1 Peter 4

Hendriksen

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-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 29 2 8 0 0 4. Suffering, part 2) (4:1 19)) ) Outline (continued)) 4:1 6 E. Examination ) 4:1 2 1. The Will of God ) 4:3 4 2. Life of Sin ) 4:5 6 3. Judgment ) 4:7 11 F.

Practical Principles ) 4:12 19 G. Christian Suffering ) 4:12 14 1. Glory ) 4:15 16 2. Name ) 4:17 18 3. Judgment ) 4:19 4. Good ) ) ) ) ) E.

Examination) 4:1 6) 4 1 Therefore, since Christ suffered in his body, arm yourselves also with the same attitude, because he who has suffered in his body is done with sin. 2 As a result, he does not live the rest of his earthly life for evil human desires, but rather for the will of God. 3 For you have spent enough time in the past doing what pagans choose to do living in debauchery, lust, drunkenness, orgies, carousing and detestable idolatry. 4 They think it strange that you do not plunge with them into the same flood of dissipation, and they heap abuse on you. 5 But they will have to give account to him who is ready to judge the living and the dead. 6 For this is the reason the gospel was preached even to those who are now dead, so that they might be judged according to men in regard to the body, but live according to God in regard to the spirit.) ) 1. The Will of God) 4:1 2) The author of this epistle calls the readers to examine their lifestyles by looking to the sufferings of Christ. In these verses, Peter returns to the subject of Christ s suffering and prepares the believers for the suffering that they must endure.) 1. Therefore, since Christ suffered in his body, arm yourselves also with the same attitude, because he who has suffered in his body is done with sin.) We make these observations:) a. Example) The first word in this verse is therefore. It has no connection with the last verse of the preceding chapter, but rather serves as a conclusion to the thought expressed in 3:18.

This means that verses 19 22 of the previous chapter are a parenthetical comment. Peter, then, repeats the basic thought of 3:18 and exhorts the readers to have the mind of Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.10|AUTODETECT|” In his epistle Peter mentions the subject suffering a number of times, usually in relation to Jesus Christ, who serves as an example. In 2:20 he tells slaves that if they suffer for doing that which is good, they receive God s commendation. He links this observation to the suffering of Christ (2:21) and encourages slaves to follow Christ s example. In the next chapter Peter repeats the same remark and addresses all the readers: It is better, if it is God s will, to suffer for doing good than for doing evil (3:17). He continues his discourse by speaking about the reason for Christ s death (v. 18). In this respect the readers are not able to follow Christ s example, because Christ died for their sins, as the righteous for the unrighteous. In the words of Paul, The death he died, he died to sin once for all 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Peter resumes his discussion on the suffering of Christ, for in a rather brief statement he says, Christ suffered in his body. This is a reference to all of Christ s suffering that culminated in his death on the cross. Jesus endured his martyrdom in behalf of his people. For this reason, some Greek manuscripts have the reading Christ suffered for us.��1�� The words for us seem to have been added by copyists who wished to conform the manuscripts to the wording of 2:21 and 3:18. Nevertheless, the association of Christ with his people is evident in the text. Here Peter expresses the need to identify Christ with the Christians.) b. Action) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.12|AUTODETECT|” Arm yourselves also with the same attitude. The verb arm yourselves, which Peter uses to spur the believers to action, is a military term which refers to a soldier putting on his weapons to fight the enemy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.12|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.7|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.10.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.10.4|AUTODETECT|” 10:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Notice that Peter identifies the believers with Christ: the word also unites them. However, the Christian arms himself not for physical warfare but for a spiritual conflict. He utters a daily prayer:) 1 8 2 8 0 0 May the mind of Christ my Saviour,) Live in me from day to day,) By His love and pow r controlling) All I do and say.) Kate B. Wilkinson) Peter then adds the concluding part of the sentence, which in one sense is explanatory of the preceding part, but in another way raises some difficult issues. First we examine the sentence and then consider the issues.) c. Result) Says Peter, Because he who has suffered in his body is done with sin. Most translations and commentators maintain the causal conjunction because at the beginning of the clause. They assert that the conjunction expresses the reason for imitating Christ.

However, we can also interpret this last part of the sentence as an explanation of the phrase attitude of Christ. Then we eliminate the conjunction altogether. For instance, consider the following translation: Christ suffered in the flesh; therefore arm yourselves with his same mentality. He who has suffered in the flesh has broken with sin (NAB). The meaning of the phrase mentality of Christ lies in the last part of the sentence. Before we discuss that part, however, we must look at the parallelism of this passage.

In view of the verbatim repetition, the phrase he who has suffered in his body first describes Christ and then the believer.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” In explaining this text we encounter many difficulties. For example, if we apply the last clause to Christ, do we imply that Christ at one time was a sinner? Certainly not, for he is without sin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” ). The comparison does not have to correspond in every detail. It is then enough that we should in a measure be made conformable to the death of Christ. ��2�� He bore the wrath of God for the sins of his people. As Paul writes, God made him who had no sin to be sin for us 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” ). By quoting ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” Isaiah 53:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , Peter teaches that Christ himself committed no sin (2:22). And he comments that Christ bore our sins in his body on the tree, so that we might die to sins (2:24).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.18|AUTODETECT|” When the believer identifies completely with Christ, he knows that he is done with sin. This means that the last few words of verse 1 apply to the Christian whose life is firmly established in Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.9|AUTODETECT|” I John 3:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The follower of Christ has abandoned a life of sin, because the ruling power of sin has been broken. Granted that he is unable to live a perfect life, the believer is free from the dominance of sin.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 In Greek, Peter chooses the perfect tense in the verb form has broken with. The perfect tense indicates that the action occurred in the past and has lasting effect for the present and the future.) Should every Christian who identifies with Christ desire physical suffering to break with sin? Certainly not! First, remember that the act of breaking with sin happened as a past event. Next, the verb form has broken with can be interpreted in the passive voice, as the Greek text indicates. Literally we read, he has been released from sin. This means that God is the implied agent. In other words, God has stopped man from living in continual sin. This liberating act, then, is a work of God and not of man.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.7|AUTODETECT|” Why does Peter repeat the phrase suffered in his body if suffering does not necessarily relate to the act of breaking with sin? Some commentators are of the opinion that Peter quotes a proverbial saying that illustrates the purpose of Christ s suffering and death, and the resulting freedom from sin for the believer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��3�� The saying conveys the exhortation for the Christian to arm himself with the mind of Christ.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 2. As a result, he does not live the rest of his earthly life for evil human desires, but rather for the will of God.) The message Peter delivers to his readers is that they who have armed themselves with the mind of Christ have been set free from their earlier life of sin.��4�� They no longer live for themselves but for God.) He does not live the rest of his earthly life. At first glance, this wording appears foreboding, as if death will soon overtake the reader. This is exactly the purpose of the writer: to remind man of the brevity of life. In general, man measures his lifespan in double digits and sometimes not even that.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.2|AUTODETECT|” For evil human desires. How does man redeemed by Christ live his daily life? The verb to live actually means to conduct life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.2|AUTODETECT|” ), and relates to man s behavior that can reflect either the ways of the world or faithful obedience to the will of God. Already Peter has exhorted the readers not to conform to the evil desires they had when they lived in ignorance of God s law (1:14; also see 2:11; 4:3). Once more he reminds them of their past and directs their attention to obedience to God. The contrast between evil human desires and the will of God is startling: it is an either-or proposition. And the believers should know that they cannot have both 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.6-45.6.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.6-45.6.7|AUTODETECT|” 6 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.16-62.2.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.16-62.2.17|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:16 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) Doctrinal Considerations in 4:1) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.1|AUTODETECT|” The Christian who identifies with Christ must be prepared to endure physical suffering. Peter and the rest of the New Testament writers see an inseparable link between Christ and his followers in respect to suffering 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.1|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.23-47.11.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.23-47.11.29|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:23 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.32-58.10.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.32-58.10.34|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:32 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.46|AUTODETECT|” Throughout his first epistle, Peter develops a theology of suffering which centers on Jesus Christ. Christ suffered vicariously for his people, as the prophets in the Old Testament period foretold 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ). He suffered to set the sinner free (2:24 25). Because of Christ s suffering, his followers participate in his sufferings 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). To suffer for Christ is a privilege (1:6, 8) and a cause for joy (4:13). Moreover, the Christian s identification with Christ is an invitation not only to be like-minded but also to suffer in the body on his behalf (4:1).��5��) 1 9 2 8 0 0 ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:1) �� from �� (I suffer), this aorist active participle with the noun Christ in the genitive case forms the genitive absolute construction. The participle denotes cause.) �� the dative case has a metaphorically local use that signifies anyone who has suffered physically (as contrasted to �� , spiritually).��6��) �� the perfect indicative from �� (I stop) is either the middle or the passive . The implied agent of the passive is God.) 2. Life of Sin) 4:3 4) Peter recalls that the readers have spent considerable time living in sin. He identifies the people he addresses as former Gentiles who are now set free from the empty way of life handed down to [them] from [their] forefathers (1:18).) 3. For you have spent enough time in the past doing what pagans choose to do living in debauchery, lust, drunkenness, orgies, carousing and detestable idolatry.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.30|AUTODETECT|” The apostle does not condone the sinful past of the believers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 17:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Rather, he only mentions the time in which the readers lived as worldly people, and now reminds them of the brevity of time. The period of living apart from God belongs to the past. Peter is fully aware that the world and its pressures constantly surround the Christians. He recalls their former lifestyle with which they have broken once for all.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.18-45.1.32|AUTODETECT|” The readers no longer go along with their Gentile neighbors who choose to live a life that is contrary to the will of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.18-45.1.32|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:18 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.13|AUTODETECT|” 13:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.17-49.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.17-49.4.19|AUTODETECT|” 4:17 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). What is that life? Peter describes it with a series of nouns that in the original are in the plural but appear in translation as singular.) 1 11 2 8 0 0 Living in debauchery) In the Greek, the plural form debaucheries indicates multiple acts of unbridled lust and lawlessness; that is, the Gentiles demonstrate a complete disregard for any restraint. This introductory word conveys a general meaning; Peter goes on to list specific sins relating to immorality and drunkenness.) Lust) In the New Testament, this term occurs numerous times and is almost always used in a bad sense of evil desire. ��7�� Often it relates to immorality. In only three or four instances does the noun have a good or neutral connotation.��8��) Drunkenness) In the original this expression means overflowing with wine. It points to the excess consumption of wine that characterizes a drunkard.) Orgies) Here is a telling definition of the term orgies: A nocturnal and riotous procession of half-drunken and frolicsome fellows who after supper parade through the streets with torches and music in honor of Bacchus or some other deity, and sing and play before the houses of their male and female friends. ��9��) Carousing) The Greek word translated carousing signifies a drinking party, not of necessity excessive, but giving opportunity to excess. ��10��) Detestable idolatry) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.3|AUTODETECT|” By worshiping the creature instead of the Creator, the sinner transgresses God s command not to have other gods before him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.3|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 20:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 5:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). With respect to this sin, John Albert Bengel observes that the most sacred law of God is violated. ��11�� Moreover, in that time idol worship resulted in immorality and intemperance. For this reason Peter calls idolatry detestable.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.20-48.5.21|AUTODETECT|” Peter provides a detailed list of sins; these sins are mentioned in other New Testament passages as well 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.20-48.5.21|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:20 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He describes the life of worldly persons, who consider Christians strange and out of step with society.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 4. They think it strange that you do not plunge with them into the same flood of dissipation, and they heap abuse on you.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.20|AUTODETECT|” a. They think it strange. In a world of sin, Christians are strangers, especially if they were formerly part of that world. They do not feel at home anymore in an environment that is alien to them. The consequence is that the world is shocked by the strange behavior of the Christians 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 17:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Because of the Christians conduct, the world reacts and takes offense.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.50.18|AUTODETECT|” b. You do not plunge with them. The Greek has the verb form you do not run, which in the New International Version is translated plunge. This translation hinges on the phrase into the same flood that completes the sentence. The text expresses the thought of associating with bad companions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.50.18|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 50:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The Greek verb in this clause is in the present tense, which indicates that the readers are not going along with the world. They seek to do God s will.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 c. Flood of dissipation. The word flood indicates an overflowing or pouring out of a substance that springs up and flows down as lava from the crater of a volcano. The term translated dissipation actually means incorrigibility. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.2.7|AUTODETECT|” d. They heap abuse on you. The estrangement between the people of the world and the Christian results in a campaign of insult and slander against the believer. As Peter comments, [They] speak maliciously against your good behavior in Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.2.7|AUTODETECT|” James 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.18|AUTODETECT|” ). Friendships that Christians had enjoyed before their conversion now have turned into fierce hatred directed against them. Christians, however, take comfort in Jesus word: If the world hates you, keep in mind that it hated me first 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.18|AUTODETECT|” John 15:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 18 2 8 0 0 ) Practical Considerations in 4:3 4) If we move from the first century to our age, from an ancient community to a modern society, nothing changes with respect to the world s hostility toward the Christian. Worldly people are shocked when a Christian abstains while they revel and consume quantities of strong drink. They are offended because, in their opinion, the Christian refuses to be sociable. They do not see anything wrong in viewing perverted movies. They register annoyed surprise when the Christian makes his objections known by refusing to visit theaters that show X-rated films or to watch pornographic films on television. To them the Christian is an object of scorn, ridicule, and laughter.

Whenever they have an opportunity to abuse him, they will do so.) However, the worldly person is to be pitied, for he is swept along by the destructive forces of evil. At the end of his life he must stand before his Maker, who is not his redeemer but his judge. The author of Hebrews writes about the unbeliever when he observes, It is a dreadful thing to fall into the hands of the living God (10:31).) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:3 4) Verse 3) �� the perfect active participle of the verb �� (I pass by) reveals that the time (��) of ignorance belongs to the past. Note, then, that the perfect tense occurs three times in this verse. Besides the participle see the perfect middle infinitive (��) and the perfect middle participle (��). The perfect indicates a completed process.��12��) �� all the nouns in the series are without the definite article to stress their qualitative nature.��13�� All of them appear in the plural to indicate that the sinful acts are repeated.) Verse 4) �� from the verb �� (I run together), this present active participle is part of the genitive absolute construction.

The participle denotes cause .) �� the negative (not) precedes the word ��, which derives from �� (I save). The word signifies an abandoned life and incorrigibility.) �� the compound noun from �� (I pour forth) has a -�� ending that suggests process.) 3. Judgment) 4:5 6) Throughout his epistle Peter comforts and encourages the people to whom he writes. As a caring pastor, he knows their hardships and is acquainted with the persecutions they endure. He understands their plight and knows their lot as they face harassment and verbal abuse. Peter tells them that their opponents must appear before Christ, who calls the adversaries to give account of their words and deeds.) 5.

But they will have to give account to him who is ready to judge the living and the dead.) Peter s reference to the judge fits in with his teaching about the end of time and the judgment day. For example, he instructs the readers that salvation is ready to be revealed in the last time (1:5). He describes God as Father, who judges each man s work (1:17) and who judges justly (2:23).��14��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.36|AUTODETECT|” a. They will have to give account. The wording pertains to the world of bookkeeping and appears frequently in the New Testament. To mention only one instance: Jesus told the Pharisees, Men will have to give account on the day of judgment for every careless word they have spoken 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.36|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��15�� Peter writes the verb in the future tense that expresses necessity. The opponents must appear before the judge and cannot hide.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.42|AUTODETECT|” b. Ready to judge the living and the dead. Here is a proverbial saying that originated in the early Christian community. Peter incorporates it in his sermon preached in the house of Cornelius 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.42|AUTODETECT|” Acts 10:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Paul employs it in his letter to the Romans (14:9) and in his second epistle to Timothy (4:1).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.42|AUTODETECT|” Who is the judge? In the context of Peter s epistle God is the judge (1:17; 2:23). But in his sermon delivered before Cornelius, Peter designates Christ the judge 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.42|AUTODETECT|” Acts 10:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.9|AUTODETECT|” ), as does Paul in his epistles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.9|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 14:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.1|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.22|AUTODETECT|” ). Accordingly, in view of still more passages 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.22|AUTODETECT|” John 5:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.31|AUTODETECT|” Acts 17:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the evidence shows that the Father delegates judgment to Christ.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 c. The living and the dead. Do we interpret these words figuratively or literally? A figurative (or spiritual) interpretation of this text is arbitrary, because the reference is to the judgment day when all people (those who are physically alive and those who have died) will be judged. Therefore, the phrase the living and the dead has a literal meaning that is, it refers specifically to a person s physical state. Also, Peter conveys the message that no one, whether he is living or has died, is able to escape the judge.) 6.

For this is the reason the gospel was preached even to those who are now dead, so that they might be judged according to men in regard to the body, but live according to God in regard to the spirit.) This text presents a number of difficulties that have given rise to different interpretations. Let us begin with the first word.) a. For. Some interpreters link this word to the immediately preceding sentence (v. 5).��16�� However, the conjunction for, together with the following words this is the reason, explains not the clause that Christ will judge the living and the dead. Rather, in view of the broader context, the conjunction relates to Christ s judgment on the adversaries and his justification of the believers.��17�� To be exact, the word for points forward to the so that clause in the last half of verse 6, where Peter mentions judgment and life.) b. The gospel was preached.

By means of the impersonal verb in the Greek , Peter specifies that he is not interested in the content of the proclamation or even in the persons who preach the gospel. He is interested only in the fact that preaching occurred. Observe that Peter writes the past tense of the verb to preach to show that he is speaking of an event that happened in the past. The choice of the past tense is significant because of the next phrase.) c. Even to those who are now dead. What do these words mean?

In the course of time, scholars have provided at least four interpretations for this part of the verse.��18��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.26|AUTODETECT|” First, the word dead refers to Christ s descent into hell to preach the gospel to all the dead who either had never heard or had rejected the Good News while they were living. However, in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus Jesus teaches that an unbridgeable chasm has been fixed between heaven and hell 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.26|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.27|AUTODETECT|” ; also see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.27|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Scripture nowhere teaches that Christ makes salvation available to a sinner after death. Biblical teaching, therefore, contradicts this interpretation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.5|AUTODETECT|” Next, the dead are the believers of the Old Testament era, who, because they did not live during New Testament times, had to wait for Christ to proclaim the gospel to them. Proponents of this view see similarities between 3:19 and 4:6. We demur. The word choice in both verses differs considerably, even more in the Greek than in translation. For example, Christ made his proclamation to the imprisoned spirits (3:19, NEB), and the gospel was preached even to those who are now dead (4:6). Moreover, Scripture indicates that the souls of the Old Testament believers are in heaven 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.5|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 11:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.40|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.40|AUTODETECT|” 40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.23|AUTODETECT|” 12:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Third, about a.d. 200, Clement of Alexandria suggested that the text refers to the preaching of the gospel to those who are spiritually dead 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This interpretation has given Clement many followers, among whom are Augustine in the early church and Martin Luther during the Reformation. The objection to this exposition comes from the preceding context (v. 5). If Clement s explanation is right, the interpreter would have to prove that Peter uses the word dead in two different senses (i.e., to refer to physical and spiritual states) in verses 5 and 6. Peter, however, gives no indication that he intends a shift in meaning. Also, the tense of the verb preach is in the past , not in the present.

For this explanation, in fact, the interpreter needs the present tense to indicate the continual preaching of the gospel to those who are spiritually dead. The wording of the text, however, gives no support to this interpretation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Last, contemporary interpreters say that the dead are those Christians who heard and believed the gospel during their lifetime, but afterward died. The translators of the New International Version have inserted the temporal adverb now to help the reader to understand the words to those who are now dead. In this interpretation, the expression dead, referring to persons who have died physically, has the same meaning in both verses 5 and 6. Although the objection can be raised that Peter should have used a word like those who have fallen asleep 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.14|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), we observe that a writer has the freedom to choose his own vocabulary. Of the four interpretations, the last one is the least objectionable and answers most objections. Understandably, numerous commentators have adopted this last and current explanation of the text.��19��) 1 12 2 8 0 0 d. So that they might be judged. Peter gives the reader a perfectly balanced sentence of (Semitic) parallelism:) so that but ) they might be judged live ) according to men according to God ) in regard to in regard to ) the body the spirit ) ) ) Let us begin with the words so that. This expression introduces a parallel construction that has led commentators to favor one of two interpretations.) First, the wording so that reveals that the persons who are to be judged had the gospel preached to them when they were living on earth. The believers knew that although they had accepted the gospel of salvation in faith, they had to face death. From the Scriptures they learned that God had pronounced judgment upon all sinners.

But as believers they also knew that they were set free from sin and would inherit eternal life. This includes all those who died in faith, and is a theologically sound interpretation.) Second, in light of the context, we do well to consider the unjust suffering Christians had to endure in the middle of the first century. Christians suffered at the hands of their adversaries; they were slandered and persecuted.) Now mark the difference in the tenses of the verbs Peter uses. He says that believers might be judged, which is a one-time act, but may live, which denotes time that lasts eternally. Moreover, Peter adds a contrast by specifying that those who are dead are judged according to men. ��20�� What does he mean? The phrase refers to those Christian martyrs who endured intense suffering at the hand of their adversaries.

In the sight of their opponents, the believers received their just judgment by suffering physically.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.12.7|AUTODETECT|” Peter speaks words of encouragement to the readers of his epistle and tells them that they must view life through God s eyes. Peter contrasts the phrase according to men with the phrase according to God. The adversaries of Christian martyrs were of the opinion that by punishing the believers, perhaps even to the point of death, they were defeating the Christians. But they did not know that in God s sight believers continue to live in the spirit. Fellow believers observing the injustice which these martyrs experienced, however, ought not to be discouraged. In the sight of God, believers continue to live in the spirit, because the spirit returns to God who gave it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.12.7|AUTODETECT|” Eccles. 12:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and therefore is immortal.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.24|AUTODETECT|” The Christian knows that on the basis of his faith in Christ [he] will not be condemned; he has crossed over from death to life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.24|AUTODETECT|” John 5:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In a book dating from the intertestamental period, a striking parallel occurs. It describes the lot of righteous men who suffer at the hands of the ungodly:) 1 18 2 8 0 0 For though in the sight of men they were punished,) their hope is full of immortality.) Having been disciplined a little,) they will receive great good,) because God tested them and found them) worthy of himself. [Wis. 3:4 5, RSV]) In conclusion, the second interpretation of verse 6b has merit because it fits the general context of this epistle in which Peter at length discusses suffering for the sake of Christ.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:6) 5�� the particle introduces first the aorist passive subjunctive of �� (I judge) and then the present active subjunctive of �� (I live). The contrast is particularly vivid because of the use of �� & ��. C. F. D. Moule paraphrases the sentence in these words: That they might be judged in the eyes of men [as men reckon judgment] physically, but might live as God lives spiritually. ��21��) ) F.

Practical Principles) 4:7 11) 7 The end of all things is near. Therefore be clear minded and self-controlled so that you can pray. 8 Above all, love each other deeply, because love covers over a multitude of sins. 9 Offer hospitality to one another without grumbling. 10 Each one should use whatever gift he has received to serve others, faithfully administering God s grace in its various forms. 11 If anyone speaks, he should do it as one speaking the very words of God. If anyone serves, he should do it with the strength God provides, so that in all things God may be praised through Jesus Christ. To him be the glory and the power for ever and ever. Amen.) ) Translators have to divide the text of this epistle into multiple paragraphs. These divisions indicate the changes the author makes in the subjects he discusses and help the reader in understanding the text.

The connection between paragraphs is not always in the form of and or but (which in verse 7 many translators omit), but sometimes is a sentence that captures the thought of the preceding section. This is the case in the first part of verse 7, which serves as a bridge between verse 6 and the exhortations that follow verse 7a.) 7. The end of all things is near. Therefore be clear minded and self-controlled so that you can pray.) Peter encourages the readers to view life in the light of the approaching end. They should wait patiently and fervently for Christ s return. Even though no one knows when the end will come, Christians should live in ardent anticipation of the consummation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.11|AUTODETECT|” Many writers of the New Testament refer to the end of time. For instance, Paul tells the Romans to understand their time in relation to the end, because, he adds, Our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.11|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.25|AUTODETECT|” ). The writer of Hebrews exhorts the readers of his epistle to meet together for encouragement; then he notes, All the more as you see the Day approaching 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.25|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.8-59.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ). James points to the end of time and comforts his oppressed countrymen with these words: You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord s coming is near.& The Judge is standing at the door 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.8-59.5.9|AUTODETECT|” James 5:8 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.18|AUTODETECT|” ). And last, John alerts his readers to the fact that this is the last hour 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.18|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In the early church, then, believers expected the imminent return of Jesus.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Waiting for the end of time to come, Christians ought to demonstrate exemplary conduct. Their lives should be marked by the following characteristics:) a. Prayer) Peter writes, Therefore, be clear minded and self-controlled so that you can pray. Notice that in 3:7 he exhorts husbands to be considerate of their wives so that nothing hinders their prayers. Prayer, then, is an important aspect of the Christian s spiritual life, especially in the context of Christ s return.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.6|AUTODETECT|” Awaiting the end of the world, Christians should be clear minded 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.6|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ) and avoid involvement in a frenzy of preparations.��22�� Instead the Christian community must pay attention to the signs of the time and wait expectantly for the approaching end. The proper attitude in this situation is soberness and moderation. ��23�� That is, Christians must be self-controlled in their endeavor to be clear minded. They must show temperance in eating and drinking, and exhibit the principles of moral conduct 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.6|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.36|AUTODETECT|” The characteristics of being clear minded and self-controlled are essential for unhindered prayer. Prayer requires effort; then the Christian is able to present his praises and petitions earnestly before the throne of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.36|AUTODETECT|” Luke 21:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.12.23|AUTODETECT|” ). Scripture teaches that failure to pray to God is sin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.12.23|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 12:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Prayer is the basic requirement for a Christian who desires to lead a life that is pleasing to God and man. Through prayer the Christian first establishes a vertical link with God before he fuses a horizontal link with his fellow man.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 8. Above all, love each other deeply, because love covers over a multitude of sins.) b. Love) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.9-52.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Once again Peter instructs the readers to cultivate mutual love, for in a previous chapter he writes, Have sincere love for your brothers, love one another deeply, from the heart 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.9-52.4.10|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:9 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.7|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37-40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” ). He prefaces his exhortation to love each other with the words above all. In other words, Peter alludes to God s law which Jesus taught in the summary: Love the Lord your God and & love your neighbor 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37-40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 22:37 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.34|AUTODETECT|” ). Moreover, Peter refers to the well-known command of Jesus, Love one another 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.34|AUTODETECT|” John 13:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ). And three of Jesus apostles repeat this command in their epistles: Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.12|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.9|AUTODETECT|” 4:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.22|AUTODETECT|” ), Peter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.22|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.17|AUTODETECT|” 2:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.8|AUTODETECT|” 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.8|AUTODETECT|” 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.23|AUTODETECT|” ), and John 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.23|AUTODETECT|” I John 3:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Peter qualifies the command to love with the adverb deeply. This adverb conveys the extent of the Christian s love, for love eases tension and breaks hostility. Love is capable of being commanded because it is not primarily an emotion but a decision of the will leading to action. ��24��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.10.12|AUTODETECT|” The second part of the verse, Love covers over a multitude of sins, is an allusion to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.10.12|AUTODETECT|” Proverbs 10:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , Love covers over all wrongs. Because James in his epistle (5:20) has virtually the same words Peter writes, we assume that the saying circulated as a proverb.��25��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.32.1|AUTODETECT|” What is the meaning of this proverbial saying? Whose sins are covered? The saying can be interpreted in the active or the passive sense. A Christian either extends love to his fellow man and covers the sins of his neighbor or he himself experiences God s love by which his sins are forgiven. Although both interpretations are relevant, in the light of the context (which stresses the Christian s relation to his neighbor) the explanation in the active sense appears to be more plausible. God forgives the sinner who comes to him in repentance and faith 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.32.1|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 32:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.14-40.6.15|AUTODETECT|” ). He demands that the forgiven sinner show the same forgiving spirit toward his fellow man 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.14-40.6.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:14 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.21-40.18.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.21-40.18.22|AUTODETECT|” 18:21 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.32|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 ) Practical Considerations in 4:7) From the time of Jesus earthly ministry to the present, the question concerning the end of time has been on the lips of man. When is the end near? In the early church, Christians expected the return of Christ in their lifetime. During the Reformation, believers thought that the consummation was at hand. And today, because of current international stress and declining moral standards, people frequently raise the question: When will the end come? ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Jesus instructed his followers to watch for the signs of the time. He told them, And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). True, the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ is preached throughout the world, but multitudes of people on many continents have as yet not heard the gospel. For example, the teeming millions in India and China must be told about the love of Jesus. When they hear the Good News and turn in faith to Christ, then we know the end is near.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 9. Offer hospitality to one another without grumbling.) c. Hospitality) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.2|AUTODETECT|” In the ancient world, travelers would rely on acquaintances, friends, and relatives to provide lodging for the night. In general, inns were unsafe and uncomfortable.��26�� Therefore, travelers avoided inns and sought accommodations with private parties. Scripture stresses the virtue of offering hospitality to the wayfarer. Practice hospitality, writes Paul to the Romans (12:13). He considers this virtue of such importance that he mentions it in the requirements for anyone who desires to be an overseer in the church 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.2|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ). He also exhorts a widow in the church to show her good deeds by offering hospitality 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.10|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Peter knows human nature, for he realizes that at times overnight guests take advantage of a host when they prolong their stay or fail to reimburse him. The apostle encourages the hosts to open their homes to overnight guests and adds, Do it without grumbling. The writer of Hebrews reminds his readers that by welcoming strangers into their homes, some people have entertained angels without knowing it (13:2). Therefore, we must show kindness willingly and cheerfully.��27��) 10. Each one should use whatever gift he has received to serve others, faithfully administering God s grace in its various forms.) d. Gifts) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.7-46.12.11|AUTODETECT|” In Romans, Paul discusses the gifts which the members of the church receive. Says Paul, We have different gifts, according to the grace given us (12:6). These gifts include prophesying, serving, teaching, encouraging, giving, governing, and showing mercy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.7-46.12.11|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:7 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.7-49.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ; and compare in context ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.7-49.4.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:7 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Peter also speaks about these gifts. He informs his readers that each member of the Christian community has received gifts (capabilities) from God. A believer cannot create them or claim them, because he receives them from God, who grants them freely to his people. In short, these gifts belong to God and must be used in the interest of his kingdom. Each one should use whatever gift he has received to serve others. Gifts, then, must be used for each other s benefit within the community and in harmony with God s purpose and design.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.42|AUTODETECT|” In the second part of the verse, Peter tells the readers that they must be engaged in faithfully administering God s grace in its various forms. Here is a literal translation of verse 10b: as good stewards of the manifold grace of God (NKJV). The word good actually means excellent (compare 2:12). And the term steward refers to a manager who is in charge of his master s possessions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.42|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.1|AUTODETECT|” 16:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.2|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.1|AUTODETECT|” In this verse Peter reminds each person who belongs to the body of believers that the gift he has received is God s grace in its various forms. The gift itself is primarily the gospel of Jesus Christ that is entrusted to the stewards of God.��28�� The gift, however, is not restricted to the gospel as such; it also appears in the form of various capabilities and skills. During the first century, the apostles were entrusted with the secret things of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ). A contemporary example is the person who serves God as a pastor. He has received a number of talents either in preaching, teaching, counseling, evangelizing, or administering. However, God grants these gifts not only to leaders in the church but also to all members. Each person in the church has received gifts to equip him for building up of the body of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Within the church no one is to be content with one thing and with his own gifts, but every one has need of the help and aid of his brother. ��29�� Everyone ought to strive to be a good steward of the talents God has given him. In brief, the church is a veritable storehouse of gifts and talents never locked but always open for service.) 11a. If anyone speaks, he should do it as one speaking the very words of God.) e. Speaking) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.19-40.10.20|AUTODETECT|” How are God s gifts to the believer put to use? Peter singles out an example to which everyone who has witnessed for the Lord can relate. The pastor, teacher, evangelist, instructor, and anyone who has communicated the gospel can testify to the words Jesus spoke to disciples who would even risk arrest: But when they arrest you, do not worry about what to say or how to say it. At that time you will be given what to say, for it will not be you speaking, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.19-40.10.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:19 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.11-42.12.12|AUTODETECT|” ; also see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.11-42.12.12|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:11 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.38|AUTODETECT|” The power of the Holy Spirit is at work in anyone who speaks the very words of God to edify others. Any preacher or teacher of God s Word can testify to this indwelling power of the Spirit that is at work when he speaks. That is, a spokesman for God cannot substitute his own thoughts and opinions for the very words of God. He must faithfully deliver the living words he has received from God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.38|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.4|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.11|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). When he faithfully administers God s grace in preaching or teaching the Word, he experiences a miracle taking place: God is speaking through him.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 11b. If anyone serves, he should do it with the strength God provides, so that in all things God may be praised through Jesus Christ.) f. Serving) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8-54.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Here is the second example. Peter encourages the believer to put his God-given talents to work. The clause if anyone serves denotes the activities of the deacons 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8-54.3.13|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:8 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But it includes any Christian who works in the context of the church and who willingly and cheerfully serves the Lord.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 The worker is completely dependent, however, on the strength God provides. In the Greek, the verb provide points to someone who defrays the expenses of something, for example, the training of a choir.��30�� The verb has the meaning to supply lavishly. God, then, abundantly supplies the Christian worker with the necessary strength to accomplish the task.) Because God supplies every need, his name receives the praise in all things. Yet all this is done through Jesus Christ. Paul teaches this doctrine when he concludes his doxology in praise of God with these words:) For from him and through him and to him are all things.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” To him be the glory forever! Amen. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]) 1 2 2 8 0 0 11c. To him be the glory and the power for ever and ever. Amen.) g. Praise) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.27|AUTODETECT|” This doxology is part of our early Christian heritage. With variations it appears in other New Testament writings 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.27|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.20|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.25|AUTODETECT|” Jude 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.13|AUTODETECT|” 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Does the phrase to him relate to Christ or to God? This is not difficult to determine, because its immediate antecedent is Jesus Christ. In 5:11, however, where Peter with a slight variation repeats these words, the reference is to God. This explanation is of little help, because in another passage 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) Peter s doxology is used verbatim but the words apply to Christ. E. G. Selwyn observes, It is then the only example in [the] N[ew] T[estament] (if we except Rom. xvi. 27) of glory being ascribed to Christ and through Christ in the same doxology. ��31��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.13|AUTODETECT|” Whether to attribute glory and power to either God or Jesus Christ is not an insurmountable problem. Both interpretations are acceptable. Furthermore, we see that with this wording Peter acknowledges Jesus Christ as God. And last, the phrase glory and power for ever and ever are the words every creature in God s creation sings to him who sits on the throne and to the Lamb 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.13|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.27|AUTODETECT|” Is Peter s doxology put at the correct place in this epistle? We would have expected him to conclude his letter with a doxology; instead he places it here. Indeed, some letters in the New Testament end in a doxology 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.27|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.18|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.25|AUTODETECT|” Jude 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” ). On the other hand, writers commonly express their feelings by inserting a doxology in the midst of their document 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” 11:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The sum of the matter is that Peter adheres to literary practices that were customary in his day.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 ) Practical Considerations in 4:10 11) Persons who have the gift of speaking are always in great demand. Their schedules for speaking engagements in numerous places are constantly filled. Frequently they are unable to meet every request for their services. Often we look at these people with a tinge of envy.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.31|AUTODETECT|” However, we should never permit envy to control our thinking. As we express our love to God and our fellow man, we should instead communicate to God a desire for greater gifts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.31|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Because we belong to the body of Christ, every one of us has some kind of gift (vv. 27 30). In faith we should ask God for additional talents. And God who takes delight in granting us gifts dispenses his grace in various forms.) 1 26 2 8 0 0 God owns all gifts even while they are in our possession. He does not grant us his gifts for our personal enjoyment; he gives them for the benefit of the body of Christ. Talented possessors and that includes all of us must be faithful stewards who, by continually extending the benefit of these gifts to others, function as channels of God s grace. Moreover, we as talented possessors ought to be humble; we should realize that we possess only some talents, while God has given gifts that we lack to others. All of us in the Christian church, therefore, ought to serve one another so that we can mutually benefit from the variety of riches God has granted his people.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:7 11) Verse 7) $�� the perfect tense of �� (I come near) refers to the near return of Christ and the imminent end of all things. ��32��) �� from �� (I am of sound mind), this is the ingressive aorist active imperative.) �� this noun is in the plural to indicate variety and multiplicity of prayer.) Verse 8) �� note the word order designed to emphasize the various elements of the clause. The phrase �0� �� (for each other) is between the definite article and the noun.

The adjective �� (earnest) follows the noun and is the equivalent of a relative clause .��33�� In its context, the definite article can be translated as the possessive pronoun your.��34��) �� as with �� (v. 10), this present active participle has an imperatival sense.) Verse 10) �� this adverb means as or to the degree that he has received a gift. ��35��) �� because of the general context, this present active participle has imperatival force (see v. 8).) Verse 11) �0 introducing a simple-fact condition that expresses reality, this particle is balanced by the phrase he should do it, which is lacking but nevertheless understood in the second part of the sentence.) 0�� the genitive singular noun from 0�� (strength) is feminine and attracts the relative pronoun ‘� (which) in the genitive case.) ) G. Christian Suffering) 4:12 19) 12 Dear friends, do not be surprised at the painful trial you are suffering, as though something strange were happening to you. 13 But rejoice that you participate in the sufferings of Christ, so that you may be overjoyed when his glory is revealed. 14 If you are insulted because of the name of Christ, you are blessed, for the Spirit of glory and of God rests on you. 15 If you suffer, it should not be as a murderer or thief or any other kind of criminal, or even as a meddler. 16 However, if you suffer as a Christian, do not be ashamed, but praise God that you bear that name. 17 For it is time for judgment to begin with the family of God; and if it begins with us, what will the outcome be for those who do not obey the gospel of God? 18 And,) If it is hard for the righteous to be saved,) what will become of the ungodly and the sinner? ) 19 So then, those who suffer according to God s will should commit themselves to their faithful Creator and continue to do good.) ) 1. Glory) 4:12 14) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Throughout the centuries, members of the Jewish nation had become accustomed to persecution. During the course of the first century, Jews who had put their faith in Jesus Christ even withstood the rough edge of harassment from their countrymen 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.14|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But Gentile Christians had not endured persecution, and for them persecution for the sake of Christ was a trying experience. Therefore, Peter addresses an encouraging word to them.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 12. Dear friends, do not be surprised at the painful trial you are suffering, as though something strange were happening to you.) As a pastor, Peter figuratively stands next to the Christians who are experiencing persecution. He tenderly addresses them with the words dear friends, which in the original means beloved. Peter expresses his personal love and interest in the readers of his epistle.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.18-43.15.19|AUTODETECT|” a. Do not be surprised. In the Greek, Peter uses the same verb as in verse 4. There he writes that the pagan world thinks it strange that Christians do not participate in their riotous living; in reaction to this refusal the unbelieving world heaps abuse on the believers. Now Peter says that Christians should not be surprised when they endure persecution. Jesus warns them that the unbelieving world hates his followers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.18-43.15.19|AUTODETECT|” John 15:18 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.14|AUTODETECT|” 17:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; and compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.13|AUTODETECT|” I John 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Therefore, having this warning, Christians should not be astonished when they must suffer persecution.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.9|AUTODETECT|” b. At the painful trial you are suffering. Many translations have the reading fiery trial (ordeal or test). This reading comes from the Greek word which refers to the process of burning. Although the term burning can be taken in either a literal sense 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.9|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 18:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) or a figurative sense (Didache 16:5), Peter indicates with the expression trial that he wishes to convey the figurative connotation to his readers. He is not so much interested in portraying the time, circumstances, and occurrences of the painful trial as he is in stressing the purpose of this trial. With an allusion to the smelter s fire, Peter intimates that as gold is refined by fire so the believer s faith is tested through suffering (see 1:6 7). God wants to test the genuineness of the Christian s faith, for faith in God is of greater worth than gold (1:7). The believer, then, should be fully aware of God s purpose in his life and not be surprised.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 c. As though something strange were happening to you. The Christian should not question God s providence when unexpected suffering strikes him. He should not blame God for failing to intervene in his behalf. Certainly God is in control of every situation and has the power to shield a Christian from impending suffering. However, God works out his own purposes to strengthen the believer s faith through suffering.) Christians must understand that God wants to separate true faith from pretense and uses the instrument of suffering to accomplish his purpose. Christians should apply Jesus words to themselves:) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.11-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Blessed are you when people insult you, persecute you and falsely say all kinds of evil against you because of me. Rejoice and be glad. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.11-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:11 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a]) 1 3 2 8 0 0 13. But rejoice that you participate in the sufferings of Christ, so that you may be overjoyed when his glory is revealed.) Notice the following points:) a. Celebrate) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.10|AUTODETECT|” But rejoice. With the term but Peter introduces a contrast. He places the emphasis on the command rejoice. Instead of looking negatively at their suffering, Christians need to look positively to Jesus and rejoice in their lot. Peter says, Rejoice and continue to rejoice. He is fully aware of the apparent contradiction. (Paul remarks that while experiencing numerous hardships in their ministry, he and his fellow servants of God are sorrowful, yet always rejoicing [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ].) Peter tells the readers that when suffering for the sake of Christ is their lot, they should place their affliction in the context of joy. Rejoice! Here is the reason:) 1 1 2 8 0 0 b. Participate) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” You participate in the sufferings of Christ. What a privilege, what an honor for Christians to participate in Christ s sufferings! Especially in the epistles of Paul, the thought of suffering for Christ s sake is prominent.��36�� The apostles are not saying that the sufferings of Christ are incomplete until Christians, too, have suffered. Christ s atoning sacrifice is complete and our participation in his suffering has nothing to do with that sacrifice. However, Christ identifies with his people and when they suffer for his cause, he suffers. When they teach and preach the gospel, when they witness for Jesus, and when they encounter affliction for his sake, they participate in the sufferings of Christ. Then, because of their relationship to Christ, they rejoice and are jubilant 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 c. Jubilate) So that you may be overjoyed when his glory is revealed. In the original, Peter writes a combination of two verbs, both of which express the concept joy. The resultant translation is overjoyed. ��37��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Why are Christians overjoyed? Once again Peter directs our attention to the imminent coming of Jesus Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31|AUTODETECT|” ). At the return of Christ, the believer will see the glory and splendor of the coming age in its fullness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ). Christ is the victor and all his followers share in his victory. Together they participate in Christ s glory 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Therefore, when we contemplate the glory we shall inherit with Christ, we are unable to refrain from exulting, jubilating, skipping and bubbling over with shouts of delight. ��38��) 1 11 2 8 0 0 Charles Wesley has given us a well-known hymn that captures the joy, adoration, and victory we experience when we think of Jesus return. Thus, we sing:) Rejoice, the Lord is King:) Your Lord and King adore;) Rejoice, give thanks and sing,) And triumph evermore:) Lift up your heart, lift up your voice,) Rejoice, again I say, rejoice.) 14. If you are insulted because of the name of Christ, you are blessed, for the Spirit of glory and of God rests on you.) a. Insults) In the next few verses, Peter writes a sequence of conditional sentences. He uses the particle if to indicate that he is describing reality. With the clause if you are insulted, he is pointing to actual insults to which the Christians have to submit.

They meet verbal and not physical abuse from unbelievers.) b. Name) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Why are Christians insulted? Simply put, because of the name of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.2.7|AUTODETECT|” James 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.7-44.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ). A common theme in the New Testament is that followers of Christ must endure verbal insults because of Jesus Christ.��39�� The concept name of Christ includes the ministry of preaching, teaching, baptizing, praying, and healing. The apostles spoke in the name of Christ and demonstrated in word and deed that Jesus had delegated his power and authority to them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.7-44.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:7 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” ). Because Christians confessed the name of Jesus Christ among Jews and Gentiles, they were mercilessly persecuted 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.16|AUTODETECT|” 9:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.26|AUTODETECT|” 15:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In the early Christian community the single word name was synonymous with the Christian religion.��40��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 c. Beatitude) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Twice in this epistle Peter writes, You are blessed. Both beatitudes are in the context of suffering (3:14; 4:14). Here the beatitude forms the second part of a conditional sentence. If the harsh reality of verbal abuse is the one side of the proverbial coin, the reward of heavenly bliss is the other side. In his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus explains the term blessed in these words: Rejoice and be glad, because great is your reward in heaven 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 d. Spirit) This last part of the verse is difficult to explain. First, the text itself shows variations in the New King James Version, which has the reading, For the Spirit of glory and of God rests upon you. On their part He is blasphemed, but on your part He is glorified (also see the KJV). All other translations delete the second sentence. The New International Version has this translation: For the Spirit of glory and of God rests on you.

At least two translations have another addition: the Spirit of glory and power (Moffatt and RSV [margin]). Although this addition has the support of several textual witnesses, translators generally tend to avoid it.) We also face grammatical difficulties in interpreting this part of the text. The literal wording of the text has a double subject with a verb in the singular. Evidently the context demands that we supply the word spirit for the first part, so that we read, the spirit of glory. But is this spirit of glory different from or identical to the Spirit of God? Explanations of this sentence vary.) e.

Interpretations) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.11.2|AUTODETECT|” First, note that the last part of verse 14 is a quotation from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.11.2|AUTODETECT|” Isaiah 11:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.14|AUTODETECT|” , The Spirit of the Lord will rest on him. Because Isaiah prophesies about Christ in this text, some commentators have deduced that Peter is implicitly referring to the Trinity.��41�� In other words, the phrase spirit of glory points to Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.14|AUTODETECT|” John 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Thus, both the Spirit of Christ and the Spirit of God rest upon the individual Christian.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.40.34-2.40.35|AUTODETECT|” Another explanation is that the term glory is a reminder of the glory of God filling the tabernacle in the desert 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.40.34-2.40.35|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 40:34 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Thus the phrase glory of God is descriptive of the Spirit of God. A Jewish Christian reader, then, would understand the term as a suitable description of the presence of God.��42��) 1 18 2 8 0 0 A third interpretation is to identify the word spirit and make its repetition explanatory. This repetition appears either as an expansion, the Spirit of glory, yes, the Spirit of God, is resting on you (MLB); or as a relative clause, that glorious Spirit which is the Spirit of God is resting upon you (NEB).) In the context of suffering for the name of Christ and the mention of Christ s glory (v. 13), the first explanation has merit indeed. The suffering Christian knows that the Spirit of (the glorious) Christ and of God is resting upon him.��43��) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:12 14) Verse 12) �� from the verb �� (I entertain; surprise), the present passive imperative signifies that the readers are indeed surprised (compare 4:4).) �� this noun in the dative singular shows process because of the -�� ending of the nominative �� (a burning). For emphasis, the prepositional phrase � Q�� (among you) appears between the definite article and the noun.) �� the adjective �� (strange; new) is substantivized. It is in the genitive case because of the genitive absolute construction.) Verse 13) �� the genitive is subjective.) �� with the verb ��, which is the aorist active subjunctive (from ��, I rejoice), this present middle participle strengthens the verb to rejoice.) Verse 14) �0 the particle introduces a simple-fact conditional sentence. Peter states a fact and thus describes reality.

The apodosis lacks the verb to be, which the reader must supply.) �� both definite articles must be taken with the noun �� (spirit).) 2. Name) 4:15 16) Peter expands his teaching on suffering by telling his readers to avoid punishment that the sufferer justly deserves. But if a Christian suffers unjustly because of Jesus name, he ought not to be ashamed. Hence Peter looks at suffering from two aspects: the guilty party and the innocent party.) 15. If you suffer, it should not be as a murderer or thief or any other kind of criminal, or even as a meddler.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.4|AUTODETECT|” a. If you suffer. In an earlier context Peter teaches that God sends governors to punish those people who do wrong (2:14). Paul, too, teaches that a ruler does not bear the sword for nothing, but to punish the wrongdoer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Peter mentions three categories: the murderer, the thief, and the evildoer. He implies that for someone to be so designated he must engage in criminal activities that are punishable by law. He warns that a Christian ought to live such an exemplary life that he can never be classified as a criminal who is guilty before a court of law. Perhaps the warning reflects the earlier life of the Christians to whom he is writing this letter. Now they are no longer part of the world. However, should they suffer for criminal deeds, they would no longer be a testimony for Christ.) b.

Or even as a meddler. Peter adds still another category: meddler. Because this word appears only once in Greek literature (including the New Testament), scholars are not certain of its meaning.��44�� In fact, translations range from meddler (NIV, MLB) to spy (Phillips), informer (JB), revolutionary (Moffatt), and embezzler. ��45�� We assume that Peter advises the reader not to be a busybody. By interfering in the lives of others, a meddler disrupts the peace and harmony in the local church and community.) 16. However, if you suffer as a Christian, do not be ashamed, but praise God that you bear that name.) a. As a Christian.

The contrast between the preceding verse and this one is marked by the adversative however. Peter indicates that the suffering which a Christian at times experiences is not because of criminal activities or misdemeanors. When a Christian suffers persecution, he must have a clear conscience, so that he is able to defend himself without shame.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.26|AUTODETECT|” The name Christian occurs three times in the New Testament. During the early years of the fifth decade, believers were called Christians first at Antioch 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.26|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.1|AUTODETECT|” ). They were known as followers of Christ and as the verb called indicates, the name did not originate with the believers but with the unconverted population of Antioch. ��46�� Before that time, Christians described themselves as disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.32|AUTODETECT|” ), believers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.32|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.2|AUTODETECT|” ), and those who belonged to the Way 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.28|AUTODETECT|” Some fifteen years after the name Christian was first used in Antioch, Herod Agrippa II asked Paul, Do you think that in such a short time you can persuade me to be a Christian? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The use of this name seems to have evoked ridicule rather than respect.��47�� Moreover, its use spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire. When Peter wrote his epistle, presumably from Rome, the term Christian appears to have been well known among the Gentiles. Peter composed his letter when the persecutions instigated by Nero were at hand and the name Christian was an accusation. Two Roman historiographers, Tacitus and Suetonius, report on Nero s cruelties toward Christians after the burning of Rome in a.d. 64. Tacitus writes, Nero substituted as culprits, and punished with the utmost refinements of cruelty, a class of men & whom the crowd styled Christians. Suetonius comments that punishment was inflicted on the Christians. ��48��) 1 7 2 8 0 0 Peter exhorts the readers to suffer as Christians and tells them that they ought not to be ashamed of the name by which they are called.) b. Do not be ashamed. As a wise pastor, Peter knows the heart of man. When a believer meets scorn, ridicule, and contempt because of his faith, shame often prevents him from witnessing for Christ. Accordingly, Peter instructs the reader to overcome shame.) Ashamed of Jesus! that dear Friend) On whom my hopes of heaven depend!) No; when I blush, be this my shame,) That I no more revere His name.) Joseph Grigg) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.69-40.26.75|AUTODETECT|” c. Praise God that you bear that name. The opposite of shame is praise. Shame for Jesus turns a man into a coward, but praise for God makes a man bold. The apostle, who personally had denied Jesus three times in succession 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.69-40.26.75|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:69 75) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” ), now urges his readers to praise God in the face of suffering for Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 12 2 8 0 0 What is the meaning of the term name? It refers either to Christ (as is evident from the broader context If you are insulted because of the name of Christ [v. 14]) or to the believer who bears the name Christian. Because of the significance of the name Christian for the bearer, especially in Peter s day, many scholars prefer this interpretation. A literal reading of the text is, But in that name let him glorify God (NASB). The phrase in that name can mean in his capacity as a Christian. ��49��) ) Practical Considerations in 4:16) When the Christian faith permeates society, one of its effects is that the Christian name is a title of respect. At times, politicians seeking votes among their constituents point out that they are church-attending Christians.

Many people are of the opinion that if they are known and recognized as a Christian, they improve their status and promote their influence in a Christian community.) But when Christians are a minority group in society, they frequently are the objects of scorn, reproof, attack, and even persecution. They take the brunt of the devil s fury directed against the followers of Christ. In the early church, the bold confession I am a Christian was often heard on the lips of martyrs.��50�� In their suffering they praised God.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:16) � �� @�� the preposition � probably connotes the sphere in which the Christian glorifies God.��51�� A few Greek manuscripts have the reading �� (matter) to replace @�� (name). However, support for the variant reading is weak.) 3. Judgment) 4:17 18) 17. For it is time for judgment to begin with the family of God; and if it begins with us, what will the outcome be for those who do not obey the gospel of God?) a.

Observation) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.25.29|AUTODETECT|” In this text Peter echoes the teaching of Scripture concerning God s judgment on his people and on the world. The prophets Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Amos convey the message to Israel: the people whom God has chosen but who have sinned against him will not go unpunished 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.25.29|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 25:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.9.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.9.6|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 9:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Amos 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Although Peter s statement resembles the Old Testament passages, we detect a distinct difference. The people of Israel refused to listen to God as he spoke to them through his prophets. Eventually the time for judgment came, when God severely punished the house of Israel and the house of Judah.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 By contrast, the recipients of Peter s epistle, who also are God s elect (1:1), endure suffering for the sake of Christ. For this reason, Peter calls them blessed (v. 14). These people receive God s judgment not in the form of condemnation but in the name of Christ as exoneration. Peter writes, For it is time for judgment to begin with the family of God. What does he mean by these words?) First, the Greek has a different preposition; it actually says that judgment begins from the family of God. That is, judgment has its point of departure in God s house and then goes to those who are not members of his family.) Next, Peter uses the word judgment, not punishment.

The readers who suffer insult, scorn, and ridicule because of Christ are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation (2:9). Christ Jesus endured God s wrath, suffered punishment in behalf of God s people, and therefore set them free from God s curse. That is, God will never punish his elect people, because Christ suffered in their place.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Third, God has made it possible for the righteous to escape condemnation through remission of sin.��52�� He brings the righteous closer to himself through adversities, and through Christ he leads them into a forgiven and restored relationship with himself. However, the people who refuse to obey the gospel face divine condemnation because of their unbelief. God s judgment upon unbelievers results in their exclusion from God s presence 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.9|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.3.5|AUTODETECT|” God s judgment comes first to the family of God; afterward it comes inevitably to those who do not obey the gospel of God. When the judgment day comes, God will be quick to testify against the wicked 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Mal. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In view of God s judgment on the righteous and the unrighteous, Peter asks his readers a rhetorical question: If the time of judgment has come for those who suffer for the sake of Christ, what is the lot of unbelievers who eventually will suffer as a result of their disobedience? ) 1 4 2 8 0 0 18. And,) If it is hard for the righteous to be saved,) what will become of the ungodly and the sinner? ) b. Quotation) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.11.31|AUTODETECT|” As he does in many other places, Peter strengthens his teaching by quoting from the Old Testament. Here he quotes the Septuagint version of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.11.31|AUTODETECT|” Proverbs 11:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , which differs somewhat from the Hebrew text, If the righteous receive their due on earth, how much more the ungodly and the sinner! The intent of the passage, however, is the same.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.14|AUTODETECT|” The first part of the conditional sentence reveals simple-fact reality. Peter uses this statement to point out the difficulty Christians have in obtaining salvation, for he knows that Jesus said, Small is the gate and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.22|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul encouraged the Christians in Asia Minor with these words: We must go through many hardships to enter the kingdom of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.18|AUTODETECT|” The key word in this first part is the term hard. Another translation is with difficulty (NASB). This word appears a few times in Acts, where Luke describes the difficulty Paul and Barnabas encountered in preventing the crowd in Lystra from offering sacrifices to them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.7|AUTODETECT|” ). In another setting, Luke uses the term to relate the difficulty the sailors had in keeping their ship on course 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.7|AUTODETECT|” Acts 27:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The term, then, portrays hard work.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 In his epistle to the Philippians, Paul instructs the readers: Continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling (2:12). He adds that it is God who works in you to will and to act according to his good purpose (v. 13). That is, man cannot earn his salvation, for it is a gift of God. Man s salvation, however, is a process of spiritual development and growth in knowing Jesus Christ as Savior. In this process man must exert himself to the utmost of his abilities.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.31|AUTODETECT|” What will become of the ungodly and the sinner? Here is a saying of Jesus that parallels this verse: For if men do these things when the tree is green, what will happen when it is dry? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 15 2 8 0 0 The writer of this quote employs two terms to describe the unbeliever. He first calls him ungodly to indicate that this person neither worships nor loves God, and then sinner to show that the wicked man transgresses God s commands.��53�� The quotation ends as a rhetorical question so that the reader can supply the self-evident answer.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:17 18) Verse 17) �� differing from �� (time in general), this noun expresses a limited portion of time, with the added notion of suitableness. ��54��) �� the articular infinitive in the genitive case modifies the noun ��, the time is come. ��55��) �� note the present active tense of this participle derived from �� (I refuse to believe and obey).) Verse 18) �� this is the second future passive indicative of �� (I shine; appear). The future is progressive.) 4. Good) 4:19) 19. So then, those who suffer according to God s will should commit themselves to their faithful Creator and continue to do good.) c. Exhortation) Peter writes his epistle not to unbelievers but to God s people and especially those who experience suffering and hardship.

The words so then introduce the conclusion to Peter s lengthy discussion on suffering. In other parts of the epistle (2:15; 3:17; 4:2), Peter exhorts Christians to remember that nothing happens without God s will, for God is in control of every situation.��56�� In particular the sufferers grapple with the question of injustice to which they have to submit. They ought not to lose sight of God s purpose in their lives, for in his providence he will care for them. Therefore, Peter gives these sufferers an extra word of consolation.) Peter tells his readers to fulfill two obligations. The first one is that they) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|”

Should commit themselves to their faithful Creator. The verb commit appears in the last saying Jesus uttered from the cross: Father, into your hands I commit my spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Peter exhorts the suffering believers to commit their lives into the hands of their faithful Creator. He describes God as Creator, a term that appears only here in the entire New Testament. He chooses this word to point to God s creative power. Then he qualifies the word Creator with the adjective faithful. God not only has created man, but also sustains him from moment to moment. To this God the believer can confidently commit himself, for God s word will never fail him. With that knowledge, the Christian should) 1 18 2 8 0 0
Continue to do good. This admonition occurs frequently in this epistle (2:15, 20; 3:6, 11, 17).��57�� Peter implies that the Christian who commits himself verbally to his faithful God ought to show this commitment in deeds of love and mercy toward his fellow man.) Summary of Chapter 4) Peter, basing his teaching on the example of Christ s suffering, admonishes the believers to not live for evil human desires but rather to obey the will of God. He teaches that those people who choose a life of sin and induce others to follow them will have to give an account to God. The believers who are now dead received the gospel for this reason during their earthly life.) The apostle exhorts the Christians to pursue virtues, including self-control, love, hospitality, and service. The objective is that God may receive the praise through Jesus Christ.) Christians should not be surprised when they experience suffering, because they are participating in the sufferings of Christ.

They ought to rejoice whenever they are insulted because of Christ s name. Indeed, they are blessed.) Peter warns the believers that no one should give occasion for suffering as an evildoer. When a believer suffers, he should not be ashamed but should praise God that he is a Christian. God s judgment begins with the family of God and then reaches out severely to those who disobey the gospel of God. Peter exhorts the believers to commit themselves to their faithful God and to serve him by doing good deeds.) ) ) ) ) 1 See KJV and NKJV for the additional phrase for us.) NAB New American Bible) 2 John Calvin, Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles: The First Epistle of Peter, ed. and trans. John Owen (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1948), p. 122.) 3 Refer to Francis Wright Beare, The First Epistle of Peter: The Greek Text with Introduction and Notes, 2d ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1961), p. 153.

And see Robert H. Mounce, A Living Hope: A Commentary on 1 and 2 Peter (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982), p. 62; Leonhard Goppelt, Der Erste Petrusbrief, Kritisch-Exegetischer Kommentar �ber das Neuen Testament, ed. Ferdinand Hahn, 8th ed. (G�ttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1978), vol. 13/1, p. 269.) 4 Consult George E. Ladd, A Theology of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974), p. 598.) 5 See Burkhard G�rtner, NIDNTT, vol. 3, p. 724. Also consult Bastiaan Van Elderen, Peter, First Epistle, ZPEB, vol. 4, p. 725; Gordon R. Lewis, Suffering and Anguish, ZPEB, vol. 5, p. 531.) 6 Consult C.

F. D. Moule, An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 44. And refer to Robert Hanna, A Grammatical Aid to the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1983), p. 426.) 7 Hans Sch�nweiss, NIDNTT, vol. 1, p. 457. Also see Friedrich B�chsel, TDNT, vol. 3, p. 170.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.15|AUTODETECT|” 8 In the Greek, the noun is found in a neutral or good sense only in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.15|AUTODETECT|” Lk. 22:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.17|AUTODETECT|”

7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Thess. 2:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.14|AUTODETECT|” and perhaps ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.18.14|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 18:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Sch�nweiss, ibid.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 9 Thayer, p. 367. Also consult R. C. Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament (1854; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953), p. 226.) 10 Trench, ibid., p. 225.) 11 John Albert Bengel, Gnomon of the New Testament, ed. Andrew R. Fausset, trans.

William Fletcher, 7th ed., 5 vols. (Edinburgh: Clark, 1877), vol. 5, p. 74. And consult E. G. Selwyn, The First Epistle of St. Peter: The Greek Text with Introduction, Notes, and Essays (London: Macmillan, 1946), p. 212.) 12 Refer to H. E.

Dana and Julius R. Mantey, A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament (1927; New York: Macmillan, 1967), p. 203.) 13 Consult Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, trans. and rev. Robert Funk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), sec. 460.2.) 14 Eschatological references occur in 1:7; 2:12; 4:5, 13, 17; 5:4, 10.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.2|AUTODETECT|” 15 See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.2|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.40|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.40|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.12|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 14:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.17|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 16 Consult, e.g., Charles Bigg, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude, International Critical Commentary series (1901; Edinburgh: Clark, 1961), p. 170.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.18-60.4.6|AUTODETECT|” 17 Consult William Joseph Dalton, Christ s Proclamation to the Spirits: A Study of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.18-60.4.6|AUTODETECT|” 1 Peter 3:18 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , Analecta Biblica 23 (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1964), p. 266.) 1 21 2 8 0 0 18 See Dalton, Christ s Proclamation to the Spirits, pp. 42 54, for details.) NEB New English Bible) 19 For instance, R. C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of the Epistles of St. Peter, St. John, and St.

Jude (Columbus: Wartburg, 1945), p. 186; Selwyn, The First Epistle of St. Peter, p. 214; Dalton, Christ s Proclamation to the Spirits, p. 267; D. Edmond Hiebert, First Peter: An Expositional Commentary (Chicago: Moody, 1984), pp. 250 51.) 20 Selwyn suggests the paraphrase in men s estimation. The First Epistle of St. Peter, p. 215.) RSV Revised Standard Version) 21 Moule, Idiom-Book, p. 59.) 22 Consult Ulrich Luck, TDNT, vol. 7, p. 1102.) 23 Ibid.) 24 Edwin A. Blum, 1 Peter, in Hebrews-Revelation, vol. 12 of The Expositor s Bible Commentary, ed.

Frank E. Gaebelein, 12 vols. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981), p. 246.) 25 Also see I Clem. 49:5; II Clem. 16:4.) 26 Refer to Robert C. Stone, Inn, ZPEB, vol. 3, p. 280.) 27 Consult Calvin, The First Epistle of Peter, p. 130.) NKJV New King James Version) 28 See J�rgen Goetzmann, NIDNTT, vol. 2, p. 255.) 29 Calvin, The First Epistle of Peter, p. 130.) 30 See Thayer, p. 670, and Bauer, p. 883.) 31 Selwyn, The First Epistle of St. Peter, p. 220.) 32 Wolfgang Bauder and Hans-Georg Link, NIDNTT, vol. 2, p. 55.) 33 A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 789.) 34 Consult Dana and Mantey, Manual Grammar, p. 131.) 35 Bauer, p. 391.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” 36 See, e.g., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.5|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.29|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” 37 With variations in Greek, the combination of two words denoting joy also occurs in 1:8; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 38 Lenski, Interpretation of the Epistles, p. 204.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.11-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” 39 See especially ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.11-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:11 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.22|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.18-43.15.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.18-43.15.20|AUTODETECT|” John 15:18 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.16|AUTODETECT|” 9:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.22|AUTODETECT|” 14:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.26|AUTODETECT|” 15:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.13|AUTODETECT|” 21:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.5|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.12|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.8|AUTODETECT|” 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 11 2 8 0 0 40 Refer to Gerald F. Hawthorne, Name, ISBE, vol. 3, p. 482; Walter C. Kaiser, Name, ZPEB, vol. 4, pp. 365 66.) KJV King James Version) Moffatt The Bible: A New Translation by James Moffatt) 41 Lenski writes, We have the entire Trinity: God his Spirit Christ, all are connected with us. Interpretation of the Epistles, p. 206. Also see Bengel, Gnomon of the New Testament, vol. 5, p. 77.) 42 See Selwyn, The First Epistle of St. Peter, p. 223.) MLB The Modern Language Bible) 43 Refer to Gerhard Kittel, TDNT, vol. 2, p. 251.) 44 Bauer says that this is a word whose meaning has not yet been determined w[ith] certainty (p. 40).) NIV New International Version) Phillips The New Testament in Modern English) JB Jerusalem Bible) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 45 Consult J. B. Bauer, Aut maleficus aut alieni speculator 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 1 Petr 4, 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), BibZeit 22 (1978): 109 15.) 1 14 2 8 0 0 46 John Dickie, Christian, ISBE, vol. 1, p. 657.) 47 Refer to Karl Heinrich Rengstorf, NIDNTT, vol. 2, p. 343.) 48 Tacitus Annals 15.44 (LCL); Suetonius Nero 16 (LCL); also see E. M. Blaiklock, Christian, ZPEB, vol. 1, p. 803.) NASB New American Standard Bible) 49 J. N. D. Kelly, A Commentary on the Epistles of Peter and Jude, Thornapple Commentaries series (1969; Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981), p. 191.

Based on a variant reading in the Greek, the KJV and the NKJV have the readings on this behalf and in this matter.) 50 See Martyrdom of Polycarp 10; Eusebius Ecclesiastical History 5.1.19; Robert S. Rayburn, Christians, Names of, EDT, p. 216.) 51 Moule, Idiom-Book, p. 78.) 52 Walter Schneider, NIDNTT, vol. 2, p. 336.) 53 Consult Calvin, The First Epistle of Peter, p. 141 n. 1. Also see Hiebert, First Peter, p. 275.) 54 Thayer, p. 319.) 55 Hanna, Grammatical Aid, p. 427.) 56 Refer to Donald Guthrie, New Testament Theology (Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity, 1981), p. 147.) 57 Read W. C. van Unnik, The Teaching of Good Works in I Peter, NTS 1 (1954 55): 92 110.) )

New Testament Commentary (Baker)

William Hendriksen (1900–1982) was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian and professor at Calvin Theological Seminary. His New Testament Commentary series, later completed by Simon J. Kistemaker, covers the entire New Testament and is one of the most highly regarded Reformed commentary sets of the …

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New Testament

MAT MRK LUK JHN ACT ROM 1CO 2CO GAL EPH PHP COL 1TH 2TH 1TI 2TI TIT PHM HEB JAS 1PE 2PE 1JN 2JN 3JN JUD REV

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