignificant in human eyes. Moreover, its immediate prestige was small. It resembled a small flock of defenseless sheep: Fear not, little flock & 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.3|AUTODETECT|” ). Its shepherd was despised and rejected by men 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.3|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.34|AUTODETECT|” ). It was like a mere stone 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.34|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 2:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.17|AUTODETECT|” ). Cf. also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.17|AUTODETECT|” Luke 17:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.66|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.66|AUTODETECT|” John 6:66) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.26|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.9|AUTODETECT|” But the little flock was to become the countless multitude 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.9|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 7:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.35|AUTODETECT|” ). The stone was predestined to become a mountain so huge that it would fill the entire earth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.35|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 2:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). 32. yet, [the seed] once sown, grows and becomes the biggest of all the garden herbs, and sends out branches so large that the birds of the air can lodge under its shade. The sprout resulting from a mustard seed grows and grows until it becomes a shrub, which in turn grows until it is taller than any of the other plants that grow from seeds entrusted to the soil of the garden plot. Ultimately it looks like a tree, and, loosely speaking, may actually be called a tree. It sends out branches thus Mark correctly interpreted Christ s words so large that the birds of the air are able to lodge or tent in its shade. Even today mustard grows vigorously in Palestine. It reaches ten feet, sometimes even fifteen. In the fall of the year, when the branches have become rigid, birds of many species find here a shelter from the storm, rest from weariness, and shade from the heat of the sun.��163��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.17.22-26.17.24|AUTODETECT|” Similarly the kingdom of God, once established, expands and keeps on expanding. As to the birds finding shelter in the shade of the tree 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.17.22-26.17.24|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 17:22 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.4.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.4.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), does this not indicate that the kingdom becomes a blessing for men of every clime, race, and nation? Truly,) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Around the throne of God in heaven) Thousands of children stand. ��164��) Anne H. Shepherd) Within forty years of Christ s death the gospel had reached all the great cultural centers of the Roman world, and ever so many out-of-the-way places besides. Since that time it has been spreading, gaining men of every race, and influencing every sphere of life. It is doing this today. From vict ry unto vict ry his army he shall lead. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Accordingly, to those who first heard it, this parable was saying, Have patience, exercise faith, keep on praying, and keep on working. God s program cannot fail. It is saying the same thing to those who have come afterward. Only, it is saying it today with even greater force, because the story-illustration is really a prophecy, and this prophecy has already been partly fulfilled! As to this matter of fulfilment see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (pp. 854 856).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.118.22|AUTODETECT|” Great results have developed from small beginnings. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.118.22|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 118:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.118.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.118.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.11.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.11.1|AUTODETECT|” 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.2|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.2|AUTODETECT|” 53:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.3|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.3|AUTODETECT|” 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.10-23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.10-23.53.12|AUTODETECT|” 10 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.17.22-26.17.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.17.22-26.17.24|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 17:22 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.1|AUTODETECT|” . Christ s rule of grace, no matter how despised it may be at first, and how insignificant in the eyes of men, is bound to go forward conquering and to conquer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.1|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 6:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.17.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.17.14|AUTODETECT|” 17:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). That kingdom will be established more and more widely and firmly. It will do this because it is God s kingdom!) 1 5 2 8 0 0 What we have here, then, is a striking illustration of the lines:) Large streams from little fountains flow,) Tall oaks from little acorns grow. ) David Everet Lines Written for a) School Declamation) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.19|AUTODETECT|” Implied in all this is the important lesson: Blessed is the one who takes an active part in promoting the growth of the kingdom; always beginning at home 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.19|AUTODETECT|” Mark 5:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but never forgetting the whole creation (16:15).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) 4:33, 34 Christ s Use of Parables) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.34|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.34|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.35|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.35|AUTODETECT|” 35) 1 2 2 8 0 0 33 With many such parables he was speaking the word to them, as far as they were able to hear (it). 34 And without (using) a parable he was not saying anything to them; but privately to his own disciples he was explaining everything.) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.10|AUTODETECT|” 33. With many such parables he was speaking the word to them, as far as they were able to hear (it). Mark is saying that these three parables were but samples of the many spoken by the Lord. By means of them he reached his audience to the extent in which these parables, even though uncomprehended, were able to arrest and hold the attention of the crowd. This reminds us of verses 11, 12, with which it is in complete harmony. 34. And without (using) a parable he was not saying anything to them; & This probably means that whenever Jesus addressed the multitude he would in his discourse include a parable or even more than one.

Continued: but privately to his own disciples he was explaining everything. What is said here is entirely in line with verse 10. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.10|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.36|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.36|AUTODETECT|” 36) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 We are not surprised that this evangelist does not record nearly as many parables as do Matthew and Luke. As was pointed out earlier see sections II and IV of the Introduction , Mark was writing for Romans, people who were interested in action, power, conquest. To them he pictures Jesus as an active, energetic, swiftly moving, conquering King, a Victor over the destructive forces of nature, over disease, demons, death, and moral-spiritual darkness, the One and only Deliverer. So, having related these three parables, Mark now turns quickly to an awe-inspiring action account.) ) 4:35 41 A Tempest Stilled) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.23-40.8.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.23-40.8.27|AUTODETECT|” 23 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.22-42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.22-42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:22 25) 1 3 2 8 0 0 35 On that day, when evening had come, he said to them, Let us cross over to the other side. 36 Leaving the crowd behind, they took him along in the boat, just as he was. Other boats were with him. 37 A heavy storm��165�� came up, and the waves were dashing into the boat, so that the boat was already filling up. 38 But he was in the stern, on the headrest, sleeping. And they were waking him up and saying to him, Master, don t you care that we re perishing? 39 He got up, rebuked the wind, and said to the sea, Hush! Be still! Then the wind fell, and there was a deep calm. 40 And he said to them, Why are you afraid? Have you still no faith? 41 They were awestruck, and were saying��166�� to each other, Who then is this, that even the wind and sea obey him? ) ) By combining the three accounts we obtain the following collation, in which whatever is peculiar to Mark is in italics. These italicized vivid touches, the ones not found in Matthew and Luke, confirm the theory that Mark had heard an eye-witness, Peter, tell the story:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.23|AUTODETECT|” In the evening (of a day filled with activity, Mar, 4:1 ff.) Jesus bade his disciples go with him to the opposite (eastern) side of the Sea of Galilee. So, leaving the crowd behind, they took him along in the boat just as he was. Other boats were with him. As they sailed he fell asleep 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.23|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 A violent storm came up, so that the boat was being swamped by the waves, and the men were in danger. But he was in the stern, on the headrest, sleeping.) They were waking him up and saying to him, Master, don t you care that we re perishing? ��167��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” He said to them, Why are you frightened, O men of little faith? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Jesus got up and rebuked the wind and the sea (the raging waves). He said to the sea, Hush! Be still! Then the wind fell and the raging waves ceased. There was a deep calm.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” He asked his disciples, Why are you afraid? Have you still no faith? Where is your, faith? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The men were awestruck, and were saying to each other, Who or: What kind of person is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him? & that he commands even the winds and the water, and they obey him? ) * * ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” When we omit ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , and confine ourselves to Mark s account, we have six paragraphs, as follows: Theme: A Tempest Stilled. Points or headings: a. an evening embarkation, b. a furious tempest, c. frantic outcry, d. an astounding miracle, e. a loving reproach, f. a profound effect.) 1 2 2 8 0 0

1. An evening embarkation) 35, 36. On that day, when evening had come,��168�� he said to them, Let us cross over��169�� to the other side. Leaving the crowd behind, they took him along in the boat, just as he was. Other boats were with him. It had been a busy day for Jesus. From a boat offshore he had been speaking to the multitudes in parables. Afterward, at home (or: in a house) he had given private instruction to the disciples. It is not surprising that when the evening arrived, he was tired and exhausted.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.1|AUTODETECT|” So back to the shore he went, and said to the disciples, Let us cross over to the other side. He wanted to cross over from the busy western or Capernaum side to the eastern or country of the Gerasenes side. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Since he was not only thoroughly divine but also thoroughly human, he was in need of rest. He needed to get away from all those people: not only did they crowd the shore; they even surrounded him in boats!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.7.7|AUTODETECT|” Mark states that the disciples took Jesus along (with them) in the boat. It was he who took the initiative by issuing the order, Let us cross over & But they were the boatsmen, the navigators.��170�� So they took Jesus along just as he was 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.7.7|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 7:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.23|AUTODETECT|” ), tired, exhausted, in need of rest and sleep. See verse 38, and cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.23|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a.) 1 1 2 8 0 0
2. A furious tempest) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.38.1|AUTODETECT|” 37, 38a. A heavy storm came up, and the waves were dashing into the boat, so that the boat was already filling up. But he was in the stern, on the headrest, sleeping. To describe this atmospheric disturbance Mark and Luke in the original speak of a lailaps, that is, a whirlwind 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.38.1|AUTODETECT|” Job 38:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Jonah 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) or a storm that breaks forth in furious gusts, a fearful squall. Matthew calls it a great shaking or sea-quake. It must have been a very violent upheaval, a howling tempest. Suddenly this lailaps came down upon the lake.��171��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The Sea of Galilee is located in the north of the valley of the Jordan. It is about thirteen miles in length and seven and one-half miles in width. It lies approximately six hundred eighty feet below the level of the Mediterranean. Its bed is a depression surrounded by hills, especially on the east side with its precipitous cliffs. It is understandable that when the cool currents rush down from Mt. Hermon (9,200 feet) or from elsewhere and through narrow passages between the steep hills collide with the heated air above the lake basin, this downrush is impetuous.

The violent winds whip the sea into a fury, causing high waves that splash over bow, side rails, etc., of any vessel that happens to be plying the water surface. In the present instance the small fishing craft, swamped by towering billows, was becoming water-logged, the toy of the raging elements.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.23|AUTODETECT|” Howling winds, raging billows & but he [Jesus] was in the stern, on the headrest, sleeping. Thus reads the original, with the word sleeping at the very end of the sentence, creating a dramatic effect, a most striking contrast. The present participle (was) & sleeping pictures Jesus slumbering peacefully. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.23|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 creates the impression that Jesus had fallen asleep as soon as (or almost as soon as) the boat had left the shore. Soon he was sound asleep, showing how very tired he must have been; also showing that his trust in the heavenly Father his own Father was unfaltering. Neither the roaring of the wind nor the dashing and splashing of the billows nor even the rolling and pitching of the rapidly filling boat was able to awaken him.) 1 7 2 8 0 0 This sleeping, moreover, must not be pictured as if the head of Jesus was necessarily resting on a very soft pillow. Note: on the headrest, not on a headrest. It may have been a cushion that belonged to the boat, the only one on board. It may have been a headrest of leather; perhaps even of wood (part of the boat), in which case headrest would be a better rendering than cushion. According to its derivation, all the word used in the original really means is that it was something for the head to rest on; hence, a headrest.) 3. A frantic outcry) 38b.

And they were waking him up and saying to him, Master, don t you care that we re perishing? Amid unity, to which reference has been made, there is variety in the reports concerning the cries of the fear-stricken men. Matthew has, So they came to him and woke him up, saying, Lord, save (us), we re perishing ; Luke, Master, master, we re perishing ; Mark, Master,��172�� don t you care that we re perishing? It is reasonable to suppose that in a situation of terrified distress this disciple would cry one thing, another something else.) It is difficult to ascribe any other meaning to the outcry, Master, don t you care that we re perishing than that it was adverse criticism addressed to Jesus, as if whatever happened to his disciples did not concern him. In all honesty, such a stinging remark cannot even be justly called mild reproach. There was nothing mild about it.

It meant, Do we mean so little to you? With death staring us in the face, how can you sleep? Don t you care whether we re all swallowed up by the angry deep? ) Nevertheless, before we judge these men too harshly, the following facts must be borne in mind: a. They were thoroughly frightened: in such a situation even normally loyal and courageous people will at times say things which they later regret; and b. their bitterness is not unmixed with a measure of trust. If that were not true, they some of them being experienced sailors would not now have turned to a carpenter for help. To be sure, their faith was far from perfect, but even little faith is faith, and holds out hope for purification and enlargement.) According to Matthew it was at this time that Jesus, awakened by his disciples agonizing appeal, said to them, Why are you frightened, O men of little faith? ��173�� Not frightened was he.

On the contrary, he was in full control of this storm even when the winds were still roaring and the waters seething. See N.T.C. on Matthew, p. 411.) 4. An astounding miracle) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” 39. He got up, rebuked the wind, and said to the sea, Hush! Be still [or: silent, quiet]! Then the wind fell, and there was a deep calm. According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.24|AUTODETECT|” Jesus stood up and rebuked the winds and the sea. According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.24|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.39|AUTODETECT|” he rebuked the wind and the raging of the water. And according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.39|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.39|AUTODETECT|” he rebuked the wind, and told the sea to be quiet. The verb rebuked ��174�� is the same in all three cases. There are those who maintain that this verb implies an animate object. They say that this inference is strengthened by ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.39|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.39|AUTODETECT|” , which is then translated, Peace! Be muzzled! But, to begin with the latter, a word does not always retain its basic or primary connotation. Hush! [or: Peace!] Be still! is the more usual and better rendering of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.39|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.5|AUTODETECT|” . As to the expression, He rebuked, it should be borne in mind that Mark does not say, Jesus rebuked the devil, or the demons, or the evil spirits that were in the wind. He simply says, He rebuked the wind. It would seem, therefore, that this is simply a figurative or poetic manner of speaking 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 19:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.98.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.98.8|AUTODETECT|” 98:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.12|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 55:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.4.39|AUTODETECT|” ; etc.). So also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.4.39|AUTODETECT|” Luke 4:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where we are told that Jesus rebuked the fever by which Peter s mother-in-law was being afflicted. The really important fact conveyed by the expression He rebuked the wind (and parallels in the other Gospels) is that in a very effective manner Jesus asserted his authority over the elements of nature, so that there was a deep calm.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Here in Mark the progressive parallelism is very impressive: Jesus separately addresses the wind and the sea. He rebukes the wind; to the sea he says, Hush! Be still! The result is also indicated separately: the wind fell; the sea became calm.) What is very striking is that not only the winds immediately quiet down, but so do even the waves. Generally, as is well-known, after the winds have perceptibly diminished, the billows will continue to roll for a while, surging and subsiding as if unwilling to follow the example of the now subdued air currents above them. But in this instance winds and waves synchronize in the sublime symphony of a solemn silence.

Something comparable to an evening stillness of the starry heavens settles upon the waters. Suddenly the surface of the sea had become smooth as a mirror.) 5. A loving reproach) 40. And he said to them, Why are you afraid? Have you still no faith?) Before proceeding with the explanation of this verse it may be well to point out that there are times when a comment should be made not only about what Scripture says but also about what it omits. The disciples, by implication, had accused the Master of indifference or hard-heartedness, of not being concerned about them (verse 38).

Is it not really marvelous and very comforting to take note of the fact that Jesus never rebuked them for the grim, thoughtless words, Don t you care that we re perishing? This is the same Savior who was going to give an answer to Simon s base denials accompanied by curses. His answer, however, would not be a sharp rebuke but a look full of pain, yet also full of love; and subsequently (after the resurrection) a penetrating, soul-searching yet loving interrogation: Simon, Son of John, do you love me more than these? & Do you love me? & Do you have affection for me? ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.5|AUTODETECT|” makes it very clear that not only before but also after the miracle the disciples were afraid. They had been frightened by the storm. Now they were filled with fear because of the presence of the One who had so suddenly, completely, and dramatically stilled the storm. For similar instances of awe induced by the consciousness of being in the presence of Majesty see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.5|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 6:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.5.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 5:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . So Jesus asks them, Why are not Why were you afraid? As if to say, has not the stilling of the storm and the soothing of the waves, in answer to your hysterical outcry, taught you that this Master of yours is not only very powerful but also very loving? Therefore, should not your response be that of complete, childlike trust?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.17-41.8.21|AUTODETECT|” What Jesus actually said was, Have you still no faith? See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.8.17-41.8.21|AUTODETECT|” Mark 8:17 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.19|AUTODETECT|” 9:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.30|AUTODETECT|” . They were men of little faith, that is, men who were too timid sufficiently to rely upon the comfort and confidence which they should have derived from the presence, promises, power, and love of their Master 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” 8:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.31|AUTODETECT|” 14:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.8|AUTODETECT|” 16:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.28|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); too hesitant to realize that the Father s loving care was bestowed upon them through the Son.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.50.19-1.50.21|AUTODETECT|” Still no faith; that is, no faith in spite of all that you have seen, heard, experienced? This little word still must not escape us. By using it Jesus is teaching that the experiences of life are sent to men with a purpose. They must be used to good advantage, for furtherance in sanctification. Joseph understood this 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.50.19-1.50.21|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 50:19 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.23.5|AUTODETECT|” ). So did David 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.23.5|AUTODETECT|” II Sam. 23:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 116) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.25|AUTODETECT|” ); the man born blind 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.25|AUTODETECT|” John 9:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.30-43.9.33|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.30-43.9.33|AUTODETECT|” 30 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.9|AUTODETECT|” ); Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.9|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.7-50.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.7-50.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:7 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.11-50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.11-50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 4:11 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.30.27|AUTODETECT|” ). Laban, too, learned something by experience, but applied his knowledge selfishly 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.30.27|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 30:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 b).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 6. A profound effect) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.27|AUTODETECT|” 41. They were awestruck.& Because of all that Jesus had revealed with reference to himself, but probably mostly because of the power he had manifested, these men feared (with) great fear, thus literally.��175�� The awe here indicated was a combination of fear and reverence. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” says that the men were amazed (or: astonished). ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 reports both the fear and the amazement. The disciples began to realize: Jesus is greater by far than we had previously imagined. He exercises control not only over audiences, sicknesses, and demons, but even over winds and waves: and were saying or: and began to say��176�� to each other, Who then is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him?) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Much that is wrong on earth can be corrected. There are mothers who dry tears, repairmen who fix machines, surgeons who remove diseased tissues, counselors who solve family problems, etc. As to correcting the weather? People talk about it, to be sure. But it takes deity to change the weather. It is Jesus who commands the elements of the weather, with the result that even the wind obeys him, and so does even the sea.��177��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.41|AUTODETECT|” We receive the impression that for the moment at least the disciples were deeply impressed with the power, majesty, and glory of their Master. Who then is this? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.41|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.27|AUTODETECT|” ) they asked. The meaning must have been, in the phraseology of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , What kind of person is this? ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.4.1|AUTODETECT|” Their answer to this question is not given. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.4.1|AUTODETECT|” Jonah 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.37|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.45|AUTODETECT|” 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.45|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 22:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Very appropriately the narrative ends by fixing the attention upon the person of Jesus Christ, so that everyone who reads it may give his own answer, may profess his own faith, and add his own doxology.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 4) The eight sections of this chapter may be summarized as follows:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.1|AUTODETECT|” a. The parable of The Sower (verses 1 9). It had happened before that Jesus had left a crowded building, whether house or synagogue, for the shore (2:2, 13; 3:1, 7). So also here 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). On the present occasion the throng that had gathered about Jesus was so large that he stepped into a boat and sat in it out on the sea, thus face to face with his audience. In his teaching from the sea the Master made generous use of parables. In fact, the book-division here summarized can be called Mark s parable chapter, since six of its eight sections record, or at least refer to, parables.) 1 11 2 8 0 0 First of all Jesus tells the parable of The Sower. Listen, says the Master, and he continues, Once (upon a time) the sower went out to sow. The seed fell on various types of soil: hard, rocky, thorn-infested, and good. Only the last of the four produced a harvest, the seed yielding thirty, sixty, and a hundredfold.) b. Purpose of the parables (verses 10 12). In a house Jesus afterward, at the request of a group of disciples wider than The Twelve, explains why he was speaking in parables; namely, to reveal the truth to those who accepted it, and to conceal it from those who obstinately opposed it, that the latter might endure the blame of their own blindness and hardness (Calvin).) c.

Explanation of the parable of The Sower (verses 13 20). Jesus shows that the four types of soil indicate, respectively, unresponsive, impulsive, pre-occupied, and responsive hearts. It is the latter kind of heart alone that is fruitful. Man s duty to respond properly to the word or message of the kingdom is therefore the real point of the parable. The stress is definitely on human responsibility. See 4:9, 23, 24; 8:18.) d.

Various sayings of Jesus (verses 21 25). Fertile hearts resemble shining lamps. The word of the kingdom and the life in harmony with it must not be concealed but brought out into the open, in imitation of God who one day is going to reveal whatever men have tried to conceal. Then (and in a sense even before then) the measure which a person has given will be the measure he is going to receive; with this qualification, however, that the work of salvation is a matter of pure grace: God is ever adding gift to gift. On the contrary, from him who, because of his own unwillingness to listen and to take to heart, does not possess the greatest treasure, shall be taken away even that semblance of knowledge, that superficial acquaintance with matters spiritual, which he once had.) e. The parable of The Seed Growing in Secret (verses 26 29).

This parable stresses God s sovereignty as displayed in the matter of man s salvation and its effect in every sphere of life. Jesus shows that to man growth is a mystery: the seed sprouts and grows, how he does not know ; that the seed, nevertheless, reveals its potency: by itself the earth produces crops ; and that the harvest (or: harvest-time) spells victory: whenever the (condition of the) crop permits, at once he the sower, now also reaper puts in the sickle, because the harvest has come. Since it is true, therefore, that the power to sprout and grow has by God been embedded in the seed, and man can do nothing about this after scattering the seed, all he can do is sleep and rise, sleep and rise , the harvest is assured. Christ s kingdom, his royal reign, shall expand and shall one day reveal itself in all its splendor.) f. The parable of The Mustard Seed (verses 30 32). When man works out his own salvation because God is working within him see the two preceding parables , growth abounds.

Great results develop from small beginnings. Just as mustard, at first a very small seed, attains at last to such a height that it sends out branches so large that the birds of the air can lodge under its shade, so also the reign of God in Christ, acknowledged by a very small group at first, is going to expand and keep on expanding, becoming a blessing to men of every race, and influencing every sphere of life, to God s glory.) g. Christ s use of parables (verses 33, 34). By means of parables and parabolic expressions, by Jesus included in all his public discourses, he reached his audiences to the extent in which these story-illustrations and figures of speech were able to arrest and hold their attention. When at home (or: in a house), alone with his disciples, he was in the habit of explaining everything to them.) h. A tempest stilled (verses 35 41).

First Mark pictures an evening embarkation. After a busy day Jesus, at his own request, is taken aboard by the disciples. The group is headed for the opposite (eastern) shore. A furious tempest arises, the winds howling, the waves crashing against and splashing into the boat, which is becoming water-logged. All the while Jesus is in the stern, his head on a headrest, fast asleep. There is a frantic cry, Master, don t you care that we re perishing?

An astounding miracle follows: Jesus gets up, rebukes the wind, and says to the sea, Hush! Be still! The wind subsides. There is a deep calm. At this point Mark records Christ s tenderly loving reproach (Matthew does so even earlier), Why are you afraid? Have you still no faith?

Still, that is, even after all the miracles you have seen me perform, the words you have heard from my lips, and the life I have lived in your presence? Has all this experience taught you nothing?) The Master does not even sharply rebuke his disciples for having addressed him so censoriously. The profound effect of the miracle is by Mark recorded in these words, They were awestruck and were saying [or: began to say] to each other, Who then is this that even the wind and the sea obey him? ) 134 Or: either Behold or Lo or Look .) 135 Note ��������, superlative of �����. This superlative is here used in the elative sense.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|”

136 Although ��x� �t� �������� can be rendered by the seaside, yet facing the sea 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|”

John 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

) is also possible, and perhaps even preferable in view of Mark s characteristic vividness.) 1 3 2 8 0 0

137 The first of these two alternatives is the rendering proposed by Phillips and by Norlie; the second , the one suggested by J. A. Alexander, The Gospel according to Matthew, New York, 1867, p. 353.) 138 Besides, the original uses two words ������� and ������� derived from the same stem, in reality two forms of the same word, the first being a noun derived from a present participle; the second, an aorist infinitive. Last but not least, the transition from the parable to the meaning is made much easier by means of the translation sower & to sow than by any other rendering.) 139) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.6.9|AUTODETECT|”

Mark s summary (cf. LXX rendering): That they may see indeed & , and hear indeed & , preserves the emphasis of the underlying Hebrew construction in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.6.9|AUTODETECT|”

Isa. 6:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.6.10|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.6.10|AUTODETECT|”

10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

. The imperative plurals followed by infinitive absolutes in Hebrew are in Mark s Greek represented by present participles followed by subjunctives. In Hebrew the entire passage (verses 9 and 10) consists of a series of emphatic commands, introduced by, And he said, Go and tell this people. There follows:) 1 12 2 8 0 0

Hear and hear, but do not understand,) And see and see, but do not perceive) [Or: Hear indeed, but understand not,) And see indeed, but perceive not ],) Make the heart of this people fat,) And their ears heavy,) And shut their eyes,) Lest they see with their eyes,) And hear with their ears,) And understand with their heart,) And turn again, and be healed. ) It is clear that Mark abbreviates, leaving out any reference to Make the heart of this people fat and their ears heavy.& However, he retains, & lest they should turn again and be forgiven, a legitimate restatement of & lest they turn again and be healed. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.12|AUTODETECT|”

140 Cf. A. T. Robertson, Word Pictures, Vol. I, p. 286. He maintains that if 5�� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.12|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.13|AUTODETECT|”

) is given the causative sense of E�� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.13|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 13:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

) the difficulty disappears.) 1 5 2 8 0 0

141 See Vincent Taylor, op. cit., p. 257.) 142 See E. Trueblood, The Humor of Christ, New York, Evanston, London, 1964, pp. 91, 92.) 143 See also H. B. Swete, op. cit., p. 76.) N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) 144 Or: the message; so throughout the parable.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.10|AUTODETECT|”

145 The two verbs used in the original are �6�� (here �4����) and ������� (here ���������). The first indicates knowledge by intuition or insight; the second, by recognition, observation, experience, and/or acquaintance. See N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.10|AUTODETECT|”

John 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.11|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.11|AUTODETECT|”

11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.31|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.31|AUTODETECT|”

31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.3|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.3|AUTODETECT|”

3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.8.28|AUTODETECT|”

:11; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.8.28|AUTODETECT|”

8:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.8.55|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.8.55|AUTODETECT|”

55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.16.30|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.16.30|AUTODETECT|”

16:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.21.17|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.21.17|AUTODETECT|”

21:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

146 W. M. Taylor, The Parables of Our Savior, Expounded and Illustrated, New York, 1886, p. 22.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.11.9|AUTODETECT|”

147 Note the verb ��������������, literally meaning: they are ensnared, lured into sin; hence, fall away. The ��������� is basically the bait-stick in a trap or snare. It is the crooked stick that springs the trap. Derived meanings: trap 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.11.9|AUTODETECT|”

Rom. 11:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.18.7|AUTODETECT|”

); enticement, temptation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.18.7|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 18:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.1.23|AUTODETECT|”

); cause of offense, stumbling-block 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.1.23|AUTODETECT|”

I Cor. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 10 2 8 0 0

148 For a word study of the term ������� (note the plural here: ��������) see N.T.C. on I and II Timothy and Titus, pp. 271, 272, footnote 147.) A.R.V. American Standard Revised Version) 149 See also N.A.S., Williams, Beck, Lenski. All of these are excellent. Some of the others are not so exact or not so clear on this passage. They do not bring out as clearly as does the Greek that �� (here ����) expects the answer No, and �P (here �P�) anticipates Yes. ) 150 Greek ������, from Latin modius, a capacity measure = 16 sectarii, about 8.75 liters or almost exactly a peck.) 151 �������������, third per. sing. fut. indic. pass. of ����������.) 152 Or: the head.) 153 Or: kernel.) 154 Or: the time of the harvest has arrived.) 155) The theory according to which the parable of The Seed Growing in Secret and that of The Tares had a common source and were originally one is based on the circumstance that several of the same words occur in both:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.0|AUTODETECT|”

) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.0|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.0|AUTODETECT|”

) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.0|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

) 1 12 2 8 0 0

��� ���� verse 27 verse 25 ) �������,-��� verse 27 verse 26 ) ������ verse 28 verse 30 ) ������ verse 28 verse 26 ) ����� verse 28 verse 30 ) ������ verse 29 verse 26 ) �������� verse 29 verse 30 ) ) ) But since both parables are based on that which happens or may happen when fields are being sown, a certain amount of verbal similarity seems natural. Besides, the stories themselves are different, and so were the reasons for telling them. The theory is therefore unacceptable.) 156 In the original the supposed casting or scattering of seed is viewed as one act; hence, the aor. subjunctive is used. For the sleeping and rising ; sprouting and growing, present subjunctives occur, since these supposed actions are viewed as continuing processes.) 157) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.6.39|AUTODETECT|”

In the original the three nouns are the accusatives of ������, ������, and �����. The first, easy to associate with grass, in the New Testament frequently refers to the green grass of the field 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.6.39|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 6:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.14.19|AUTODETECT|”

; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.14.19|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 14:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.6.10|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.6.10|AUTODETECT|”

John 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.8.7|AUTODETECT|”

; see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.8.7|AUTODETECT|”

Rev. 8:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.9.4|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.9.4|AUTODETECT|”

9:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.6.30|AUTODETECT|”

). It may, however, also refer to the wild flowers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.6.30|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 6:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.12.28|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.12.28|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 12:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=59.1.10|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=59.1.10|AUTODETECT|”

James 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=59.1.11|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=59.1.11|AUTODETECT|”

11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.1.24|AUTODETECT|”

). The parallelism in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.1.24|AUTODETECT|”

I Peter 1:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.28|AUTODETECT|”

brings out this meaning strikingly. Here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.28|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 4:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.26|AUTODETECT|”

7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.26|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 13:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

) the term indicates grain in its early, grass-like, stage; hence, early grain, blade. We ourselves speak of the grass family as being the most important of all plant families and including such cereals as: rice, wheat, barley, corn, rye, millet, and oats.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.2.23|AUTODETECT|”

The second of the three nouns refers to the ear or head of grain, that is, the grain-bearing spike of the cereal plant. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.2.23|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.12.1|AUTODETECT|”

; also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.12.1|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 12:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.6.1|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.6.1|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 6:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.16.9|AUTODETECT|”

. Is the STACH stem a modification of STA (cf. 5�����), hence also related to English stand, depicting ears or heads of grain as standing, or standing out, being prominent? But this etymology is very uncertain. Certain is that Paul included Stachys of Rome among those believers to whom he sent a greeting 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.16.9|AUTODETECT|”

Rom. 16:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 1 2 8 0 0

The third noun, wheat, and more in general grain, refers here to the (full) kernel in the ear or head. In other Greek literature it also indicates the food that is made from grain; hence, bread. Sitology is the science of dietetics and nutrition.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.23|AUTODETECT|”

158 �������, aor. subj. of ����������. This verb does not here have its more usual meaning of hand over, or hand down, or even commit, commend; but in this case signifies permits, allows. Somewhat similar but not identical is the use of this verb in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.23|AUTODETECT|”

I Peter 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

159) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.37|AUTODETECT|”

The theory according to which this man indicates Christ is rather general among commentators. Some of the arguments favoring it might be: a. According to Jesus own explanation of the parable of The Tares 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.37|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 13:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.14.14-66.14.16|AUTODETECT|”

) the sower in that story-illustration is the Son of man. So why not in this parable? b. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.14.14-66.14.16|AUTODETECT|”

Rev. 14:14 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

the one who swings the sickle is again none other than the Son of man. So why not here?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.26|AUTODETECT|”

On the other hand, the following points should also be taken into consideration: a. Here 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.26|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 4:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

) we do not read the sower but simply a man. b. That Jesus Christ would describe himself as sleeping night after night and getting up morning upon morning sounds somewhat strange; and that he would actually say that he himself does not know how the seed sprouts and grows would, to say the least, appear to be the injection into this parable of an element that is foreign to its central idea.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.14.14-66.14.16|AUTODETECT|”

Consequently, the best procedure, it would seem to this author, would be to refrain from saying that everything in this parable that is said about this man must be ascribed to Jesus Christ. This still leaves room for the belief that the Son of man described in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.14.14-66.14.16|AUTODETECT|”

Rev. 14:14 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.29|AUTODETECT|”

does indeed symbolize Christ the Judge and Conqueror. And the action described in that passage is the same as is indicated here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.29|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 4:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

160 Or: tent, roost, live.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.8.31-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|”

161 All extraneous notions, such as that the mustard kernel is Jesus himself it is granted that Christ and Kingdom cannot be separated 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.8.31-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|”

Rom. 8:31 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.17.14|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.17.14|AUTODETECT|”

Rev. 17:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

) , that it was because of its pungent taste that he chose the mustard seed to illustrate the kingdom, that the field or garden in which the seed was planted represents Israel, should be dismissed as unwarranted and fanciful speculations that have little or nothing to do with the real meaning of the parable.) 1 8 2 8 0 0

162 A��������� and ����� are aorist deliberative subjunctives.) 163 They also find delicious food the small black seeds which they remove from the pods, but this feature is not included in the parable. For a most interesting description of the action of birds in connection with mustard see A. Parmelee, All the Birds of the Bible, New York, 1959, p. 250.) 164 A striking illustration is found in W. Barclay, op. cit., pp. 108 110.) 165 Or: fearful squall, violent gust, furious tempest.) 166 Or: began to say.) 167 ���������. The hysterical cry, We re perishing is reported by all three evangelists. In Mark, however, the expression occurs in a context of reproach.) 168 @���� ���������, genitive absolute.) 169 The verb ��������� is first per. pl. hortative aor. subj. of ���������.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.8.23|AUTODETECT|”

170 Swete s opinion (op. cit., p. 88) that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.8.23|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 8:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.22|AUTODETECT|”

and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.22|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 8:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.1|AUTODETECT|”

overlook the fact that Jesus was already on board 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.1|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.36|AUTODETECT|”

) can be maintained only by overlooking the fact that according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.36|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 13:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.34|AUTODETECT|”

7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.34|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 4:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

b) Jesus had left the boat and entered a house before reboarding.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.23|AUTODETECT|”

171 Note alliteration in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.23|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 8:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

������ & ������. Even more important note ������, came down, fell.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 172 Thus ��������� is also rendered by A.V., N.E.B., Phillips, Jerusalem Bible, etc. Cf. German Meister, Dutch Meester. Others prefer Teacher. Neither can be called incorrect. In the present instance the attitude of the disciples may well have been a mixture of terror, reverence, and reproach. That reverence was not entirely lacking appears from Matthew s use of the word ����� and Luke s ������� in reporting the manner in which the disciples addressed Jesus. Therefore in a search for the best English equivalent of Mark s ��������� the rendering Master must not be quickly dismissed.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.24|AUTODETECT|” 173 I can see no reason to say, with some, that Mark and Luke have given us the true order of events, but Matthew has not. Neither Mark nor Luke were present during this storm, but Matthew was. Besides, is it not natural to assume that the lack of sufficient faith was by Jesus considered a subject so important that he would refer to it both before and after performing the miracle? And is it not also true that the disciples were twice filled with fear; first because of the tempest, secondly, because of the presence of him who stilled the tempest? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.24|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.25|AUTODETECT|”

25. 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” 174 ���������, third person sing. aor. indic. of �������. It has the sense rebuke in such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.22|AUTODETECT|” 16:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.18|AUTODETECT|” 17:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.13|AUTODETECT|” 19:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.39|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.4.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.4.39|AUTODETECT|” Luke 4:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.42|AUTODETECT|” 9:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.55|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.55|AUTODETECT|”
26. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.39|AUTODETECT|” 19:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.40|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.40|AUTODETECT|” 23:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.16|AUTODETECT|” ; but at times means warn, tell (men) not to do something, forbid (them) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.20|AUTODETECT|” 16:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Mark 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.21|AUTODETECT|” Luke 9:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.1.10|AUTODETECT|” 175 Though Mark is writing for the Romans, he is himself a Jew, and shows it in expressing himself in this typically Semitic fashion. Cf. I Macc. 10:8; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.1.10|AUTODETECT|” Jonah 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.9|AUTODETECT|” . Or else, he is reporting what he had derived from a Jewish source, faithfully preserving the very phraseology translated, however, into Greek in which this item of the story had been conveyed to him. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 176 Note the meaningful change from the aor. ���������� to the imperf. �����.) 177 Note the sing. Q�������: wind and sea are here regarded separately, as they were also in verse 39.) )