Luke 10

Luke 10:1

1. μετὰταῦτα—chronological—after these things, not ‘besides these things,’ as Schleiermacher and Olsh. render it.

ἀνέδ., an official word: see reff. Bleek has observed, that ὁκύριος, of our Lord, in narration, is peculiar to St. Luke, and to narrations which he alone gives. Cf. ch. Luke 7:13; Luke 11:39; Luke 12:42; Luke 13:15; Luke 17:5-6; Luke 18:6; Luke 22:31; Luke 22:61. But this is only true of the Synoptic Gospels. It occurs in the fragment at the end of St. Mark (Mark 16:19), and in John (John 4:1 reff.). In the Acts, the usage is very general: see Luke 2:47; Luke 5:9; Luke 5:14; Luke 9:1, &c.;—and in St. Paul’s Epistles: see 1 Corinthians 6:14; 1 Corinthians 6:17; 1 Corinthians 7:10, &c.

[καὶ] ἑτ. ἑβδ., not ‘other seventy also,’ but others [also], seventy in number. The ἑτέρους may refer, either to the Twelve, ch. Luke 9:1, or perhaps, from the similarity of their mission, to the ἄγγελοι in ch. Luke 9:52. But perhaps the first is more probable, from the similarity of the discourses.

The number of seventy might perhaps have reference to the seventy elders of Israel, Exodus 24:1; Numbers 11:16:—all sorts of fanciful analogies have been found out and insisted on (and moreover forced into the text), which are not worth recounting.

οὗ for οἷ,—see reff.

Luke 10:2

2. See Matthew 9:37 and notes.

If ἐκβάλλῃ were read, the pres., as usual, would have the force of the continually repeated act: as it is, the aor. (as in [84] Matt.) indicates the whole mission, considered as one great act.

[84] When, in the Gospels, and in the Evangelic statement, 1 Corinthians 11:23-25, the sign (║) occurs in a reference, it is signified that the word occurs in the parallel place in the other Gospels, which will always be found indicated at the head of the note on the paragraph. When the sign (║) is qualified, thus, ‘║ Mk.,’ or ‘║ Mt. Mk.,’ &c., it is signified that the word occurs in the parallel place in that Gospel or Gospels, but not in the other or others.

Luke 10:3-4

3, 4. The time was now one of greater danger than at the mission of the Twelve; therefore Luke 10:3 is bound immediately up with their present sending, whereas in Matthew 10:16 it regards a time yet distant in the future; also one requiring greater haste,—which accounts for the addition, μηδένακ. τ. ὁδ. ἀσπ. These reasons also account for merely the healing the sick being enjoined, Luke 10:9.

Luke 10:6

6. υἱὸςεἰρ., a (or more probably, the,—as words like πατήρ, μήτηρ, νἱός, &c., are often definite though anarthrous) son of peace: i.e. persons receptive of your message of peace;—see reff.

Luke 10:7

7. ἐναὐτῇδὲτῇοἰκ., but in the (that) house itself (see Luke 10:5, where it was last spoken of, the inhabitants having been since mentioned) remain. Beware of rendering it in the same house, q. d. ἐνδὲτῇαὐτῇοἰκ.

τὰπαρʼ αὐτῶν, the things which come from them; which are theirs, and by them set before you: cf. Luke 10:8.

Luke 10:9

9. ἤγγικενἐφʼ ὑμᾶςἡβ. τ. θ. is a later announcement than generally ἤγγ. ἡβασ. τ. οὐρ., Matthew 10:7.

Luke 10:11

11. ἀπομασσόμεθαὑμῖν can hardly be with Wordsw., “we wipe off from ourselves on you:” the dat. pron. holds too slight and unemphatic a place for this, and is merely a dativus incommodi: ‘against you,’ as E. V. Cf. Acts 13:51, where ἐπʼ αὐτούς represents the same, and is similarly rendered in E. V.

Luke 10:13

13. In these words, which our Lord had uttered before (Matthew 11:21 ff.), He takes His solemn farewell of the cities where the greatest number of His miracles had been done, and discourses uttered: they being awful examples of the ἡπόλιςἐκείνη just described. It is wonderful how De Wette can write of these four verses falsche Reminiscenz, s. z. Matthew 11:20—and this when he believes Luke to have had Matt. before him.

Luke 10:16

16. See Matthew 10:40 and notes.

Luke 10:17

17. The ἐντῷὀν. σου is perhaps too much lost sight of in the ἡμῖν here; though I would not lay so much stress on this as Stier has done.

Luke 10:18

18. This verse has been generally misunderstood, and its force lost, by imagining it to refer to some triumph just gained, which our Lord announces as the reason for their newly manifested power. The truth is, that in this brief speech He sums up proleptically, as so often in the discourses in John, the whole great conflict with and defeat of the Power of evil, from the first even till accomplished by His own victory. The ἐθεώρ. τ. σ. refers to the original fall of Satan, when he lost his place as an angel of light, not keeping his first estate; which fall however had been proceeding ever since step by step, and shall do so, till all things be put under the feet of Jesus who was made lower than the angels. And this ἐθεώρουν belongs to the period before the foundation of the world when He abode in the bosom of the Father. He is to be (see Luke 10:22) the Great Victor over the Adversary, and this victory began when Satan fell from heaven. (I would not altogether erase the foregoing interpretation: but surely it is grammatically more correct, with Bleek, to refer the imperfect to the time just past,—to the Lord’s prophetic sight at the time of the ministering of the Seventy.

Cf. Acts 18:5 for a similar imperfect. If this view be correct, the words do not refer to any “triumph just gained,” but to the Lord’s glorious anticipations of final triumph, felt during the exercise of power by His servants.)

ὡςἀστ.] Not the suddenness only of the fall, but the brightness of the fallen Angel is thus set forth. The description is not figurative, but literal; i.e. as far as divine words can be said to be literal, being accommodated to our sensuous conceptions. See on this verse, Isaiah 14:9-15, to which the words have a reference; and Revelation 12:7-12.

Luke 10:19

19. Our Lord here,—including all the evil and poison in nature in the δύναμιςτοῦἐχθ.,—from the power given Him over that enemy, asserts the gift to them, extended afterwards to all believers (Mark 16:18), of authority to ‘bruise the head of the serpent’ (Genesis 3:15). There is an evident allusion to Psalms 91:13.

Luke 10:20

20. The connexion is—‘seeing that the power which I grant to you is so large, arising from my victory over the enemy,—make not one particular department of it your cause of joy, nor indeed the mere subjection of evil to you at all—but this,—the positive and infinite side of God’s mercy and goodness to you, that He hath placed you among His redeemed ones.’

τὰπνεύμ. is something different from τὰδαιμόνια in those words above, and denotes a wider range of influence—influence over spirit for good—whereby the πνευματικὰτῆςπονηρίας are subjected to the believers in Christ.

The ἐγγέγραπταιἐντοῖςοὐρανοῖς is an expression in various forms frequent in Scripture, and is opposed to ἐπὶτῆςγῆςγραφήτωσαν, Jeremiah 17:13, said of the rebellious. But no immutable predestination is asserted by it;—in the very first place where it occurs, Exodus 32:32-33, the contrary is implied, see Psalms 69:28; Isaiah 4:3; Daniel 12:1; Philippians 4:3; Hebrews 12:23; Revelation 3:5; Revelation 13:8; Revelation 20:12; Revelation 20:15. The τὰὀνόμ. ὑμ. seems to be a reference to ἐντῷὀν. σου above, which perhaps was with them a medium of self-praise, as so often with Christians. Our Lord says, ‘the true cause of joy for you is, not the power shewn forth by or in you in My Name, but that you, your names, are in the book of life’—as testified by the πνεῦμα which συμμαρτυρεῖτῷπν. ἡμῶνὅτιἐσμὲντέκναθεοῦ, Romans 8:16. And this brings us to Luke 10:21, where our Lord rejoices in the revelation of these things even to the babes of the earth by the will and pleasure of the Father:—these things—not, the power over the enemy—but all that is implied in ἐγγέγραπταιἐντ. οὐρ.

This, which is the true cause of joy to the believer, causes even the Saviour Himself to triumph, anticipating Isaiah 53:11.

Luke 10:21

21. The words τῷἁγίῳ cannot well be excluded from the text; the expression as thus standing, forms an ἅπαξλεγ., but is agreeable to the analogy of Scripture: cf. Romans 1:4; Hebrews 9:14; 1 Peter 3:18; see also Romans 14:17; 1 Thessalonians 1:6. The ascription of praise, and the verses following, are here in the very closest connexion, and it is perfectly unimaginable that they should have been inserted in this place arbitrarily. The same has been said of their occurrence in Matthew 11:25; and, from no love of harmonizing or escaping difficulties, but from a deep feeling of the inner spirit of both discourses, I am convinced that our Lord did utter, on the two separate occasions, these weighty words; and I find in them a most instructive instance of the way in which such central sayings were repeated by Him. It was not a rejoicing before (in Matt.), but a confession: compare the whole discourse and notes.

That the introductory words ἐναὐτῇτ. ὥρᾳ, = ἐνἐκ. τῷκαιρῷ, may have been introduced from one passage into the other, and perhaps by some one who imagined them the same, I would willingly grant, if needful; not that, in the presence of such truths, such a trifle is worth mention, but that the shallow school of modern critics do mention, and rest upon such. On Luke 10:21-22, see notes on Matthew 11:25-27, observing here the gradual narrowing of the circle to which our Lord addresses himself, Luke 10:22, στραφ. πρ. τ. μ.,—then Luke 10:23 the same, with κατʼ ἰδίαν added.

Luke 10:23

23. This verse should not be marked off from Luke 10:22 by a new paragraph, as is done in the E. V.: much less, as in the Gospel for the 13th Sunday after Trinity, joined with what follows: except perhaps that the lesson taught us by its occurring there is an appropriate one, as shewing us how the grace of Christian love, which is the subject of the following parable, fulfils and abounds over, legal obedience. It is in connexion with the preceding, and comes as the conclusion after the thanksgiving in Luke 10:21. A similar saying of our Lord occurs Matthew 13:16-17, but uttered altogether on a different occasion and in a different connexion.

Luke 10:24

24. προφ. κ. βασ.] David united both these, also Solomon. There may be an especial reference to the affecting last words of David, 2 Samuel 23:1-5, which certainly are a prophecy of the Redeemer, and in which he says, Luke 10:5, “This is all my salvation, and all my desire, though he make it not to grow:”—see also Genesis 49:18.

Luke 10:25

25. No immediate sequence from Luke 10:24 is implied.

νομικός, a kind of scribe, = νομοδιδάσκαλος, ch. Luke 5:17—whose especial office it was to teach the law, see Titus 3:13; = εἷςτῶνγραμματέων, Mark 12:28.

There is no reason to suppose that the lawyer had any hostile intention towards Jesus,—rather perhaps a self-righteous spirit (see Luke 10:29), which wanted to see what this Teacher could inform him, who knew so much already. Thus it was a tempting or trying of Jesus, though not to entangle Him: for whatever had been the answer, this could hardly have followed.

τίποιήσας] He doubtless expects to hear of some great deed; but our Lord refers him back to the Law of which he was a teacher.

Luke 10:26

26. πῶςἀν.;] A common Rabbinical formula for eliciting a text of Scripture.

πῶς is not merely = τί, but implies how? i.e. to what purport; so that the answer should contain a summary of his reading in the Law.

Luke 10:27

27. The first part of this, together with Deuteronomy 11:13 ff., the Jews had written on their phylacteries, and recited night and morning: but not the second; so that Kuinoel’s idea that Jesus pointed to the phylactery of the lawyer, will not hold.

Meyer thinks the man answered thus, because he had before heard our Lord cite these in connexion, and with an especial view to asking the question τίςἐστίνμουπλησίον; It may have been so;—but I should rather believe the same spirit with which he began, to have carried him on to this second question. The words θέλ. δικ. ἑαυτ. seem to imply this, but see below.

Luke 10:29

29. Meyer explains this: The questioner, having been by our Lord’s enquiry, πῶςἀναγ., himself thrown into the position of the answerer, yet, θέλωνδικ. ἑαν., wishing to carry out the purpose with which he asked at first, and to cover what otherwise would be his shame at being answered by so simple a reply, and that his own,—asks τίςἐστίνμουπλησίον;—I may observe that we need not take the whole of this explanation, but may well suppose that δικαιῶσαιἑαυτ. may mean, ‘to get himself out of the difficulty:’ viz. by throwing on Jesus the definition of ὁπλησίον, which was very narrowly and technically interpreted among the Jews, excluding Samaritans and Gentiles.

Luke 10:30

30. ὑπολ., taking him up, implies that the question was made an occasion of saying more than the mere answer. See Herod. vii. 101: Thucyd. ver. 49.

κατέβ., both because Jerusalem was higher, and because ‘to go up’ is the usual phrase for journeying towards a metropolis.

ἀπὸἹερ. εἰςἹεριχώ, about 150 stadia distant. The road passed through a wilderness (Joshua 16:1) which was notorious for the robberies committed there. “Arabas … quæ gens, latrociniis dedita, usque hodie incursat terminos Palestinæ, et descendentibus de Hierusalem in Hiericho obsidet vias, cujus rei et Dominus in Evangelio recordatur.” Jerome, Comment. on Jeremiah 3:2, vol. iv, p. 857. The same Father mentions that a part of the road was so infamous for murders, as to be called the red or bloody way, and that in his time there was a fort there garrisoned by Roman soldiers, to protect travellers (De locis Hebræis, under Adommim, vol. iii. p. 150).

περιέπ., exactly fell among. They surrounded him.

ἐκδύσ., not merely of his clothing, but of all he had;—‘despoliaverunt eum,’ Vulg.

τυγχάνοντα is not = ὄντα: ὄντα is understood with ἡμιθ., in a state of (being) half-dead.

Luke 10:31

31. Many priests journeyed this way, for Jericho was a priestly city; this man is perhaps represented as having been up to Jerusalem in the order of his course, and returning (κατέβαινεν).

The Law and Prophets enjoined the act of mercy which this priest refused (see Exodus 23:4-5; Deuteronomy 22:1-4; Isaiah 58:7); not, it is true, literally,—and therefore he neglected it.

“The form συγκυρία is uncommon: Polybius has συγκύρημα and -ρησις.” Bleek.

ἀντιπαρῆλθεν, he did not even go up to him to examine him, but passed by on the opposite side of the road.

Luke 10:32

32. The Levite, the inferior minister of the Law, did even worse; when he was at the place, he came and saw him;—came near, and then passed, as the other.

Luke 10:33-35

33–35. The Samaritans were entirely, not half, Gentiles (= ἀλλογενής, ch. Luke 17:18).

Why our Lord mentions the name here, see below.

ἐσπλαγχν.] This was the great difference between the Samaritan and the others;—the actions which follow are but the expansion of this compassion.

ἔλαιονκ. οἶνον] These were usual remedies for wounds in the East: Galen, cited by Wetstein in loc., prescribes thus for a wound in the head, ἐλαίαςφύλλατὰἁπαλώτατατρίψαςπαράχειἐλαίουκαὶοἴνουμέλανοςκαὶκατάμασσε:—see also Isaiah 1:6.

ἐπὶτὸἴδ. κτ., thereby denying himself the use of it.

κτῆνος is rarely found in the sing. in the classics: see an instance, Herod. ii. 132.

πανδοχεῖον] The Attic form, as in the cognate words ἱεροδόκος, ξενοδοκεῖν, δωροδόκος, &c., is πανδοκεῖον. So Phryn.: οἱδιὰτοῦχλέγοντεςἁμαρτάνουσινδιὰγὰρτοῦκχρὴλέγεινπανδοκεῖονκ. πανδοκεὺςκ. πανδοκευτρία:—p. 307, where see Lobeck’s note. This is the only place where an inn, as we understand the word, a house for reception of travellers kept by a host as distinguished from an empty caravanserai, is mentioned. The Rabbinical writers frequently speak of such, but under a name adopted from this word, פונדק (Wetstein). Bleek remarks that this serves to shew, that there were such inns in that neighbourhood, though certainly they were not frequent.

ἐξελθ.…] when he went on his journey.

δύοδην.] Some see in this, two days’ wages (Matthew 20:2).

Luke 10:36

36. It will be observed that our Lord not only elicits the answer from the questioner himself, but that it comes in an inverted form. The lawyer had asked, to whom he was to understand himself obliged to fulfil the duties of neighbourship? but the answer has for its subject one who fulfilled them to another. The reason of this is to be found,—partly in the relation of neighbourship being mutual, so that if this man is my neighbour, I am his also;—but chiefly in the intention of our Lord to bring out a strong contrast by putting the hated and despised Samaritan in the active place, and thus to reflect back the ὁμοίως more pointedly. “Observe γεγονέναι, to have become neighbour. The neighbour Jews became strangers, the stranger Samaritan became neighbour, to the wounded traveller. It is not place, but love, which makes neighbourhood.” Wordsworth.

Luke 10:37

37. πορεύου, κ.τ.λ.] The rendering is as in E. V., go and do thou likewise. The καὶσύ belongs, not to the πορεύου, but to the ποίει, which carries the main stress, the πορεύου being only secondary.

The lawyer does not answer—‘The Samaritan:’ he avoids this; but he cannot avoid it in conviction and matter of fact.

ποίειὁμ., i.e. ‘count all men thy neighbours and love them as thyself.’

The student accustomed to look at all below the surface of Scripture, will not miss the meaning which lies behind this parable, and which—while disclaiming all fanciful allegorizing of the text—I do not hesitate to say that our Lord Himself had in view when He uttered it. All acts of charity and mercy done here below, are but fragments and derivatives of that one great act of mercy which the Saviour came on earth to perform. And as He took on Him the nature of us all, being ‘not ashamed to call us brethren,’ counting us all His kindred,—so it is but natural that in holding up a mirror (for such is a parable) of the truth in this matter of duty, we should see in it not only the present and prominent group, but also Himself and His act of mercy behind. And thus we shall not (in spite of the scoffs which are sure to beset such an interpretation, from the superficial school of critics) give up the interpretation of the Fathers and other divines, who see in this poor traveller, going from the heavenly to the accursed city (Joshua 6:26; 1 Kings 16:34),—the race of man, the Adam who fell;—in the robbers and murderers, him who was a murderer from the beginning (John 8:44);—in the treatment of the traveller, the deep wounds and despoilment which we have inherited from the fall;—in the priest and the Levite passing by, the inefficacy of the law and sacrifice to heal and clothe us: Galatians 3:21 (Trench remarks, Parables, p. 316, note, edn. 4, that the Church, by joining the passage Galatians 3:16-23 as Epistle, with this Parable as Gospel for the 13th Sunday after Trinity, has stamped this interpretation with her approval):—in the good Samaritan, Him of whom it was lately said, “Say we not well that thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil?” (John 8:48)—who came to bind up the broken-hearted, to give them the oil of joy for mourning (Isaiah 61:1 ff.);—who for our sakes became poor, that we through His poverty might become rich: who, though now gone from us, has left with us precious gifts, and charged His ministers to feed His lambs, promising them, when the chief Shepherd shall appear, a crown of glory that fadeth not away (1 Peter 5:2; 1 Peter 5:4). Further perhaps it is well not to go;—or, if we do, only in our own private meditations, where, if we have the great clue to such interpretations,—knowledge of Christ for ourselves, and a sound mind under the guidance of His Spirit,—we shall not go far wrong. But minutely to allegorize, is to bring the sound spiritual interpretation into disrepute, and throw stumbling-blocks in the way of many, who might otherwise arrive at it.

Luke 10:38

38. ἐντῷπορ. need make no difficulty—the whole of the events related in this section of the Gospel are allotted, as in the widest sense they belonged, to the last journey of our Lord from Galilee, which ended in the triumphal entry into Jerusalem: see note on ch. Luke 9:51 ff. Jesus, as we know that He afterwards did, so now probably, when at Jerusalem (at the feast of Dedication), abode at Bethany. He ‘loved’—(only used in this sense by John with regard to this family, and to himself)—Martha and Mary and Lazarus—and this word implies surely hospitality and intercourse.

γυνήτις—it does not follow that Martha was a widow; the incident brings out the two sisters, and therefore no others are mentioned. She may have had a husband or a father living. At all events, it is a consistency belonging to real life, that we find the same person prominent in the family in John, as here.

Luke 10:39

39. It does not appear that the meal had begun; far rather is it likely that Martha was busy about preparing it. Mary sat at Jesus’ feet, as His disciple, while He was discoursing.

Luke 10:40

40. περιεσπ. (as also the form παρακαθεσθεῖσα above) is a word of later Greek. We have in Dion. Hal. ix. 43, περισπᾷπερὶτὰςἔξωστρατείαςτὸνδῆμον: and in Jos. Antt. ver. 1. 4, πρὸςτοσαύταςὑπηρεσίαςδιασπώμενος. See also Diod. Sic. i. 74: Polyb. xv. 3. 4. It exactly answers to the Latin ‘torqueor’ used in the same connexion by Horace, Sat. ii. 8. 67, and to a midland provincial expression ‘to be put about,’ meaning to be ‘distracted with officious care.’ See Phryn. ed. Lobeck, p. 415, who gives ἄσχολοςεἶναι for the corresponding classical expression.

ἐπιστ., generally, but not always, used by Luke of a sudden coming into presence. It looks here as if our Lord were teaching in another apartment from that where the διακονία was going on:—this appears also in the κατέλειπεν.

Luke 10:41-42

41, 42. The repetition of her name indicates reproof.

μεριμνᾷς expresses the inner anxiety (from μερίζω), θορυβάζῃ the outer bustle and confusion. The latter word is not elsewhere found in Greek.

πολλά, many things.

ἑνός, of one thing; perhaps we should not express the two words more definitely, for fear of narrowing the wide sense in which they are spoken. I can hardly doubt that our Lord, in the first and most obvious meaning, indicated that simpler preparation would have been all that was needful, but the πολλά leads to the ἕν, and that to the ἀγαθὴμερίς, the ἕν being the middle term of comparison between the natural πολλά and the spiritual ἀγαθὴμερίς. So that the whole will imply—only within the circle of Christ’s disciples, those who act from love (mistaken or otherwise) to Him—much as John 6:27,—and will set before us the bread which perisheth on one hand, and that which endureth to everlasting life on the other. The ἀγαθὴμερίς, the good portion, is the ἕν which is needful—see John 6:53,—the feeding on the bread of life by faith; which faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the ῥῆμαχριστοῦ, which Mary was now receiving into her soul, and which (John 6:54) shall never be taken away, but result in everlasting life.

The two types of character have ever been found in the Church; both, caring for Him, and for love to Him doing what they do: but the one busy and restless, anxious and stirring; the other quiet and humble, content to sit at His feet and learn. We see here which of the two He praises. But on the other hand we must not derive any argument hence against an active Christian life of doing good: this is, in fact, to sit at His feet and learn—to take His yoke on us, and learn of Him. It is the bustling about the πολλά of which there is no need, which is blamed: not the working out the fruits of the Spirit, which are needful, being parts themselves of the ἀγαθὴμερίς.