2 Corinthians 11

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 22 2 8 0 0 11. Apostolic Authority, part 2) (11:1 33)) ) ) Outline (continued)) 11:1 4 3. Devotion to Christ ) 11:5 6 4. Superapostles ) 11:7 11 5. Free Service ) 11:12 15 6. False Apostles ) 11:16 21a 7.

Foolish Talk ) 11:21b 29 8. List of Sufferings ) 11:30 33 9. Escape to Safety ) ) ) ) 3. Devotion to Christ) 11:1 4) 11 1 I wish that you would put up with a little of my foolishness. Indeed, do put up with me; 2 for I am jealous for you with a jealousy that originates in God. I gave you in marriage to one man, to Christ, to present you as a pure virgin to him. 3 But I am afraid that as the serpent with his craftiness deceived Eve, your thoughts may somehow be corrupted [to drift away] from the sincerity and the purity that is toward Christ. 4 For if someone comes and proclaims a Jesus other than the one we proclaimed, or you receive a spirit different from the one you received, or a gospel different from the one you accepted, you put up with it well enough.) ) The moment has come for Paul to confront his opponents.

He has made it known that he detests the manner in which they commend themselves. To convey his message, he continues to mock them (see 10:12 13) and applies increasingly pointed sarcasm. He portrays his opponents as superapostles (v. 5; 12:11) who masquerade as apostles of Christ (v. 13). These men are rivals intent on undermining Paul s calling and mission.��1�� To counteract their strategy, Paul asks the Corinthians to play along with his jests. However, he expects the readers to acknowledge that he is a true apostle and the intruders are false. Everything that Paul conveys to the people in Corinth can be verified see his catalogs of sufferings in this epistle (1:8 10; 6:4 10; 11:23 27; 12:10).

He is free from self-promotion, but with God-given eagerness he promotes the spiritual well-being of the Corinthians.��2��) 1. I wish that you would put up with a little of my foolishness. Indeed, do put up with me.) Throughout this chapter Paul almost exclusively uses the first person singular I, seldom the pronoun we, and even then he refers to himself (vv. 4, 6, 21). He clearly indicates that the attacks the opponents have launched against him are personal. He realizes that if they are able to destroy the founder of the Corinthian congregation, they will have a free hand in teaching their false doctrine (v. 4).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.10|AUTODETECT|” The wish that Paul expresses is an invitation to the readers to join him in a little display of folly (compare vv. 16 17, 19, 23; 12:6, 11). In doing so, he wants them to bear with him in this foolishness but at the same time to see the truthfulness of his record of sufferings for Christ and the church. The apostle invites the Corinthians to examine his record of service as a recommendation of his divine calling (see especially vv. 16 29). Paul speaks the truth and declares, I repeat: let no one take me for a fool (v. 16). He can truthfully say that he worked harder than all the other apostles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 The Greek verb anechein (to put up with) is a key word in this chapter, for it occurs five times (vv. 1 [twice], 4, 19, 20).��3�� In prose laced with irony, Paul asks the Corinthians to put up with him as he lowers himself to the level of his opponents. In fact, he acts against his own principle not to commend himself. The apostle deems this foolishness necessary not for personal glory but for the advancement of the church in Corinth.) We note two translation matters. First, the Greek can be rendered as either put up with me or put up with my foolishness. Although translators are divided, the point of difference is negligible. Next, the last clause is of greater importance.

The verb in this clause is translated either in the indicative ( and indeed you do bear with me, NKJV) or in the imperative ( and indeed bear with me, KJV). A solid case can be made for either translation, yet the imperative fits better into the flow of the discourse. The next clause (v. 2) seems to lend support to Paul s appeal for tolerance.) 2. For I am jealous for you with a jealousy that originates in God. I gave you in marriage to one man, to Christ, to present you as a pure virgin to him.) a. For I am jealous for you with a jealousy that originates in God.

Stylistic reasons force many translators to omit the Greek word gar (for) in this sentence. But it points to the reason for Paul s encouragement to the readers to put up with his pretense. He guards his people with divine jealousy.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.5|AUTODETECT|” Murray J. Harris astutely observes, Human jealousy is a vice, but to share divine jealousy is a virtue. ��4�� Jealousy is recorded in the Decalogue: I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, as a command to the Israelites that idolatry is not tolerated 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.5|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 20:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 5:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.28.0|AUTODETECT|” ). God s zeal for his people results in blessings when they obey and curses when they disobey 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.28.0|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.15|AUTODETECT|” God imparted to Paul a jealousy for the well-being of his people. The word jealousy summarizes Paul s ardor for the Corinthians and his readiness to keep them safe from the advances of his rivals. The apostle showed his ardent love for them in his teaching, visits, correspondence, and intercessions. As their spiritual father 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.15|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), he has a personal interest in the Christians at Corinth. He guards them like a father who watches protectively over his daughter before she is given in marriage to her future husband.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.50.1|AUTODETECT|” b. I gave you in marriage to one man, to Christ, to present you as a pure virgin to him. Every word in this illustration is filled with meaning and has been chosen carefully. Paul presents himself as a parent who has sought and found a suitable husband for his marriageable daughter. He is responsible for the spiritual purity of the Corinthian congregation, which he wants to present to Christ. The Old Testament depicts the betrothal of Israel as bride and God as bridegroom 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.50.1|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 50:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.16.23-26.16.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.16.23-26.16.33|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 16:23 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.2.19|AUTODETECT|” Hos. 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.9.15|AUTODETECT|” ). Also, the New Testament often mentions the spiritual relationship of the bride, which is the church, and the bridegroom, who is Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.9.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 9:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.2.19|AUTODETECT|” Mark 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.5.34-42.5.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.5.34-42.5.35|AUTODETECT|” Luke 5:34 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.29|AUTODETECT|” John 3:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.25-49.5.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.25-49.5.32|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:25 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.7-66.19.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.7-66.19.9|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 19:7 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Notice that Paul says I gave you in marriage, a translation of the Greek word hrmosamn. The basic meaning of this verb is to fit together (we have the derivative harmony) and, next, to join or give in marriage, betroth. ��5�� The church in Corinth is engaged to be married, while Paul serves as friend of the bridegroom and guardian of the bride. He wants the bride to be faithful to her future husband.) The phrase to one man illustrates divinely intended monogamy in which one man and one woman pledge faithfulness to one another. The man is Christ and the woman the Corinthian church. Christ s loyalty to the church is faultless and need not be mentioned; but the fidelity of the Corinthians demands Paul s protective care and watchfulness.) In the oriental culture of that day, an engagement was equivalent to marriage without consummation. The betrothal period lasted for one year, during which bride and bridegroom prepared for the wedding ceremony.

From the day of her betrothal, the woman legally was the wife of her future husband but she remained a virgin until the wedding day. In addition, the engagement might not be broken. If this happened, it was considered a divorce. Only death might end an engagement. Unfaithfulness of either party was regarded as adultery and had to be disciplined accordingly.��6�� The bride had to remain a virgin to be presented to her husband. So Paul exerts himself to keep the church pure from doctrine contrary to the gospel as he strives to present her to Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.1|AUTODETECT|” The last part of this verse augurs a bright future in which Christ as bridegroom and the church as bride will be together in full communion. To borrow a thought, God s people see only a shadow of the good things that are coming 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.1|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.27|AUTODETECT|” ). Nonetheless, while on earth the church must be ready to appear before Christ without wrinkle or blemish in holiness and purity 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.27|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 3. But I am afraid that as the serpent with his craftiness deceived Eve, your thoughts may somehow be corrupted [to drift away] from the sincerity and the purity that is toward Christ.) a. Variation. The Greek text presents variant readings that concern the exclusion or the inclusion of the words and the purity. Many versions (e.g., KJV, NKJV, NJB, JB) and numerous commentators (among them Barrett, Calvin, Lietzmann, Martin, Pop, and Windisch) omit these words. They contend that because of similar endings of the two nouns in Greek, the word purity first appeared in the margin and later was inserted into the text.

However, the Greek manuscripts that include the expression and the purity are early and solid.��7�� Even though the arguments for both positions are convincing, the one for the expanded version appears to be stronger.) b. Illustration. But I am afraid that as the serpent with his craftiness deceived Eve, your thoughts may somehow be corrupted. What blame would have fallen on Paul if through his neglect the Corinthian church had fallen away from Christ. As a shepherd of the flock that is entrusted to his care, the apostle watches over the church to preserve Christ s honor.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.13|AUTODETECT|” By mentioning the serpent and Eve, Paul calls to mind the scene in Paradise where Satan deceived Eve and led her into sin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He seems to discontinue his illustration about marriage and introduce one of deception and sin. Some commentators have tried to explain this sudden change of topics by alluding to a Jewish legend of Eve being sexually seduced by the serpent. This legend was probably current in the first century and presumably Paul was acquainted with it.��8��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Even if Paul knew about this Jewish tale, he selected the reference to Eve s deception only because of its contextual relevance. With Adam, Eve broke her dedication to God by transgressing the command not to eat of the fruit of the tree of good and evil 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 2:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.11|AUTODETECT|” 3:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; compare also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.14|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Similarly, the Corinthian church faced the danger of deserting Christ by listening to another gospel (v. 4).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.25|AUTODETECT|” Three considerations bear upon the interpretation of this verse. First, the Genesis account fails to disclose anything sexually immoral between Eve and the serpent.��9�� To suggest that fallen angels can have sexual relations with women is an unfounded assertion, because angels do not marry 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.25|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Next, Paul s objective is not to speak about something sensual but about the corruption of the mind. Just as Satan attacked the thinking of Eve, so the intruders are trying to change the thought patterns of the Corinthians. And last, Paul links the serpent s deception to the superapostles (vv. 4 5) and the masquerading Satan to the masquerading false apostles (vv. 13 14). In short, these intruders are Satan s servants who attempt to subvert the thinking pattern of the Corinthians.) 1 12 2 8 0 0 c. Devotion. [To drift away] from the sincerity and the purity that is toward Christ. Paul s purpose in supplying the illustration about Eve s deception is to emphasize the necessity of unblemished spiritual fidelity to God. As Satan perverted Eve s guileless faith in God, so the false apostles attempt to persuade the Corinthians to abandon their single-hearted faithfulness to Christ. Seeing the servants of Satan at work among the members of the Corinthian church, Paul sounds the alarm and seeks to preserve their spiritual sincerity and purity. The word sincerity means simplicity, which effectively rules out every trace of duplicity.

It signifies being exclusively devoted to one person or cause with respect to thinking, speaking, and doing. The term purity refers to moral blamelessness.) Acting as the friend of the bridegroom (Christ), Paul keeps the bride (the church) pure and blameless. He is unable to do this unless the entire membership of the local church is alerted to the impending danger. Not only for the Christians in Corinth, but for every believer, the watchword is alertness. The attacks of the evil one occur relentlessly to the end of time. Philip Edgcumbe Hughes notes, The enmity between the seed of the serpent and the Seed of the woman continues unremittingly until the day of judgment, and mankind will continue to suffer from and be threatened by the evil effects of the first sin of the first woman until, at Christ s coming, the new creation is fully realized and the former things are passed away. ��10��) 4.

For if someone comes and proclaims a Jesus other than the one we proclaimed, or you receive a spirit different from the one you received, or a gospel different from the one you accepted, you put up with it well enough.) a. Parallelism. The first word, for, is the bridge between the preceding verse (v. 3) and this one; and it explains Paul s previous statement about an external corrupting influence on the Corinthians. Paul now speaks about the reality of someone who has come to Corinth to proclaim another Jesus, a different spirit, and a different gospel. But before we discuss the details of this text, we look at its symmetry:) someone proclaims a Jesus other than the one we proclaimed ) you receive a spirit different from the one you received ) [you accept] a gospel different from the one you accepted ) ) ) Notice the triad: Jesus, spirit, gospel; and note the three verbs: proclaimed, received, accepted. Also, the Greek adjective allos (other), which usually means another of the same kind, has the same meaning as the Greek word heteros (other, in the sense of different).

Their correlation here is based on the parallel of proclaiming Jesus and accepting the gospel, for both activities are similar.) In the first part of this epistle, Paul discusses the above-mentioned triad, although not in the same sequence. He relates that the Spirit of the living God is instrumental in giving life, while the letter kills (3:3, 6). Next, he writes repeatedly about Jesus gospel, death, and resurrection (4:5, 10, 11, 14). And last, Paul speaks about our gospel, which he compares implicitly to another gospel (4:3).��11�� We are not surprised, therefore, to find the same triad in the present context.) b. Exposition. For if someone comes and proclaims a Jesus other than the one we proclaimed.

The someone is the representative of a group of meddlers, as is evident from the preceding chapter (10:7, 10, 11; see also 11:21). This person presents another Jesus to the members of the Corinthian church. Because Paul seldom uses only the single name Jesus instead of Christ Jesus or Jesus Christ, we assume that he calls attention to the ministry of Jews without preaching him as crucified Lord.��12�� The intruding Judaizers would refrain from depicting Jesus as the Christ, even if they called themselves servants of Christ. ��13��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.3|AUTODETECT|” Paul s opponents came to Corinth with self-commendations, were not commissioned by Jesus Christ as apostles, presented themselves on their own authority, and had never suffered for the sake of Jesus and his gospel. Refusing to listen obediently to the Scriptures, these people avoided the inevitability of enduring hardship for Christ. Instead they probably talked about a victorious Jesus who performed miracles, preached good news, and inspired multitudes. But they failed to mention Jesus suffering, humiliation, and death on a cruel cross 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.3|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.69.9|AUTODETECT|” [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.69.9|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 69:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]). They proclaimed a Jesus who was entirely different from the one Paul had taught the Corinthians.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Or you receive a spirit different from the one you received. Should the word spirit be capitalized, referring to the Holy Spirit? No, because the spirit that the intruders propose is not the Spirit of God but a human spirit. When the Corinthians accepted Christ, God gave them his Holy Spirit.��14�� In the last four chapters of this epistle, Paul says little about the Holy Spirit. But he already had spoken on this topic and did not have to repeat himself (3:3, 6, 17).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.4-46.2.5|AUTODETECT|” The interlopers wanted to give the Corinthians a worldly spirit in place of the Holy Spirit. But a worldly spirit enslaves people and fills their hearts with fear. Such a spirit is devoid of power, love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.4-46.2.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:4 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.22-48.5.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.22-48.5.23|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:22 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Or a gospel different from the one you accepted. Paul preached Christ s gospel, which the Corinthians accepted in faith. When the Corinthians believed Jesus, they received from God the gift of the Holy Spirit. Note, then, that believers accept the gospel but receive the Spirit. Guided by the Holy Spirit, they were to follow Christ steadfastly.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6-48.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Now the people are in danger of accepting a different gospel. They can hear the echo of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6-48.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Galatians 1:6 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where Paul writes: I am astonished that you are so quickly & turning to a different gospel which is really no gospel at all. There is but one gospel of Jesus Christ, which we have in the four versions of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. There is no other gospel than the gospel of Jesus; all others are apocryphal.��15��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.3|AUTODETECT|” Paul wrote that he had received the tradition from the Lord and passed it on to the Corinthians 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Afterward he wrote to them about the light of the gospel. With that light, believers are able to see Christ s glory, but those who are lost cannot see it because it is hidden from them (4:3 4; contrast 9:13). The apostle remarks that he and his colleagues never distort the word of God (4:2). But, by implication, this is exactly what his adversaries did (2:17).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 You put up with it well enough. The changes in doctrine were presented gradually so that the members of the Corinthian church hardly noticed the difference. Paul himself has to call their attention to the spiritual threat in their midst. For this reason, he must be direct in confronting the readers.) ) Doctrinal Considerations in 11:4) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.8|AUTODETECT|” What are the scriptural consequences of presenting a Jesus void of suffering, humiliation, and death on the cross? What is the effect of proclaiming a Jesus who did not humble himself and did not become obedient to death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” )? What is the result of preaching a Jesus without mentioning the shedding of his blood? The writer of Hebrews puts it squarely before the reader: Without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.10|AUTODETECT|” ). Further, through the sacrifice of Christ s body on the cross, we have been and are being made holy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.10|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.17|AUTODETECT|” Paul is saying the same thing. He writes that if the resurrection of Jesus is nullified, then our faith is useless and forgiveness of sins nonexistent 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.17|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Also, there is then no eternal life for the human race.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.19|AUTODETECT|” When another Jesus is preached, not according to the gospel, the biblical teaching of atonement, reconciliation, removal of the curse, and adoption is eliminated. If Jesus is merely a man whom we must use as a model, we are to be pitied more than all men 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.19|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). However, on the basis of Scripture we joyfully confess with the church of all ages) 1 8 2 8 0 0 the forgiveness of sins;) the resurrection of the body;) and the life everlasting.) ) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 11:1 4) Verses 1 2) ��p ��v ������� the adversative ��� with ��� can be interpreted as an emphatic yes, indeed followed by the imperative bear with me! ��16��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.22|AUTODETECT|” �������� folly. This word occurs four times in the New Testament, of which three are in this chapter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.22|AUTODETECT|” Mark 7:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ). The term is more moderate than ����� (foolishness), a term that occurs only in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.18|AUTODETECT|” I Corinthians 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.14|AUTODETECT|” 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.19|AUTODETECT|” 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Foolishness is the opposite of wisdom and folly is the converse of moderation.��17��) 1 5 2 8 0 0 ���� ���� these words can be interpreted as divine [i.e., supernaturally great] eagerness, God s own eagerness, or an eagerness which springs from God Himself. ��18�� Of the three interpretations, the last one is preferred. That is, Paul displays an eagerness for the Corinthians that originates in God.) !�������� �p� Q��� for I betrothed you. The middle voice is reflexive to indicate that Paul himself had an interest in this marriage.) Verses 3 4) ����� the aorist passive subjunctive of �������� (to ruin; passive: to be led astray) does not refer to seduction but to corruption of one s mind.) ��v ��� �������� the difficulty we face at this point is whether these words were added because of the similarity to the preceding phrase �x ��� ��������. The endings of these two nouns are the same. Yet there is strong attestation for the longer reading.��19��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.35|AUTODETECT|” A �������� except for ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.35|AUTODETECT|” John 6:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.37|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.37|AUTODETECT|” 37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where Jesus calls the individual believer to come to him in faith, this term describes the Messiah throughout the New Testament.��20�� The term is applied, interestingly, to someone who preaches another Jesus and whom Paul calls a false apostle (v. 13).) 1 9 2 8 0 0 ������� a number of manuscripts have the reading ���������, which is in the imperfect tense and introduces probability: you would put up with someone who preaches a different gospel. But the context confirms reality, not contingency. Hence, the present tense is preferred.) ) 4. Superapostles) 11:5 6) 5 For I do not think that I am in the least inferior to those superapostles. 6 I may be unskilled in respect to speech but I am not so in respect to knowledge. Certainly, in every respect and in all things we made this known to you.) ) 5. For I do not think that I am in the least inferior to those superapostles.) Scholars differ on the paragraph division of the first part of this chapter.

Some include verses 5 and 6 with the preceding four verses (NIV, NRSV, REB);��21�� others make them part of the following segment (vv. 7 12; e.g., MLB); and still others present the two verses as a separate paragraph and prefer this division in view of the context (GNB, NCV, TNT).) Paul continues to use the first person singular (see vv. 1, 2, 3) and states his own opinion about the infiltrators. He compares himself with them and facetiously calls them superapostles. He repeats this name in the next chapter, where he again states that he is not inferior to these people (12:11; see also 11:23). By resorting to derision, Paul implicitly indicates that the Corinthians already should have evaluated the intruders as impostors. Indeed, they needed to come to Paul s defense and dismiss his rivals.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.21-44.1.22|AUTODETECT|” Who are these so-called superapostles? Are they Jesus twelve disciples and others who followed him from the time of his baptism to that of his ascension 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.21-44.1.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:21 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.6-48.2.9|AUTODETECT|” )? This interpretation fails to do justice to the immediate context, in which Paul speaks of an opponent who preaches a different Jesus (see v. 4).��22�� Moreover, the three pillars of the church (Peter, James, and John) had come to an agreement with Paul on a division of labors between Peter and Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.6-48.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:6 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ). Apart from a confrontation at Antioch, we do not read of any tension between these two apostles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:11 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) or the rest of them. Hence, we cannot infer that Paul considers himself inferior to the Jerusalem apostles. Rather, he employs irony when he labels the Judaizing interlopers as superapostles.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.28|AUTODETECT|” The expression superapostles even linguistically brings out the impossible nature of such apostles, because being an apostle of Jesus is in itself incomparable.��23�� The list of spiritual gifts indicates no higher position than that of apostle 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.28|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 No one but Jesus appointed the twelve apostles, chose Matthias to succeed Judas Iscariot, and called Paul as an apostle to the Gentiles. Jesus commissioned no successors to these men, with the result that apostleship never became an established and continuing church office. The apostolate is therefore unrepeatable and untransferable. ��24��) If the superapostles are not identified with the apostles in Jerusalem, we must associate them with the false apostles whom Paul mentions in verse 13. These men came to Corinth on their own accord, adopted the name apostles to gain entry into the church, and gave the impression of possessing more authority than Paul. These people probably had Judean roots. For a comprehensive discussion, see the Introduction.) 6.

I may be unskilled in respect to speech but I am not so in respect to knowledge. Certainly, in every respect and in all things we made this known to you.) a. Admission. I may be unskilled in respect to speech but I am not so in respect to knowledge. The emphasis is on the first person singular pronoun I, which occurs twice in the first sentence. The plural we in the second half of the verse refers to Paul himself.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Verse 6a is Paul s frank acknowledgment that he was no orator. He lacked the oratorical skills of Apollos and was unable to compete with the Greeks, who favored eloquent speakers. The Greeks considered anyone who floundered in speech an amateur. Apollos was the favorite preacher in Corinth, and Paul was regarded as second best 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.25.23|AUTODETECT|” Even though Paul acknowledges his lack of eloquence, at times he was able to articulate and speak effectively. Luke recorded Paul s address before Governor Festus, King Agrippa, high-ranking Roman army officers, and prominent leaders in Caesarea 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.25.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 25:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.2-44.26.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.2-44.26.29|AUTODETECT|” 26:2 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This last speech is the best of Paul s addresses, for its style borders on that of classical Greek. Yet Paul knew his limitations and freely admitted his deficiency in rhetoric. He realized that his accusers had spread the word that his speaking was less than mediocre (10:10). According to the standards of the Greeks, they were correct.��25��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.4|AUTODETECT|” The apostle was an amateur in oratory but a genius in factual and spiritual knowledge. He especially knew the Scriptures and had profound insight into the mystery of Christ s gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In this text and others he associates the term knowledge with both the preaching of the Good News and spiritual knowledge (4:6; 6:6; 8:7; 10:5). This word directs attention to God s redemptive revelation in Jesus Christ.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 b. Difficulty. Certainly, in every respect and in all things we made this known to you. This sentence presents a number of difficulties that affect its interpretation. Paul has left out three expressions. With elisions, and following the Greek word order, the sentence reads: However, in every & having made known & in all & to you [plural].

In sequence, I have supplied the words respect, this, and things. Other translators have inserted different terms, so that few versions are identical.) The plural form of the participle having made known points to Paul, who is the subject, and the supplied object is this. We infer from the context that the object is spiritual knowledge of the gospel that Paul had imparted to the Corinthians in person and by letter.) Next, the verb we made known has the support of the better Greek manuscripts. It is definitely preferred to the passive construction, we have been thoroughly made manifest, which makes an object unnecessary.��26�� The rule that the shorter reading is probably original fails in this text, because without additions the sentence is unintelligible.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Third, if indeed Paul emphasizes spiritual knowledge in the form of Christ s gospel, then one of his earlier statements truly illuminates this text. He wrote, But thanks be to God, who in Christ always leads us in triumphal procession and through us God makes known the fragrance of the knowledge of himself everywhere (2:14; see the commentary). Wherever Paul comes or goes, he spreads the knowledge of his Sender. This knowledge emits a sweet fragrance that becomes evident to anyone who approaches the apostle. Paul s message of spiritual truth is received by believers but is rejected by unbelievers. The gospel is relevant in all situations and germane to all things in every respect. In Christ Jesus are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.12|AUTODETECT|” There is no need to state that the Greek text in this sentence is corrupt. Rather, here is an instance of Paul s clipped speech that is rather frequent in his epistles.��27�� The prepositional phrases in every respect and in all things are commonplace for Paul, as is evident from their frequency. Although many translators favor the masculine to the neuter , the translation we prefer provides balance and emphasis 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 15 2 8 0 0 We conclude that because of the frequent occurrence of the phrases in question, we have no reason to doubt the authenticity of the text. What we find here is a familiar example of Paul s penchant to abbreviate his sentences whenever possible.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 11:5 6) Q������� a composite adverb used adjectivally, it occurs only here and in 12:11 in the New Testament and in the writings of the Greek author Eustathius.��28�� It signifies that which is beyond measure.) The case of ��� �������� is the genitive of comparison following the verb Q������� (to be less than), which calls for a contrast.) �0 �� [�0��] the first person singular of the verb to be must be supplied. The plural form ������������ refers to Paul himself.) ) 5. Free Service) 11:7 11) 7 Or did I sin by lowering myself to exalt you because free of charge I proclaimed to you the gospel of God? 8 I robbed other churches by accepting support from them to serve you. 9 And while I was with you and needed money, I did not become a burden to anyone, for the brothers who came from Macedonia supplied me in my need. And in everything I have kept and will keep myself from being a burden to you. 10 As surely as Christ s truth is in me, this boast of mine will not be stopped in the regions of Achaia. 11 And why? Because I do not love you?

God knows I do.) ) The flow of Paul s discourse centers on the intruders, whom he has described as superapostles. These people were spreading the word that Paul s service in Corinth was worthless because he did not accept any payments from the church. By implication, the accusers were charging the church for the preaching of their gospel (compare 2:17; 11:20). They lived comfortably by following the rule that the teacher should be paid for his work. By breaking this basic rule, so they intimated, Paul demonstrated that his work was below par and his love for the church in Corinth questionable (v. 11).) 7. Or did I sin by lowering myself to exalt you because free of charge I proclaimed to you the gospel of God?) a.

Or did I sin by lowering myself to exalt you? The transition between this verse and the preceding one (v. 6) appears to be abrupt. But the introductory word or links the two verses. Paul had to face the discrediting attacks of his opponents, who preached another gospel, questioned his apostleship, and ridiculed his lack of eloquence (vv. 4 6). Now he encounters the veiled assertion that his gospel was not worthy of its name because he offered it free of charge.��29��) Paul wanted to offer the gospel free of charge, so that no one would be able to accuse him of any financial dependence on the church. But whether the Corinthians understood his rationale remains an open question.

When the intruders came to Corinth and heard that Paul did not accept remuneration for his spiritual work, they gained an immediate following by casting doubts on his motives.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” To counteract the insidious implications that his adversaries spread, Paul addresses the readers in an unusual manner. He asks them a rhetorical question that expects a negative answer: Did I sin by lowering myself to exalt you? Donning the clothes of a worker, he manufactured tents to support himself. Daily he taught the gospel, admonished them as their spiritual father, and demonstrated his enduring love for the Corinthians. By doing all this free of charge, did he commit a sin? To ask this question is to answer it. Paul met his expenses by working as a tentmaker in Thessalonica 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.3|AUTODETECT|” ), Corinth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.34|AUTODETECT|” ), and Ephesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.34|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.18|AUTODETECT|” ).��30�� He refused to accept remuneration when he was working in a local church as a teacher of Christ s gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.18|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.14|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 12:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15-50.4.18|AUTODETECT|” ). But when he was away from a certain church, he gratefully accepted support, which he considered a fragrant offering to God. We read that the Philippians, for example, repeatedly sent him monetary gifts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15-50.4.18|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:15 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Certainly Paul lowered himself in the eyes of others, but he did so to elevate the Corinthians to a spiritual level they had never had or known, namely, to be members of God s family. He is not speaking ironically when he says that he lowered himself. Rather, he presents his lowliness as a virtue, for through his weakness God s power is revealed (v. 30; 12:9). The intended contrast is that the gospel is instrumental in elevating the Corinthians to a position of honor in God s presence. Paul stresses that he personally abases himself for the sake of the Corinthians, so that they might be exalted.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.12|AUTODETECT|” b. Because free of charge I proclaimed to you the gospel of God? In Paul s view, nothing should hinder the proclamation of Christ s gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.13-46.9.14|AUTODETECT|” ). He preaches the Good News without charge, but does not expect others to do the same 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.13-46.9.14|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:13 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.7|AUTODETECT|” ; see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.7|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.18|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.8|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul wanted to be free from all obligations to anyone in Corinth and proclaimed the gospel in harmony with Jesus dictum, Freely you have received, freely give 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.8|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Did Paul commit a sin by working with his hands and bringing the gospel gratuitously to the Corinthians? Not at all.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Last, Paul writes the phrase the gospel of God, which he does at a few other places also.��31�� First, the word gospel means both the act of preaching the gospel and the Good News itself. Next, the genitive case is both subjective and objective: that is, the gospel belongs to God and is proclaimed for God. Third, Paul does not differentiate between the phrases gospel of God and gospel of Christ.��32�� For him, they are the same. The gospel is the power of God that exalts the members of the Corinthian church.) 8. I robbed other churches by accepting support from them to serve you.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.7|AUTODETECT|” This is strong language and vivid imagery! Paul uses military terms, as he does elsewhere in his epistles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11-49.6.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11-49.6.17|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:11 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.3-55.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.3-55.2.4|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:3 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.14|AUTODETECT|” ). The verb to rob refers to a conqueror on the battlefield who strips fallen enemies of their belongings. And the Greek word opsMnion, which I have translated support, signifies a soldier s pay or wages 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 3:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��33�� In the present context, the word can also mean the missionary support in the form of a stipend.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Paul s verb choice appears to be harsh language, yet we must understand that the churches in Macedonia were desperately poor in comparison with the bustling trading center of Corinth. Paul speaks of the extreme poverty the people in Macedonia had to endure (8:2; see the commentary). Yet these churches were known for their lavish generosity. Paul mentions only the church in Philippi, which sent him monetary gifts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but now he uses the plural term churches. This term may refer to several house churches in that city. The point Paul makes, however, touches on the disparity between the poverty in Macedonia and the prosperity in Corinth. The one counts it a privilege to help (8:4), while the other needs gentle prodding to take responsibility (8:7).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.5|AUTODETECT|” Furthermore, these poverty-stricken churches in Macedonia sent financial support to Paul so that he was able to minister to the members of the church in Corinth. While Paul served the Corinthians for eighteen months, Silas and Timothy brought him a monetary gift from the Macedonian churches 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.5|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.11|AUTODETECT|” 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). As a consequence, Paul could devote himself completely to the ministry in Corinth.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 9. And while I was with you and needed money, I did not become a burden to anyone, for the brothers who came from Macedonia supplied me in my need. And in everything I have kept and will keep myself from being a burden to you.) a. And while I was with you and needed money, I did not become a burden to anyone. The apostle does not have in mind a tourist visit to the city of Corinth. He intimates that he was there for the specific purpose of founding and developing a church.

His objective was to serve the people in Corinth as their spiritual father, pastor, and proclaimer of the gospel.) During his ministry there, Paul at times was in need of money, but he did not become a burden to the people in Corinth. He refused to weigh them down with any requests for his own support.��34�� He asked them to contribute to the fund for the saints in Jerusalem, but he made it plain that the money was not for himself (8:20; 12:14).) Even when the apostle accepted money from the Macedonians, his principle not to accept any remuneration for his spiritual work remained intact. He was not dependent on them but received their gift to meet his temporary need. These donors provided funds for the furtherance of the gospel among people who were more prosperous than themselves. John Calvin remarks, How few Macedonians there are today, but how many Corinthians everywhere! ��35��) b. For the brothers who came from Macedonia supplied me in my need.

Paul reminds the Corinthians that when he was with them the Macedonian churches sent him a donation. These people providentially supplied him exactly at the moment he was short of funds.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.16|AUTODETECT|” They came voluntarily to him with a gift to alleviate his needs. They knew that without the necessary funds, the missionary was unable to continue the task to which Jesus had called him. Again and again, these churches sent delegations to Paul with money to further his mission work 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.6|AUTODETECT|” c. And in everything I have kept and will keep myself from being a burden to you. Firmly convinced of the principle he has adopted, Paul stresses the verb to keep in both the past and future tenses. In different wording, Paul repeats in 12:13 the same thought: that he refused to be a burden to the Corinthians 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.6|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The march of the gospel continues when those who have been liberated by it cheerfully contribute to its progress and see its results.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 10. As surely as Christ s truth is in me, this boast of mine will not be stopped in the regions of Achaia.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.1|AUTODETECT|” The first clause carries overtones of an oath, as most commentators aver 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.10|AUTODETECT|” ). But Paul may have in mind no more than a solemn statement that he expresses in the hearing of Christ himself. He speaks on the basis that the truth of Christ is in him, as in a vessel. This truth fills him to overflowing, as Paul says elsewhere: It is with your mouth that you confess and are saved 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.6|AUTODETECT|” The phrase Christ s truth can be interpreted in at least two ways. First, Jesus words I am & the truth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.6|AUTODETECT|” John 14:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) reveal truth as one of his divine attributes. Next, truth originates in Jesus Christ and is disseminated through the gospel to his people.��36�� Even though both interpretations are applicable, the second is preferred. Paul has been Christ s messenger to bring the Corinthians his truth. If the Corinthians believe the accusations that the false teachers level against Paul, they sever their tie with the apostle and with the truth of Christ. For this reason, Paul appeals to this truth. He realizes that the progress of the gospel is at stake.��37��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The clause this boast of mine must be interpreted in the context of Paul s principle to work gratuitously. Notice that he specifies his boasting with the modifiers this and of mine (or for me).��38�� Whenever he writes of boasting, he boasts of others through Jesus Christ. He desires that the Corinthians will boast of him just as he is boasting of them (1:14). Paul indicates that he wants the Corinthians to boast of him, for they are his beloved people (v. 11). They are his letter, so to speak, that is known and read by everybody (3:2). Even though they do not support him financially, yet they continue to be a living testimony of God s grace at work in them. Hence, Paul knows that they have boasted of him, and he will continue to boast of them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.19|AUTODETECT|” Confidently he states that no one in the areas of southern Greece, known as the Roman province of Achaia, can stop this boasting. No intruder will be able to restrain the enthusiasm that he has shown for the Corinthians (7:4, 14; 9:2). Paul employs the Greek word phrassein that means to silence, to muzzle, or to stop a mouth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.19|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.33|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 11:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Here the verb refers first to the mouth of Paul and then to that of the Corinthians.) 1 18 2 8 0 0 11. And why? Because I do not love you? God knows I do.) The conclusion to this section seems out of place, for why does Paul ask two short questions followed by a solemn affirmation? To whom does the first question refer? Not to the Corinthians, for they knew that Paul loved them dearly (2:4; 12:15b).

Instead, he points to the antagonists who have slandered his name and left the impression that Paul did not love the congregation of Corinth, a slander contrary to the evidence. The specific accusations have to do with money, as is often the case in human relations. The rumor was spread that Paul s refusal to request payment for work performed was an indication that he did not care for the Corinthians. This was also patently untrue. Paul loved the people from his heart and knew that the slanderous remarks were designed to break the relationship between him and the Corinthians.) To prove his point, the apostle calls God to be his witness. If anyone in Corinth accuses Paul of an indifferent attitude, this person will have to face God, who knows that Paul is fully committed to the cause of Christ.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 11:9 10) ����������� the compound controls the genitive case of �P����� (no one).

The verb is derived from ���� and ������ (to become stiff or numb), from which we have the word narcotics. The verb as a compound is intensive and signifies being a burden. Paul s use of this verb here and in 12:13 may reflect his geographic background, for it was current in Cilicia and perhaps was an idiom.) �������� this noun conveys not the result but the process or activity of boasting.) ���������� the future passive of the verb ������ (I stop) here alludes either to silencing someone s boasting or to blocking it.��39��) ) 6. False Apostles) 11:12 15) 12 And I will continue to do what I am doing, so that I may take away the occasion from those who desire an occasion to be found equal to us in what they boast about. 13 For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, posing as apostles of Christ. 14 And no wonder! For Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light. 15 It is no great thing when also his servants masquerade as servants of righteousness, whose destiny will be what their deeds deserve.) ) Many translations begin a new paragraph at this juncture, for Paul wishes to elaborate on the last words of verse 9, I have kept and will keep myself from being a burden to you. Also, verse 12 introduces Paul s discussion on the false apostles.

And last, because of its dearth of detail, this verse is subject to many interpretations.) 12. And I will continue to do what I am doing, so that I may take away the occasion from those who desire an occasion to be found equal to us in what they boast about.) a. And I will continue to do what I am doing. Once again Paul states his determination to abide by the principle of working gratuitously in promoting Christ s gospel. But the specific purpose is to defend himself against the allegations of his accusers.) We would like to have more information at this point concerning the words spoken by the intruders and the reaction of the Corinthians. We have the text but not the explanation footnotes, so to speak.

Hence, any interpretation of this verse must rely on a measure of conjecture.) b. So that I may take away the occasion from those who desire an occasion. Here is a direct reference to Paul s opponents, whom the apostle identifies by their strategies and schemes. He is fully aware of their tactics and thus writes that he wants to cut off the pretext of those who wish a pretext. ��40�� His words are severe. He wants to eliminate any justification they may find for their actions.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.12|AUTODETECT|” What were the pretexts the interlopers used in their attempt to foil the apostle? Perhaps they claimed that they also would preach the gospel without charge and thus be exactly like Paul. But this cannot be an explanation. Paul reveals that the false apostles were exploiting and taking advantage of the Corinthians 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.14|AUTODETECT|” Next, these false teachers could boast of their apostolic status and claim to be on the same level as the rest of the apostles. Except for Paul, apostles appointed by Jesus accepted financial support from the churches they served 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.14|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The difficulty with this interpretation is not the payment for service but the service itself. The false teachers preached a different Jesus and a different gospel, and they presented a different spirit (v. 4). They could never be on the level of apostles appointed by Jesus.��41��) 1 6 2 8 0 0 c. Those who desire an occasion to be found equal to us in what they boast about. Part of the problem in interpreting this text lies in understanding Paul s intention. Is it Paul s desire to bring his opponents to his own level? Then they must become equal to him in persecutions, sufferings, rejection, weakness, and poverty. For his rivals, such conditions were unthinkable (vv. 21 31).) Is Paul cutting off his opponents scheme to be equal with him and boast along with him?

Yes, for Paul saw through their scheme and knew that they wanted him to depart from his self-imposed principle not to accept compensation for his work. If they would succeed in this scheme, then they could boast of equality. Their boasting is based on fraud (compare 5:12). Their aim is to bring Paul down to their level, elevate themselves, and destroy his apostleship.) Paul s principle served him effectively in his effort to curb the impostors. With it, he could prove that his love for the Corinthians was genuine. By comparison, he could legitimately call these false apostles exploiters (v. 20).) 13.

For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, posing as apostles of Christ.) Paul once more (v. 12) mentions his accusers. He speaks plainly and designates them as false apostles. Earlier he had resorted to irony by labeling them as superapostles (v. 5; 12:11), but here he spells out their fraudulence in severe terminology: false apostles, deceitful workers, and impostors.) The word such links this verse to the preceding passage and introduces a description of those people who desired to place themselves on the same level as the apostles. However, the descriptive adjective false makes equality with Paul impossible for these reasons:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.2.6-48.2.7|AUTODETECT|”

1. Although someone can be a witness by giving false testimony, it is not possible to be an apostle and preach a gospel that is not the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.2.6-48.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:6 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0
2. Apostles are appointed by Jesus, recognized by the church, and committed to the truth. False apostles are never so appointed, recognized, and committed.) 3. Apostles are commissioned by Jesus to serve the entire church. Neither Jesus nor the church sent false apostles; therefore, such people lack authority to serve.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.4|AUTODETECT|” Further, these pseudo-apostles were persons of Jewish extraction and not of Gentile origin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.4|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). They were Judaizers who appeared in Corinth with a perverted gospel, much the same as those who came to the churches in Galatia.��42�� By rejecting Christ s gospel, they proved their falsehood by their status (false apostles) and appearance (masquerade).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” In unusually blunt language, Paul identifies the false apostles as deceitful workers. Except for the phrase evil workers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), Paul never uses such strong language as the term deceitful in his epistles. With that term he disqualifies the impostors and figuratively drives them out of Corinth.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 These false apostles used deceit to hide their identity. They masqueraded as apostles and were accepted as such by some who were not fully acquainted with the requirements for apostleship. Paul had to reveal the identity of these impostors. They were never apostles of Christ, but people who pretended to be for Christ.) 14. And no wonder! For Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light.) Paul is not at all surprised by the disguise of these pretenders.

He is forthright in his analysis and sees behind them the person of Satan, who has sent them to Corinth. Throughout his ministry, the apostle was fully conscious of Satan s schemes and attacks, which he had to endure from time to time (see 2:11). Indeed, he mentions that the god of this age (Satan) causes unbelievers to live in darkness by blinding them (4:4).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Satan is the archenemy who is able to transform himself into an angel of light. Darkness and light have no fellowship with one another (6:14), yet Satan appears as a light-bearer. Nowhere else but here do the Scriptures give this description of Satan. We know that Satan presented himself before God in heaven 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Job 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.18|AUTODETECT|” ), but the writer does not depict him. Only in apocryphal literature are there references to Satan changing himself into an angel of light.��43�� But Paul did not have to consult this literature to learn about Satan, for he experienced firsthand the schemes of the devil.��44�� He had repeated encounters with Satan, who had power to afflict him physically (12:7), to obstruct his work in the church 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.18|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ), and to display all kinds of counterfeit miracles, signs and wonders 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.9|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 6 2 8 0 0 In his well-known hymn, A Mighty Fortress Is Our God, Martin Luther aptly describes Satan:) The prince of darkness grim) We tremble not for him;) His rage we can endure,) For lo! his doom is sure,) One little Word shall fell him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.13.13-66.13.14|AUTODETECT|” Satan continues to frustrate God s purposes by posing even as an angel of light. He has power to perform great and miraculous signs and to deceive people, even the elect if that were possible 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.13.13-66.13.14|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 13:13 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.24|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.16|AUTODETECT|” ). Darkness is the realm of Satan, but God dwells in unapproachable light 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ). Through his Word, God dispels darkness and gives light, life, and love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.5|AUTODETECT|” I John 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.10|AUTODETECT|” 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.14|AUTODETECT|” 3:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 15. It is no great thing when also his servants masquerade as servants of righteousness, whose destiny will be what their deeds deserve.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.4|AUTODETECT|” If Satan is able to masquerade as an angel of light, then Satan s servants can masquerade as servants of righteousness. This is not to say that the false apostles are also able to transform themselves into angels of light. They remain human beings, but the words they speak are as deceptive as those spoken by Satan to Eve in Paradise 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). These false apostles are in Satan s employ and continuously pretend to be servants of righteousness.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.44|AUTODETECT|” The wording of this verse is the strongest denunciation yet of Paul s adversaries. Paul calls them Satan s servants. We ought not to be surprised at this denunciation. Jesus did exactly the same by associating the clergy of his day with Satan 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.44|AUTODETECT|” John 8:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.8-62.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ); and John says that people who continue to live in sin are children of the devil 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.8-62.3.10|AUTODETECT|” I John 3:8 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Why does Paul choose the phrase servants of righteousness to depict Satan s assistants? Earlier in his epistle, he wrote about the ministry of righteousness (3:9) and drew a contrast between condemnation and commendation. A person who is condemned before a tribunal faces death, but the one who is declared innocent has life. A righteous person filled with the Holy Spirit is in a right relationship with God and has been reconciled to God (5:18).��45�� But this is not at all true for the false apostles who are servants of Satan and practice deception. They appear as ministers of God and call themselves apostles of Christ (v. 13), but by doing so they appropriate titles that belong to the apostles. The time has come for the Corinthians to unmask these impostors and expel them from their midst.) The end of Satan s servants will match their actions.

Paul is eloquent in his brevity, for the word end points to the final judgment. He has no need to elaborate on this concept. He already told his readers that everyone will have to appear before the judgment seat of Christ to receive his or her just recompense (5:10).��46��) After Paul s forthright denunciation of the false apostles, the end of their stay should be in sight if the Corinthians take action. The intruders words and deeds have become a disgrace, so that the church is now compelled to banish them.) ) Practical Considerations in 11:12 15) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.27|AUTODETECT|” On the beach at Miletus, Paul told the Ephesian elders that he had not hesitated to proclaim to [them] the whole will of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.27|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Both to the Jews and the Greeks he had proclaimed God s revelation and urged them to repent and believe in Jesus Christ. The mark of an apostle is to be a witness of Jesus resurrection, to preach the entire account of God s truth, and to speak only the words of his Sender. That is, an apostle of Jesus Christ represents his Master and advances only the Lord s teachings, never his own. This person is worthy to bear the apostolic title that Christ conferred to him. He is like an ambassador who is the mouthpiece of his government.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.21|AUTODETECT|” Similarly, if the modern preacher fails to preach the teachings of God s revelation and substitutes his own views, he does not fulfill his calling. If he tells stories and presents a social or political discourse instead of preaching the Good News, he disobeys his Sender 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.21|AUTODETECT|” John 20:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ). The preacher has been appointed to preach the Word in season and out of season 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.2|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and not to omit anything.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Some scholars suggest that we add to the Bible some of the apocryphal books that circulated in the early Christian church, for example, the Gospel of Thomas.��47�� But Scripture itself forbids adding to or deleting anything from the Bible. Near the end of the Bible we find God s copyright, a warning for anyone who dares to tamper with his Word:) I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: If anyone adds anything to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book. And if anyone takes words away from this book of prophecy, God will take away from him his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.18-66.22.19|AUTODETECT|” ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.18-66.22.19|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 22:18 19) 1 17 2 8 0 0 ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 11:12 15) Verse 12 13) 5�� & 5�� the second particle depends on the preceding noun ������ (occasion) and explains the first one.) ������������� the term appears only here in all Greek literature. Perhaps the early church coined compound nouns with the prefix ����-, as in the combinations false brothers, false teachers, and false Christ.��48�� The expressions false prophets and false witness have origins in the Old Testament.) Verses 14 15) ������ ����� the noun ����� perhaps may be understood adjectivally: a shining angel. ��49��) �0 ��� this is not the combination even though; the words should be taken separately as if and also. ) ) 7. Foolish Talk) 11:16 21a) 16 I repeat: let no one take me for a fool. But if you must, then accept me as a fool, so that even I may boast a little. 17 What I say in this resolve [of mine] to boasting, I do not speak on the authority of the Lord but as in foolishness. 18 Because many boast in a worldly manner, I also will boast. 19 You will gladly put up with fools, since you are so wise! 20 For you put up with anyone who enslaves you, anyone who devours your goods, anyone who takes advantage of you, anyone who thinks he is better than you, or anyone who slaps you in the face. 21 To my shame, I confess that we were too weak for that.) ) Although Paul has shrewdly exposed his adversaries in the preceding paragraph, he has not yet come to an end. He wants to play the fool for a moment to demonstrate a decisive difference between him and his opponents. Note that these interlopers are mistreating and humiliating the Corinthians.

Such behavior could never be attributed to Paul but only to the real fools whose folly has become self-evident. The false apostles boast about themselves and bully the Corinthians, but Paul admits the he is too weak for such behavior.) 16. I repeat: let no one take me for a fool. But if you must, then accept me as a fool, so that even I may boast a little.) a. I repeat: let no one take me for a fool. By saying, I repeat, Paul refers to verse 1.

There he wrote about foolishness, here about being a fool. There he wished that the Corinthians would put up with his foolishness, while here he asks them to accept him in his role as a fool.��50��) In the first part of the chapter, Paul shifted attention away from his supposed foolishness. Before he could elaborate on that and fulfill his purpose, he had to warn the people of the false apostles who had come to seduce them. He told them that these so-called apostles were preaching a different Jesus and gospel and presenting a different spirit. He called them servants of Satan whose end would match their deeds.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.31|AUTODETECT|” Now he is ready to return to the words and thought of verse 1. He tells his readers that no one should regard him as a fool. But who uses this epithet against him? I suggest the possibility that the broad term someone alludes to the Judaizers who endeavored to undermine Paul s authority (see the commentary on 10:2).��51�� The wording of Paul s command is such that no one should think of him as a fool. The readers ought to understand that he is no fool in comparison with the false teachers, whose boasts are arrogant. The apostle cannot boast like these prating people, because he always rejoices in the Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.31|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 7 2 8 0 0 b. But if you must, then accept me as a fool. The conditional clause is abbreviated and implies reality; that is, some people indeed did consider him a fool. And now Paul urges them to accept him as such, an interpretation made clear by another translation: Receive me, even if it be only as a fool. ��52�� Paul is saying, Whatever you think of me, please accept me. The readers should receive him as an apostle of Jesus Christ, even though he ironically allows himself to be called a fool.) c. So that even I may boast a little.

In a preceding verse (10:8), Paul had spoken about boasting somewhat excessively about the authority that the Lord had given him. But now he intimates that after the Corinthians had listened to the boasting of the false teachers, they should give Paul equal time. Then they will discern that the bragging of these people cannot be compared to Paul s commission, life, and experiences. The current paragraph is a prelude to the catalog of sufferings he endured for the sake of Jesus Christ (vv. 21a 29).) The little boasting that Paul intends to do can be interpreted as either degree or time. In view of his aversion to saying anything about his own achievements, the temporal interpretation appears to be correct. Paul wants to imitate the Lord Jesus Christ who never boasted, but for the sake of influencing the Corinthians to better insight he momentarily adopts the character of a fool.) 17.

What I say in this resolve [of mine] to boasting, I do not speak on the authority of the Lord but as in foolishness.) a. Translation. The first clause presents a translation problem that originates in the Greek word hypostasis. This term appears twice in this epistle (9:4 and here) and three times in Hebrews (1:3; 3:14; 11:1). It is variously rendered as substantial nature, essence, situation, condition, reality, or confidence.��53�� Many translators choose the last interpretation and speak of Paul s self-confident boasting. But another perspective gives the matter its proper focus: the present setting refers to Paul s daring or his resolve to speak as a fool.��54�� In fact, Paul has been forced by the bragging of his adversaries to come to this resolve and place himself on their level.) b.

Explanation. This paragraph (vv. 16 21a) is an introduction to the next one, a list of Paul s sufferings (vv. 21b 29). The difference is that in the first section he presents form and in the following one content.) Paul invites the Corinthians to look at him as a fool and, thus, for a few moments to accept him as such. Truly, he is out of his apostolic role when he plays the fool, but he is willing to do so to get the attention of his readers. He expects that they are able to see the role he is playing and note that his acting is only for a moment. In other words, what Paul is saying ought not to be interpreted as coming from the Lord but rather out of the circumstances into which Paul has been cast.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.25|AUTODETECT|” The phrase the authority of the Lord has nothing to do with whether these words of Paul are or are not inspired. They certainly are, for Paul is filled with the Spirit. Elsewhere he writes, I have no command from the Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.25|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 7:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but this does not mean that his words lack divine authority. Momentarily he has adopted a role that is not his own, yet with it he seeks to advance the cause of Christ.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 18. Because many boast in a worldly manner, I also will boast.) This verse provides the clearest explanation of why Paul engages in boasting. He desires equality with his opponents. If they are able to boast foolishly, Paul wants to have the same privilege so that the Corinthians can observe the differences between them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.4|AUTODETECT|” The last time the apostle wrote the term in a worldly manner, he referred to his rivals who had accused him of conduct that typified an unbeliever (10:2, 3). In his epistles, this term often characterizes human behavior as a purely worldly activity and perspective. ��55�� It connotes sin committed by unregenerate people who live apart from God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.17|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.16|AUTODETECT|” 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.3|AUTODETECT|” [twice]; 10:2, 3; 11:18; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.3|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Does the church in Corinth expect Paul to stoop to a worldly level? He informs them that he indeed is going to do this. But if they should acquiesce to Paul s intention, they would be put to shame. And this is exactly what Paul has in mind. He wants them to see the negative influence of the intruders in their midst. His desire is to have the Corinthians comprehend that they can boast only in the Lord. Paul s boasting in a worldly manner, although classified as folly, is designed to show the Corinthians the error of their way.) 19. You will gladly put up with fools, since you are so wise!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.8|AUTODETECT|” Now and then Paul expresses himself in irony so pointed that no one is able to ignore it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.8|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), although the first part of the verse is a statement of fact. The church in Corinth welcomed anyone, especially those who were willing to preach and teach the people. The expression gladly is a true description of the warm welcome newcomers received in the Corinthian congregation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.3|AUTODETECT|” The members of the church were willing to overlook the character flaws, abusive behavior, and devious doctrine of the false apostles. They voluntarily traveled the second mile to accommodate them. When Paul writes that they gladly put up with fools, it is the fourth of five times he uses the verb to put up with in this chapter (vv. 1 [twice], 4, 19, 20). All the uses are in the context of tolerating foolishness in their midst. The term fools does not allude to Paul (v. 17) but to the intruders. They are the ones who by their words and actions demonstrate their separation from the source of wisdom and knowledge, Jesus Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 10 2 8 0 0 The last part of the text is laced with sarcasm: since you are so wise! With this pointed remark, Paul wants to shame the readers so that they realize they have been misled by so-called apostles. The incongruity is that human wisdom in reality is nothing but foolishness. In brief, the Corinthians have been duped.) Paul has a subtle play on words in the Greek text that cannot be matched in English. He calls fools aphronoi and the wise phronimoi, and with these words identifies two groups of people: the false teachers and the Corinthians respectively. His choice of words is deliberate, for he wants to show a close relationship between the two.

Relying on their own wisdom, the people in Corinth have made fools of themselves. They begin to perceive their folly when in the next verse Paul enumerates five steps of degradation.) 20. For you put up with anyone who enslaves you, anyone who devours your goods, anyone who takes advantage of you, anyone who thinks he is better than you, or anyone who slaps you in the face.) a. Structure. Paul lists five clauses that in the Greek are factual, conditional statements.��56�� Each of them describes what the interlopers are doing to the members of the Corinthian congregation. Further, the descriptions, which range from slavery, robbery, control, and pride to physical assault, show an increase in severity:) if anyone enslaves you,) if anyone devours your goods,) if anyone takes advantage of you,) if anyone thinks he is better than you,) if anyone slaps you in the face.) The repetition of the first two words in each clause adds emphasis and solemnity.

Paul s use of the singular, anyone, includes all those who were engaged in these reprehensible practices. The converse of these statements is true of Paul.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” b. Clauses. [If] anyone & enslaves you. The verb to enslave in the Greek has an intensive force that suggests being in bondage. The people in Corinth were enslaved to the impostors. Although the text provides no details, we surmise that the bondage refers to doctrine, conduct, and financial support. By contrast, Paul had come to Corinth not to be served but to serve the people in obedience to his Master 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.19|AUTODETECT|” ). He made himself a slave to everyone for the sake of the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.19|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.40|AUTODETECT|” [If] anyone & devours your goods. The Greek verb katesthein displays intensity and means to devour or consume utterly. The false teachers ate the Corinthians out of house and home,��57�� so to speak. Their conduct could be compared with that of the Pharisees, who devoured widows houses 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.40|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.20.47|AUTODETECT|” ); ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.20.47|AUTODETECT|” Luke 20:47) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). By contrast, Paul never became a financial burden to any member of a local church (e.g., see vv. 7, 9; 12:13 14).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.32|AUTODETECT|” [If] anyone & takes advantage of you. The Corinthians discovered that the intruders were controlling them and taking away their freedom. We are not told in what respect the Corinthians were losing their freedom. But the exact opposite is the teaching of Christ s gospel: The truth will set you free 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.32|AUTODETECT|” John 8:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.18|AUTODETECT|” [If] anyone & thinks he is better than you. Paul s adversaries had come to Corinth with letters of self-commendation. As soon as they had been accepted, they revealed their arrogance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.18|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Conversely, Paul always followed Christ s example of meekness and gentleness (10:1).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.21|AUTODETECT|” [If] anyone & slaps you in the face. Whether this clause must be interpreted literally or figuratively matters not. The point is that the behavior of these rude assailants was entirely out of place in the Corinthian church. In comparison, Paul always made known his love for and gentleness to the people 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.21|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ). Also, he teaches that an overseer in the church must not be violent but gentle 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.3|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 The Corinthians have put up with false teachers who have come to ruin them. For the people it is time to admit that they have been both wrong and wronged. Why they permitted the exploitation in their midst remains a mystery. But they must take action and rid themselves of the invaders on the one hand and of shame on the other.) 21a. To my shame, I confess that we were too weak for that.) The first thing that stands out in this short sentence is Paul s spiritual care for the Corinthians. He is a leader who is exceptionally sensitive to the pastoral needs of his people.��58�� He calls attention not to their shame, which he could have done, but to his own.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.3|AUTODETECT|” What is Paul s shame? He concedes, with some irony, that he has been conducting himself as a weakling.��59�� His opponents had marked him as such 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and, compared with them, he had been weak in courage and force. The contrast between him and his foes is stark; while he has been gentle, they have been forceful. What they have been saying about him is true: he has been a weakling.��60��) 1 3 2 8 0 0 With this comparison, the readers are able to see the difference between the apostle Paul and the false apostles. They will have to decide whether to continue with their spiritual mentor or with the impostors. Paul s statement is designed to expose the divergences of true and assumed apostolicity. The point is that the people in Corinth must fully understand the grievous error of their disloyalty to Paul.) ) Practical Considerations in 11:20) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.23-40.24.24|AUTODETECT|” Jesus says that in the last days false Christs and false prophets will appear. Someone will say, Look, here is the Christ! or There he is! But the Lord tells us not to believe those voices 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.23-40.24.24|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:23 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.1-61.2.3|AUTODETECT|” In the middle of the first century, false teachers had already entered the church to lead the Christians astray. In their respective letters, Peter and Jude write that false prophets had slipped into the church to introduce destructive heresies 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.1-61.2.3|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 2:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Jude 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ). And toward the end of that century, John says that these people were antichrists who left the church because they did not belong there 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.19|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 69 2 8 0 0 Today the Christian community faces similar problems. Religious charlatans are able to gain a following of gullible men and women. These charlatans enslave people with their teaching and steal from them to live luxuriously. It is sad indeed that some Christians quickly turn away from the doctrines of the Scriptures to follow someone whose words and deeds are in conflict with those teachings. These followers are being enslaved, robbed, and cheated. Their stance has blinded them to reality and the truth.

They ardently defend their acknowledged leader whom they consider their messiah. And they will continue to do so unless the law of the land intervenes, death terminates their perilous plight, or the error of their way becomes obvious to them and they repent.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 11:16 21a) Verses 16 17) �� the contraction of ��v �� introduces the protasis of a conditional sentence that expresses probability. The apodosis consists of an aorist imperative ������� �� (accept me).) Q�������� preceded by a demonstrative pronoun and definite article (����� ��), the noun requires the qualification my resolve.) Verse 20) The verbs in the five successive clauses are unique: two are compounds and have an intensive meaning (���������� = he enslaves; ��������� = he devours), one is idiomatic (�������� = he does him in), one is middle (�������� = he puts on airs), and the last one (����� = he hits) can be interpreted literally or figuratively.) These clauses are introduced by the recurring phrase �4 ���, which indicates conditionality of fact.) Verse 21a) ���p ������ this phrase, with respect to shame, can apply to the intruders, the Corinthians, or Paul. The last choice is preferred because of the context: the first person singular of the verb ����.) a� E�� these words are translated either as though or that. Translators prefer the latter.) The first person plural pronoun !���� is used in an emphatic contrast to Paul s opponents. Also, notice the perfect tense of ���������� (we have been weak) that indicates action in the past with lasting significance for the present.) ) 8.

List of Sufferings) 11:21b 29) But in whatever matter anyone dares [to boast] I am speaking foolishly I also dare [to boast]. 22 Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they Abraham s descendants? So am I. 23 Are they servants of Christ? (I talk like someone who is irrational.) I can surpass them: In toils much more diligently, in prisons more frequently, in beatings more severely, often facing death. 24 Five times I received from the Jews the forty lashes minus one. 25 Three times I was beaten with rods, once I was stoned, three times I suffered shipwreck, I spent a night and a day adrift at sea. 26 I have been on many journeys, in danger from rivers, in danger from robbers, in danger from my own countrymen, in danger from Gentiles, in danger in the city, in danger in the country, in danger at sea, in danger from false brothers, 27 in toil and hardship, often without sleep, in hunger and thirst, often without food, in cold and nakedness.) 28 Besides these external things, there is the daily pressure on me: my concern for all the churches. 29 Who is weak, and I am not weak?

Who is caused to stumble into sin, and I am not burning?) ) After a prelude (vv. 16 21a), Paul is ready to present a r�sum� of experiences that he extols against his will. In fact, he has made a fool out of himself by boasting, because boasting about oneself is a violation of the biblical principle to boast only in the Lord. Even though he is speaking foolishly, his intent is to picture the painful consequences of being an apostle of Christ. And with respect to this r�sum�, none of his adversaries is able to match the list.) a. Division. Paul writes a section that can be called the discourse of a fool.

It is a catalog of his status and work for the Lord. The section 11:21b 12:10 can be divided into three parts, all of which are introduced with the concept boast. They are verse 21b, I also dare to boast ; verse 30, If I must continue to boast ; and 12:1, I must continue to boast. Paul concludes his discourse by saying, I have been a fool, but you forced me to it (12:11).) b. Pattern. The catalog of circumstances, experiences, and sufferings that Paul now records he presents in segments consisting of short sentences.

There are five sets of statements, of which one highlights a parenthetical remark, two a concluding remark, and one an introduction. These five sets are followed by statements on Paul s concern for the churches, personal weakness, and sin.��61��) The first set of statements has four questions with short answers and a parenthetical aside; they describe physical descent and spiritual commission. The next one features three statements on suffering, listed in an increasing order of severity, and followed by a conclusion. The third set continues with a series of four statements on suffering, succeeded by a concluding remark. The fourth is a sequence of eight descriptions of danger introduced by a comment on travel. The last set has five lines, of which three highlight double experiences and two single ordeals.) c.

Repetition. There is some similarity and overlap with a previous list of hardships (see 6:4 10). Indeed, some of the same experiences are featured twice (e.g., beatings, imprisonment, hard work, sleeplessness, hunger [6:5]).) vv. 22 23a) Are they Hebrews? So am I.) Are they Israelites? So am I.) Are they Abraham s descendants? So am I.) Are they servants of Christ?) (I talk like someone who is irrational.)) I can surpass them.) v. 23b) In toils much more diligently,) in prisons more frequently,) in beatings more severely,) often facing death.) vv. 24 25) Five times I received from the Jews) the forty lashes minus one.) Three times I was beaten with rods,) once I was stoned,) three times I suffered shipwreck,) I spent a night and a day adrift at sea.) v. 26) I have been on many journeys,) in danger from rivers,) in danger from robbers,) in danger from my own countrymen,) in danger from Gentiles,) in danger in the city,) in danger in the country,) in danger at sea,) in danger from false brothers.) v. 27) In toil and hardship,) often without sleep,) in hunger and thirst,) often without food,) in cold and nakedness.) vv. 28 29) Besides these external things, there is the) daily pressure on me:) my concern for all the churches.) Who is weak, and I am not weak?) Who is caused to stumble into sin,) and I am not burning with anger?) 21b.

But in whatever matter anyone dares [to boast] I am speaking foolishly I also dare [to boast].) First, Paul turns his attention from the Corinthians to his opponents. By writing the word anyone, he has in mind his adversaries, whom he had singled out earlier with this term (see 10:7, 11; 11:16, 20). They are the Judaizers who have commended themselves, boasted of their self-confidence, labeled Paul a fool, and mistreated the people in Corinth.) Next, the main verb to dare needs a complementary infinitive in English (but not in Greek). The general context forces the translator to supply the verb to boast, which I have placed in brackets. Paul dares to meet his enemies on their level and boast accordingly .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Third, when Paul, speaking foolishly, presents factual information (vv. 22 29), he towers above the false apostles. And by placing these people under him, he implies that he remains the spiritual father of the Corinthians 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.15|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 22. Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they Abraham s descendants? So am I. 23a. Are they servants of Christ? (I talk like some one who is irrational.) I can surpass them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.14.13|AUTODETECT|” a. Are they Hebrews? So am I. Abram is called the Hebrew, a well-known appellation first recorded in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.14.13|AUTODETECT|” Genesis 14:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The Egyptians referred to the offspring of Jacob as Hebrews.��62�� In later times, the term Hebrews was deliberately used as an honored name from the past to replace the unacceptable word Jew.��63��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Paul called himself a Hebrew of Hebrews 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.40|AUTODETECT|” ) and implied that both his father and his mother shared that descent. His native tongue was Aramaic, for in Jerusalem he addressed the Jewish people in that language 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.40|AUTODETECT|” Acts 21:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.14|AUTODETECT|” ). Even Jesus spoke to Paul in Aramaic 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.1|AUTODETECT|” ). And in the early Christian church, Aramaic-speaking widows were distinguished from those who spoke Greek 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). On the basis of Scripture passages, we conclude that the term Hebrew relates to many areas: history, culture, nation, and language.��64��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The opponents of Paul could claim to be Hebrews in every sense of the word. The question remains whether they came directly from Jerusalem or from somewhere in the dispersion (e.g., Paul hailed from Tarsus), although they seem to have come from the land of Israel itself. These people could boast about their unblemished descent, but so could Paul. He was born of Hebrew parents in dispersion, but in his early youth he came to Jerusalem, where he received his education.��65��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.32.28|AUTODETECT|” b. Are they Israelites? So am I. The next question mentions the word Israelite, which means a descendant of Jacob. This patriarch wrestled with the angel, overpowered him, and received the name Israel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.32.28|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 32:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ). His offspring, including the Samaritans, called him their father 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.12|AUTODETECT|” John 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.5-40.10.6|AUTODETECT|” ). Yet not the Samaritans but the Jews were called Israelites. And Jesus instructed his disciples not to enter a town of the Samaritans, but to go to the lost sheep of Israel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.5-40.10.6|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:5 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The expression Israel relates first to God s covenant people, who throughout the Old Testament are known as the children of Israel. Next, it refers to the land that God had promised to the patriarchs and their descendants. But the people of Israel were not bound to the land, for since the exile they have been scattered throughout the nations.��66��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.4|AUTODETECT|” Paul says that the people of Israel are recipients of the divine glory, the covenants, the law, the temple worship, and the promises 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.6|AUTODETECT|” ). Although they have this status, Paul adds that not all who are descended from Israel are Israel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.1|AUTODETECT|” ). Only the faithful are considered to be sons and daughters of Israel; they are the true Israelites who will be saved 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.26|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.26|AUTODETECT|” 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The adversaries gloried in the name Israelite, but so did Paul in a spiritual sense.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.25.1-1.25.6|AUTODETECT|” c. Are they Abraham s descendants? So am I. The third identification is even broader than the two preceding ones, Hebrews and Israelites. Among the descendants are Isaac, Ishmael, and the sons of Keturah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.25.1-1.25.6|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 25:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.25.12-1.25.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.25.12-1.25.18|AUTODETECT|” 12 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.13|AUTODETECT|” The literal expression seed of Abraham is common in Paul s epistles. In addition to this verse, it appears in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Romans 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.7|AUTODETECT|” 9:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.1|AUTODETECT|” 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.29|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.29|AUTODETECT|” Galatians 3:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.33-43.8.39|AUTODETECT|” . Although Paul s foes used this term 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.33-43.8.39|AUTODETECT|” John 8:33 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the apostle relates the expression to Christ and all the believers in the New Testament community.��67�� Paul, too, could claim to be a descendant of Abraham, but in a deeper sense than the intruders avowed.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.15-44.9.16|AUTODETECT|” d. Are they servants of Christ? This question is not on the same level as the three that precede it. Those pertained to birth and descent, this one to a divine calling. Paul does not scold the false teachers for using the title Christ s servants. He compares their claim to his own experiences as an apostle whom Jesus called as his chosen instrument to suffer much for his name 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.15-44.9.16|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:15 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Throughout this letter, Paul uses the word servant four times: servants of a new covenant (3:6), servants of God (6:4), servants of righteousness (11:15), and servants of Christ (11:23). The first two references apply to himself, but the context of the last two demands that we apply it to the false apostles.��68�� The flow of the present passage prohibits an interpreter from relating the phrase to the twelve apostles in Jerusalem. Although the meaning of servant is equivalent to apostle, the implication is that the interlopers had presented themselves as apostles to the people in Corinth. This is evident from Paul s earlier comments (vv. 13 15). We understand, therefore, that the expression servants of Christ is a self-designation of the opponents, which Paul now quotes for the sake of comparison.��69��) e. (I talk like someone who is irrational.) I can surpass them. Paul s choice of words is striking, for he writes a word that occurs only once in the New Testament.

It is stronger than his remark about speaking in foolishness (vv. 17, 21b). This is no longer a matter of uttering foolishness but of deliberately going counter to one s better judgment.��70��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.4|AUTODETECT|” The apostle interrupts himself with the comment that he talks irrationally. That is, Paul knows better and yet he is going to boast about his own accomplishments. Instead of saying So am I, he says that he can surpass all the false apostles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��71�� Now he has to prove his point and enumerate his feats performed in service to Christ. But as his servant he must render all the praise and honor to his Sender and should never boast about himself. Paul intentionally goes against his own principle. He does so to prove that the apostolic office is the highest rank in the churches and that only those who have been appointed by Christ are true apostles.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 23b. In toils much more diligently, in prisons more frequently, in beatings more severely, often facing death.) a. In toils much more diligently. This verse begins the second set of clauses that describe Paul s predicaments. The first clause and those that follow must be interpreted in the light of the preceding remark, As an apostle of Christ I surpass all the false apostles. Paul has been more diligent than anyone else, so that he could well express himself with a superlative: I am most industrious. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.20-44.20.21|AUTODETECT|” In his address to the Ephesian elders at Miletus, Paul declares that he had taught them publicly and from house to house. He preached to both Jews and Greeks and called them to repentance and faith in Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.20-44.20.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:20 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.8-44.19.9|AUTODETECT|” ). Also, he began teaching students in the local synagogue at Ephesus. After his expulsion from that building, he daily lectured in the hall of Tyrannus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.8-44.19.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:8 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.3-50.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ). Then, night and day he constantly remembered in prayer the needs of the churches that he had founded 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.3-50.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:3 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.2-52.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.2-52.1.3|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:2 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.10|AUTODETECT|” ). And, he wrote a number of letters to these churches and to individuals. In spiritual matters, Paul labored harder than anyone else 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.34|AUTODETECT|” ). This tentmaker and leatherworker even worked diligently with his own hands to meet his personal needs and those of his companions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.34|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.8|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In short, Paul toiled physically and spiritually from early morning until late at night.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.23-44.16.30|AUTODETECT|” b. In prisons more frequently. In the Greek, the adverb perissoterMs (much more) is comparative but here borders on the superlative. It occurs in the first three phrases of this verse and must be translated in harmony with the nouns that precede it. The first clause is superlative, while the second one is comparative. Luke relates only one imprisonment of Paul at this stage of his ministry, namely, the jailing of Paul and Silas at Philippi 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.23-44.16.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:23 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 We have no further information concerning Paul s experiences, for in Acts Luke does not present biographies but a history of the church. We surmise that in the so-called silent years after his conversion and during his three missionary journeys, Paul had frequently been imprisoned. Clement of Rome mentions that the apostle had been handcuffed seven times.��72�� Additional incarcerations recorded by Luke occurred after this letter was composed.) c. In beatings more severely. Again, we lack information about how severe and how frequent these trouncings were (6:5). They may include the blows he received from hostile Jews and Gentiles. However, we are able to point to the increasing severity, which each phrase in this text reveals: toils, incarcerations, beatings.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.19|AUTODETECT|” d. Often facing death. In Lystra Paul faced death when the Jews from Pisidian Antioch and Iconium stoned him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.19|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The frequent lashings in Jewish synagogues and beatings in Roman custody brought Paul near the edge (see the commentary on 1:8 10). Illnesses could affect Paul s health to a perilous degree. Other life-threatening events, such as a storm at sea, might be factors to consider. Proceeding from the second segment in the series to the third, the apostle lists a number of mortal perils in the next few verses.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 24. Five times I received from the Jews the forty lashes minus one. 25. Three times I was beaten with rods, once I was stoned, three times I suffered ship wreck, I spent a night and a day adrift at sea.) The total number of beatings Paul received was eight: five from the Jews and three from the Romans. He also lived to tell of the experience of being stoned by the Jews. During Paul s so-called silent years and those of his three missionary journeys, he possessed phenomenal physical stamina. His endurance can only be attributed to God s grace.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.25.2-5.25.3|AUTODETECT|” a. Five times I received from the Jews the forty lashes minus one. The scourgings that Paul endured in local synagogues were administered according to the law of Moses 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.25.2-5.25.3|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 25:2 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.45|AUTODETECT|” ). They resulted from his preaching the gospel of Christ to Jewish people who turned against him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.45|AUTODETECT|” Acts 13:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.21|AUTODETECT|” ). The Jews accused Paul of not observing the law and of teaching Jews in the dispersion to set aside the Mosaic law. For instance, they said that Paul told these Jews not to circumcise their sons and not to observe their customs 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 21:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul made table fellowship with Gentiles a matter of principle and told fellow Jews to do likewise 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:11 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Thus, he broke ranks with those Jews who observed strict dietary rules and who consequently reported his conduct to synagogue officials, who ordered him to be flogged.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.17|AUTODETECT|” That no mistake in counting should be made, the thirty-nine lashes were counted out aloud. The number thirty-nine was determined by a division into three parts: thirteen lashes were laid upon the chest and twenty-six on the back of the guilty person.��73�� In the presence of a judge, the prone victim was beaten with a whip made of calfskin. Jesus told his disciples to watch out for men who would deliver them to local councils to be flogged in synagogues 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.9|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.4|AUTODETECT|” ). And before his conversion Paul himself beat men and women who believed in Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.11|AUTODETECT|” 26:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.22-44.16.23|AUTODETECT|” b. Three times I was beaten with rods. We know only of the beating Paul and Silas received in Philippi 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.22-44.16.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:22 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.24-44.22.29|AUTODETECT|” ). Roman citizens were generally protected by law from being scourged 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.24-44.22.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:24 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ); Cicero writes, To bind a Roman citizen is a crime, to flog him is an abomination, to slay him is almost an act of murder; to crucify him is what? There is no fitting word that can possibly describe so horrible a deed. ��74�� Paul could have relinquished the right to protection because of his Roman citizenship. Although he probably sought to advance the cause of the fledgling church in Philippi, his remark that he had been insulted there refers to serious injustice and injury 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He would not have waived his right to protection three times. We know from other sources that the Porcian law to safeguard Roman citizens from corporal punishment was not always observed.��75�� Hence, we conclude that in spite of Paul s citizenship he was beaten three times.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.14|AUTODETECT|” c. Once I was stoned. The Mosaic law prescribed stoning to punish someone who had blasphemed, served other gods, or committed adultery 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.17.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.17.5|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 17:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.22.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.22.24|AUTODETECT|” 22:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.2-43.8.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.2-43.8.11|AUTODETECT|” John 8:2 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.17.6-5.17.7|AUTODETECT|” ). The law stipulated due process by having two or three witnesses, who then were asked to throw the first stones 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.17.6-5.17.7|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 17:6 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.24.21|AUTODETECT|” ). However, due process was not followed when God s servants were stoned: Zechariah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.24.21|AUTODETECT|” II Chron. 24:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.58-44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” ), Stephen 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.58-44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:58 60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.19|AUTODETECT|” ), and Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.19|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Stephen was killed on the charge of blasphemy, but his trial was a mob action rather than a legal procedure. Except in the case of Paul, stoning was fatal.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.39-44.27.44|AUTODETECT|” d. Three times I suffered shipwreck. The only instance of a shipwreck Luke has recorded is the one at Malta 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.39-44.27.44|AUTODETECT|” Acts 27:39 44) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But that occurred after Paul wrote this verse. Throughout his ministry, the apostle traveled frequently and extensively by ship.��76�� Thus, he was no stranger to the sea and its perils. ��77�� During some of these numerous voyages, he could have experienced shipwreck. Survival was deemed miraculous, because if shipwrecked sailors and passengers made it to shore, they were often killed or taken captive by the local population.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.31|AUTODETECT|” e. I spent a night and a day adrift at sea. The Jews divided a twenty-four-hour period into night and day 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.31|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). At six in the evening, the new day began and lasted until the next evening at six. This verse probably refers to one of Paul s previous experiences, rather than an additional occurrence. Clinging to debris, constantly being doused by high waves on the open sea, and being deprived of food and fresh water would test anyone s mettle. Paul s memory of that experience was indelible.��78�� In fact, he writes the Greek perfect tense that describes this harrowing ordeal.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 26. I have been on many journeys, in danger from rivers, in danger from robbers, in danger from my own countrymen, in danger from Gentiles, in danger in the city, in danger in the country, in danger at sea, in danger from false brothers.) This is the fourth set of short phrases, introduced by a statement on travel that is followed by eight sources of danger. Paul moves from the perils of the sea to those on the land.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18-44.18.23|AUTODETECT|” a. I have been on many journeys. Apart from the many voyages Paul took, the distances he traveled on foot were often extraordinarily long. If a day s journey is twenty miles (thirty-two kilometers) a day (depending on road conditions and weather), then we begin to understand the extent and duration of some of Paul s travels. For example, Paul walked from Jerusalem to Ephesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18-44.18.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:18 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.1|AUTODETECT|” 19:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), which is a distance of about a thousand miles (sixteen hundred kilometers).��79�� With customary stops for Sabbath rest and visits to churches along the way, Paul would have needed at least three months to complete the journey. He traveled from Philippi to Jerusalem both on foot and by ship within a seven-week period, from Easter to Pentecost, according to Luke s day-to-day travelogue in the Book of Acts.��80��) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Paul spent the night in inns or homes of Christian friends, or pitched his tent in open fields. Road markers and maps assisted him in choosing the routes he had to take. However, the dangers that he faced were real and could be from both natural causes and people he encountered en route.��81��) b. In danger from rivers, in danger from robbers. On his travels, Paul had to cross rivers which, in the spring of the year, overflowed their banks. The dangers of these swollen streams were not to be taken lightly.

Moreover, even though the Romans kept their main roads safe, robbers could easily attack travelers and relieve them of their possessions. Bandits had their hideouts at the Cilician Gates, a mountain pass to the north of Tarsus, that provided access from the southern coast to the plateau of central Asia Minor.) c. In danger from my own countrymen, in danger from Gentiles. These two clauses show contrast, as do the next three. Windisch suggests that because of an oversight in copying, the words in danger from false brothers have been misplaced at the end of the verse. He wants to put them here to form a sequence of three classes of people: countrymen, Gentiles, and false brothers.

But supportive textual evidence is lacking and, therefore, his rearrangement is unacceptable.��82�� Paul may not have thought of balancing every clause in this verse, as is clear from the preceding line: rivers and robbers have nothing in common.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.6|AUTODETECT|” Acts describes many incidents in which Paul was confronted by angry Jews and hostile Gentiles. Because of these people, he endured lashings and beatings. From them he tried to escape and frustrate their plots 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.6|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.10|AUTODETECT|” 17:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.13-44.17.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.13-44.17.14|AUTODETECT|” 13 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.3|AUTODETECT|” 20:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 d. In danger in the city, in danger in the country, in danger at sea. These three phrases cover the whole surface of the earth. ��83�� In the numerous cities Paul visited, he faced the dangers of being humiliated, dragged into court, beaten, and imprisoned. We have no information about the dangers he experienced in the country. He had already noted three shipwrecks and the time spent on the open sea.) e. In danger from false brothers.

The last entry is of special concern to the Corinthians, for they themselves know the devastation that the people posing as brothers have caused. Here Paul s work is at stake, which differs from attacks on his life or possessions. It is no wonder that Paul climaxes the list of eight dangers with that of the false brothers.��84��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.4|AUTODETECT|” The Greek word pseudadelphoi (false brothers) occurs only twice in the New Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.4|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6-48.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ). The false brothers are Jewish Christians who have come to the churches Paul has founded and have proclaimed a different gospel, which is not the gospel of Jesus Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6-48.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:6 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). They exploited the Corinthians and even slapped them in the face (v. 20). If the people in Corinth were in physical danger from these intruders, did Paul also suffer bodily violence at their hands? We cannot be sure, but he clearly regarded them as dangerous. Even in the church he had founded and where he expected to find security, danger lurked.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 27. In toil and hardship, often without sleep, in hunger and thirst, often without food, in cold and nakedness.) In five short clauses Paul depicts his physical condition, which, in contrast to that of the false apostles, is discomfort and poverty. However he is enumerating facts without a trace of complaint, for he is the one who wrote:) I know what it is to be in need, and) I know what it is to have plenty.) I have learned the secret of being content) in any and every situation,) whether well fed or hungry,) whether living in plenty or in want.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Philippians 4:12) 1 1 2 8 0 0 This is the fifth set of statements in Paul s catalog of incidents and sufferings. He composed five clauses, of which three highlight double experiences and two list a single affliction; the second line harmonizes with the first and the fourth with the third.��85�� And the last line forms a concluding statement that features his physical appearance.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” a. In toil and hardship, often without sleep. Apparently Paul is using an idiom, because the combination toil and hardship occurs elsewhere 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.8|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Earlier he noted that he worked much harder than any other apostle (v. 23). Now he adds that he often lacked sleep, the restorative power that energizes the body. Sleep deprivation can occur because of nocturnal labors, worry, or vigils.��86�� Not only the context but also other texts in this epistle suggest that Paul s anxiety for the churches kept him awake at night (v. 28; 2:13; 7:5). The church at Corinth remained a constant worry for him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.11|AUTODETECT|” b. In hunger and thirst, often without food. This is not the first time that Paul informs the Corinthians about going hungry and thirsty 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.5|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.31|AUTODETECT|” ). He endures these deprivations for the sake of Christ, not in the sense of voluntary fasting but because of poverty. Yet he knows that he does not have to worry, because God will meet all his needs 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.19|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.13|AUTODETECT|” c. In cold and nakedness. Near the end of Paul s life, he instructs Timothy to fetch the cloak that he had left behind at the home of Carpus in Troas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.13|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ). His cloak served to ward off the cold at night and to keep him warm in winter or in mountainous areas. Paul writes that he walks around in rags 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.35|AUTODETECT|” ; see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.35|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) that subjected him to exposure. Nakedness should be understood as insufficient clothing that caused him to suffer from the cold. Notice that he ends the list with a reference to his physical condition and outward appearance. The comparison between him and the false apostles who lived in ease and luxury is telling.) 1 11 2 8 0 0 ) Practical Considerations in 11:23 27) Today s travelers usually can count on comfort, speed, and security. Travel by air or road occurs with relative ease, and great distances are covered in a brief time. Competition in the travel industry improves conveniences and makes passengers content. They in turn will recommend the services received.) The differences between our travels and those of Paul are incomparable. We travel throughout the world in comparative safety, while the apostle had to endure untold hardship and face countless dangers. Traveling in a northwesterly direction, Paul always went not by sea but on land because of the adverse westerly winds.

He sailed west only once, as prisoner from Caesarea to Rome. But traveling from Greece to Palestine, Paul took a ship to save considerable time and energy.) If there was one person who could have uttered a word of complaint about his travel experiences, it would have been Paul. But in all his letters and in Luke s account in Acts, he never expressed one dissonant comment about his life. Paul spent his life in the service of his Sender in total obedience and utter confidence that God would protect him from harm and supply him in all his needs. His catalog of hardships is one of the most moving paragraphs in all his epistles. After reading and rereading it, we are emotionally struck and kept from uttering even a single syllable of complaint about our own service to the Lord.) ) ) 28.

Besides these external things, there is the daily pressure on me: my concern for all the churches.) This verse and the next form the conclusion to the list of Paul s experiences and hardships. He is no longer discussing the trials that affected him physically; he now mentions the responsibility of caring for all the churches. As an apostle, he was not in charge of one particular congregation but had the oversight over the entire church of Jesus Christ.) Paul has completed his catalog of sufferings, which in itself is a record of human endurance. Now he wants to tell the Corinthians that he carries a burden for them and the sister churches. And this burden is more important to him than all the hardships he has had to bear.) a. Translation.

The first clause in this verse can mean either besides everything else (the things that have been left out) or besides these external things. The Greek adverb parektos places before the translator the choice of other things (NKJV) or external things (NEB, NJB, NAB).��87�� There are sound arguments for either position, but Paul makes a distinction between the condition of his body and the pressure on his mind. The preceding verse (v. 27) describes his physical condition. This passage reveals Paul s mental burden. On the basis of context, I favor the translation external things.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.30|AUTODETECT|” b. Care. The daily care for the churches weighed heavily on Paul s mind. Christians would come to him from numerous places to seek his counsel. (When Paul was imprisoned both in Caesarea and in Rome, he counseled Christians who sought his advice on matters related to doctrine and practice.) In Rome, he welcomed all who came to see him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ). We can well imagine the demands on his time and energy, especially when his visitors brought to his attention problem cases that needed to be resolved. Paul s involvement increased proportionately with the development of the church. His apostolic office gave him the responsibility over all the churches, as is evident from his correspondence 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.17|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.17|AUTODETECT|” 7:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.33|AUTODETECT|” 14:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.18|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He was a father to all his spiritual children.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 No one of the false apostles could claim to care for all the churches. No one could claim to care for them with prayers, letters, visits, and words of encouragement. No one could claim to love the Corinthians from the depth of his heart (2:4; 11:11; 12:15). Paul writes that he daily carried the burden of caring for all the churches. Not the intruders but Paul proved to be the caring apostle.) 29. Who is weak, and I am not weak?

Who is caused to stumble into sin, and I am not burning?) Just before Paul begins his discussion on his accomplishments, he writes the word weak: We were too weak for that (v. 21a). In the concluding verse of his discussion he asks, Who is weak? He speaks not to or about his adversaries; rather he pastorally addresses the Corinthians.��88��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.0|AUTODETECT|” a. Who is weak, and I am not weak? We can understand that the members of the Corinthian church looked up to Paul because of his apostolic status. But Paul places himself at their level and informs them that if there are any who are weak, he shares their frailty. If he were referring to physical weakness he would be uttering a falsehood, especially in view of the sufferings he endured. Instead, he has in mind spiritual weakness. The people regard him as a hero of faith who could well occupy an honorable place in the gallery of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.0|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.4|AUTODETECT|” . As their pastor, Paul reveals to them that he struggles with the same weaknesses they encounter. The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews describes the task of the high priest and says, He is able to deal gently with those who are ignorant and are going astray, since he himself is subject to weakness (5:2). A pastor may never despise the spiritual weaknesses of his people. Instead he must be filled with compassion and accommodate himself to their needs.��89�� As the Suffering Servant took up our infirmities and carried our sorrows 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.4|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), so Paul serves the church of Jesus Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.11-46.8.13|AUTODETECT|” b. Who is caused to stumble into sin, and I am not burning? The second question is also pastorally oriented. Paul uses the same Greek expression (skandalizein, to cause to stumble) that he used in his discussion of causing a weaker brother to fall into sin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.11-46.8.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 8:11 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��90�� Paul does not specify the agent who causes one of the weaker members to fall into sin. The emphasis is on his pastoral task of standing next to someone who has been trapped in sin and of supplying help and spiritual encouragement.) 1 24 2 8 0 0 The last clause has various translations, for burning can allude to agony (NJB), concern (NASB), distress (Cassirer), and indignation (NKJV, NRSV). There is no guideline to determine the precise feeling Paul wished to convey. But we assume that it included sympathy for the sinner, distress over sin, anger toward the person who caused the sin, and a desire to seek both remission and restoration.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 11:23 27) Verse 23) Q�r� �� the preposition serves as an adverb in this short clause: I am more. ) Q������������ this adverb differs from the comparative adverb ������������ (more) because it expresses the superlative idea, to a much greater degree. ��91��) �������� in the plural, the noun denotes not death but possible modes of dying.) Verse 25) Three of the four verbs in this verse are aorist and convey the single action of each event. But the last one, ��������, is in the perfect to indicate Paul s vivid recollection of the experience.��92��) Verses 26 27) The noun ��������� (dangers) followed by prepositions and nouns must be interpreted to mean dangers arising from. ) The plural of ��������� (wakings) and ��������� (fastings) stresses that these occurrences were involuntary.) ) 9. Escape to Safety) 11:30 33) 30 If I must continue to boast, I will boast of the things that show my weakness. 31 The One who is praised forever, the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, knows that I do not lie. 32 In Damascus, the governor under King Aretas guarded the city of the Damascenes to arrest me. 33 But through a window in the wall I was let down in a basket, and so I escaped from his hands.) ) The second segment of the so-called discourse of a fool (see the introduction to v. 21b) begins with verse 30, where Paul takes up the matter of boasting. At first glance, the verses that follow seem to show a lack of coherence.

First, there is a statement on boasting (v. 30); then a doxology and an affirmation that Paul is speaking the truth (v. 31); and last, a brief account of his escape from Damascus (vv. 32 33).) But the difficulties can be explained if we understand Paul to write a postscript to his list of trials. He wants to stress a weakness. He does this by writing an introductory sentence (v. 30) to this postscript that features a unique episode; the next verse (v. 31) refers to the truthfulness of this unique experience in Damascus (vv. 32 33). Allan Menzies observes that this incident could not have been put into the enumeration of ver[ses] 23, 24, the rhythm of which is complete without it. ��93��) In short, this segment looks forward and brings to light one of the earliest incidents in Paul s apostolic ministry that reflects his weakness. Indeed, the purpose of this segment is to illustrate a weakness of Paul that was evident already in Damascus.) 30. If I must continue to boast, I will boast of the things that show my weakness.) After listing a series of sufferings that followed one another in rapid succession, Paul pauses momentarily and then recalls an incident that did not fit the category of afflictions.

He records an incident of weakness. With this segment he introduces a reference to boasting by writing a factual statement in the form of a conditional sentence. Even though he detests bragging about himself and his ordeals, necessity compels him to do so but in his own way. In the first segment he boasted about the beatings he received, in the second about his defeat and shameful retreat.) Notice that Paul is going to boast about things that exhibit his weakness. The future tense points not to the catalog of misfortunes he has enumerated in the first segment,��94�� but to the incident he plans to depict in succeeding verses. Undoubtedly there were many incidents of weakness in Paul s life, but the one concerning Damascus is sufficient.) Who would be so foolish as to mention a setback that damages one s reputation?

People note their accomplishments but overlook their faults. Not so with Paul, who honestly and purposefully displays his deficiencies so that in his weakness God s power is made perfect (12:9).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.28-44.9.30|AUTODETECT|” Paul did not begin his apostolic career in Damascus as an eminent preacher under whose leadership the local church flourished. On the contrary, he was a firebrand who was wanted by the authorities, who escaped under cover of darkness, and who proved to be a failure. From Damascus he traveled to Jerusalem, where within two weeks his life was again in danger. Christian brothers took him to Caesarea and sent him home to Tarsus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.28-44.9.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:28 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Paul was unable to lead, and his weakness was evident.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 31. The One who is praised forever, the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, knows that I do not lie.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.25|AUTODETECT|” The first clause is a typical Jewish saying that even in Paul s writings occurs more than once 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.68|AUTODETECT|” ; compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.68|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:68) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This benediction usually appears at the conclusion of a discourse, often in these words: The Holy One, blessed be he. ��95��) 1 4 2 8 0 0 The second part of this verse is an invocation of God the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ. These are solemn words, for Paul calls God himself as a witness to verify that what he is going to write is true. He appeals to God whom he describes as the Father of Jesus Christ. Through Christ he also may call God his Father, and with this expanded Jewish saying he appeals to Christians of both Jewish and Gentile origin.) The invocation concerns the truth of the words that relate the apostle s escape from Damascus. Whether Paul s adversaries were acquainted with this episode cannot be verified. If they knew and slandered Paul, the reason for these words becomes clear.

In the presence of God, before whom nothing is hidden, Paul avers that he speaks the truth.) Why would anyone doubt the truth of Paul s account? The boasting of his weakness is so ridiculous that his opponents may be inclined to think that he is speaking foolishly. No one boasts about failures.) 32. In Damascus, the governor under King Aretas guarded the city of the Damascenes to arrest me. 33. But through a window in the wall I was let down in a basket, and so I escaped from his hands.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.23-44.9.25|AUTODETECT|” In his record of Paul s escape from Damascus, Luke furnishes a number of details not found here. He notes a plot of the Jews to kill Paul. With others these Jews were watching the city gates day and night, but Paul s followers aided him in his escape under cover of darkness. They lowered him in a basket through an opening in the city wall 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.23-44.9.25|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:23 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The two accounts of Luke and Paul complement each other and fill in the broad picture. According to Luke, Paul confounded the Jews in Damascus by proving from the Scriptures that Jesus is the Christ. The breaking point came when they decided to kill the apostle, but they were unable to do so without the help of the authorities. They appealed to the governor who had been appointed by King Aretas IV. The governor ordered his guards to watch the city gates day and night to apprehend Paul; the Jews also watched these gates.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.2.15|AUTODETECT|” Christian friends helped Paul escaped by hiding him in a dwelling, located on the city wall, that was probably owned by one of them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.2.15|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 2:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). At night, they placed Paul in a basket and through the shutters of the house they lowered him to the ground outside the city walls. Luke uses the word spyris, which refers to a large hamper, while Paul writes sargan, a plaited basket often used by fishermen.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Damascus had been conquered by the Roman general Pompey in 66 b.c.��96�� For years, numerous Nabatean traders had formed a colony in the city. In the time of Aretas s reign, the Romans permitted the king to appoint a governor in Damascus as a representative of the Nabateans.��97�� Some scholars imply that the governor s guards were guarding the gates outside the city; others insinuate that the governor was a Jew who represented the Nabateans. But the governor must have possessed authority to guard the entrances to the city. If both Jews and Nabatean guards watched the gates day and night, we would expect them to be inside the walls of Damascus.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.17-48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Why would a Nabatean king instruct his governor to capture Paul? We know that Paul spent three years in Arabia 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.17-48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:17 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.12-44.18.17|AUTODETECT|” ), which was the territory of King Aretas. If Paul can be described as an impulsive individual in those early years, we cannot picture him continuously in meditation. He probably was actively engaged in telling the Nabateans and perhaps the king himself about Jesus. His persistence could have stirred up ample ill will, so that he became a fugitive in Arabia.��98�� He returned to Damascus, but there he met opposition from the Jews, who found an ally in the Nabatean governor.��99�� In later years, Paul experienced the opposition of Jews elsewhere as they sought to influence local authorities to have Paul tried and punished 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.12-44.18.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:12 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 7 2 8 0 0 The contrasts in Paul s life are vivid. He went to Damascus breathing murderous threats against the Lord s disciples, but he returned to Jerusalem as the Lord s disciple. He came to arrest Christians, but he was the person about to be arrested. He traveled to Damascus as a free man, but he left the city as a fugitive. And last, Paul s escape from Damascus is a contrast of his confessed weakness and God s protective power.) Hughes calls attention to succeeding verses in which Paul describes his ascent to the third heaven, to paradise (12:2 4). Paul s ascent to heaven is contrasted with his lowly descent from a window in the Damascus wall. ��100�� The apostle will not boast about himself but about his own weaknesses (12:5).) ) Additional Comments on 11:32 33) A number of subjects need to be discussed; they range from the Nabatean kingdom, Aretas IV, and Rome, to the chronology of Paul.

By discussing them we gain a better background understanding of these verses.) a. Nabatean kingdom. Josephus provides many descriptive details about the Nabateans, whom he calls Arabians. Their country stretched from Syria in the north to Egypt in the South, although these borders were disputed. Their capital, Petra, located south of the Dead Sea, became a center of trade routes and contributed to the commercial influence of the Nabateans.) Their first king was Aretas I, who ruled during the Maccabean uprising (II Macc. 5:8). In 96 b.c., Aretas II promised the citizens of Gaza that he would aid them in their fight against the Jews.��101�� He extended his territory into Syria when the Seleucid dynasty was in Disarray.

His successor, Aretas III, ruled Damascus in 85 and fought against the Jews in Judea.��102�� The Romans under Pompey entered Syria in 66 and then conquered Damascus. The Nabateans retreated and supported the Jews in their defense of Jerusalem against Rome. At the end of that century, Aretas IV occupied the Nabatean throne and became a powerful ruler.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.1|AUTODETECT|” b. Aretas IV. This king ruled from strength (9 b.c. a.d. 40). He allied himself with the house of Herod by giving his Daughter in marriage to Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 14:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ). This marriage took place prior to a.d. 14 and was designed to promote peace between Jews and Arabs. In 27, Herod Antipas went to Rome, where he met Herodias, his niece, who was married to his half-brother Philip 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.19|AUTODETECT|” Luke 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Herod Antipas wanted to divorce his wife and marry Herodias. But his wife heard about his plan and fled to her father, Aretas IV. The relationship between Antipas and Aretas turned ugly and war broke out. Antipas was defeated in 36, but he was protected by the Romans. Emperor Tiberius sent Vitellius, the Roman legate in Syria, to punish Aretas. But Tiberius died in office on March 16, 37, and Vitellius ceased his military campaign.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 c. Rome. Caligula, a friend of Herod Agrippa I, became emperor in 37. Agrippa received the title of king over an area that eventually became as large as that of his grandfather Herod the Great. Instigated by Herodias, Antipas went with her to Rome in 39 to petition the emperor for a similar title. But Agrippa told Caligula that Antipas s loyalties to Rome were suspect.

The result was that Antipas was banished and Agrippa received his tetrarchy.��103��) Did Aretas at that time have any authority over Damascus? The suggestion has been made that Emperor Caligula granted Aretas power over that city. Although there is no evidence to substantiate this conjecture, it is credible to think that Caligula permitted Aretas to appoint a governor (ethnarch) for the Nabatean people living in the greater part of Damascus. This governor would promote the trade interests of the Nabateans and make Damascus a trade center of paramount importance, a circumstance that would favor the interests of Rome.��104�� No coins bearing the images of emperors Caligula and Claudius, dating from 37 to 54, have been discovered in Damascus. The absence of Roman coins of this period may be due to the commercial interests of the Nabateans, who customarily used their own coinage.) d. Chronology of Paul.

What does all this have to say about a possible date for Paul s flight from Damascus? We know that Aretas, who died in 40, did not earn the favor of Emperor Tiberius, Caligula s predecessor. Also, we may infer that with the accession of Caligula in 37, the political landscape changed in both Palestine and Syria. In other words, we focus attention on the last few years of the fourth decade in the first century.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.12|AUTODETECT|” In the Book of Acts we have one indisputable date that serves as an anchor. The proconsul Gallio came to Corinth in July 51 and, following Roman regulations, served there for one year 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.35-44.17.33|AUTODETECT|” ). Going back into Paul s chronology, we know that Paul arrived in Corinth in the last half of 50. He had spent time in Syrian Antioch and in various places on his second missionary journey 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.35-44.17.33|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:35 17:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.1-44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” ). He had been at the Jerusalem Council, presumably in 49, where the question of admitting Gentile believers into the church was settled 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.1-44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:1 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Paul informs the Galatians that after fourteen years he visited Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.3|AUTODETECT|” ). This is fourteen years after Paul s conversion, when he was accompanied by Titus, a Gentile who was not compelled to be circumcised 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ).��105�� If we assume that the visit of Paul and Titus to Jerusalem took place in 49, then Paul s conversion occurred in 35 at the gates of Damascus. And we date his escape from that city three years later 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 21 2 8 0 0 ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 11:31 33) Verse 31) A ��x� ��v ����� here are two functions for one person. Also note that the phrase A d� �P������� modifies not the genitive (��� ������ 8����) but the subject (God and Father) in the nominative.) Verses 32 33) ������� the imperfect tense indicates the continuous watch at the city gates.) �t� ����� ���������� the genitive case adjectivally depicts the inhabitants of the city.) ��p ��� ������� literally through the wall, but graphically along the wall, where the house built into it was located.) Summary of Chapter 11) To counteract his opponents, Paul writes a discourse on boasting foolishly. Breaking his principle to boast only in the Lord, he asks his readers to put up with him and his foolishness. He uses an illustration taken from marriage. Christ is the husband of the Corinthians, who then should be pure. Would the local church fall away from Christ, much as Eve deserted God?

The danger is real, because superapostles have entered the church and preach a different Jesus, have a different spirit, and bring a different gospel. Paul admits that he is not an orator but he has consistently taught the Corinthians the gospel of God free of charge.) Earlier Paul had written that he would not receive any remuneration for his spiritual work in Corinth. He repeats himself by saying that he preaches gratuitously so as not to be a burden to anyone, although he does receive financial aid from Macedonian churches. His boast is that he can work by being independent of the people he serves. He maintains this principle because he loves the Corinthians and because he wants to eliminate the intruders boasts that they are Paul s equals.) Paul bluntly calls the intruders false apostles and deceitful workers. They are not apostles of Christ but agents of Satan who masquerade as servants of righteousness.

They will receive judgment and condemnation.) After directly confronting his opponents, Paul resorts to setting aside his rule not to boast about himself. He calls himself a fool for doing so, but he must boast so that the Corinthians are able to see the difference between his love for them and the exploitative behavior of the intruders.) Boasting, says Paul, is done by a fool. In fact, he notes that he is talking like someone who is irrational. He begins by giving a r�sum� of his physical descent and spiritual commission: he is a Hebrew, an Israelite, Abraham s descendant, and Christ s servant. Then he presents a list of his sufferings, which include hard work, imprisonment, flogging, beating, being stoned, shipwrecks, and risking dangers on land and sea, in city and country. He suffered from hunger, cold, and lack of sleep.

In addition, he feels his responsibility for all the churches.) Last, he boasts in things that expose his weakness. He freely mentions that as a fugitive, he was let down the wall in a fishbasket and so escaped from Damascus.) ) ) ) ) 1 Dieter Georgi, Paul s Opponents in Second Corinthians (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986), pp. 32 33; E. Earle Ellis, Paul and His Opponents, in Prophecy and Hermeneutics in Early Christianity: New Testaments Essays, WUzNT 18 (T�bingen: Mohr-Siebeck; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978), p. 108.) 2 See F. W. Grosheide, De Tweede Brief van den Apostel Paulus aan de Kerk te Korinthe, Kommentaar op het Nieuwe Testament series (Amsterdam: Van Bottenburg, 1939), p. 374; Ernest B. Allo, Saint Paul Seconde �p�tre aux Corinthiens, 2d ed. (Paris: Gabalda, 1956), p. 276.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.17|AUTODETECT|” 3 Other uses refer to exasperation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 17:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.19|AUTODETECT|” Mark 9:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.41|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.41|AUTODETECT|” Luke 9:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ), forbearance in love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.14|AUTODETECT|” ), and permission 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). See Horst Balz, EDNT, 1:98.) 1 14 2 8 0 0 NKJV New King James Version) KJV King James Version (= Authorized Version)) 4 Murray J. Harris, II Corinthians, in vol. 10 of The Expositor s Bible Commentary, ed. Frank E. Gaebelein, 12 vols. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), p. 385.) 5 Bauer, p. 107.) 6 Richard Batey, Paul s Bride Image: A Symbol of Realistic Eschatology, Interp 17 (1963): 178.) NJB New Jerusalem Bible) JB Jerusalem Bible) 7 Refer to Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart and New York: United Bible Societies, 1994), pp. 514 15.) 8 Rudolf Bultmann, The Second Letter to the Corinthians, trans. Roy A.

Harrisville (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985), p. 201; Hans Lietzmann, An die Korinther I/II, augmented by Werner G. K�mmel, Handbuch zum Neuen Testament 9 (T�bingen: Mohr, 1969), pp. 145, 209 10; Hans Windisch, Der Zweite Korintherbrief, ed. Georg Strecker (1924; reprint ed., G�ttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1970), pp. 323 24.) 9 R. C. H. Lenski (The Interpretation of St.

Paul s First and Second Epistle to the Corinthians [Columbus: Wartburg, 1946], p. 1239) notes that Eve was a married woman and not a virgin. ) 10 Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, Paul s Second Epistle to the Corinthians: The English Text with Introduction, Exposition and Notes, New International Commentary on the New Testament series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962), p. 376.) 11 Derk W. Oostendorp, Another Jesus: A Gospel of Jewish-Christian Superiority in II Corinthians (Kampen: Kok, 1967), p. 11.) 12 C. K. Barrett, The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Harper s New Testament Commentaries series (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), p. 277; see also Paul s Opponents in II Corinthians, in Essays on Paul (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1982), pp. 68 70. Compare Georgi, Opponents of Paul, p. 273.) 13 Alfred Plummer (A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians, International Critical Commentary [1915; Edinburgh: Clark, 1975], p. 296) observes that Judaizers would not use ������� as a proper name. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 14 See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.19|AUTODETECT|” 6:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.22|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.5|AUTODETECT|” 5:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 5 2 8 0 0 15 Gerhard Friedrich, TDNT, 2:727 36.) 16 A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 1186; Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, trans. and rev. Robert Funk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), #448.6.) 17 Consult Victor Paul Furnish, II Corinthians: Translated with Introduction, Notes and Commentary, Anchor Bible 32A (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1984), p. 485; Bultmann, Second Letter, p. 200.) 18 C. F. D.

Moule, An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 184. Compare also Robert Hanna, A Grammatical Aid to the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1983), p. 329.) 19 Metzger, Textual Commentary, pp. 514 15.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.3|AUTODETECT|” 20 Refer to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.3|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.9|AUTODETECT|” 21:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.39|AUTODETECT|” 23:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.9|AUTODETECT|” Mark 11:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.19|AUTODETECT|” Luke 7:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.35|AUTODETECT|” 13:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.38|AUTODETECT|” 19:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.15|AUTODETECT|” John 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.27|AUTODETECT|” 11:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.13|AUTODETECT|” 12:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.4.8|AUTODETECT|” 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 13 2 8 0 0 NIV New International Version) NRSV New Revised Standard Version) REB Revised English Bible) 21 Barrett links verse 5 directly to verse 1. The particle ���, occurring three times (vv. 2, 4, 5) presents three reasons for verse 1. See Paul s Opponents, p. 71; Bultmann, Second Letter, pp. 200 203.) MLB Modern Language Bible) GNB Good News Bible) NCV New Century Version (The Everday Bible)) TNT The New Translation) 22 Contra C. K. Barrett, Christianity at Corinth, in Essays on Paul (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1982), p. 20; Margaret E. Thrall, Super-apostles, Servants of Christ, and Servants of Satan, JSNT 6 (1980): 42 57.

See Scott E. McClelland, Super-apostles, Servants of Christ, Servants of Satan: A Response, JSNT 14 (1982): 82 87; Doyle Kee, Who Were the Super-Apostles of II Corinthians 10 13, ResQ 23 (1980): 65 76; Oostendorp, Another Jesus, p. 11 n. 16.) 23 Karl Heinrich Rengstorf, TDNT, 1:445.) 24 Herman N. Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His Theology, trans. John Richard de Witt (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), p. 449. See note 42 in chapter 10.) 25 Consult Augustine De sacerdotio 4.5 6; E. A.

Judge, Paul s Boasting in Relation to Contemporary Professional Practice, AusBRev 16 (1968): 37 50, especially 41.) 26 KJV, NKJV. This sentence has seven variants; six are attempts to improve the text. Consult Lietzmann, Korinther, pp. 146 47; Bultmann, Second Letter, p. 204.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.12|AUTODETECT|” 27 Ralph P. Martin, II Corinthians, Word Biblical Commentary 40 (Waco: Word, 1986), p. 343. Of the fourteen times that Paul uses the phrase � ����� without a noun, ten are in II Corinthians (2:14; 4:8; 6:4; 7:5, 11, 16; 8:7; 9:8, 11; 11:6, 9); two in Ephesians (5:24) and I Thessalonians (5:18); and one in I Corinthians (1:5). Similarly, he writes the phrase � ����� without a noun twelve times throughout his letters. And twice he features the combination � ����� and � �����, here and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Philippians 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . We conclude that abbreviated speech is not at all uncommon for Paul in II Corinthians.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 28 Bauer, p. 841.) 29 The Sophists in the days of Socrates and Aristotle declared that teachers who taught free of charge knew their teaching to be worthless. Plummer, Second Corinthians, p. 302.) 30 Jewish boys learned a trade from their father: James and John, fishing; Jesus, carpentry; and Paul, tentmaking. Rabbis had to learn to work with their own hands for their support. Consult Ronald F. Hock, The Workshop as a Social Setting for Paul s Missionary Preaching, CBQ 41 (1979): 438 50; Paul s Tentmaking and the Problem of His Social Class, JBL 97 (1978): 555 64; The Social Context of Paul s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980), p. 25.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.1|AUTODETECT|” 31 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.16|AUTODETECT|” 15:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.2|AUTODETECT|” 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; and see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.17|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 32 Consult Oswald Becker, NIDNTT, 2:111.) 33 Wages is unfit as a translation because & no one can pay oneself wages. Chrys C. Caragounis, �������: A Reconsideration of Its Meaning, NovT 16 (1974): 52; see also Hans Wolfgang Heidland, TDNT, 5:592.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.2|AUTODETECT|” 34 Compare John G. Strelan, Burden-Bearing and the Law of Christ: A Re-examination of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.2|AUTODETECT|” Galatians 6:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , JBL 94 (1975): 266 76.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 35 John Calvin, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians and the Epistles to Timothy, Titus and Philemon, Calvin s Commentaries series, trans. T. A. Small (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964), p. 144.) 36 Moule (Idiom-Book, p. 112) notes that the clause presumably means I am speaking Christian truth when I say that & : if so, it is a much smaller and more particularized sense of ������ as associated with Christ. ) 37 Consult Grosheide, Tweede Brief aan Korinthe, p. 395.) 38 It is possible to contend that the Greek phrase �0� �� should be interpreted to mean for myself alone (Josef Zmijewski, EDNT, 2:277). We do well to say that the phrase refers primarily to Paul s own boasting (Furnish, II Corinthians, p. 493) and secondarily to the boasting of the Corinthians.) 39 Bauer, p. 865.) 40 Bauer, p. 127.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.13|AUTODETECT|” 41 C. K. Barrett pointedly observes, Genuine apostleship and right doctrine were inseparable. See ������������� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.13|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11.13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), in Essays on Paul (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1982), p. 92.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 42 Refer to Barrett, �������������, p. 103.) 43 Life of Adam and Eve 9:1 reads, Then Satan was angry and transformed himself into the brightness of angels. And The Apocalypse of Moses 17:1 says, Then Satan came in the form of an angel and sang hymns to God as the angels. ) 44 See the commentaries of Plummer (p. 309) and Hughes (p. 394).) 45 J. D. G. Dunn, Baptism in the Holy Spirit, SBT, 2d series 15 (London: SCM, 1970), p. 136.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.17|AUTODETECT|” 46 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.17|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” . See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.28-43.5.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.28-43.5.29|AUTODETECT|” John 5:28 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.8|AUTODETECT|” 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.24-51.3.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.24-51.3.25|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:24 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.17|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.12-66.20.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.12-66.20.13|AUTODETECT|” 20:12 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.12|AUTODETECT|” 22:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 5 2 8 0 0 47 Consult Robert W. Funk, Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar, The Five Gospels: What Did Jesus Really Say? (New York: Macmillan, 1993). For a refutation, see Michael J. Wilkins and J. P. Moreland, eds., Jesus Under Fire: Modern Scholarship Reinvents the Historical Jesus (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995).) 48 For an overview see Barrett, �������������, pp. 87 107.) 49 Moule, Idiom-Book, p. 175.) 50 Consult the commentaries of Lietzmann (p. 149), Plummer (p. 313), and Windisch (p. 344).) 51 Consult Grosheide, Tweede Brief aan Korinthe, p. 404.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.16|AUTODETECT|” 52 Moule, Idiom-Book, p. 151. See also A�da Besan�on Spencer, Paul s Literary Style: A Stylistic and Historical Comparison of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.16|AUTODETECT|” II Corinthians 11:16 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.9-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” -13, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.9-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” Romans 8:9 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2-50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” , and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2-50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Philippians 3:2 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (Jackson, Miss.: Evangelical Theological Society, 1984), p. 188.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 53 Bauer, p. 847.) 54 Harm W. Hollander, EDNT, 3:407. Refer to Helmut K�ster, TDNT, 8:585.) 55 Alexander Sand, EDNT, 3:231. The Greek ���p ����� appears twenty times in Paul s correspondence; many of them refer to physical relations, descent, and standards.) 56 Spencer (Paul s Literary Style, p. 161) notes that in this epistle these conditional clauses refer almost always to Paul s opponents or their attack.) 57 Barrett, Second Corinthians, p. 291.) 58 Refer to D. A. Carson, From Triumphalism to Maturity (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984), p. 112.) 59 Bauer, p. 589.

See the commentaries of Furnish (pp. 497 98) and Hughes (p. 401 n. 68).) 60 Martin (II Corinthians, p. 366) paraphrases the verse: What a pity we are not like that you seem to prefer bullies. But Paul concedes his weakness in a pastoral, not in a forceful, manner.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.29|AUTODETECT|” 61 Michael L. Barr� has developed a chiastic arrangement of verses 21b 29 in which he exhibits the many similarities. See Paul as Eschatological Person : A New Look at ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.29|AUTODETECT|” II Cor 11:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , CBQ 37 (1975): 500 526.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.39.14|AUTODETECT|” 62 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.39.14|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 39:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.39.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.39.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.40.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.40.15|AUTODETECT|” 40:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.1.15|AUTODETECT|” [land of the Hebrews]; 41:12; 43:32; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.1.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.1.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.2.6|AUTODETECT|” 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.2.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.2.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.2.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 6 2 8 0 0 63 Joachim Wanke, EDNT, 1:369. See also Georgi, Opponents of Paul, p. 42; Karl Georg Kuhn, TDNT, 3:367 668. An inscription in the lintel from a synagogue in Corinth has the name Hebrews. Could this be why the expression Jews occurs only once in II Corinthians? Also, a letter in the epistolary of the New Testament is called the Epistle to the Hebrews instead of the Epistle to the Jews.) 64 Consult Walter Gutbrod, TDNT, 3:388 91; compare also SB 3:526.) 65 W. C. van Unnik, Tarsus or Jerusalem: The City of Paul s Youth, trans.

George Ogg (London: Epworth, 1962), p. 44.) 66 Barrett (Second Corinthians, p. 293) distinguishes the terms Hebrew and Israelite by making the observation that Hebrew deals with it from the racial, Israelite from the social and religious angle. But if Paul is enumerating designations flaunted by the false apostles, we do well to refrain from developing conceptual contrasts.) 67 Siegfried Schulz, TDNT, 7:545; Ulrich Kellermann, EDNT, 3:264.) 68 Bultmann (Second Letter, p. 215) states that the servants of Christ are the apostles.& Their right to [title and claim] is left undecided. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.23|AUTODETECT|” 69 Windisch, Der Zweite Korintherbrief, p. 352; refer also to Georgi, Opponents of Paul, pp. 32 39, and John N. Collins, Georgi s Envoys in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.23|AUTODETECT|” II Cor 11:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , JBL 93 (1974): 88 96.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 70 Refer to Grosheide, Tweede Brief aan Korinthe, p. 412.) 71 Martin (II Corinthians, p. 375) notes that Paul s use of the word Q��� is a snide glance at the Q������� ��������� (11:5). ) 72 I Clem. 5.6. After Paul composed this letter, he was imprisoned four times (in Jerusalem, in Caesarea, and twice in Rome). If we add to these four his jailing in Philippi, the phrase more frequently seems to be an understatement, as does Clement s total of seven.) 73 SB 3:527. See also Talmud Makkoth 3.1 9; consult Sven Gallas, F�nfmal vierzigweniger einen & Die an Paulus vollzogenen Synagogalstrafen nach 2Kor 11, 24, ZNTW 81 (1990): 178 91.) 74 Cicero Against Verres 2.5.66 (LCL).) 75 Livy 10.9.4 5; Josephus War 2.14.9.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.30|AUTODETECT|” 76 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.4|AUTODETECT|” 13:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.26|AUTODETECT|” 14:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.11-44.16.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.11-44.16.12|AUTODETECT|” 16:11 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.14|AUTODETECT|” 17:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18|AUTODETECT|” 18:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.3-44.20.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.3-44.20.6|AUTODETECT|” 20:3 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.13-44.20.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.13-44.20.14|AUTODETECT|” 13 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.1-44.21.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.1-44.21.6|AUTODETECT|” 21:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.1-44.27.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.1-44.27.6|AUTODETECT|” 27:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.11-44.28.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.11-44.28.13|AUTODETECT|” 28:11 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 77 Hughes, Second Epistle to the Corinthians, p. 411. Robert E. Osborne ( St. Paul s Silent Years, JBL 84 [1965]: 59 65) concludes that the place of the three shipwrecks remains unresolved.) 78 Josephus (Life 3 [13 15]) relates that he suffered shipwreck on a voyage to Rome when there were six hundred persons abroad, and people had to swim all night until he and many others were rescued.) 79 Consult Jerome Murphy-O Connor, On the Road and on the Sea with St. Paul, Bible Review 1 (1985): 40 41.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.6|AUTODETECT|” 80 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.6|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.13-44.20.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.13-44.20.16|AUTODETECT|” 13 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.1-44.21.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.1-44.21.3|AUTODETECT|” 21:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.7-44.21.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.7-44.21.8|AUTODETECT|” 7 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . See Simon J. Kistemaker, Exposition of the Acts of the Apostles, New Testament Commentary series (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990), p. 749.) 1 18 2 8 0 0 81 Refer to E. F. F. Bishop, Constantly on the Road, EvQ 41 (1969): 14 18.) 82 Contra Windisch (p. 358).) 83 Plummer, Second Corinthians, pp. 326 27.) 84 Consult Barrett, Essays on Paul, p. 88; Lietzmann, Korinther, p. 151.) 85 One translation (NJB) fills out the fourth line by adding the word drink: And often without food or drink. No textual support exists for this addition; also it breaks the harmony of the lines.) 86 Martin, II Corinthians, p. 380. E.

F. F. Bishop, The Why of Sleepless Nights, EvQ 37 (1965): 29 31, thinks that Paul spent his nightly hours talking about the Messiah. Carson (From Triumphalism to Maturity, p. 122) attributes lack of sleep to too many responsibilities. ) NEB New English Bible) NAB New American Bible) 87 Moffatt s translation places the first clause of verse 28 as the last clause in verse 27.) 88 Contra Barr�, Paul as Eschatological Person. By rephrasing verses 21b 23a, he sees a parallel in verse 29 and applies both passages to Paul s opponents; he has to place verse 28 in parentheses to make the paragraph fit. But verses 28 and 29 form a unit that expresses Paul s pastoral concern for the church.) 89 Calvin, II Corinthians, pp. 152 153.) 90 Bauer suggests, Who has any reason to take offense? (p. 753), but this is a secondary translation.) NASB New American Standard Bible) Cassirer A New Testament Translation, E.

Cassirer) 91 Bauer, p. 840.) 92 Refer to J. H. Moulton, A Grammar of New Testament Greek, vol. 1, Prolegomena (Edinburgh: Clark, 1908), p. 144.) 93 Allan Menzies, The Second Epistle of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians: Introduction, Text, English Translation and Notes (London: Macmillan, 1912), p. 89.) 94 Some scholars think that the verse reflects what Paul has already written. See the commentaries of Furnish (p. 539), Martin (p. 383), and Windisch (p. 362). But the introduction of a new paragraph and the future tense of the verb to boast point forward, not backward.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.9.26|AUTODETECT|” 95 SB 3:64, 530. In the Old Testament, the formula Blessed be the Lord, the God of & is recorded in numerous places 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.9.26|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 9:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.25.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.25.32|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 25:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.1.48|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.1.48|AUTODETECT|” I Kings 1:48) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.2.12|AUTODETECT|” II Chron. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Consult Hermann W. Beyer, TDNT, 2:764.) 1 9 2 8 0 0 96 Josephus Antiquities 14.29; War 1.127.) 97 Consult Ernst A. Knauf, Zum Ethnarchen des Aretas II Kor 11.32, ZNTW 74 (1983): 145 47; F. F. Bruce, Chronological Questions in the Acts of the Apostles, BJRUL 68 (1986): 276.) 98 Consult Seyoon Kim, The Origin of Paul s Gospel (T�bingen: Mohr, 1981; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982), p. 63; Jerome Murphy-O Connor, What Was Paul Doing in Arabia ? BibRev 10 (1994): 46 47.) 99 Windisch, Der Zweite Korintherbrief, p. 366.) 100 Hughes, Second Epistle to the Corinthians, p. 422.) 101 Josephus Antiquities 13.13.3.) 102 Josephus Antiquities 13.15.2.) 103 Josephus Antiquities 18.7.1 2.) 104 Philip C. Hammond, The Nabataeans Their History, Culture and Archaeology (Gothenburg, Sweden: �str�ms, 1973), p. 37.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.30|AUTODETECT|” 105 This view admittedly overlooks the famine visit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) when Barnabas and Paul visited Judea. But the presence of Titus at Jerusalem fits the Council visit that took place because numerous Gentiles were entering the church.)