Romans 13

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 � StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size StandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsItalicUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsBoldUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueSubSuperScriptTypervsssSuperScriptUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsBoldfsUnderlineColorclBlueSubSuperScriptTypervsssSuperScriptUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsBoldColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size-9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 �BiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabsStandardSpaceBefore SpaceAfterTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 4 3 8 0 0 CHAPTER 13 ) Outline (continued) ) Practical Application ) D. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward the Authorities) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 3 3 8 0 0 Let every person be in subjection to the governing authorities ) 13:1 7 ) E. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward Everybody) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 3 3 8 0 0 Do not keep on owing anyone anything except to love one another ) 13:8 10 ) F. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward the Lord Jesus Christ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 5 3 8 0 0 The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near & Clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for (the fulfilment of) the lusts of the flesh ) 13:11 14 ) D. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward the Authorities ) Let every person be in subjection to the governing authorities ) 13:1 7 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 13 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 1 Let every person be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been ordained by God. 2 Consequently, he who opposes the authority is resisting the ordinance of God, and those who do that will bring judgment on themselves. 3 For rulers are not a terror to good conduct but to bad. Do you want to be free from fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right, and you will receive his approval. 4 For he is God s servant to do you good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. He is God s servant, an avenger to bring (God s) wrath upon the one who practices evil. 5 That is why it is necessary to be in subjection, not only to avoid (God s) wrath, but also for the sake of conscience. 6 This is also why you pay taxes, for when (the authorities) faithfully devote themselves to this end, they are God s ministers. 7 Pay to all whatever you owe (them): tax to whom tax (is due), custom to whom custom, respect to whom respect, honor to whom honor. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 When one reaches 13:1 7 a problem arises, that of apparent discontinuity. As many see it, there is no connection between 13:1 7 and either the preceding or the following context. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Love) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , so very prominent in 12:9 21 and again in 13:8 f., is absent from 13:1 7. What is present is the sword (13:4).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref1 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1” 351) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Besides, the theme of the fear-inspiring civil authority, an avenger who brings (God s) wrath upon the evil-doer (13:4), is completely absent from the preceding context of 13:1 7, as well as from the succeeding one (13:8 f.). As some see it, the distinctly spiritual flavor which marks the rest of this epistle is absent from 13:1 7. ) It is for this reason that, as some see it, no Christian motif is to be heard in 13:1 7.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref2 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn2” 352) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� In fact there are those who regard this section as an alien body in Paul s exhortation.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref3 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn3” 353) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� But the mere statement of such a negative position does not constitute proof. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Still different is the method of treating 13:1 7 favored by those who say that when Paul mentions governing authorities (13:1) he is referring not only to civil authorities but also to a group of angels. That this solution should be rejected is shown in the footnote.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref4 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn4” 354) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 On the positive side i.e., the side of those who maintain that 13:1 7 is not only a part of the word of God, and was composed by Paul, but that it also suits the present context note the following: ) a. The section is not nearly as foreign to the context whether preceding or following as some seem to think. As to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the preceding context) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , in 12:1, 2 Paul has urged the addressees to sacrifice their lives to God. Grateful and complete self-surrender is the only proper answer to the marvelous mercy God has shown. This means, of course, that the new life must reveal itself in every sphere of Christian enterprise and endeavor. Consistent with this starting point the apostle has indicated what should be the relation of believers ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to God) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (12:1, 2), to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 one another) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (verses 3 14), and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to outsiders) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , even including ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 enemies) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (12:14 21). Is it, then, so strange that he now also comments on the proper attitude of believers to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the civil authorities) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , and this all the more so because he, being himself a Roman citizen by birth, and one who has received many favors from the Roman government, is writing to a church located in the very capital of the Roman Empire, the heart and center of government? ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.14|AUTODETECT|” b. The exhortation to obey those in authority begins to look even more reasonable when one considers the following facts: a considerable proportion though probably not the majority of the membership of the Roman church consisted of Jews. That many of the Jews of that day and age were looking for an opportunity to shake off the yoke of subjection to Rome, and were eager to become politically independent once more, with a king of their own, is clear from Scripture 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.14|AUTODETECT|” John 6:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.33|AUTODETECT|” 8:33) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.36|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:36) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.37|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.37|AUTODETECT|” 37) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.2|AUTODETECT|” ), from the writings of Josephus, and from other sources. Even in the capital there had been disturbances, with the result that Emperor Claudius had expelled all the Jews from that city 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , and see above, p. 18). When this edict was no longer in force many exiles had returned to Rome. But in view of the fact that the basic attitude of some of these people had probably not undergone a complete change, it is understandable that the apostle would issue this warning. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 c. This all the more because he does not want Rome to think that the gospel of salvation through Jesus Christ is in any sense antagonistic to a properly functioning Roman government. In this connection it must be borne in mind that the epistle to the Romans was written several years before the terrible days of a.d. 64 -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref5 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn5” N.T.C.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 on Luke, p. 32). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 d. The connection between 13:1 7 and the preceding context may well be even closer than indicated so far. In 12:14 21 Paul had emphasized the principle of non-retaliation. Is it not possible that a believer might respond by saying, With the help of God I will indeed return love for hatred. I will continue, by his grace, to do so even if my opponent remains hostile. I will invoke God s blessing on him and I will continue to be kind to him. However, does this mean, then, that cruel, hardened criminals must be allowed to triumph? Is that in the best interest of the people as a whole, and would that really serve the cause of the gospel? If his thinking was along this line, the apostle supplies the answer in 13:1 7: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the ruler does not bear the sword in vain) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ! ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.13-41.12.17|AUTODETECT|” e. To all this should be added the fact that what Paul is saying here in 13:1 7 corresponds with the very teaching of Jesus Christ himself 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.13-41.12.17|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:13 17) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), unless, with some, we adopt the position of certain redactionists, namely, that Mark s report is nothing but a fabrication. With such a position one cannot argue. The debate ends, and believer and non-believer each goes his way. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Paul does not, within the compass of these few verses, give us a complete treatise on the respective rights of church and state. He does not give us ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 explicit) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 answers to such questions as, If the government orders me to do one thing, and God, through his Word, tells me to do the opposite, what must I do? and Does the moment ever arrive when, because of continued governmental oppression and corruption, the citizens have the right, and perhaps even the duty, to overthrow such a government and to establish another in its place? Though the answers may well be ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 implied) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 in the statement that the one in authority & is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 God s servant to do you good) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.29|AUTODETECT|” , and though the answer to the first question has been clearly stated by Peter 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:29) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), inquiries into such matters lie beyond the sphere of Paul s immediate interest. See, however, also under verse 2. ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Being, except for Jesus Christ himself, the greatest missionary who ever walked the earth, Paul is interested in the preservation of good order so that the cause of gospel proclamation to the glory of God may go forward. ) With respect to the connection between 13:1 7 and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the immediately following context) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , this can be indicated in a few words, for it is very clear. Verse 7 reads, Pay to all whatever you ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 owe) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 them & And verse 8 (the first verse of the new section) begins with, Do not ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 keep on owing) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 anyone anything except to love one another. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0

1. Let every person be in subjection to the governing authorities.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Literally Paul says, Let every ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 soul) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 & , but the word soul, as here used, means person, human being.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref6 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn6”

355. 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The apostle, writing by inspiration, wants everyone to subject himself voluntarily to the then existing governing authorities.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref7 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn7”
356. 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� In the divine providence the Roman government of Paul s day was such that within its boundaries compliance with the will of God and wholehearted consecration to him were possible. As Paul puts it: ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been ordained by God.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The civil magistrates to whom Paul refers, from the emperor down to the rulers of the lowest rank, in the final analysis owed their appointment and right to govern to God. It was by his will and in his providence that they had been appointed to maintain order, encourage well-doing, and punish wrong-doing. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0

2. Consequently, he who opposes the authority is resisting the ordinance of God & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Does this mean, then, that the apostle was urging unlimited compliance, a subjection so absolute that even when the command of the magistrate should be in direct conflict with God s revealed will, it must nevertheless be obeyed? Of course not! ) We should not forget that Paul was a Jew, well-versed in the Old Testament, as he proves again and again in his epistles. Therefore he also knew about, and heartily approved of, the courage shown by Daniel and/or his three friends when they disobeyed royal edicts and ordinances that were manifestly contrary to God s will as revealed in his law. See chapters 1, 3, and 6 of the book of Daniel. These chapters show that God rewards those who, in extremely difficult circumstances, remain faithful to himself, and who therefore deliberately disobey their earthly ruler. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.2|AUTODETECT|” It is clear, then, that, in writing as he does here in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , the apostle is thinking of the ruler who is performing his duty of preserving order, approving good behavior, and punishing evil. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 case he who opposes the authority is, indeed, resisting the divine ordinance. Paul adds: ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 & and those who do that will bring judgment) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 [not necessarily ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 damnation) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref8 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn8” A.V.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ] ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 on themselves.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.9|AUTODETECT|” The apostle is not establishing a universally valid principle that opposing the authority and disobeying a command issued by a civil magistrate is always wrong. In reading Paul s letters, filled with instructions and exhortations, one must be sure to make allowance for restrictions or qualifications, whether expressed or implied. See, for example, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.9|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 5:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.10|AUTODETECT|”

10. 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the apostle is, as it were, saying, Please do not interpret this exhortation as if there were no limits to its application. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 That the apostle was referring to normal, and not to outrageous or mistaken, governmental functioning is clear from verse ) 8 1 3 8 0 0

3. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct but to bad.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 In these verses Paul refutes the exclusively negative attitude toward civil authorities, as if they were always intent on doing evil, and as if one should be afraid of them. To be sure, the magistrates punish, but under normal circumstances those who receive punishment have only themselves to blame. Rulers, says Paul, are not a terror to good conduct but to bad. It is clear that in saying this he is personifying these two kinds of conduct. He means, of course, that rulers are not a terror to those who conduct themselves properly but to those who conduct themselves badly. It is the latter who have reason to fear. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.19-44.16.24|AUTODETECT|” It has been said that it is strange that Paul would speak so favorably about rulers. Had he not himself been treated cruelly by the civil authorities? See ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.19-44.16.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:19 24) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.25|AUTODETECT|” . Cf. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.25|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:25) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 : thrice was I beaten with rods. And was it not the Roman governor Pontius Pilate who had unjustly condemned Jesus to death? ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.3|AUTODETECT|” The answer generally given is, These were the exceptions that prove the rule. Though there may well be some merit in this answer, is it not possible to add something to it, which will bring out even more clearly that the apostle was right when he said what he did here in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.3|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ? ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 In the case of Paul s experience at Philippi the authorities had been led astray by the mob, so that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 they thought) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.38|AUTODETECT|” that they were actually punishing wrongdoers. Subsequently, when they became aware of their mistake, they tried to make up 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.38|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:38) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.39|AUTODETECT|”

39. 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.4|AUTODETECT|” And as to Pilate, again and again he refused to condemn Jesus to death 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.4|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.13-42.23.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.13-42.23.16|AUTODETECT|” 13 16) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.20|AUTODETECT|”
40. 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.22|AUTODETECT|”
41. 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Finally, for selfish reasons, he succumbed to the demands of the Jews (23:24). In this connection note also the significant words, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 You) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 handed him over to be killed, and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 you) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 disowned him before Pilate, though ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 he) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.13|AUTODETECT|” had decided to release him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Acts 3:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Paul s statement that, in the normal run of events, rulers are not a terror to good conduct but to bad, stands therefore. ) Turning now to the individual believer note change from plural (those who) to singular 7 1 -1 9 0 0 you) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 instead of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 you) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) the apostle continues: ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Do you want to be free from fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right, and you will receive his approval.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.29|AUTODETECT|” This does not necessarily mean that the person who does what is right is going to receive a merit badge, ribbon, medal of honor, or speaking in terms of Paul s own day that a monument will be erected for him. It does mean, however, that the one in authority will form a favorable opinion of that well-behaved person, and will, whether only in his heart or even by means of an openly expressed commendation, approve of him. Cf. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.29|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:29) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.14|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 8 1 3 8 0 0

4. For he is God s servant to do you good.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The civil magistrate is indeed God s servant, for, as verses 1 and 2 have shown, he was, in the final analysis, appointed by God and received his authority from God. Under normal conditions and circumstances the ruler, in the sphere of civil government, represents the divine will with respect to the people s conduct as citizens. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Moreover, the basic aim of the one in authority is not to hurt but to help, to do you good. As the result of the work and watchfulness of these governmental representatives the believer is able to lead a tranquil and quiet life in all gravity and godliness 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 wrong-doer) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 better be afraid. First of all, he should have been afraid to do wrong. Having done wrong, he better be afraid, for punishment will not stay away. He should realize that the magistrate does not bear the sword in vain, that is, to no purpose, for nothing, or, in colloquial language, just for fun. The ruler bears that sword in order to instill fear of doing wrong; and, in order to inflict punishment when wrong has been done. The opinion according to which Paul simply means that the emperor and those who represent him wield military power merely to enable them to quell the forces of rebellion, hardly does justice to the present context, which refers to wrong-doers in general, not only to rebels.

By means of the sword wrong-doing is punished. In fact, the vicious, dangerous criminal may even be put to death. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.24|AUTODETECT|” The fact that in the New Testament the use of the sword is often connected with the idea of putting to death is clear from such passages as ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.24|AUTODETECT|” Luke 21:24) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.27|AUTODETECT|” 16:27) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.13.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.13.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 13:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.34|AUTODETECT|” . See also ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.34|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 11:34) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.9.6|AUTODETECT|” , where escaped the edge of the sword means escaped death. It should be clear, therefore, that the argument in favor of executing dangerous criminals, who have committed horrible crimes, is based not only on ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.9.6|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 9:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.4|AUTODETECT|” but also on ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 He) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 that is, the one in authority ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 is God s servant, an avenger to bring (God s) wrath upon the one who practices evil.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The fact that the authority is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 God s servant) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is repeated here. See verses 1, 2 and the beginning of verse 4. The apostle adds, & an avenger to bring (God s) wrath, etc. The question has been asked, Whose wrath? His own or God s? The answer, however, is clear, for the sentence begins with the words, He is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 God s) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 servant to bring wrath, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 God s) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 wrath, therefore. For further proof see on 12:19, p. 421. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 In his infinite kindness God, through Paul, caused this message to be delivered to the Roman church, in order that its members and further all, throughout the ages, who would read this letter or to whom it would be read and/or explained might be kept from practicing evil, and might, by the grace of God and the power of the Holy Spirit, turn to God for pardon and for strength to live orderly and sanctified lives. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 5. That is why it is necessary to be in subjection, not only to avoid (God s) wrath, but also for the sake of conscience.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Now a Christian s political conduct must not be motivated or regulated ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 only) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 by fear of incurring God s wrath. On the contrary, subjecting oneself to the divinely authorized civil authority has something to do with the believer s relation to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 God) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The Christian knows that it is God s will that he subject himself to the authorities which God, in his providence, has placed over him for his (the subject s) good. Accordingly, failure to subject himself results in the accusing voice of conscience. Therefore, for both of these reasons, namely, to avoid God s wrath and to satisfy his conscience, one should voluntarily subject himself to the ruling authority. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 This matter of conscience must not be passed over lightly. It should be borne in mind that a Christian s enlightened conscience is his sense of obligation ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to God) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . Note the words, Submit yourselves ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 for the Lord s sake) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.13|AUTODETECT|” to every authority instituted among men 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.13|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 On ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 conscience) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.15|AUTODETECT|” see also pp. 97, 98 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.15|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:15) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.1|AUTODETECT|” ), p. 310 (on 9:1); further: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.16|AUTODETECT|” 24:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 8:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.25-46.10.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.25-46.10.29|AUTODETECT|” 10:25 29) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.12|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:12) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.11|AUTODETECT|” 5:11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.5|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:5) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.9|AUTODETECT|” 3:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:15) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 6. This is also why you��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref9 11 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn9” 357) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� pay taxes, for when (the authorities) faithfully devote themselves to this end, they are God s ministers.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The nearest antecedent to the word this is for the sake of conscience. It was because their conscience told them that it was right to pay taxes that they paid them. It was right, since it was in harmony with God s purpose for their lives. The collection of taxes must not be considered a disgraceful, tyrannical imposition. No, it is necessary for the maintenance of conditions that make normal living possible. Therefore those who faithfully discharge their duty of collecting taxes are doing so in their capacity as God s ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ministers) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 For the word ministers Paul here uses a word 7 1 -1 9 0 0 leitourgos) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 liturgy) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) which generally has religious implications. Thus angels are God s ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ministers) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.7|AUTODETECT|” 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ministering) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.14|AUTODETECT|” spirits 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Very properly the word is used with reference to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 priests) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.8.2|AUTODETECT|” , and in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.8.2|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 8:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Christ, in his capacity as highpriest, is called a minister ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (leitourgos)) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 of the sanctuary, the true tabernacle & Also very properly Paul calls himself a minister ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (leitourgos)) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.16|AUTODETECT|” of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.6|AUTODETECT|” ). Nevertheless, here in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Paul, instead of using the more common word 7 1 -1 9 0 0 diakonos) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , cf. deacon), as a designation of these ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 servants) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 who collect taxes, calls them ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 leitourgoi) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; i.e., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ministers) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; in fact, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 God s) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ministers. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Is not the implication this, that, in the final analysis, the governing authorities owe their authority not to people but to God to whom they are responsible for all their actions; and that the citizens should so regard them; and, when these officials faithfully carry out their duty, even that of collecting taxes, should so honor them?��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref10 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn10” 358) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Of course, this very principle has implications also for the officials, as Calvin correctly observes when he states, It behooves them to remember that whatever they receive from the people is, as it were, public property, and not to be spent in gratification of private indulgence. ) In close connection with the immediately preceding passage ( This is also why you pay taxes, etc.), Paul continues: ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 7. Pay to all whatever you owe (them): tax to whom tax (is due), custom to whom custom, respect to whom respect, honor to whom honor.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.20.22-42.20.25|AUTODETECT|” In connection with monetary obligations owed to the government the addressed which includes us all are exhorted that whatever is due should be paid to the proper persons: tax, levied on persons and property 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.20.22-42.20.25|AUTODETECT|” Luke 20:22 25) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), should be paid to whom tax is due; custom, levied on imported and exported goods, similarly, to whom custom is due. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 On the next expression opinions differ widely. The word here rendered respect ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref11 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn11” 359) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.13|AUTODETECT|” �� at times indicates terror (see verse 3 above), or fear 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.13|AUTODETECT|” John 7:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.38|AUTODETECT|” 19:38) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19|AUTODETECT|” 20:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ), or reverence with God as object 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.18|AUTODETECT|” ). The same word can, however, also mean respect 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.18|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:18) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.33|AUTODETECT|” ; and cf. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.33|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:33) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the cognate verb is used to indicate the ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 respect) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.7|AUTODETECT|” a wife owes her husband). Since Paul is here 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) exhorting the Romans to render to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the officials) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 their due, the rendering respect would appear to be best.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref12 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn12” 360) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 What Paul probably means is something on this order: Simply paying your taxes is not enough. Telling the officials, Here s the money, and now get out, will never do. You should ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 respect) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 these men for the sake of their office, and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 honor) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 them in view of their faithful devotion to their task (see verse 6). Remember: they are ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 God s ministers) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ! And by means of what is done with this money not only the people in general, including you yourselves, are benefited, but so is the cause of the gospel. ) 6 4 3 8 0 0 E. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward Everybody ) Do not keep on owing anyone anything except to love one another ) 13:8 10 ) 8 Do not keep on owing anyone anything except to love one another, for he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law. 9 For this, You shall not commit adultery, you shall not murder, you shall not steal, you shall not covet, and whatever other commandment there may be, is summed up in the saying, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. 10 Love does no harm to the neighbor. Therefore the fulfilment of (the) law is love. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 8. Do not keep on owing anyone anything except to love one another & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Other translations: ) a. You owe no man anything & ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref13 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn13” 361) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Although grammatically this translation is indeed possible, it would be out of line with the context, for Paul has just now been telling those addressed that they should pay to all whatever they owed them; hence, all their debts (verse 7). So not the indicative but the imperative mood must be meant here in verse 8. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.22.25|AUTODETECT|” b. Owe no man anything & This rendering would create the impression that Paul calls all borrowing wrong, a position that is clearly contrary to Scripture. See ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.22.25|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 22:25) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.37.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.37.26|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 37:26) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.42|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:42) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:35) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 c. Owe no man anything; only do love one another. This is perhaps even worse. It changes the one beautiful thought of the original into two separate ideas: not only are the readers-hearers told never to owe anything to anybody, but in addition they are exhorted to love one another! The original clause of eight words cannot be made to convey all this.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref14 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn14” 362) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 d. Let no debt remain outstanding, except the continuing debt to love one another & , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref15 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn15” N.I.V.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , and somewhat similar: ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref16 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn16” N.E.B.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , Weymouth. I can find no fault whatever with this excellent rendering. It is completely true to the original. On the other hand, if one wishes to show most clearly the close connection between verses 7 and 8, where the original uses words based on the same stem,��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref17 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn17” 363) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� the rendering Pay to all whatever ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 you owe) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 & (verse 7), followed by ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Do not keep on owing) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 anyone anything except to love one another & (verse 8) would seem to be required. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Three thoughts are clearly implied here: ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.37.21|AUTODETECT|” First of all, this is a condemnation of the practice of some, who are ever ready to borrow but very slow to repay the borrowed sum. In this connection see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.37.21|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 37:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , The wicked person borrows but does not repay & ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.0|AUTODETECT|” Secondly, this is clearly a eulogy of love, composed by an author who, somewhat earlier, had written ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.0|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . He is saying that among all the debts a person may have incurred there is one that can never be repaid in full, namely, the debt of love. Moreover, in the present connection Paul is thinking not, first of all, of the debt we owe to God, but, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 as the context indicates) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , of the debt we owe to our fellowmen. So, ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Thirdly, it is a love for one another. But this one another, does not, in this instance, merely mean for all fellow-believers. These, to be sure, are included. One can even say, they are included ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in a special way) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.10|AUTODETECT|” 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but by adding ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 for he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 it is made clear that all those with whom the believer comes into contact and of course particularly those with special needs are included. In fact, in a sense no one is excluded from this all-embracing love. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.3|AUTODETECT|” God s holy law, to be sure, does not save anyone. See ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.3|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.18|AUTODETECT|” . Nevertheless, once a person has been justified by faith, he, out of gratitude, motivated and enabled by the Holy Spirit, desires to do what God wants him to do. And this is found in the law of the Ten Commandments, as summarized in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.18|AUTODETECT|” Leviticus 19:18) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” , and later in the words of Jesus as recorded in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 22:39) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.31|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:31) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.27|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:27) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 b. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 9. For this, You shall not commit adultery, you shall not murder, you shall not steal, you shall not covet, and whatever other commandment there may be, is summed up in the saying, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.1-2.20.17|AUTODETECT|” The very fact that Paul mentions these commandments in the order Nos. 7, 6, 8, 10 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.1-2.20.17|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 20:1 17) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), not even mentioning the fifth and the ninth, but covering these with the summarizing expression and whatever other commandment there may be, shows that it is not his main intention to enter into the substance of each separate Thou shalt not. Rather he wishes to emphasize the one great truth, namely, that all these commandments touching the believer s attitude toward his fellowmen are brought together under one head in the one, great summarizing rule, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 This proves that every negative command is at bottom a positive command. The meaning, therefore is: You shall love, and therefore not commit adultery but preserve the sacredness of the marriage-bond. You shall love, and therefore not murder but help your neighbor keep alive and well. You shall love, and accordingly not steal anything that belongs to your neighbor but rather protect his possessions. You shall love, and as a result not covet what belongs to your neighbor but rejoice in the fact that it is his. ) The expression, You shall love your neighbor ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 as yourself) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 merits a word of explanation. What Paul and before him Jesus actually means must at least include this thought: it is a certain thing that a person will love himself, and it is also certain that he will do so in spite of the fact that the self he loves has many faults. So, then, also he should most certainly love his neighbor. He may not ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 like) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 him, but he should ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 love) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 him, and should do so regardless of that neighbor s faults. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 10. Love does no harm to the neighbor. Therefore the fulfilment of (the) law is love.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 In the words, Love does no harm to the neighbor, we have an example of a figure of speech called ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 litotes) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . This means that a negative expression of this type implies a strong affirmative. So, He s no fool may mean, He is very shrewd. And similarly Love does no harm to the neighbor means Love greatly benefits the neighbor. & does no harm is an understatement for greatly benefits. The reason that this truth is here expressed negatively may well have been to make it coincide with the law s prohibitions. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Notice how beautiful is the style of verse 10: the verse begins and ends with the word ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 love) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The apostle is indeed very consistent, for if ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the fulfilment) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 of the law does no harm to the neighbor but benefits him, and if love and only love does exactly that, then the fulfilment of the law must be love. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 It is exactly Spirit-wrought love, this alone, that is sufficiently powerful to cause a person to remove all obstacles and to love his neighbor even though that neighbor is perhaps not a pleasant person! It is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 love) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.5|AUTODETECT|” that is not easily angered, keeps no record of wrongs, always protects and always hopes 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:5) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ). Such human love has its origin in God, for God is love 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.8|AUTODETECT|” I John 4:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.34|AUTODETECT|” ). It was Jesus who, a few hours before his crucifixion told his disciples, A new precept I give you, that you keep on loving one another; just as I have loved you, that you also keep on loving one another 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.34|AUTODETECT|” John 13:34) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 9 3 8 0 0 F. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward the Lord Jesus Christ ) The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near & clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for (the fulfilment of) the lusts of the flesh ) 13:11 14 ) 11 And (do this) especially because you know how critical the time is. The hour has arrived for you to wake up from (your) slumber, for our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed. 12 The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near. So let us put aside the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light. 13 Let us walk honorably, as in the daytime, not in orgies and drinking bouts, not in sexual excesses and debaucheries, not in dissension and jealousy. 14 Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for (the fulfilment of) the lusts of the flesh. ) The discussion of this section will follow this outline: ) a. Exegesis of verses 11, 12a; of verses 12b, 13; and of verse 14. ) b. Statement of the problem that arises in connection with this section (verses 11 14). ) c. Discussion of proposed solutions. ) That there is a close connection between verses 11, 12a and that which precedes is evident from the very opening words: ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 11, 12a. And (do this) especially because you know how critical the time is. The hour has arrived for you to wake up from (your) slumber, for our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed. The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref18 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn18” 364) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 When Paul says, And (do this), he is referring at least to what is found in the immediately preceding verses. Therefore, he is now saying, Love your neighbor as yourself, but do it not only because the law demands this, but ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 especially also) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 because you know how very critical is the time in which we are now living. It is possible, however, that in saying And (do this) he is referring to the broader context, extending all the way back to 12:1 f. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 By saying, especially because you know how critical the time is, and immediately adding, The hour has arrived for you to wake up from your slumber, for our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed, he is exhorting the membership of the Roman church and us all to lay aside their (our) sinful practices and, with the help of the Holy Spirit, to advance in sanctification. Our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed means The culmination of our salvation is closer to us in time now than it was at the moment when we first confessed our faith in the Lord Jesus Christ and were baptized. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.4-50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” It is clear that the apostle is making an appeal to eschatology; that is, to the doctrine of the Lord s Return. He is using this as an incentive to holy living. One finds a similar exhortation and argument in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.4-50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:4 7) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.1-52.5.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.1-52.5.11|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:1 11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.24|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:24) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.7-59.5.11|AUTODETECT|” f.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.7-59.5.11|AUTODETECT|” James 5:7 11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.7-60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.7-60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:7 11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” ; and, of course, also already in the teaching of Jesus 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:31 46) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.33-41.13.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.33-41.13.37|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13:33 37) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 etc.). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Such an appeal is especially understandable when we consider that the Lord is coming to reward his servants. Cf. the parable of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The Watchful Servants) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.35-42.12.48|AUTODETECT|” 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.35-42.12.48|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:35 48) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); that of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The Five Foolish and The Five Sensible Girls) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.1-40.25.3|AUTODETECT|” 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.1-40.25.3|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:1 3) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.0|AUTODETECT|” ); and, in fact, also the rest of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.10|AUTODETECT|” . Add ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 14:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.1|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.9|AUTODETECT|” James 5:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.5|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:5) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.12.14|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.12.14|AUTODETECT|” Eccl. 12:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The words, The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near indicate that for God s people the present era of darkness, sin, and sadness is rapidly coming to an end; and the never-ending age of light, holiness, and gladness is near. Paul, as it were, hears the cry of the night watchman, Wake up, for the morning is dawning. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.1-53.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Here we must be careful, however. Paul cannot have meant, Christ will return tomorrow. He will come back immediately. Such teaching would have amounted to a refutation of his own earlier statement, namely, that the Return would be preceded by the coming of the apostasy and the arrival of the man of lawlessness, the son of perdition 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.1-53.2.5|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:1 5) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.21|AUTODETECT|” ). Compare with this the similar teaching of Jesus himself 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.21|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.29|AUTODETECT|” 29) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.5|AUTODETECT|” 25:5) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). What the apostle is saying, therefore, is this, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The day) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 will be here very soon. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 12b, 13. So let us put aside the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light. Let us walk honorably, as in the daytime, not in orgies and drinking bouts, not in sexual excesses and debaucheries, not in dissension and jealousy.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref19 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn19” 365) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Because of the critical time in which Paul and his contemporaries were living, and because of the tremendous issues at stake nothing less than to glorify God forever in heaven or to suffer forever with Satan and all the lost in hell Paul urges all including even himself to put aside the deeds of darkness and to put on the armor of light. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.19-48.5.21|AUTODETECT|” He summarizes the deeds of darkness in verse 13. Though the six vices mentioned do not constitute a complete list, they are sufficiently representative to indicate what the apostle has in mind. Besides, we are permitted, of course, to add and the like to the list, as in a similar but lengthier list found in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.19-48.5.21|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:19 21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 These vices comprise the deeds of darkness, often even performed in the dark, but certainly always encouraged by the prince of darkness. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.28|AUTODETECT|” Though it is not necessary to suppose that either Jews or Gentiles were exempt from these evil deeds and dispositions, some of those that are mentioned remind us especially of the sins pertaining to the world of the Gentiles 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.28|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:28) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). As has been shown see pp. 20 23 most of the members of the Roman church had probably been gathered out of the world of the Gentiles. For more information on the individual vices here mentioned see footnote 365. ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Living as we do, in an age in which all the emphasis is on the positive, so that we are constantly being warned never to say Don t but always Do, we note that Paul is not afraid to say, Do not & not & not. ) However, he also knows that the only way to overcome evil is by means of goodness. So, between two negatives let us put aside and not in orgies, etc., he places, Let us put on the armor of light. Now if ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 darkness) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 indicates (spiritual) dullness, depravity, and despair, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 light) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.8|AUTODETECT|” certainly spells (spiritual) learning, love, and laughter 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.8|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), though in the present context the emphasis is on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 love) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (13:8 10). ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Note that here again Paul uses military language as he does often 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.2|AUTODETECT|” 13:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.7|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.10.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.10.4|AUTODETECT|” 10:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.10-49.6.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.10-49.6.20|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:10 20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.8|AUTODETECT|” I Thess 5:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.3|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). There must be a reason for this. A good soldier does not lie down on the job, exerts himself to the full, has a definite goal in mind, uses effective armor, obeys rules. Does not all this apply also to soldiers for Christ? ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 14. Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for (the fulfilment of) the lusts of the flesh.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref20 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn20” 366) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.27|AUTODETECT|” This closing admonition is a most apt and beautiful summary of what the apostle has been saying in 12:1 13:13. It touches on both justification and sanctification. It means that, having accepted Christ and having been baptized, believers should now not rest on their laurels, but should continue to do in practice what they have already done in principle 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.27|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:27) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Paul is, as it were, saying, Having laid aside the garment of sin, now deck yourselves more and more with the robe of Christ s righteousness, so that whenever Satan reminds you of your sinfulness, you immediately remind him and yourselves of your new standing with God. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Become more and more spiritually united with Christ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , so that he will be the Light of your light, the Life of your life, the Joy of your joy, and the Strength of your strength. ) 6 3 3 8 0 0 The person who, by virtue of the enabling power of the Holy Spirit, does this is able to sing ) Jesus is all the world to me.& ) Will L. Thompson ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.14|AUTODETECT|” Such a person must make no provision for the satisfaction of the urges of his sinful human nature. To be sure, there will be these temptations, for the believer remains a sinner even when he becomes a saint 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.14|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 7:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). But if he is truly a child of God he must and will learn more and more to control and subdue these enticements in the realm of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Pleasure) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (inordinate craving for the satisfaction of physical appetites), ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Power) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (lust to shine and be dominant), and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Possessions) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (uncontrolled yearning for material possessions and for the prestige that accompanies them). With Christ as his Sovereign Lord, the victory is assured! ) 6 3 3 8 0 0

• • • • • ) It was toward the end of the summer of the year a.d. 386. In the garden of a villa near Milan, Northern Italy, sat Augustine, born Nov. 13 of the year 354. Beside him, on a bench, there was lying a copy of Paul s epistles. But he seemed not to be particularly interested in it. He was experiencing an intense spiritual struggle, a violent agitation of heart and mind. Getting up from the bench he flung himself down on the grass beneath a fig tree. ) As he is lying there he hears the voice of a child, boy or girl he could not tell. That voice was repeating again and again, Tolle, lege; tolle, lege . ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” He gets up, returns to the bench, and, having picked up the copy of Paul s epistles, reads the first passage on which his eye lights, a Latin version of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.14|AUTODETECT|” b, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.14|AUTODETECT|”

14. 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , Not in orgies and drinking bouts, not in sexual excesses and debaucheries, not in dissension and jealousy. Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the (fulfilment of) the lusts of the flesh. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 It was this passage plus the love and constant prayers of devout mother Monica that led to the conversion of Augustine, who became one of the greatest leaders of the church. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Conf.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 VIII,xii.28, 29. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

• • • • • ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The Problem) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Paul wrote, Our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed. The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near (13:11, 12). But more than nineteen centuries have gone by since the apostle wrote this. Did he commit an error? ) By no means all commentators attempt to solve this problem. Several do not even mention it. By those who tackle it the following solutions have been proposed: ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Proposed Solutions) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 I. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Paul is not necessarily thinking or is not thinking only of the day of Christ s Return. He may have been thinking of, or at least including, the moment when a person dies. It is then that for the child of God darkness turns into day.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref21 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn21”

367. 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.13|AUTODETECT|” This solution will not do, for when Paul, in the present connection, refers to future salvation, he must have been thinking about salvation s culmination for body and soul. This great blessing will be bestowed not on individual believers, one by one, but on all God s children simultaneously, at Christ s Return. Moreover, the day to which he refers in verse 12 is best interpreted as is the same term in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.4|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.25|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:25) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.19|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.19|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . In all these cases the reference is to the day of Christ s Return and the final judgment. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 II. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The words Our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed. The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near mean that in the unfolding of God s redemptive plan there is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 only one great event) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 that must still take place, namely, Christ s Return to judge the living and the dead.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref22 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn22”
368. 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 This suggestion is very helpful. We might summarize the course of redemptive history as follows: ) -3 5 3 0 2 0 0

TMetafile width=288 height=96 �l���������� EMF� ���nNF��GDIC�XT�&� L� ��-�-� �MS Sans Serif #�����d��-�H �H �� ‘%&%Rp �MS Sans Serif8k�IpwO�&L�8k�L��q)w�q)w��3w�N�1H�1�� <v��D<v�,�mO%����;vY!h�dv%%�%�0�% �K(((6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.9|AUTODETECT|” In this diagram INCARNATION implies crucifixion 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.9|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). We are now living in the very last part of the period that extends from INCARNATION to CONSUMMATION; that is, in the part extending from EXALTATION (resurrection, ascension, coronation, outpouring of the Holy Spirit) to CONSUMMATION (Second Coming, resurrection of the dead, final judgment). ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.11|AUTODETECT|” This answer, accordingly, goes a long way in explaining the language Paul uses here in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.11|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . But it may not go quite far enough. It hardly explains what the apostle meant when he said, for our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed, for the objection might still be raised, If the time intervening between the composition of Romans and the arrival (at Christ s Return) of full salvation is still not less than nineteen centuries, then what difference does the interval between (a) first believing and (b) now (the date of the composition of Romans), make? In view of the very lengthy time period of more than nineteen centuries it is hard to understand why Paul would say, for our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed. We feel like saying, Yes, nearer, Paul, but by a very, very small fraction, indeed! ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Besides, we still experience some difficulty with the expression the day ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is drawing near) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , when more than nineteen centuries have gone by, and the prediction remains unfulfilled. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 III. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Perhaps we should refer, first of all, to ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.8|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 3:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . Thorough interpretation of that passage belongs to commentaries on II Peter. One observation can be made, however. The unbelievers and scoffers of Peter s day were told that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 their time calculation was faulty) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.11|AUTODETECT|” For a different reason, the time calculation adopted by those who have difficulty with ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.11|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is probably also wrong. The error is committed not by Paul but by us ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 when we apply earth s chronology to heaven s mode of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . We really have no right to say that the saints to whom Paul was addressing this letter had to wait at least another nineteen centuries before the night of darkness would for them be changed into the daylight of full salvation. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 What happens when a person dies and his soul goes to heaven? Does that soul then become timeless? Does it adopt one of God s incommunicable (!) attributes, that of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 eternity) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.10.6|AUTODETECT|” , ex-temporal existence? Of course not. Not then, nor ever. The oft-quoted passage 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.10.6|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 10:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.10.6|AUTODETECT|” ) proves nothing of the kind. Neither do some of our popular hymns that are based upon the wrong translation of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.10.6|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 10:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . No more time should be no more delay. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.11|AUTODETECT|” What is true, however, is that the computation of time will be different on the other side of the grave. Sorrow spells slow time, but joy inexpressible and full of glory indicates fast-flying time. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.11|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 6:11) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 tells us that for the redeemed souls under the altar the period between their martyrdom and the final judgment would amount to a little while. We will, as it were, be geared to a different kind of time-scale.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref23 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1” 369) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” So, we arrive at the conclusion that what Paul wrote here in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , namely, Our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed makes sense, after all. And so does, The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.11-45.13.14|AUTODETECT|” We should not forget, however, that the main lesson taught in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.11-45.13.14|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:11 14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is, let us put aside the deeds of darkness and put on the garment of light. In other words, Clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.0|AUTODETECT|” Practical Lessons Derived from ) 13 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.0|AUTODETECT|” Romans 13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Let every person be in subjection to the governing authorities. A presidential election year has arrived. In a newspaper someone wrote an article which could be summarized as follows: The minister, in his preaching, should not discuss the implications of the gospel for the exercise of Christian citizenship, for Church and State must remain separate. Right or Wrong? ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Verses 2, 3, 4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 & he who opposes the authority is resisting the ordinance of God & rulers are not a terror to good conduct but to bad & he [the magistrate] is God s servant to do you good. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.13|AUTODETECT|” If the church wishes to exert an influence for good upon the State, it should not take recourse to separation but should try spiritual infiltration. It is not surprising that some time later Paul was able to write, & it has become clear throughout the whole praetorian guard and to all the rest that my bonds are for Christ 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.13|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and All the saints greet you, especially those of Caesar s household (4:22). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 This is also why you pay taxes, for when (the authorities) faithfully devote themselves to this end, they are God s ministers. Does not this thought make paying taxes somewhat less burdensome? ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Do not keep on owing anyone anything except to love one another & ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.18|AUTODETECT|” The attempt to pay a continuing debt may seem to be a very disappointing task. Yet, in the present case this is not really true, for during the process of paying this debt one receives at least the following blessings: (a) the satisfaction of knowing that we are helping the neighbor; (b) assurance of salvation 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.18|AUTODETECT|” I John 3:18) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and (c) the conviction that we are doing what God wants us to do; that is, that out of gratitude we, with the help of the Holy Spirit, are fulfilling his law. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.36|AUTODETECT|” Said the minister from the pulpit, About the day and the hour of Christ s Return we know nothing 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.36|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:36) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In fact, about the life hereafter the Bible tells us almost nothing. So, let those who wish to indulge in wild speculations do so. I shall concentrate my attention on more important subjects. Is that the right approach? ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Having commented on the believers proper attitude to God, to fellow-believers, and to outsiders (including enemies), Paul now describes how God s children should relate to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 governing authorities) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . He states that these rulers have been ordained by God, so that those who oppose them are resisting God s ordinance. Moreover, the addressed should bear in mind that magistrates have by God been appointed to promote the interests of the people over whom they were placed in charge. Therefore, in order to avoid God s wrath and also for the sake of conscience those for whom Paul s letter was written believers in every age should submit themselves to the civil authorities. Those who follow the opposite course better remember that they are opposing God himself; also, that the magistrate does not bear his sword in vain. ) 6 2 3 8 0 0 Taxes too, of whatever kind, should be paid, and those who judiciously and faithfully collect them should be respected. This section closes with the words, Pay to all whatever you owe (them): tax to whom tax (is due), custom to whom custom, respect to whom respect, honor to whom honor (verses 1 7). ) Having just a moment ago stated, Pay to all whatever you owe (them), Paul now adds, Do not keep on owing anyone anything except to love one another. Thus he condemns the practice of those who are ever ready to borrow and ever slow to repay; emphasizes that the debt of love we owe to others can never be repaid in full; and makes clear that in our loving embrace we should not only include fellow-believers but ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 anyone at all) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 whom God has placed in our path for help and protection of any kind. He says, For this, You shall not commit adultery, you shall not murder, you shall not steal, you shall not covet, and whatever other commandment there may be, is summed up in the saying, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. Paul closes this section with the striking understatement, Love does no harm to the neighbor. Therefore the fulfilment of (the) law is love (verses 8 10). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 It is clear, therefore, that we should love our neighbor as we love ourselves because that is what God s holy law demands. The apostle now adds another reason why we should do this, and probably also why we should strive to live in accordance with all the exhortations found in 12:1 f. (thorough devotion to God, etc.). He writes, And (do this) especially because you know how critical the time is. The hour has arrived for you to wake up from (your) slumber, for our salvation is nearer now than when we (first) believed. The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near. He was undoubtedly referring to the day of Christ s Return in glory.

That what he stated with reference to the imminent character of this great event and of full salvation for both body and soul, to be imparted to all who walk in the light, is true, has been indicated on pp. 445 447. Paul, accordingly, exhorts the addressed to abandon the kind of deeds associated with darkness (orgies, drinking bouts & dissension, jealousy), and, instead, to put on the armor of light. In closing this section he states, Clothe yourselves with the ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Lord Jesus Christ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 [i.e., strive to attain to full spiritual union with him], and make no provision for (the fulfilment of) the lusts of the flesh (verses 11 14). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn1 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1” 351 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 There is, however, a close connection between the preceding context (12:9 21) and the following (13:8 f.), as is clear from the fact that ������ occurs in both 12:17 and 13:8, and in both cases in a context manifesting the spirit of love. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn2 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref2” 352 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 See O. Michel, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Der Brief an die R�mer) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , G�ttingen, 1966, p. 289. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn3 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref3” 353 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 E. K�semann, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on Romans) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 7 1 -1 9 0 0 An Die R�mer) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), Grand Rapids, 1980, p. 352. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn4 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref4” 354 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Oscar Cullmann, in his book ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Christ and Time) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Christus und die Zeit) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , Z�rich, 1948), London, 1962 (see especially pp. 192 196), proceeds from the supposition that the late Jewish teaching concerning angels belongs to the content of New Testament doctrine. According to him evil angels, having been overcome by Christ, lost their sinister character, and were recommissioned to render favorable service for Christ. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Further, he argues that since the term used in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.21|AUTODETECT|” , namely, ������� (here dat. pl. -���) occurs also in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.12|AUTODETECT|” 6:12) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” , where it refers to angels, it must indicate angels too in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” . But, as the context shows, in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.8|AUTODETECT|” it also signifies civil authorities. Accordingly, as Cullmann sees it, the word has a double meaning, referring both to the civil authorities and to the angels who, as it were, stand behind them. Cullmann finds that double sense also in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.8|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.3|AUTODETECT|” , None of the rulers of this age understood it, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory ; and in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 6:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , Do you not know that we will judge angels? Here, as he sees it, the civil authorities are viewed as the executive agents of the angelic powers. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Criticism.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

1. The belief that in one and the same context a term or a statement can have two different meanings, in the present instance referring both to human beings and angels, reminds us of the double rule of interpretation adopted by some of the religious leaders of the sub-apostolic age. As they saw it, all Scripture passages must be interpreted ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 literally and allegorically) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . In course of time this principle developed into the fourfold rule of exegesis: historical, aetiological, analogical, and allegorical. If one sets out on that road, where will he land? See L. Berkhof, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Principles of Biblical Interpretation) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , Grand Rapids, 1950, p. 22. It is only fair to state, however, that Cullmann s theory is far more limited in its application. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
2. Nowhere does Scripture teach that certain angels lost their evil character and were recommissioned to render service for Christ. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.2.8|AUTODETECT|”
3. As to ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.8|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , nowhere does Scripture ascribe the crucifixion of the Lord of glory to angels, whether good or bad. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.3|AUTODETECT|”
4. With respect to ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 6:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , how this passage can be interpreted to mean that people will be the executive agents of angelic powers is difficult to fathom. The real meaning of the passage is: If we are going to judge angels, how much more should we be able to settle disputes pertaining to the present life? ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1-45.13.7|AUTODETECT|”
5. Here in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.13.1-45.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1 7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 everything points to an earthly ruler, not to an angel or to angels. Note such items as the following: the ruler does not bear the sword in vain. He punished the wrong-doer and commends the well-doer. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
6. Reference to the necessity of paying taxes (13:6) also proves that the passage has nothing to do with angels or with the celestial realm. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.13.1-45.13.7|AUTODETECT|”
7. A parallel to ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1-45.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1 7) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.13-60.2.17|AUTODETECT|” is ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.13-60.2.17|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:13 17) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.20|AUTODETECT|” . But Peter describes the rule of the king and of governors as being a human institution, probably indicating an institution established among human beings but deriving its authority from God. There is no hint here of any connection with angels. In fact, according to apostolic teaching, Satan and his underlings are never described as standing behind and supporting the good work carried on by civil authorities. On the contrary, the influence exerted by evil spirits is and remains evil, and their authors are doomed. See ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.20|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.4|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 4:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.10-49.6.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.10-49.6.12|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:10 12) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.8|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 5:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.4|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 2:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1-45.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Cullmann was by no means the only defender of the double meaning theory, as applied to ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1-45.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1 7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . See for example, also M. Dibelius, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Die Geisterwelt im Glauben des Paulus) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , G�ttingen, 1909. Others who, for a while at least, defended it in one form or another, were K. L. Schmidt, K. Barth, G. Dehn, etc. Even Cranfield for a while felt attracted to it. It is only fair to state, however, that among those who upon further study abandoned this theory, were Dibelius, Barth, and Cranfield. See the latter s admission, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 op. cit.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 659. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Lekkerkerker, in his very interesting summary 7 1 -1 9 0 0 op. cit.) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1-45.13.7|AUTODETECT|” , Vol. II, pp. 129 136) traces the essense of this theory back to some second century a.d. gnostics, and shows how it gave rise to the persuasion, among many, that governments were able to yield themselves to demonic powers; example, Germany during Hitler s reign. In other words, people began to see a close link between ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1-45.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1 7) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.13.0|AUTODETECT|” and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.13.0|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , as interpreted by them. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 It is probably fair to state that by now the double-meaning theory has lost much of its earlier fascination. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn5 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref5” N.T.C. ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 W. Hendriksen, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New Testament Commentary) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn6 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref6” 355 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 In the New Testament as a whole ���� occurs about 100 times, ������ more than 370 times. It is entirely impossible to draw a sharp distinction as is often done between these two words, as if in the New Testament ���� always has one meaning, ������ another. It is true that when ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the apostle Paul) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 was thinking of man s invisible being in its relation to God, he generally used the word ������. However, in the New Testament as a whole there is considerable overlapping of meanings. One should never say, In the New Testament ���� is man s invisible part considered as that which animates his body; ������ is that same immaterial entity viewed in its relation to God. The subject is far more complicated than this generalization indicates. For example, the Greek equivalent for ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 breath) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.8|AUTODETECT|” can be either ���� (Acts (20:10) or ������ 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.8|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Similarly, the concept ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 life) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.55|AUTODETECT|” , with emphasis on the physical, can be expressed either by ������ 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.55|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:55) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.20|AUTODETECT|” ) or by ���� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 2:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.16|AUTODETECT|” ). Not only is it possible for the ������ to be provoked 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.16|AUTODETECT|” Acts 17:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.2|AUTODETECT|” ), the ���� too can be stirred up 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.47|AUTODETECT|” ). The ������ rejoices in God, to be sure 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.47|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:47) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.46|AUTODETECT|” ), but the ���� too is said to magnify the Lord 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:46) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.23|AUTODETECT|” ). An incorporeal being may be a ������ 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.23|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:23) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.9|AUTODETECT|” ), but may also be a ���� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.9|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 6:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.8-41.1.12|AUTODETECT|” ). On the other hand, when the reference is to the Holy Spirit the word used is always ������, with or without modifier 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.8-41.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:8 12) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.29|AUTODETECT|” 3:29) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.36|AUTODETECT|” 12:36) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.11|AUTODETECT|” 13:11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:15) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , etc.). An ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 unclean spirit) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.23|AUTODETECT|” is ������ �������� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:23) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.26|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.1.26|AUTODETECT|”

26. 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.17|AUTODETECT|” , etc.). At times a synonym is used 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.17|AUTODETECT|” Mark 9:17) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.25|AUTODETECT|”
27. 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.21|AUTODETECT|” ). The word ������ can even indicate a disposition 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.21|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , a spirit of gentleness ). On the other hand, when the reference is to the entire ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 self) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 or ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 person) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , so that in a parallel passage a personal pronoun is used, or so that such a pronoun might have been substituted, this ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 self) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” is always ���� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:45) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.6|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ). Here belong also ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.3|AUTODETECT|” , where the expression for every soul of man means for every person (or human being), and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.3|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.18|AUTODETECT|” where my soul or my life means me. The word ���� also indicates the personal pronoun in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:18) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.19|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.27|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:27) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.41|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.41|AUTODETECT|”
28. 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.43|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.43|AUTODETECT|”
29. 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.23|AUTODETECT|” 3:23) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.14|AUTODETECT|” 7:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.38|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:38) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.39|AUTODETECT|”
30. 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.21|AUTODETECT|” James 1:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.20|AUTODETECT|” 5:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.9|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.20|AUTODETECT|” 3:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.2|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 16:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” . And so also here in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 every soul amounts to every person. This meaning of ���� is probably influenced by Hebrew usage. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Since there are these distinctions but also many areas of overlapping, it is impossible to lay down rigid rules. One can perhaps say that in general ������ stresses mental activity, ���� emotional. It is the ������ that perceives 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Mark 2:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.21|AUTODETECT|” ), plans 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ), and knows 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.11|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.38|AUTODETECT|” ). It is the ���� that is sorrowful 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.38|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:38) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.14|AUTODETECT|” ). The ������ prays 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.14|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 14:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.30|AUTODETECT|” ), the ���� loves 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.30|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:30) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Also ���� is often broader in scope, indicating the sum-total of life that rises above the physical; while ������ is more restricted. Often (especially in Paul s epistles), ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 but by no means always) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ������ indicates the human spirit in its relation to God, man s self-consciousness or personality viewed as the subject in acts of worship or in acts related to worship, such as praying, bearing witness, etc. But again, no hard and fast rule can be laid down. Every occurrence of either word will have to be interpreted in the light of the origin of the particular passage in which it occurs, and in the light of its specific context and of parallel passages. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn7 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref7” 356 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Note the word Q����������� dat. pl. f. pres. participle of Q������, to hold (power) over. The sense being or holding over, being supreme, being better (than), shines through in every instance of the word s use in the New Testament: counting the other person ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 better) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” than himself 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); all-) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 surpassing) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.8|AUTODETECT|” excellence 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); the peace of God ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 surpassing) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” all understanding 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 supreme) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.13|AUTODETECT|” authority 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.13|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn8 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref8” A.V. ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Authorized Version (King James) ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn9 11 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref9” 357 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Note return to plural. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn10 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref10” 358 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Considered ideally, that is, as God sees them and as they should be regarded, the spiritual and the political spheres are not nearly as widely separated as we generally view them. Note how in the New Testament the same terminology is applied to both spheres: ) -60 3 2 0 2 0

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T.BorderStyle rvtbColorT.BorderVSpacingT.BorderHSpacingT.VisibleBorders.Bottom T.CellPaddingT.CellBorderStyle rvtbColorT.CellVSpacing�T.CellHSpacing�CTDc.BestWidthlc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data =9-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 Spiritual Sphere) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data =9-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 Political Sphere) TDc.BestWidthlc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 Q�������) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data =9-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 to be subject to) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data SO-8 1 3 2 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:7) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data VR-8 1 3 2 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1) TDc.BestWidthlc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data +’-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 ������) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data /+-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 authority) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data YU-8 1 3 2 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.14|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 22:14) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data VR-8 1 3 2 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:1) TDc.BestWidthlc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 ��������) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data +’-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 servant) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data SO-8 1 3 2 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:7) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data VR-8 1 3 2 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:4) TDc.BestWidthlc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data 1–8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 ����������) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 minister) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data YU-8 1 3 2 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:16) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data VR-8 1 3 2 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:6) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn11 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref11” 359 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ����� (here acc. s. - �). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn12 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref12” 360 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 The arguments of Cranfield in defense of the theory that the apostle is referring to the debt, namely fear, owed to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 God) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.17|AUTODETECT|” have not convinced me. Reference to ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.17|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:17) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the word does not even occur, does not rescue this theory. But for the sake of fairness by all means read cranfield s lengthy argument in substantiation of his view, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 op. cit.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 670 673. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn13 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref13” 361 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 The word used in the original can be interpreted either as a second per. pl. present indicative or imperative. The original would use the same form for either: @�������. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn14 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref14” 362 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 I cannot agree, therefore, with Murray s interpretation, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 op. cit.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 158, 159; instead I am in accord with Cranfield s reasoning on this point, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 op. cit.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 674. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn15 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref15” N.I.V. ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 New International Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn16 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref16” N.E.B. ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 New English Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn17 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref17” 363 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 @������ & @�������. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn18 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref18” 364 ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.6|AUTODETECT|” ��v �����, and at that; or and that too; and especially. See ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.6|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 6:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 4 3 8 0 0 �0�����, 2nd perf. masc. act. nom. pl. participle of �6��, with sense of present. ) The principal verb has to be supplied, perhaps ��������, 2nd per. pl. aor. act. imperat. of �����, to do. ) ������, acc. s. of ������, here probably the critical time, decisive moment, moment of destiny. In 5:6 and 9:9 the word means appointed time; in 8:18 and 11:5 present time. The word ������ should be distinguished from ������, which indicates time as progression from past into present into future, progression of moments. ) U����, gen. s. of U����, sleep, slumber. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 hypnotism) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 3 3 8 0 0 ��������, aor. mid. and pass. infin. of �����, to awaken; in mid. to rouse oneself; hence, to wake up; here used symbolically, to a life of greater sanctification. ) ���������, 3rd per. s. aor. indicat. of ��������, to go forward; here: to be (far) advanced. ) $������, 3rd per. s. perf. indicat. of �����, to approach, draw near. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn19 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref19” 365 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 ��������, let us put aside; and ���������, let us put on, are 1st per. pl. aor. middle subjunctives; respectively, of �������� and ����. Of the latter verb the 2nd per. aor. imperat. mid. occurs in verse 14 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.13|AUTODETECT|” �p E���, weapons, armor; see also on ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 202, including footnote 174. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 a�, as, meaning: as is actually the case. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.40|AUTODETECT|” �P��������, lit. in good form; hence, in a becoming manner, gracefully, honorably. Cf. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.40|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 14:40) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.12|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 The following six nouns (three pairs of two each) are all in the dative. In the original the first four nouns are in the pl., the last two in the sing. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.21|AUTODETECT|” ����� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.21|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.3|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), boisterous merrymaking, carousing, orgy. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.34|AUTODETECT|” ���� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 21:34) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.21|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), drinking bout. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.10|AUTODETECT|” For the meaning of ����� see above, on ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” , p. 319. Here 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) indecency, sexual excess. ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.22|AUTODETECT|” �������, debauchery, licentiousness; so also in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.22|AUTODETECT|” Mark 7:22) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.21|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 12:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.19|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.19|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.3|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.2|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 2:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Jude 4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.29|AUTODETECT|” ��� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.29|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:29) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.29|AUTODETECT|” ; see p. 81), strife, dissension. Besides its occurrence in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.29|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:29) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.11|AUTODETECT|” and 13:13 it is also found in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.11|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:11) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.3|AUTODETECT|” 3:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.20|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 12:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.20|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:15) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.9|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.9|AUTODETECT|” Titus 3:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.2|AUTODETECT|” �����, depending on the context, can mean zeal, enthusiasm, ardor 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.2|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 9:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” ; but can also mean jealousy, as here in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.3|AUTODETECT|” and in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.2|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.20|AUTODETECT|” 12:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.20|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.7|AUTODETECT|” . In ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.7|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 7:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.11|AUTODETECT|” 11) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 it seems us refer to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ardent concern) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.27|AUTODETECT|” . The ���x� ����� of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.27|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:27) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.14|AUTODETECT|” is a raging, devouring fire; and the ����� of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.14|AUTODETECT|” James 3:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 spells ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 envy) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.17|AUTODETECT|” . The word also occurs in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.17|AUTODETECT|” John 2:17) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 in the sense of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 zeal) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , and twice in the book of Acts (5:17; 13:45) in that of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 jealousy) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn20 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref20” 366 ) 6 3 3 8 0 0 For �������� see above, footnote 365. ) ������, for the flesh (objective gen.). Literally the final clause reads: and for the flesh do not make (or: stop making) provision for lusts. Another instance of abbreviated expression. On the meaning of ���� see footnote 187, p. 217. Meaning h. (sinful human nature) applies here. ) �������, in the New Testament only here 7 1 -1 9 0 0 provision) 6 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.2|AUTODETECT|” ) and in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 24:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 7 1 -1 9 0 0 foresight) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ��������, acc. pl. of �������, here meaning lust, sinful desire. For a more detailed study of this word see N.T.C. on ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:22) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , footnote 147, pp. 271, 272. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn21 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref21” 367 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Thus Sanday and Headlam, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 op. cit.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 378; Greijdanus ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Kommentaar) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , Vol. II, pp. 578, 579; A. T. Robertson, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Word Pictures) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 IV, p. 410; Cranfield, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 op. cit.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 682. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn22 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref22” 368 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Murray, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 op. cit.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , Vol. II, p. 168; and several others. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn23 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1” 369 ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 For a more complete discussion of TIME in HEAVEN see W. Hendriksen, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The Bible on the Life Hereafter) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 70 74.)