Romans 12

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 �BiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 87 2 8 0 0 Chapters 12 16) Practical Application) Outline of Chapters 12 16) Paul, having brought to completion his Exposition of the doctrine of Justification By Faith, now proceeds to its Practical Application. To be sure, there has been application right along, but every careful reader of this epistle will have to grant that whereas doctrine predominates in chapters 1 11, practical application to life in general and to concrete life situations holds sway in the remaining five chapters. Besides, as we shall see in a moment, the fact that the apostle himself so regards the connection between what he has said in chapters 1 11 and what he is about to say in chapters 12 16 is clear from 12:1.) PRACTICAL APPLICATION) Chapters 12 16) Outline) I. Main Body of This Part of the Letter) What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward:) Chapter ) 12:1, 2 ) A God ) Offer yourselves as living sacrifices, holy and well-pleasing to) God & ) 12:3 13 ) B Fellow-Christians ) 3 8 We, who are many, are one body in Christ. ) 9 13 Be devoted to one another in brotherly love. ) 12:14 21 ) C Outsiders, including Enemies ) Bless those who persecute you. ) 13:1 7 ) D The Authorities ) Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. ) 13:8 10 ) E Everybody ) Do not keep on owing anyone anything except to love one another. ) 13:11 14 ) F The Lord Jesus Christ ) The night is far advanced; the day is drawing near & Clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for (the fulfillment of) the lusts of the flesh. ) 14:1 15:13 ) G The Weak and the Strong ) 14:1 23 Him who is weak in faith accept. ) 15:1 13 We who are strong ought to bear the failings of the weak and not to please ourselves. ) ) ) II. Conclusion) 15:14 16 ) H Closing Commendation and Explanation of Boldness in Writing) I myself am convinced & that you yourselves are rich in goodness & I have written to you rather boldly & because of the charge God gave me to be a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles & ) 15:17 22 ) I Review of the Past) From Jerusalem all the way around to Illyricum, I have fully proclaimed the gospel of Christ. ) 15:23 29 ) J Plan for the Future) Now I am on my way to Jerusalem in the service of the saints & When I have completed this task & I will go to you on my way to Spain. ) 15:30 33 ) K Prayer Request) I exhort you, brothers, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by the love of the Spirit, to join me in my struggle by praying to God for me. ) 16:1 16 ) L Commendation of Phoebe. Paul s Own Greetings and those of all the churches) Greet Priscilla and Aquila, my fellow-workers in Christ Jesus. ) 16:17 20 ) M Final Warning) I exhort you, brothers, to watch out for those who cause divisions. ) 16:21 23 ) N Greetings of Friends) Timothy, my fellow-worker, greets you. ) 16:25 27 ) O Doxology) Now to him who is able to establish you in accordance with my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ & be glory forever through Jesus Christ!

Amen. ) ) ) In most cases the paragraph heading covers the entire contents of the paragraph. In others it covers most, but not all, of the contents.) The Outline is intended as a useful tool to indicate, from the very beginning, what, on the whole, chapters 12 through 16 are all about.) CHAPTER 12) Outline (continued)) Practical Application) A. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward God) Offer yourselves as sacrifices, living, holy, and well-pleasing to God ) 12:1, 2 ) B. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward Fellow-Christians) We who are many, are one body in Christ ) 12:3 8 ) Be devoted to one another in brotherly love ) 12:9 13 ) C. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward Outsiders, Including Enemies) Bless those who persecute you ) 12:14 21 ) ) A. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward God) Offer yourselves as sacrifices, living, holy, and well-pleasing to God ) 12:1, 2) 12 1 I exhort you, therefore, brothers, in view of God s great mercy, to offer yourselves��329�� as sacrifices, living, holy, and well-pleasing to God, (which is) your spiritual worship. 2 And stop allowing yourselves to be fashioned after the pattern of this (evil) age, but continue to let yourselves be transformed by the renewing of your mind, so that you may prove what is the will of God, namely, that which is good and well-pleasing and perfect.) ) 1.

I exhort you, therefore, brothers, in view of God s great mercy, to offer yourselves as sacrifices, living, holy, and well-pleasing to God, (which is) your spiritual worship.) The very first expression, namely, I exhort (in the original one word) indicates the character not only of the opening paragraph but of the five final chapters of this epistle. Exhortation is not completely absent from the earlier chapters, but by and large it is exposition that is found in Rom. 1 11, while exhortation dominates Rom. 12 16.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.20|AUTODETECT|” It is as a called apostle (1:1), a minister of Christ Jesus (15:16), clothed with authority, that Paul, in the spirit of love and concern, exhorts his dearly beloved brothers in the church of Rome. On this word brothers see what has been said earlier (pp. 52, 214, 215). Literally Paul exhorts those addressed to offer their bodies as sacrifices��330�� to God. However, that in such a context the word body refers to the entire personality is clear from 6:11 14; see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.20|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Calvin states, By bodies he means not only our skin and bones but the totality of which we are composed. He adopted this word that he might more fully designate all that we are, for the members of the body are the instruments by which we carry out our purposes. ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Paul states that these sacrifices must have the following characteristics: they must be living, that is, must proceed from the new life within the believer; holy, the product of the sanctifying influence of the Holy Spirit; and, accordingly, well-pleasing to God, not only accepted by, but most heartily welcome to, the One to whom believers dedicate themselves.) The apostle adds, which is your & worship. ��331�� What has been said earlier (see on 9:4, pp. 312, 313) about this word worship applies here also. Paul is thinking about the action of worshiping, the wholehearted consecration of heart, mind, will, words, and deeds, in fact of all one is, has, and does, to God. Nothing less!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Rendering such devotion will amount to your logikn worship, says Paul. The debate about logikn (acc. sing. f. of logikos) is continuing. The word reminds us of logical. But the meaning of a word is not determined first of all by its etymology but by its use in given contexts. Nevertheless, in the present case logical, in the sense of reasonable, deserves consideration. Several translators have accepted reasonable or rational. ��332�� As I am writing this, I am looking at the two volumes by W. � Brakel, a Dutch work on Dogmatics, to which he gave the title, based on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , Redelijke Godsdienst (Leiden, 1893), that is, Reasonable Religion (or Reasonable Worship of God). What, according to this interpretation, Paul is saying is that rendering wholehearted devotion is the only logical or reasonable worship of God.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.2|AUTODETECT|” But though this interpretation of the Greek adjective makes sense, it is not the only possible one, perhaps not even the best. In the only other New Testament passage in which the adjective occurs, namely, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , it means spiritual, as the context makes clear. Peter cannot have been referring to logical or reasonable milk! Moreover, in the context he mentions a spiritual house and spiritual sacrifices. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.1|AUTODETECT|” It is not surprising, therefore, that also for ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 several English translators have accepted the rendering spiritual worship. ��333��) 1 2 2 8 0 0 But even though spiritual may well be the best rendering of the adjective Paul uses, the meaning of 12:1, considered as a unit, is certainly this, that it is right and proper hence logical, reasonable that those who have been highly favored should offer themselves to God wholeheartedly, as sacrifices, living, holy, and well-pleasing to him. In fact, the emphasis in 12:1 is on the word Therefore. ) What the apostle is saying is that in view of God s mercy, ��334�� a voluntary and enthusiastic response of gratitude is required. Accordingly, when in this connection he mentions God s great mercy, he must be referring to the marvelous goodness of God described in the first eleven chapters of this letter: his kindness (2:4), patience (9:22; 11:22), love (5:5; 8:35, 39), and grace (1:7; 3:24; 4:16; 5:2, 15, 20, 21; 6:1, 14, 15, 17; 11:5, 6). Particularly, he must be reflecting on his great theme, namely, Justification by Faith, a justification based solely on the substitutionary self-sacrifice of Christ (3:24, 25). What he is saying, then, is that this sovereign divine mercy calls for a life of complete dedication and wholehearted commitment. Animal sacrifices will not do! Nothing less than thorough self-surrender out of gratitude is required.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.1-46.15.57|AUTODETECT|” What the apostle is teaching, therefore, is that Christian ethics is based on Christian doctrine. Accordingly, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.1-46.15.57|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:1 57) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” is followed by 15:58 f.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.0|AUTODETECT|” a, by 1:4b f.; 5:1 8 by 5:9 f.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.0|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.0|AUTODETECT|” and 3 by ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.0|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.32|AUTODETECT|” 4:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.20|AUTODETECT|” b by 5:1; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.20|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.0|AUTODETECT|” by 4:1; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.0|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 by chapter 3; and Rom. 1 11 by 12 16.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Returning once more to the opening chapters of Paul s epistle to the Romans and from there quickly reviewing the remainder of this precious writing, one cannot help becoming aware of the fact that in 1:1 3:20 man s sin and misery are described; in 3:21 11:36 the way of deliverance is opened to him; and in 12:1 16:27 the rescued believer is shown how, by a life of gratitude to God and helpfulness toward God s children and, in fact, toward everybody, man should respond.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.50.15|AUTODETECT|” This reminds us of several passages in the Psalter, especially of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.50.15|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 50:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.0|AUTODETECT|” , Call upon me in the day of trouble, and I will deliver you, and you will glorify me ; and of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 116) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 :) 1 14 2 8 0 0 Misery) The cords of death had compassed me,) and the anguish of Sheol had overtaken me;) I was overcome by distress and sorrow.) Deliverance) Then I called on the name of the Lord: O lord, save me!) When I was in great misery he saved me.) Gratitude) I will lift up the cup of salvation and call on the name of the Lord.) I will fulfil my vows to the Lord in the presence of all his people.) This shows too how very appropriate is Q. and A. 2 of the Heidelberg Catechism:) ) Q. How many things are necessary for you to know, that you in this comfort may live and die happily?) A. Three; the first, how great my sins and miseries are; the second, how I am delivered from all my sins and misery; the third, how I am to be thankful to God for such deliverance.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.1|AUTODETECT|” The division into these three parts is, however, not rigid or mechanical. Even in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.1|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 116:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.16|AUTODETECT|” deliverance is clearly indicated, as is true also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and as to the Heidelberg Catechism, even its famous very first Q. and A. already implies all the three things that are necessary.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 2. And stop allowing yourselves to be fashioned after the pattern of this (evil) age, but continue to let yourselves be transformed by the renewing of your mind, so that you may prove what is the will of God, namely, that which is good and well-pleasing and perfect.) It is one thing to point out a goal to a person and to encourage him to try to reach it. Paul has done this in verse 1. It is a different matter to show him what he should do to reach that goal. The apostle does not fail us at this point. Here in verse 2 he shows the hearers and readers what should be shunned and what should be done in order to reach the goal.) First, what should be shunned!) The members of the Roman church were saints, to be sure.

But they had not as yet reached the pinnacle of sinlessness. They were saints but also still sinners, for on this side of heaven no mere human being ever attains to the condition of moral-spiritual perfection.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.33|AUTODETECT|” There is one more fact that should be added: the members of that church were imitators. Aren t we all to a certain extent? Or does this rule apply only to children? In a sense does it not apply to everybody? It holds especially in the realm of sin and evil. Did not even Juvenal say, We are all easily taught to imitate what is base and depraved ?��335�� Bad company corrupts good character 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.33|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and in this present world it is well-nigh impossible completely to avoid bad company or even to steer clear of the bad habits which are still clinging to what, on the whole, can be called good company. Therefore, unless we are on our guard, we are in great danger of falling prey to the pattern of this evil age. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.6|AUTODETECT|” When Paul says, And stop allowing yourselves to be fashioned after the pattern of this (evil) age ��336�� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.6|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), he is warning the membership then and now against yielding to the various manifestations of worldliness by which they are being constantly surrounded; such as the use of dirty or offensive language, the singing of scurrilous songs, the reading of filthy books, the wearing of tempting attire, engaging in questionable pastimes, associating, on intimate terms, with worldly companions, etc. There is hardly any end to the list.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Take the matter of amusements. It is possible to be guilty in this respect even though there is nothing wrong with the recreation of one s choice; for example, if a person sets his heart on it, becomes absorbed in it, depriving him of time and energy for involvement in necessary and noble causes (family, Christian education, church, charity, missions, etc.).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31|AUTODETECT|” The main reason Paul warns against allowing oneself to be fashioned after the pattern of this (evil) age is that man s chief aim should never be to live only for himself. He should do everything to the glory of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.6|AUTODETECT|” A second reason is this: constant yielding to the temptation of becoming fashioned after the pattern of this (evil) age 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.6|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.31|AUTODETECT|” ) ends in bitter disappointment; for, The fashion��337�� of this world is passing away 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.31|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 7:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.17|AUTODETECT|” The experience of those who permit their lives to be frittered away in this manner resembles that of travelers in the desert. They are completely exhausted. Their lips are parched with thirst. Suddenly they see in the distance a sparkling spring surrounded by shady trees. With hope revived they hasten to this place & only to discover that they had been deceived by a mirage. The world and its desires are passing away, but the person who does the will of God lives forever 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.17|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Secondly, what should be done!) Let yourselves be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Note the contrast: not fashioned & but transformed.��338��) Paul does not say, Substitute one outward fashion for another. That would be no solution, for the trouble with those who allow themselves to be fashioned after the pattern of this present (evil) age is deep-seated. What is needed is transformation, inner change, the renewing of the mind, that is, not only of the organ of thinking and reasoning but of the inner disposition; better still, of the heart, the inner being. Cf. 1:28; 7:22 25.) It is important to pay close attention to the exact manner in which the apostle expresses himself in this exhortation. Note the following details.) a.

He uses the present tense: Continue to let yourselves be transformed. Accordingly, this transformation must not be a matter of impulse: on again, off again. It must be continuous.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.18|AUTODETECT|” b. The verb used is in the passive voice. Paul does not say, Transform yourselves, but Let yourselves be transformed. Transformation is basically the work of the Holy Spirit. It amounts to progressive sanctification. And we all, with unveiled faces, reflecting the glory of the Lord, are being changed into his likeness from one degree of glory to another, which comes from the Lord, who is the Spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.18|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” c. Nevertheless, the verb is in the imperative mood. Believers are not completely passive. Their responsibility is not canceled. They must allow the Spirit to do his work within their hearts and lives. Their duty is to co-operate to the full. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.13|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.29.29|AUTODETECT|” Finally, the apostle describes the glorious result of this continuous transformation: so that you may prove what is the will of God & This is a very significant statement. It shows that in order to discern the will of God for their lives believers cannot just depend on their conscience. Conscience is indeed very important, but it must constantly be sent back to the school of Scripture to receive instruction from the Holy Spirit. It is in this manner that believers become and remain aware of God s will. Which will? Decretive or Preceptive? The latter, of course. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.29.29|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 29:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . In this way the will of God will become an increasingly well-established or proven component of the consciousness and lives of God s children. The more they live in accordance with that will and approve of it, the more also, through this experience, will they learn to know that will, and rejoice in that knowledge. They will exclaim, Thy will is our delight. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 And what is the contents of that preceptive will? In other words, what is it that God wants us to be and to do? The answer is: that which is good and well-pleasing and perfect. ��339��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.5|AUTODETECT|” Paul probably knew that adding these words was very necessary. He is as it were telling the Romans that what avails before God is not how important they are or deem themselves to be (cf. the immediate context, verse 3; see also 11:17 21), or how charismatic (verses 4 8), or how strong (cf. 15:1); but rather how grateful, loving, outgoing they are. What matters is how obedient they are to the commandment, addressed to each one individually, You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the great commandment. And a second like it is this: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.5|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 6:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.18|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 19:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 22:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.30|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.27|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.8-45.13.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.8-45.13.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:8 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.48|AUTODETECT|” . In God s sight such a life is good and well-pleasing. The aim of such a life is nothing short of perfection. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.48|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:48) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.7-50.3.11|AUTODETECT|” and add ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.7-50.3.11|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:7 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 8 2 8 0 0 ) B. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward Fellow-Christians) We, who are many, are one body in Christ ) 12:3 8) 3 For, through the grace given me, I bid every one among you not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think, but so to think (of himself) as to think soberly, each person according to the measure of faith God has apportioned to him. 4 For, just as we have many members in one body, and these members do not all have the same function, 5 so we, who are many, are one body in Christ, and severally members of one another. 6 Moreover, having different gifts, according to the grace given us, if (a person s gift is) prophesying, (then let him exercise it) in accordance with the standard of faith; 7 or if (it is rendering) practical service, then let him use it in (rendering) such practical service; or if one is a teacher, (let him exercise his gift) in teaching; 8 or, if one is an exhorter (let him use his gift) in exhorting. Let him who contributes to the needs of others (do so) without ulterior motive. Let him who exercises leadership (do so) with diligence. Let him who shows mercy (do so) with cheerfulness.) ) In immediate thought-connection with verse 2 Paul continues:) 3. For, through the grace given me, I bid every one among you not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think, but so to think (of himself) as to think soberly, each person according to the measure of faith God has apportioned to him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.14-46.12.31|AUTODETECT|” Because of certain conditions existing in the Roman church, as we have seen, and perhaps also because of recent experiences in connection with the church at Corinth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.14-46.12.31|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:14 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.22|AUTODETECT|” ), Paul warns against the sin of exaggerated self-esteem. He issues a specific command 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.22|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.34|AUTODETECT|” 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.39|AUTODETECT|” 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.44|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.44|AUTODETECT|” 44) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), appeals to his authority as an apostle ( according to the grace given me ; see on 1:5, pp. 44, 45), and addresses himself to everyone without exception . By means of a play on words, difficult to reproduce in English something like not to overestimate (himself) beyond a true estimate he urges everyone to be sober-minded, level-headed, sensible. To each member of the Roman church he says, as it were, Don t fancy yourself to be Mr. BIG! The other person also has gifts. Each individual should evaluate himself not by measuring himself with his own yardstick but by the measure of faith God has apportioned to him. ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The term faith is here used in the more usual sense of the trust in God by means of which an individual lays hold on God s promises. In the present context, however, the apostle is not thinking in quantitative terms (a large or a small amount of faith). He is thinking rather of the various ways in which each distinct individual is able to be a blessing to others and to the church in general by using the particular gift with which, in association with faith, God has endowed him or her. He is admonishing each of those addressed to recognize the diversity of gifts amid the unity of faith, and to ask himself, How can I make the best use of my gift so as to benefit each and all? ) 4, 5. For, just as we have many members in one body, and these members do not all have the same function, so we, who are many, are one body in Christ, and severally members of one another.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.3|AUTODETECT|” The comparison of the church and its members to the human body and its parts is a familiar one in the letters of Paul. A little earlier Paul had made use of this illustration in writing to the Corinthians. He had referred to this symbol in order to counteract sinful divisions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.17|AUTODETECT|” ). He had written, We who are many are one body 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.17|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and Now you are the body of Christ, and each one of you is part of it (12:27). Later that is, after writing Romans the apostle, in composing Colossians, with its theme, Christ, the Pre-eminent One, the Only and All-Sufficient Savior, was going to call the church Christ s body (1:24). He was going to describe Christ as the Head, from whom the entire body, supported and held together by joints and ligaments, grows with a growth (that is) from God (2:19). He was going to include the solemn and beautiful admonition, And let the peace of Christ, for which you were called in one body, rule in your hearts (3:15). In his epistle to the Ephesians, also written during that first Roman imprisonment, with its theme, The Unity of All Believers in Christ, the description of the church as being one body in Christ, a body of which all believers are members, would occur again and again (1:23; 4:4, 12, 15, 16, 25).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.4|AUTODETECT|” Here, in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.4|AUTODETECT|” Romans 12:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , Paul emphasizes (a) the organic unity of the body , (b) the purposeful diversity of the members and of their functions , and (c) the mutual needs and benefits of these several members who are united in Christ ( & so we, who are many, are one body in Christ, and severally members of one another ).) 1 13 2 8 0 0 6 8. Moreover, having different gifts, according to the grace given us, if (a person s gift is) prophesying, (then let him exercise it) in accordance with the standard of faith; or if (it is rendering) practical service, then let him use it in (rendering) such practical service; or if one is a teacher, (let him exercise his gift) in teaching; or, if one is an exhorter (let him use his gift) in exhorting. Let him who contributes to the needs of others (do so) without ulterior motive. Let him who exercises leadership (do so) with diligence. Let him who shows mercy (do so) with cheerfulness.) Notes on This Summary of Gifts and Functions) 1. It is marked by abbreviated style.

The words implied but not expressed are numerous. See N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, p. 206, on Abbreviated Expression.) 2. Paul is describing seven gifts, distributed among individuals or groups of individuals who, making use of these gifts, exercise the corresponding functions.) 3. The seven functions are:) a. prophesying) b. rendering practical service) c. teaching) d. exhorting) e. contributing to the needs of people) f. exercising leadership) g. showing mercy.) 4. Among commentators there is considerable difference of opinion with respect to the meaning of some of these functions.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.8-46.12.10|AUTODETECT|” 5. Somewhat similar lists are found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.8-46.12.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:8 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.28|AUTODETECT|” , where nine functions are mentioned; in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.28|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.29|AUTODETECT|” 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” which mentions eight; and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 which lists four (as some see it five, but see N.T.C. on Ephesians, p. 197).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 6. It is clear that Paul believes that not only ministers, elders, and deacons have gifts, but every believer has one or more divinely bestowed gifts or endowments. The apostle shows how these charismata should be used to benefit the church and, in fact, men in general.) Note according to the grace given us. No one has the right to boast about his gift. Each member should bear in mind that his ability to serve others is a product of God s grace, his love for the undeserving.) a. Prophesying) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.28|AUTODETECT|” So very important did Paul consider the gift and function of prophesying that both in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.28|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 he mentions it immediately after that of the apostolate.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.0|AUTODETECT|” The question has been asked, How is it that here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.0|AUTODETECT|” Romans 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11|AUTODETECT|” , where Paul is describing how persons endowed with various gifts should conduct themselves in the performance of their respective duties, there is no mention at all of the function of an apostle? Some answer: This proves that no apostle had anything whatsoever to do with the founding of that church or with its early history. But such an argument is surely basing too much on too little. See also above, p. 19. Even the statement, Paul is silent on the matter of telling another apostle how to conduct himself because it would have been very improper for one apostle to lay down the law for another apostle, is not absolutely true, as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 f. proves, though in normal circumstances it is probably correct. What is true is that Paul had already alluded to his own apostolic office (in 12:3), and also that at this particular time there was no apostle in Rome. If there had been one, would his name not have been included in the list of greetings found in chapter 16?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Returning to the subject of the importance Paul attaches to the gift of prophecy, it is to be noted that in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 14:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 those addressed are told, & eagerly desire spiritual gifts, especially the gift of prophecy. In verse 39 of that same chapter the writer adds, Therefore, my brothers, be eager to prophesy. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.27|AUTODETECT|” One important reason for attaching such a high value to prophesying must have been that the message of the true prophet was the product not of his own intuition or even of his own study and research but of special revelation. The prophet received his message directly from the Holy Spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.27|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.11|AUTODETECT|” ; note, and through the Spirit predicted ). So also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.11|AUTODETECT|” Acts 21:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Agabus, one of these prophets there were others, both men and women 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.9|AUTODETECT|” 21:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is quoted as follows, The Holy Spirit says, In this way the Jews of Jerusalem will bind the owner of this belt & (21:11).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.3|AUTODETECT|” Another reason why on Paul s list of spiritual gifts prophesying ranked so high was its comprehensive content. It was by no means restricted to the utterance of a prediction now and then. It included edification, exhortation, consolation, and instruction 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 14:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.10|AUTODETECT|” However, not everyone who presented himself as a prophet was necessarily a genuine prophet. Not everything a prophet said was necessarily true. So in addition to supplying the church with prophets, God also saw to it that there were people who were able to distinguish between the true prophet and the false 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.29|AUTODETECT|” 14:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.6|AUTODETECT|” ) and between truth and falsehood. In line with this, here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Paul writes, If (a person s gift is) prophesying, (then let him exercise it) in accordance with the standard of faith. Here some interpreters interpret the word faith in the objective sense, as if the apostle was referring to God s revealed truth, the gospel. Others, however, accept the subjective sense, and view the word faith as indicating trust in God and in his promises.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Since just a moment ago (in verse 3) Paul has used this word in the latter sense, which, in the present connection, yields an excellent meaning, we need look no farther. The prophet must say nothing that is in conflict with his faith in Christ. For example, he might be tempted, for selfish reasons, to make startling statements which he himself did not believe. He is warned not to do so. He must be and remain God s mouth to the people.) b. Rendering Practical Service) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.5|AUTODETECT|” The apostle uses the word diakonia, that is, practical service, ministry. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.40|AUTODETECT|” . This service or ministry can be of various kinds. In the story concerning Martha and Mary 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.40|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.4|AUTODETECT|” ) it amounted to whatever work was necessary in preparing a meal. The diakonia of the word is mentioned in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.18|AUTODETECT|” ; that of reconciliation in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.18|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Since in the present connection Paul is enumerating various functions pertaining to church life, it is natural here to connect the term with that particular type of work which we too ascribe to the diaconate, that is, to the office performed by the deacons. Accordingly, Paul is encouraging those who are qualified for this type of work to accept the opportunity to do so.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.17|AUTODETECT|” It may well be rather difficult for us to estimate the importance the apostle attached to the work of the deacon, the Church s ministry of mercy. We should bear in mind, however, that in the days of the apostle many believers were anything but wealthy. Some were slaves or freedmen. In fact, in this very epistle to the Romans (15:25) the apostle states the reason why he cannot travel straight to Rome but must first visit the saints in Jerusalem. Elsewhere he says, I came to Jerusalem to bring my people gifts for the poor 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 24:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.26|AUTODETECT|” ). See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.26|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.1|AUTODETECT|” f., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.1|AUTODETECT|” 16:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1|AUTODETECT|” f., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.7|AUTODETECT|” f. It is worthy of special attention that the very man who insisted on purity in doctrine was at least equally interested in the cause of showing generosity in aiding the poor. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.7|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 he most strikingly connects the grace of giving to supply the needs of the poor with a central doctrine of the Christian religion, namely, that of Christ s voluntary humiliation in the interest of sinners. He says:) 1 5 2 8 0 0 But just as you excel in everything & see that you also excel in this grace (of giving) & For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor, that you through his poverty might become rich. ) So also today the diaconate is no less important than the eldership. The cause of Christ is served equally by each. In each the love of Christ is reflected.) c. Teaching) The prophet received his message by direct revelation. The teacher derived his knowledge from the study of the Old Testament and of the teaching of Jesus, in whatever form this was accessible to him. Since direct revelations do not always occur, and besides, since the deposit of divine revelation found in Scripture which, in Paul s day meant in the Old Testament is of abiding and very important significance, it is clear that also for the teacher there is a very definite and important place in the life of the church.

So, if one is a teacher (let him exercise his gift) in teaching. ) d. Exhorting) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.15|AUTODETECT|” Acts 13:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.0|AUTODETECT|” shows that in the synagogue, after a portion of the law and of the Prophets had been read, the rulers of the synagogue invited Paul and Barnabas to speak a word of exhortation. Such was the custom in those days. Here, in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.0|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , those who have been blessed with the talent of exhorting are urged to make use of it for the benefit of all. Today the minister of the gospel is at least should be adequately equipped to take care of both teaching and exhorting. He not only teaches doctrine but also shows how doctrine should be applied to life so that all may be edified and encouraged. Among the laity, too, there may be excellent teachers and/or exhorters.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 e. Contributing to the Needs of People) Paul writes, Let him who contributes to the needs of others (do so) without ulterior motive. ) The reasons why Paul devoted so much attention to pointing out the importance of the ministry of mercy (namely, great need and example of Christ) have been given. See above, under b. So here, at first glance, we seem to detect a repetition of point b. Nevertheless, there is a difference. The diaconate has to do with the cause of church benevolence.

By means of the deacons the entire church, functioning as a unit, engages in this important work. More, however, is needed. In addition to collective there must also be private benevolence. Let those who are able to function in this capacity by all means do so! Since the Lord has blessed them so abundantly let them, in turn, be a blessing to others.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.1|AUTODETECT|” But in so doing they must be sure to contribute without ulterior motive. ��340�� Here the giving with ulterior motive, denounced by Malachi (1:13, 14), immediately occurs to the mind, and so does that of Ananias and Sapphira 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). True givers are those who give wholeheartedly, all the while remembering what they themselves have received from their Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 f. Exercising Leadership) There are those who believe that by placing f. between e. and g., both of which are, in a sense, concerned with benevolence, Paul, in f., must be referring to people who are in charge of church benevolence. However, e. does not seem to have anything to do with the diaconate, and g. does not necessarily refer to what is commonly meant by benevolence.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.8|AUTODETECT|” Besides, in other passages where the same word for leadership occurs as the one used here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.8|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.12|AUTODETECT|” the reference is to overseers, elders 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.12|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��341�� And even when one makes due allowance for the fact that it is not the apostle s intention to list every spiritual gift and function of church members, would it not seem strange if he were to include in his summary the ministry of the deacons, as he does (see point b.), but completely to omit from it that of the presbyters? With respect to their age and dignity these men were called presbyters or elders; with respect to the nature of their task they were called overseers or superintendents. Because a heavy burden rested on the shoulders of these men, and the temptation to shirk their responsibility was great, they are admonished to exercise their leadership with diligence. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 g. Showing Mercy) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.17.22|AUTODETECT|” The sick, dying, and bereaved are in need of visits by someone who knows how to impart genuine Christian sympathy and understanding, someone who shows mercy with cheerfulness. For as nothing gives more solace to the sick or to anyone otherwise distressed, than to see those cheerful and prompt in assisting them, so to observe sadness in the countenance of those by whom assistance is given makes them feel themselves despised (John Calvin on this passage). I would only add to this that a brief, cheering visit by a wise and sympathetic fellow-member, who is willing to help in every possible way, is certainly of far more benefit than the almost endless recital of all the horrendous details of the operation recently performed on the caller, namely, Mr. Sad. Truly, A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.17.22|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 17:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This holds both for the patient and the visitor.) 1 12 2 8 0 0 ) B. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward Fellow-Christians) (continued)) Be devoted to one another in brotherly love ) 12:9 13) 9 Love must be genuine. Abhor what is evil; cling to what is good. 10 Be devoted to one another in brotherly love. Prefer one another in honor. 11 Never come on behind in showing enthusiasm. Be aglow with the Spirit, serving the Lord. 12 Be joyful in hope, enduring in affliction, persistent in prayer. 13 Help to relieve the needs of the saints. Eagerly practice hospitality.) ) The connection between verses 8 and 9 is close: cheerfully showing mercy presupposes a love that is sincere.

So Paul says:) 9. Love must be genuine. Abhor what is evil; cling to what is good.) It is reasonable to believe that the love of which Paul speaks here is more wide-embracing than the brotherly love mentioned in verse 10. The apostle mentions the more inclusive concept first, then the more restricted one. What he emphasizes first of all is that love, taken in any sense whether its object is God or fellow-believers or neighbors or even enemies must be unhypocritical, that is, unfeigned, sincere, genuine. It must not be faked, must not consist in empty words.

Remember the saying, Your deeds speak so loudly that I cannot hear your words. ) In line with this is the exhortation, Abhor what is evil. This does not refer only to insincerity in love, a mere show, which must be avoided. On the contrary, what Paul is saying amounts to this: Avoid whatever is evil; cling to whatever is good. It should be clear that Paul s emphasis is on agap, that is, love.��342��) 10. Be devoted��343�� to one another in brotherly love.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Whenever Paul thinks of believers he conceives of them as constituting (in the Lord) one family 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.15|AUTODETECT|” ). All have one Father 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.15|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.5|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 4:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.46-40.12.50|AUTODETECT|” ). This thought is entirely in line with the teaching of Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.46-40.12.50|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:46 50) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and parallels).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.26|AUTODETECT|” According to this teaching the bond that unites the members of this spiritual family are far more secure and lasting than those which bind together the members of a purely physical family 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.26|AUTODETECT|” Luke 14:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). What the apostle is saying, therefore, is that the members of this spiritual family should do all in their power to be and remain devoted to each other in tender affection.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” There is a sense in which believers should love everybody, including even those who hate and persecute them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.10|AUTODETECT|” ). But tender, brotherly affection, implying intimacy, understanding, spiritual unity, is reserved for the inner circle. Believers have the right and the duty to discriminate between those who hate God and those who love him. As the apostle says elsewhere, Let us do good to everybody, especially to those who are of the household of faith 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 6 2 8 0 0 Paul adds: Prefer one another in honor.) What does this mean and how is this possible? Of the many interpretations offered note the following three:) a. The other person is the one in whom Christ is mysteriously present for me. Therefore I should honor him above myself.��344��) Evaluation. Must I assume, then, that Christ is not present in every believer, including even myself?) b. Do not wait for others to praise you but be the first to bestow praise whenever this can be done in harmony with the truth.) Evaluation.

Though this is excellent advice, is it really what the passage means? Probably not. It seems to require that I regard my fellow-believer to be worthy of greater honor than I am, and that I, therefore, esteem him higher than myself.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” c. The exhortation does not demand of me that I deem every fellow-member to be in every respect wiser and abler than I am myself. But it asks that in humble-mindedness I count my fellow-member to be better than I am myself. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.28|AUTODETECT|” A Christian knows that his own motives are not always pure and holy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.28|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.13|AUTODETECT|” ). This is a kind of knowledge which at times causes him to utter the prayer, O Lord, forgive my good deeds. On the other hand, the Christian has no right to regard as evil the motives of his brothers and sisters in the Lord. Unless a consistently evil pattern is clearly evident in the lives of fellow-members, their outwardly good deeds must be ascribed to good, never to evil, motives. It follows that the child of God who has learned to know himself sufficiently so that at times he feels inclined to utter the cry of the publican 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.13|AUTODETECT|” Luke 18:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.24|AUTODETECT|” ) or of Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.24|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 7:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) will indeed regard others to be better than himself.) 1 15 2 8 0 0 11. Never come on behind in showing enthusiasm. Be aglow with the Spirit, serving the Lord.) However, sinful human nature being what it is and even saints are still sinners it is not reasonable to expect that those whom Paul is addressing will, with enthusiasm, go about the business of preferring one another in honor. On the other hand, religion without enthusiasm hardly deserves the name religion.) Of course, the source of enthusiasm is not in man. If a person is going to be set on fire, it is the Holy Spirit who must do this. So Paul says, Never come on behind in showing enthusiasm.

And he immediately adds, Be aglow with the Spirit. Not only should the saints take care that they do not quench the Spirit, that they do not resist the Spirit, and even that they do not grieve the Spirit; they should earnestly ask the Holy Spirit to fill them with zeal, the enthusiasm needed for properly carrying out their Christian duties and attaining their goal. Only then will the command, Be aglow with the Spirit be fulfilled when, from the heart, they are able to sing:) Teach me to love thee as thine angels love,) One holy passion filling all my frame ) The baptism of the heaven-descended Dove;) My heart an altar, and thy love the flame.) Lines from Spirit of God, Dwell Thou) Within My Heart by George Croly, 1854.) Then they will not be passive, but with joy and enthusiasm will address themselves to the task of actually and wholeheartedly serving the Lord. Observe that when the believer is really aglow with the Spirit, he does not show this by resorting to manifestations of religious (?) excitement, but by humbly carrying out his mandate of serving the Lord.) 12. Be joyful in hope, enduring in affliction, persistent in prayer.) The hope of future salvation (cf. 5:2, 4, 5; 8:24, 25; 15:4, 13) stimulates present joy; in fact, to such an extent that God s children are even able patiently to endure��345�� in the midst of affliction. This endurance indicates strength to bear up under stress, plus the persistent application of this strength.

It is not the product of human wisdom or skill but of God s grace. Therefore Paul immediately adds (Be) persistent in prayer. ) Without constant prayer such joy and endurance would be impossible. The opposition coming from the side of the world and the doubts from within would prove too strong. In fact, without steadfastness in prayer obedience to none of the exhortations of chapter 12 or of other passages can be expected.) Paul continues:) 13. Help to relieve the needs of the saints. Eagerly practice hospitality.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.9|AUTODETECT|” The urgent need for relief has already been explained. See verses 6 8, under the heading Practical Service, pp. 410, 411. Here, in verse 13, the apostle rivets our attention especially upon those saints who are in need of lodging. Finding a good and safe place to stay for the night, or perhaps even for several days, was by no means easy at that time. Besides, the apostle, himself a great traveler, understood this need. He wants those whom he addressed to become thoroughly involved in the business of supplying good lodging places. He wants them to practice hospitality gladly, not grudgingly, as seems to have happened at times 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.9|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ). Not only must the overseer be a hospitable person 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.2|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.35|AUTODETECT|” ), but every believer should be. What should at all times be clearly taken to heart is that whatever is done for the person in need of hospitality is done for him who on the great Judgment Day is going to say, I was a stranger, and you welcomed me 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.35|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.18.1-1.18.8|AUTODETECT|” ). What the apostle is urging, therefore, is that believers will not only show hospitality when they are asked to do so, but will go out of their way to offer it. They should practice this grace & eagerly! See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.18.1-1.18.8|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 18:1 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.2|AUTODETECT|” 13:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 13 2 8 0 0 ) C. What Should Be the Attitude of the Justified Believer Toward Outsiders, Including Enemies) Bless those who persecute you ) 12:14 21) 14 Bless those who persecute you. Bless and do not curse. 15 Rejoice with those who rejoice; weep with those who weep. 16 Live in harmony with one another. Do not be snobbish, but readily associate with humble folk. Do not be conceited. 17 Do not return evil for evil to anyone. Always see to it that (your affairs are) right in the sight of everybody. 18 If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone. 19 Do not take revenge, beloved, but leave room for the wrath (of God); for it is written, Vengeance belongs to me; I will repay, says the Lord. 20 On the contrary:) If your enemy is hungry, feed him;) if he is thirsty, give him something to drink;) for, by doing this, you will heap coals of fire on his head. ) 21 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil by good.) ) 14.

Bless those who persecute you) The relation between the preceding paragraph (on brotherly love) and this one (on being persecuted) is not as remote as it may seem to be. In fact, there may be a twofold connection:) a. material) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.17|AUTODETECT|” Offering hospitality (verse 13) amounts to being engaged in a good work. According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.17|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 f. the anti-Christian world persecutes believers even for doing good!) 1 5 2 8 0 0 b. verbal) In the original the same verb,��346�� used in verse 13, recurs in verse 14. The contextual meaning of the two forms used one in verse 13, one in verse 14 though closely related, is not exactly the same. In English one obtains the identical result by rendering the two exhortations as follows:) Pursue hospitality (verse 13).) Bless those who pursue you (verse 14).) In the first instance pursue means practice. In the second it means persecute.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.44|AUTODETECT|” What we have in verse 14 is clearly an echo of the words of Jesus, Love your enemies and pray for those that persecute you 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.44|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.27|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.27|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.12|AUTODETECT|” f.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.34|AUTODETECT|” ). To bless, in this connection, means to invoke God s blessing upon. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.20|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 11:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 6 2 8 0 0 Paul even adds: Bless and do not curse.) In other words, not the slightest desire for the outpouring of divine vengeance on our persecutors must be intermixed with our prayer that the Lord may bless them.) That this exhortation runs contrary to our sinful human nature is pointed out strikingly by Calvin who, in his comment on it, reveals keen psychological insight:) I have said that this is more difficult than to let go revenge when anyone is injured; for though some restrain their hands and are not led away by the passion of doing harm, they yet wish that some calamity or loss would in some way happen to their enemies; and even when they are so pacified that they wish no evil, there is yet hardly one in a hundred who wishes well to him from whom he has received an injury; nay, most men daringly burst forth into imprecations. But God by his word not only restrains our hands from doing evil, but also subdues the bitter feelings within; and not only so, but he would have us be solicitous for the wellbeing of those who unjustly trouble us and seek our destruction. ) A beginning of obedience to this command is possible for those who stop allowing themselves to be fashioned after the pattern of this (evil) age and continue to let themselves be transformed by the renewing of their mind (12:2).) 15. Rejoice with those who rejoice; weep with those who weep.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.27|AUTODETECT|” One way of proving to ourselves that our hearts are in the right place is to identify with other persons, so that we not only weep with those who weep but even rejoice with those who rejoice; and this not only with fellow-believers but with all those with whom we enter into a relationship of relative closeness, be they believers or unbelievers. If we truly love our neighbor as we love ourselves 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.27|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” ), this should be possible. But never will it be possible for us truly to identify with the other person, whether believer or unbeliever, unless by God s sovereign grace the truth of Christ s taking upon himself our guilt and misery is by the Holy Spirit deeply impressed upon our heart and mind. The result will certainly be the advancement of the glory of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ), the entrance into our heart of the peace of God that surpasses all understanding 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ), and perhaps even the winning of the neighbor for Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.1|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.3|AUTODETECT|” The opposite of rejoicing is being filled with envy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.3|AUTODETECT|” Titus 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.17.5|AUTODETECT|” ); and over against weeping stands gloating (over). Note sad result 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.17.5|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 17:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 16. Live in harmony with one another. Do not be snobbish, but readily associate with humble folk. Do not be conceited.) Believers are exhorted to agree among themselves, doubtlessly in order to exert a wholesome influence upon those who are still outside the kingdom (see context).) Now in order to live in harmony it is necessary that every manifestation of sinful pride be banished. So Paul says, Do not lift up your eyes to what is high, that is, Do not be haughty (cf. 11:20), or something on that order. That this is, indeed, the general sense of the passage follows also from the added exhortation, Do not be conceited. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.13|AUTODETECT|” The A.V., however, reads, Mind not high things but condescend to men of low estate. Today this rendering, especially because of the pejorative meaning attached to the word condescend (graciously descend to the level of inferiors!), will not do. Besides, it is hard to believe that Paul would be drawing a contrast between things and people. The A.R.V. rendering, Set not your mind on high things but condescend to things that are lowly, is also unsatisfactory, especially because elsewhere the word used in the original refers not to things but to people who, in a sense, are lowly.��347�� What Paul is saying is, Do not be snobbish, but readily associate with humble folk. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.14.13|AUTODETECT|” Luke 14:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Was he thinking, perhaps, of the beautiful words recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ? Here they are:) 1 9 2 8 0 0 In all your ways acknowledge him,) And he will make your paths straight.) Do not be wise in your own eyes.) In verse 14 Paul had issued the positive command, Bless those who persecute you. After repeating the word Bless he had added the prohibition, and do not curse. He now elaborates on this prohibition by saying:) 17. Do not return evil for evil to anyone.) Two closely related wrongs are here combated:) a. vindictiveness, the desire to get even with someone for a suffered wrong) In this connection we are reminded of such earlier Pauline passages as:) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.15|AUTODETECT|” See to it that no one renders to anyone evil for evil. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.15|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.12|AUTODETECT|” When we are cursed we bless; when we are persecuted we endure it; when we are slandered we answer kindly. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.7|AUTODETECT|” Why not rather be wronged? Why not rather be cheated? ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 6:7) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Compare the words of another apostle:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.9|AUTODETECT|” Do not repay evil with evil or insult with insult, but blessing with blessing 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.9|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 3:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The condemnation of vindictiveness is basic.) b. assuming that private individuals have the right to take upon themselves the function of the civil magistrate in punishing crime) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.21.24|AUTODETECT|” Even in the Old Testament the commandment eye for eye & stripe for stripe 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.21.24|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 21:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.21.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.21.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.20|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.20|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 24:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.19.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.19.21|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 19:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.14|AUTODETECT|” ) refers to the public administration of criminal law 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and was issued in order that the practice of seeking personal revenge might be discouraged.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.17|AUTODETECT|” What 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.38-40.5.42|AUTODETECT|” ) Paul forbids the yearning to retaliate was the very sin against which Jesus warned 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.38-40.5.42|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:38 42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.29|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.29|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.18|AUTODETECT|” ). And this teaching of our Lord can be considered a further development of such Old Testament instruction as is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.18|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 19:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.35|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.20.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.20.22|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 20:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . See also S.BK. I, pp. 368 370; II, p. 299.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The manifestation of a vindictive spirit destroys Christian distinctiveness, the absolute prerequisite for success in winning people for Christ. It is this lack that causes outsiders to say, Those Christians are no different than we are. Paul, the great missionary, wants believers to conduct themselves in such a manner that unbelievers will take note. It is for this reason that he continues as follows:) 17. Always see to it that (your affairs are) right in the sight of everybody.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.3|AUTODETECT|” This reminds us of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.3|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 :) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Let love and faithfulness never leave you;) bind them around your neck,) write them on the tablet of your heart.) Then you will win favor and a good name) in the sight of God and man.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.14|AUTODETECT|” Paul wants the addressed to live such lives of thorough consecration to God and genuine love for all, including even the persecutors, that outsiders will not be given a legitimate opportunity to complain or accuse 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.14|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ), and that slanderers will be put to shame 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.16|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.32|AUTODETECT|” ). He does not want the addressed to be a hindrance or stumblingblock, preventing the unconverted from accepting the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.32|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.15|AUTODETECT|” ). Instead, he wants them so to conduct their affairs that the public conscience 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.15|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” ) will approve. His noble aim, as a lover of God, is that the devout lives of believers may be a means in God s hand for the conversion of sinners, to the glory of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.12|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Calvin has summarized the meaning of verse 17 as follows: What is meant is that we ought diligently to labor, in order that all may be edified by our honest dealings & that they may, in a word, perceive the good and the sweet odor of our life, by which they may be allured to the love of God. ) Proceeding along the same line Paul continues as follows:) 18. If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.13.8|AUTODETECT|” This exhortation to live at peace with everyone is in line with such other passages as, Let there be no quarreling between you and me, or between your herdsmen and mine, for we are brothers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.13.8|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 13:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.14|AUTODETECT|” ); Make every effort to live in peace with everybody 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.17|AUTODETECT|” ); and The wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peace-loving 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.17|AUTODETECT|” James 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ). Jesus said, Blessed (are) the peace-makers, for they shall be called sons of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.33|AUTODETECT|” In a world of peace-breaking this beatitude shows what a thoroughly relevant, vital, and dynamic force Christianity is. True peace-makers are all those whose Leader is the God of peace 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.33|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 14:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.15|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.18|AUTODETECT|” ), who aspire after peace with everyone 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.15|AUTODETECT|” ), who proclaim the gospel of peace 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.15|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.10|AUTODETECT|” ), and pattern their lives after the Prince of Peace 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 19:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.12-43.3.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.12-43.3.15|AUTODETECT|” John 3:12 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.8|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.8|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Nevertheless, the charge to live at peace with everyone is not presented in an unqualified form. There are two qualifications:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.14|AUTODETECT|” a. If it is possible. There are circumstances under which the establishment or maintenance of peace is impossible. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.34-40.10.36|AUTODETECT|” not only advocates peace but also sanctification. The latter must not be sacrificed in order to maintain the former, for a peace without sanctification (or holiness) is not worthy of the name. If the maintenance of peace means the sacrifice of truth and/or honor, then peace must be abandoned. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.34-40.10.36|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:34 36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.51-42.12.53|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.51-42.12.53|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:51 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 b. & as far as it depends on you. There are situations that require the sacrifice of peace. But we must be sure that it is not we who are to blame for such exigencies. We have done everything in our power to establish and maintain peace. The other person (or persons) was (were) not willing to have peace except on conditions we, as Christians, were unable to accept. In such cases God does not hold us accountable for the lack of peace.) 19. Do not take revenge, beloved, but leave room for the wrath (of God); for it is written, Vengeance belongs to me; I will repay, says the Lord.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.14|AUTODETECT|” The tender appeal note the word beloved here in verse 19 reminds us of the similarly affectionate appellative brothers in verse 1. In this connection see also 1:7; 16:5, 9, 12; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.14|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.14|AUTODETECT|” 10:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.58|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.58|AUTODETECT|” 15:58) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 7:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.19|AUTODETECT|” 12:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.21|AUTODETECT|” 6:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.1|AUTODETECT|” 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.7|AUTODETECT|” 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.8|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.2|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.0|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and 16.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Striking is the repetition of basically the same exhortation, namely, in slightly varying forms, Do not take revenge. See verses 14, 17, 19, and 21. There must have been a reason for this, although exactly what it was has not been revealed. A suggestion would be that it resulted from (a) the fact that the members of the Roman church, or at least some of them, were greatly in need of this admonition; and (b) that the composer of this letter had been blessed, especially since his conversion, with an exceptionally sensitive and loving disposition. He was a man whose entire soul entered into the business of sympathizing and forgiving, in view of the pardon he had himself received from God.) After Do not take revenge, beloved, Paul continues, but leave room for the wrath & The words, of God are not in the original. Accordingly, some commentators have suggested that what the apostle meant was, Leave room for the adversaries wrath. Others would fill in the lacuna with the phrase your wrath, and still others with the civil magistrate s wrath. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.19|AUTODETECT|” However, it is not necessary to deal separately with each of these guesses, and to show why it cannot be correct. One solid reason will do for all three, namely, in the other cases where, in the New Testament, the word wrath occurs without a modifier showing whose wrath is being referred to, we are dealing with God s wrath. Moreover, it makes no difference whether the article is used or is omitted .��348�� So it is altogether reasonable to believe, with most commentators, that also here, in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.19|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , it is the wrath of God to which Paul refers.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 When Paul says that those addressed and ultimately all of us must leave room for the wrath of God, he, in harmony with the entire context, is again emphasizing that we ourselves should not play God, should abstain from attempting to usurp the divine prerogative of pouring out wrath, of wreaking vengeance.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.35|AUTODETECT|” In substantiation of this charge the apostle, as so often previously, appeals to the Old Testament, this time to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.35|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; really to that passage in light of its context; see especially verses 20, 34, 36 43.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Did not Jesus himself, though he was the object of deeper and far more agonizing suffering, unjustly laid upon him by sinners from their side it was certainly unjust! instead of taking vengeance, commit himself to the One who judges righteously? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.23|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.37.1-19.37.17|AUTODETECT|” . Cf. the similarly beautiful words of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.37.1-19.37.17|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 37:1 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 8 2 8 0 0 In view of the fact that our Lord Jesus Christ, by his vicarious suffering, removed God s wrath from us, should we not be happy to refrain from taking revenge? What, then, is our duty when we are being unjustly treated? Is it, perhaps, to ask God to pour out his wrath upon those terrible people who have been so cruel to us? Is that what Paul means when he says, Leave room from the wrath (of God) ? Is it not rather that we ask God to grant to the persecutors the grace of true repentance and faith? Should we not leave any notion of retributive righteousness entirely to the all-wise and sovereign God?

And will not every true child of God, who has experienced the love of God in his own life, respond in this manner?) Instead of wreaking vengeance it is the Christian s duty and joy to return good for evil. The day of divine retribution has not yet arrived. Moreover, as indicated previously, the injured person has no right to assume the functions of an official magistrate.) The one who has suffered wrong should treat the one who hates him (not with concealed resentment or with a feeling of wrath but) with kindness.) So, after saying, Do not take revenge & , Paul continues:) 20. On the contrary:) If your enemy is hungry, feed him;) if he is thirsty, give him something to drink;) for, by doing this, you will heap coals of fire on his head. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.25.21|AUTODETECT|” The quotation is taken from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.25.21|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 25:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.25.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.25.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.6.20-12.6.23|AUTODETECT|” . If the enemy is hungry, the injured person should give him something to eat.��349�� He should give him something to drink if he is thirsty. In other words, he should treat the enemy as did Elisha 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.6.20-12.6.23|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 6:20 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 11 2 8 0 0 In words that have given rise to many different interpretations, the apostle, still quoting from Proverbs, continues, for by doing this, you will heap��350�� coals of fire on his head. ) Four different views. Heaping coals of fire on his head symbolizes) a. a form of self-inflicted torment,) b. a deed of benevolence (giving live coals to those in need),) c. a gesture of sorrow for sin,) d. a way of making the enemy ashamed of himself.) Explanation a. contradicts the present context, according to which one should treat an enemy with kindness. Both a. and c. describe the enemy s sorrow for sin rather than what the one whom he injured should do to him. The most widely accepted interpretation is d. The coals of fire in that view symbolize the burning pangs of shame and contrition resulting from the unexpected kindness received. The wronged person s magnanimous behavior, returning good for evil, has this effect.) As to meaning b. an interpretation mentioned by Ridderbos, and in an interesting article revived (without definite endorsement) by E.

J. Masselink when the phrase to those in need is interpreted to mean, even though they are enemies, resulting in the sense, Overpower the enemy with your kindness (E. J. Masselink), would not the effect be the same as that indicated in d.?) In stating a preference for d., therefore, I am not rejecting b.) Reasons for accepting this view (that of d. and possibly b.):) 1. The words, overcome evil by good (verse 21) point in this direction.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.15|AUTODETECT|” 2. So does ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.15|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , For it is God s will that by doing good you should silence the ignorant talk of foolish people. ) 1 6 2 8 0 0 In the spirit of verse 20 Paul s concluding exhortation is:) 21. Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil by good.) To be overcome by evil means (a) to allow the enemy to get you down, and (b) to plan and return evil for evil.) To overcome evil by good means (a) to continue living a life of faith in, and love for, God and for everyone, not excluding the person who has injured you, the kind of life marked by transformation into the image of Christ (verse 2), and therefore by humility (verses 3 and 16), helpfulness (verses 6 8), and peace (verse 16); and (b) to go out of your way, by word and deed, to show kindness to the one who has injured you.) This is the victorious life. But the victory cannot be obtained by human effort or exertion but only by faith. It is given to all those, and only to those, who, having been justified by faith, on the basis of Christ s vicarious sacrifice, derive all their power from the indwelling Holy Spirit.) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.0|AUTODETECT|” Practical Lessons Derived from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.0|AUTODETECT|” Romans 12) 1 7 2 8 0 0 Verse 2) & Continue to let yourselves be transformed & Certain suggestions showing how progress can be made toward this goal:) a. Study the Word. If possible not only on Sunday but even during the week, by means of the midweek Bible class, young people s group, or similar get-together.) b. Become involved in God-glorifying causes by contributing financially to them, and/or becoming a volunteer worker.) c. With the help of the minister or the church librarian post a list of the best literature, arranging the titles in various categories, to suit age-groups. For adults and adolescents be sure to include the books by Francis A.

Schaeffer and C. Everett Koop (How Should We Then Live? and Whatever Happened to the Human Rate?).) d. All of this and much more in conjunction with constant prayer for God s blessing.) Verses 3 and 16) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.14.13|AUTODETECT|” & I bid every one among you not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think & Do not be conceited. Was it not the wish to be like God that caused the fall of Satan and his demonic followers? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.14.13|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 14:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.14.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.14.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.1-1.3.6|AUTODETECT|” . And was it not a similar sinful desire that brought about man s fall? See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.1-1.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 3:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Therefore, though it is true that the love of money is a root of all kinds evil 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.10|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.1-46.8.3|AUTODETECT|” ), sinful pride is THE root of all evil. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.1-46.8.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 8:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Verses 4, 5) For, just as we have many members in one body, and these members do not all have the same function, so we, who are many, are one body in Christ, and severally members of one another. ) Diversity without unity spells confusion. Unity without diversity means monotony. As it is in the human body, so also in the church: both unity and diversity are needed and have been provided.) Imagine, for a moment, a marriage characterized by undiversified unity. In selecting garments to wear the bridegroom prefers blue. So does the bride for herself. In going out to eat, she gives the waiter her order.

He says, Make mine the same. The two even use the same dental cream, wear the same kind of glasses, talk with the same accent, etc., etc. How stale and monotonous such a marriage! Happy is the Christian marriage in which there is unity with respect to basic religious and moral beliefs and practices, but variety in tastes and talents. As long as this variety is made a servant of unity, and this unity a friend of diversity, all will be well. And this holds too for the human body and for the church, of which it is a symbol.) Verse 8) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.0|AUTODETECT|” & without ulterior motive. This is indeed a very important restriction, for the person who contributes to the needs of others, but does this with an ulterior motive, for example, merely to win public approval, is a hypocrite. He is making as if & On no class of people did Jesus pronounce such severe judgments as on the hypocrites of his day. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The person who gives with an ulterior motive is leading a double life. He is generous only on the outside.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.11|AUTODETECT|” Therefore our prayer should always be, Unite my heart to fear thy name, or, as this passage may also be rendered, Give me an undivided heart, so that I may fear thy name 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.11|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 86:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is ascribed to David. In rhyme its closing words, very appropriate in the present connection, are:) 1 9 2 8 0 0 When thou dost search my life,) May all my thoughts within) And all the words I speak) Thy full approval win.) O Lord, thou art a rock to me,) And my Redeemer thou shalt be.) Verses 14, 17, 19, 21) Bless those who persecute you & Do not return evil for evil & Do not take revenge, beloved & overcome evil with good. ) Why does Paul, with but slight variation, repeat this exhortation again and again?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.7-52.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Answer: (a) Because he himself, as a pastor was Kindness Personified 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.7-52.2.10|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:7 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); (b) because he knew that returning good for evil was something against which sinful human nature violently rebels; and (c) because he knew that, nevertheless, if anything would succeed in filling the heart of an opponent with shame and penitence, this method would do it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” There are those who, on reading these verses, have made the comment, Paul s advice will not work. They have even added that the apostle s recommended method of winning the opponent shows how little he knew about human nature. They are wrong. Paul does not say that the method he urges upon the Romans will always have the desired effect, but he knows that it is, nevertheless, the most, effective method, and above all, that it is the only right method. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.13.0|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 7 2 8 0 0 Example from life. It was under a cloud that the former pastor had left. With part of the congregation he was, however, still popular. So, when his successor arrived, one of the members told the latter, I do not recognize you as my pastor. The person to whom these words were addressed received grace to remain calm. Afterward he took special pains to perform his pastoral duties when sickness entered the home of the disgruntled church member.

Result: the day came when that man I told the minister, I now fully and gladly recognize you as my pastor. ) Summary of Chapter 12) When we arrive at chapter 12 we have reached the beginning of this letter s Practical Application, covering chapters 12 16. Chapter 12 consists of three well-defined sections, the second of which readily divides itself into two parts.) In the first of the three sections the apostle lovingly note the word brothers exhorts those whom he addresses to offer themselves to God as sacrifices which, in his sight, are living, holy, and well-pleasing. This first section, accordingly describes what should be the attitude of believers to God. They should render the wholehearted spiritual worship that is due him in view of the great mercy he has bestowed on them. As chapters 1 11 have shown, solely on the basis of divine grace, that is, the unmerited divine favor manifested in Christ s substitutionary self-sacrifice, believers have been declared righteous before God.) In keeping with this need of responsive wholehearted devotion, to be rendered by those who had been so abundantly blessed, is the exhortation that the addressed which includes us all in their life-style must no longer allow themselves to be outwardly conformed or fashioned after the pattern of this (evil) age, but instead must permit themselves to undergo a progressive and positive inner change, so as to become more and more Christlike. The goal and result of this inner transformation will be that they will prove that is, will perceive, experience, and delight in that which in the sight of God is good, well-pleasing, and perfect; that is, that which is in accordance with his will (verses 1 and 2).) In the first part of the second section the section in which Paul describes what should be the attitude of believers to fellow-believers it is made clear that progressive transformation will be impossible for those who, in their arrogance, imagine that they have already arrived.

Be and remain humble, is the essence of the exhortation. The saints must realize that the church resembles the human body, in which each part has a distinct function and none is self-sufficient. Similar is the situation in the church: each member needs the others. Each member should use his divinely imparted gift or gifts for the advantage of all the others. A list of seven gifts-functions follows, namely, that of prophesying, rendering practical service (probably in the capacity of deacon), teaching, exhorting, contributing to those in need (private benevolence), exercising leadership (probably as an elder), and showing mercy (as a visitor to the sick, etc.).) These tasks should be performed in accordance with the standard of faith (mentioned in connection with prophesying), without ulterior motive (in contributing to the needs of others), with diligence (in this manner exercising leadership), and (in connection with showing mercy) with cheerfulness (verses 3 8).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” In the second part of this same section Paul emphasizes the supreme importance of love, here especially brotherly love. Believers should prefer one another in honor. For further light on this see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The exercise of this virtue is possible only when believers have learned to know themselves.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.25|AUTODETECT|” This exhortation is followed by a miscellaneous group of admonitions, urging the exercise of Spirit-imparted virtues; such as enthusiasm, joy, hope, endurance, and prayer. The necessity of helping to relieve the needs of the saints is again stressed (see what has been said on this subject in connection with verses 7 and 8). In view of the fact that Paul will soon be starting out on his journey to Jerusalem with gifts (collected from several churches) for the poor saints in that city 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 24:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), this emphasis is not surprising. Moreover, when Paul thinks about traveling not just his own but that of many gospel witnesses the exhortation, Eagerly practice hospitality, fits in very well at this point (verses 9 13).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The final section (verses 14 21) shows what should be the believers attitude to outsiders, including even enemies. In the midst of his own people, and even of people in general, the Christian should rejoice with those who rejoice, weep with those who weep, remain humble, showing this by readily associating with humble folk, and, as far as consonant with Christian principles, should live in peace with everybody. He should see to it that his affairs are right, so that nobody can accuse him of wrong-doing, and all will be impressed by his lofty moral-spiritual idealism.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.45.1-1.45.15|AUTODETECT|” In this connection there is one virtue Paul praises above all else, and, in varying phraseology, mentions again and again (verses 14, 17, 19 21). It is the virtue of never returning evil for evil but always good for evil. One should invoke God s blessing on persecutors, and by means of kindness strive to heap coals of fire upon the heads of those who had made the saints the objects of their cruelty. Yes, one should try to make these bitter opponents ashamed of themselves, so that, as a result they, in sorrow, flee to God for refuge. In this connection study the example of Joseph 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.45.1-1.45.15|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 45:1 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.50.15-1.50.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.50.15-1.50.21|AUTODETECT|” 50:15 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.6.20-12.6.23|AUTODETECT|” ); Elisha 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.6.20-12.6.23|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 6:20 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.59|AUTODETECT|” ); Stephen 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.59|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:59) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” 60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” ), and, above all, Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 9 2 8 0 0 ) ) ) ) 329 Literally: your bodies.) 330 The apostle uses the sing. sacrifice where we would probably use the pl.) 331 �t� �����t� �������� Q��� is probably in apposition to ���������� & �� ���.) 332 A.V., Williams, Conybeare, Broadus, N.T. in Modern English. Similarly N.T. in Basic English points out that this is the worship which it is right for you to give, and in a footnote N.E.B. offers a similar suggestion. At times by no means always Greek philosophers used the word in this sense. See Liddell and Scott s Greek-English Lexicon, Vol. I, p. 1056.) 333 See, for example, A.R.V., R.S.V., N.I.V. See also G.

Kittel, Th.D.N.T., Vol. IV, p. 142. The Amplified New Testament combines the two ideas: reasonable and spiritual worship. The Berkeley Version, however, favors worship with understanding, and Cranfield, similarly, understanding worship. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=10.24.14|AUTODETECT|”

334 The apostle uses the pl.: ��p ��� �0�������, based upon the Hebrew pl. ��������. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=10.24.14|AUTODETECT|”

II Sam. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=13.21.13|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=13.21.13|AUTODETECT|”

I Chron. 21:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.25.6|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.25.6|AUTODETECT|”

Ps. 25:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.40.11|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.40.11|AUTODETECT|”

40:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.2.1|AUTODETECT|”

(Hebrew 40:12); cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.2.1|AUTODETECT|”

Phil. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

. This is an intensive pl., correctly rendered by the English sing. However, the intensive character of such a noun can be retained in the translation by prefixing an adjective; in the present case such as tender, great, manifold.) 1 2 2 8 0 0

335 Satires XlV.40.) 336 �� �0�� �����, associative instrumental case of A �0�� �W���. See p. 265, footnote 226.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.2|AUTODETECT|”

337 Note similarity between �������������� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.2|AUTODETECT|”

Rom. 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.7.31|AUTODETECT|”

) and �x ����� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.7.31|AUTODETECT|”

I Cor. 7:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 1 2 8 0 0

338 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.2|AUTODETECT|”

Although this significant difference or contrast is admitted by most commentators, the admission is not unanimous. The reason for maintaining that in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.2|AUTODETECT|”

Rom. 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

a contrast is indeed pictured between (a) Stop allowing yourselves to be fashioned (or conformed) & and (b) But continue to let yourselves be transformed, may be formulated as follows:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|”

When elsewhere in the New Testament the verbs ����������� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|”

Phil. 3:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|”

, �������������) and ����������, or their respective cognates ����� and ����� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|”

Phil. 3:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

, ���������), occur side by side, there is a significant distinction in meaning between the two.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.2.5-50.2.8|AUTODETECT|”

Thus, in the Kenosis passage 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.2.5-50.2.8|AUTODETECT|”

Phil. 2:5 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

) there is a distinction in meaning between ����� and �����. See N.T.C. on Philippians, pp. 103 105.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|”

So also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|”

Phil. 3:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

Paul uses both a ����� and a ����� compound. We are told that, in connection with his glorious Return, Christ will refashion our lowly body so that it will have a form like his own glorious body. The new outward fashion or appearance will truly reflect the new and lasting inward form. The distinction in meaning is again clear.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.2|AUTODETECT|”

Similarly we have every right to believe that when the two verbs ����������� and ���������� are used side by side here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.2|AUTODETECT|”

Rom. 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

a significant difference in meaning is implied. In the present case, because of the context, that difference even amounts to a contrast. Note the strongly adversative particle ���.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.17.2|AUTODETECT|”

There are those who deny this significant difference in meaning. In support of their view they point to the fact that the verb ���������� is used in the account of Christ s transfiguration 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.17.2|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 17:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.9.2|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.9.2|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 9:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

) even though there was no transformation of Christ s inner being.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

In answering this argument I wish to point out two things: (a) the possibility must be allowed that the change in Christ s outward appearance was brought about by the glory from within irradiating his whole being; and (b) the transfiguration account in no way contradicts the rule mentioned above, for only one of the two verbs is used in that account.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.2|AUTODETECT|”

The difference in meaning, here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.12.2|AUTODETECT|”

Rom. 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

, between the two verbs should accordingly be recognized. See also R. C. Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament, par. lxx.) 1 3 2 8 0 0

This is my answer to the reasoning of Cranfield, op. cit., second volume, pp. 605 607. He rejects the view which I share with most commentators. For the sake of fairness I urge the reader to read and study the indicated pages in Cranfield s excellent commentary.) 339 The rendering his good and well-pleasing and perfect will is incorrect. The words �x ���x� ��v �P������� ��v ������� indicate that what God wants his children to be and to do is to be and do what, in his sight, is good, well-pleasing, perfect.) N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.8.2|AUTODETECT|”

340 Greek: � �������. Basically the meaning of �����, -�, -��� is uncomplicated, uncompounded, simple; and, accordingly, � ������� would mean in simplicity, and therefore: with a single goal in mind. This, by a very easy transition, becomes without ulterior motive, though without reserve, hence generously also deserves consideration. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.8.2|AUTODETECT|”

II Cor. 8:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.9.11|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.9.11|AUTODETECT|”

9:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.9.13|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.9.13|AUTODETECT|”

13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.6.5|AUTODETECT|”

. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.6.5|AUTODETECT|”

Eph. 6:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=51.3.22|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=51.3.22|AUTODETECT|”

Col. 3:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

with undivided mind, with singleness of heart.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1|AUTODETECT|” 341 Note prominence of the word ���������, in participial form, in all these cases. Also, in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 the synonym overseer is used, and in 5:17 the synonym presbyters (elders).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 342 ) According to Ridderbos, op. cit., p. 281, the word ����, when used by Paul, nearly always refers to the love of believers for one another.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.13|AUTODETECT|” As the Concordance shows, the apostle employs that term about 80 times. It is indeed true that in very many of these cases it refers to the believers mutual love. However, when, in order to reach the number of times this agap indicates the believers love for each other, one subtracts the references to (a) agap for the neighbor, (b) agap with reference to God, and (c) agap in general, without mention of subject or object, the resulting figure, though still high, is not so high that nearly always mutual love among believers is a justifiable characterization. In its 9 occurrences in Romans only 2 refer to the love of the saints for each other (12:9; 14:15); 2 to love in inter-human relations (both in 13:10); the other 5 pertain to love proceeding from God (5:5; 5:8), from Christ (8:35), from God and described as the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord (8:39), and from the Spirit (15:30). In II Thess. agap refers to mutual love among believers only once (1:3). In the other 2 instances of its use one refers to love of the truth (2:10), the other to love of i.e., proceeding from God (3:5). Elsewhere in Paul s epistles, however, the love of the saints for each other is mentioned frequently ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.15|AUTODETECT|”

15. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.16|AUTODETECT|”
16. 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; etc.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.4|AUTODETECT|” The conclusion we arrive at is that in the New Testament the situation with respect to ����� and ���� is somewhat similar to that between ����� and �����. Only once does ����� occur in the New Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.4|AUTODETECT|” James 4:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.10|AUTODETECT|” ). There is, however, also ���������� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.9|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.1|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.22|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.7|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 twice). As to the cognate verbs see N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 494 501, footnote 306.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 343 ����������� = nom. pl. masc. of �����������, devoted, tenderly affectionate. In the New Testament the word occurs only here.) 344 Thus Cranfield, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 633.) 345 See p. 273, footnote 235.) 346 �����, in verse 13 nom. pl. pres. participle; in verse 14 the same except acc.) A.V. Authorized Version (King James)) A.R.V. American Standard Revised Version) 347 ) The following translations of �������� deserve consideration:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.52|AUTODETECT|” a. humble; (person or, if pl. people) of low degree 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.52|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.9|AUTODETECT|” James 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.6|AUTODETECT|” 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.5|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 5:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.29|AUTODETECT|” b. lowly 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.29|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.6|AUTODETECT|” c. downcast 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.6|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 7:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.10.1|AUTODETECT|” d. timid; according to some: ineffectual, inferior 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.10.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 10:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.16|AUTODETECT|” Here 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) the meaning (if n.) could be small and insignificant services ; (if masc.) humble people, humble folk.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.16|AUTODETECT|” Since the first part of the verse means, Do not lift up your eyes to what is high ; that, is (something on the order of), Do not be proud (or haughty), and accordingly condemns an undesirable personal quality, and since the word �������� elsewhere in the New Testament always expresses a personal trait, it is natural that also here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 it be so interpreted. The best translation of the words intervening between, Live in harmony with one another, and Do not be conceited, is probably, Do not be snobbish , but readily associate with humble folk. Although haughty will do, snobbish is perhaps even more precise because it refers to the character of those who look down on people whom they consider to be interior. In the present context that would seem to be the meaning the apostle intends to convey.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Cf. W. Grundmann, on ��������. Th.D.N.T., Vol. VIII, pp. 1 26, especially pp. 19, 20.) S.BK. Strack and Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.5|AUTODETECT|” 348 With the article: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.9|AUTODETECT|” 5:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.22|AUTODETECT|” 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.5|AUTODETECT|” 13:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.5|AUTODETECT|” 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.5|AUTODETECT|” , though some deny this; see on that passage); without the article: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.8|AUTODETECT|”
17. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.9|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.26|AUTODETECT|” 349 ������, 2nd per. s. pres. imperat. of ������, to feed, to give something to eat. A ������ is a small piece of bread. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.26|AUTODETECT|” John 13:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.27|AUTODETECT|”
18. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.30|AUTODETECT|”
19. 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 350 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.6|AUTODETECT|” ���������, 2nd per. s. fut. act. indicat. of ������, to heap, pile up. In the New Testament this word occurs only here and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.6|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 6 2 8 0 0 For the different ways in which this saying is interpreted I have received help from the following sources:) C. E. B. Cranfield, op cit., Vol. II, pp. 648 650.) W. H. Gispen, De Spreuken van Salomo (Korte Verklaring), Kampen, 1954, Vol. II p. 234 f.) F. Lang, on ���, Th.D.N.T., Vol. VI, p. 945.) E. J. Masselink, article in Christian Cynosure, Winter 1979, p. 21.) H. Ridderbos, op. cit., p. 286.)