Isaiah 33:9 — Word Study
WLCאָבַ֤ל אֻמְלְלָה֙ אָ֔רֶץ הֶחְפִּ֥יר לְבָנ֖וֹן קָמַ֑ל הָיָ֤ה הַשָּׁרוֹן֙ כָּֽעֲרָבָ֔ה וְנֹעֵ֥ר בָּשָׁ֖ן וְכַרְמֶֽל׃
BSAThe landʼerets [earth, territory] mournsʼâbal■ [is sorrowing, lamenting] [and] languishesʼâmal■ [weakens, fades away] LebanonLᵉbânôwn [the mountain range] is ashamedchâphêr■ [confounded, humbled] and decayedqâmal■ [withered away, dried up] SharonShârôwn [the plain] ishâyâh■ like a desertʻărâbâh [wilderness, barren land] BashanBâshân [the fertile region] and CarmelKarmel [the fruitful hill] shake off their leavesnâʻar [tremble, cast away, fruits, foliage]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אָבַ֤ל | it has dried up | Verb, Qal, perfect third person masculine singular |
| אֻמְלְלָה֙ | it has languished | Verb, Pual, perfect third person feminine singular |
| אָ֔רֶץ | [the] land | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| הֶחְפִּ֥יר | it has displayed shame | Verb, Hiphil, perfect third person masculine singular |
| לְבָנ֖וֹן | Lebanon | Noun proper |
| קָמַ֑ל | it has withered | Verb, Qal, perfect third person masculine singular |
| הָיָ֤ה | it has become | Verb, Qal, perfect third person masculine singular |
| הַשָּׁרוֹן֙ | Sharon | Particle, noun proper |
| כָּֽעֲרָבָ֔ה | like desert plain | Preposition, noun proper |
| וְנֹעֵ֥ר | and [is] shaking off | Conjunction, verb qal participle (active) masculine singular |
| בָּשָׁ֖ן | Bashan | Noun proper |
| וְכַרְמֶֽל׃ | and Carmel | Conjunction, noun proper |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The land mourns and languishes; Lebanon is ashamed and decayed. Sharon is like a desert; Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves. |
| KJV | The earth mourneth and languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed and hewn down: Sharon is like a wilderness; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their fruits. |
| ASV | The land mourneth and languisheth; Lebanon is confounded and withereth away; Sharon is like a desert; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves. |
| YLT | Mourned, languished hath the land, Confounded hath been Lebanon, Withered hath been Sharon as a wilderness, And shaking are Bashan and Carmel. |
| WEB | The land mourns and languishes. Lebanon is confounded and withers away. Sharon is like a desert, and Bashan and Carmel are stripped bare. |
| BBE | The earth is sorrowing and wasting away; Lebanon is put to shame and has become waste; Sharon is like the Arabah; and in Bashan and Carmel the leaves are falling. |
Where they part company is in the emotional weight of the verbs — see How Translations Differ.
The structure of the verse emphasizes the land's condition through a series of descriptive clauses.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectאֶרֶץ
verbאָבַל
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 33:9
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Lament for the Landgenerated
Isaiah 33:9 portrays a vivid picture of the land's sorrow and decay, emphasizing the impact of human actions and divine judgment. The prophet Isaiah uses powerful imagery to illustrate how regions like Lebanon, Sharon, Bashan, and Carmel are affected, transforming from vibrant landscapes into desolate areas. This lament reflects the spiritual and physical state of the land, echoing themes found throughout the prophetic literature, such as in Isaiah 1:7-8 and Jeremiah 4:20-26.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 1:7–8 | Your land is desolate; your cities are burned with fire. Foreigners devour your fields before you— a desolation demolished by strangers. |
| 2 | Isaiah 24:1–4 | Behold, the LORD lays waste the earth and leaves it in ruins. He will twist its surface and scatter its inhabitants— |
| 3 | Jeremiah 4:20–26 | Disaster after disaster is proclaimed, for the whole land is laid waste. My tents are destroyed in an instant, my curtains in a moment. |
| 4 | Isaiah 14:8 | Even the cypresses and cedars of Lebanon exult over you: “Since you have been laid low, no woodcutter comes against us.” |
| 5 | Isaiah 37:24 | Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest heights, the densest of its forests. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 13 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — אָבַל, 'a.Valgenerated
The verb אָבַל (abal) is a primitive root meaning to mourn or lament. It can describe both human and inanimate expressions of grief, as seen in this verse where the land itself is portrayed as mourning. The parsing indicates it is a perfect tense, third person masculine singular, suggesting a completed action — the land has indeed mourned.
This word captures the essence of loss and sorrow, reflecting how the land's condition is not merely physical but also emotional. As the land mourns, it symbolizes a broader state of despair affecting the people and the environment.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse consists of multiple clauses, with the main subject being אָ֔רֶץ (erets), the land, which is described through a series of verbs indicating its state of mourning, languishing, and decay. The structure emphasizes the progression of the land's condition.
The finite verbs אָבַל (abal), אֻמְלְלָה (umlelah), and הֶחְפִּ֥יר (hechpir) govern the clauses, each contributing to the overall lamentation. The word order highlights the emphasis on the land's suffering and the regions affected.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates אָבַל as ἐπένθησεν which means 'to mourn' or 'to grieve.' This choice aligns with the Hebrew meaning but may suggest a broader interpretation of the land's emotional state.
The use of ἐπένθησεν indicates a continuity in the theme of mourning, reinforcing the idea that the land's sorrow is not just physical but also deeply emotional, resonating with the Greek-speaking audience.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 33:9 describes the land as mourning and languishing, with Lebanon feeling ashamed and decayed. Sharon is compared to a desert, while Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves. This verse captures the deep sorrow and desolation affecting the land and its regions.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The land mourning signifies a state of desolation and loss, reflecting the consequences of sin and judgment.
This verse echoes themes found throughout Isaiah, where the condition of the land often mirrors the spiritual state of its people.
Lebanon is noted for its majestic mountains, and its mention emphasizes the contrast between its former glory and its current state of decay.
Comparing Sharon to a desert highlights the extent of its desolation, indicating a loss of fertility and vitality in the region.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see the effects of sin and neglect in my own surroundings?
- How can I cultivate a spirit of renewal in areas of my life that feel desolate?
- What actions can I take to restore vitality in my community, similar to how God restores the land?
- How does understanding the land's condition deepen my appreciation for God's creation?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 33:9 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThe earth mourneth [and] languisheth,.... All Christendom, being now under the power, dominion, and tyranny of antichrist, and the church's faithful witnesses slain, and a stop put to all Gospel
Read John Gill on Isaiah 33 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryWoe to thee that spoilest, and thou wast not spoiled; and dealest treacherously, and they dealt not treacherously with thee!
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 33 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe earth mourneth, being desolate and neglected. Lebanon is ashamed and hewn down by the Assyrians. Or, as the word signifies, and is here rendered by others, withereth or languisheth, because its trees are not now used by the Jews for their buildings, as they have been; and because they are spoiled and destroyed by the Assyrians. Sharon; a pleasant and fruitful place, as appears from . Bashan and Carmel; two places eminent for fertility, and especially for good pastures, , which are here synecdochically put for all such places. Shake off their fruits; are spoiled of their fruits. Or, as it is rendered by some others, yell or roar, as this word is rendered .
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 33 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 33:9 The earth mourneth [and] languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed [and] hewn down: Sharon is like a wilderness; and Bashan and Carmel shake off [their fruits].Ver. 9. The earth mourneth and languisheth.] Or the land luget et languet. Thus they go on in their doleful relation: Miserrima sunt omnia, atque miseranda. What sad work hath Antichrist made of late years in the Christian world? what desolations in all parts? Lebanon is ashamed and hewn down, Sharon is like a wilderness.] East, west, north, and south of the land are laid waste by the enemy and the avenger, that "boar out of the wood," that "bear out of the forest." Metaphora Prosopopoetica.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 33 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(9) The earth mourneth . . .—Lebanon, with its cedars, the Sharon (as we say, the Campagna), Bashan, with its oaks (Isaiah 2:13), Carmel, with its copse-wood, are the types of beauty and fertility, now languishing and decaying. Possibly the embassy referred to was sent in the autumn, so that the prophet saw in the natural features of that season the symbols of failure and decay.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 33 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 9. Bashan and Carmel shake off their fruits - "Bashan and Carmel are stripped of their beauty."] Φανεραεσται, made manifest. Sept. They read ונערה veneerah.
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 33 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges9. The earth mourneth and languisheth] (cf. ch. Isaiah 24:4; Isaiah 24:7) in sympathy with the distress of God’s people. It is the language of poetry. The “earth” is neither the whole world, nor merely the land of Palestine; its equivalent in modern parlance might be “Nature.” The spots mentioned are those famous for their luxuriant vegetation, and the standing types of natural beauty and perennial verdure (cf. ch. Isaiah 35:2; Zechariah 11:2; Son 7:4 f.). Instead of hewn down render with R.V. withereth away. The verb “shake off” requires an object to be supplied, but “their leaves” (as in R.V.) is decidedly better than “their fruits.”
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 33 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThe earth mourneth - The land through which he has passed. For the sense of this phrase, see the note at Isaiah 24:4. Lebanon is ashamed and hewn down - For the situation of Lebanon, see the note at Isaiah 10:34.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 33 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The land mourns and languishes; Lebanon is ashamed and decayed. Sharon is like a desert; Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves.
The land mourns and languishes. Lebanon is confounded and withers away. Sharon is like a desert, and Bashan and Carmel are stripped bare.
The land mourns and languishes; Lebanon is ashamed and decayed. Sharon is like a desert; Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves.
The land dries up and withers away; the forest of Lebanon shrivels up and decays. Sharon is like the desert; Bashan and Carmel are parched.
Tyndale line
The earth mourneth and languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed and hewn down: Sharon is like a wilderness; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their fruits.
The land mourneth and languisheth; Lebanon is confounded and withereth away; Sharon is like a desert; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves.
The land mourneth and languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed and withereth away: Sharon is like a desert; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves.
The earth mourneth and languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed and hewn down: Sharon is like a wilderness; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their fruits .
The earth mourneth and fainteth: Lebanon is ashamed, and hewen downe: Sharon is like a wildernes, and Bashan is shaken and Carmel.
Strictly literal
The land mourneth, it languisheth; Lebanon is ashamed, is withered; the Sharon is become as a desert, and Bashan and Carmel are stripped.
Mourned, languished hath the land, Confounded hath been Lebanon, Withered hath been Sharon as a wilderness, And shaking are Bashan and Carmel.
The land has mourned, languished, || Lebanon has been confounded, || Sharon has been withered as a wilderness, || And Bashan and Carmel are shaking.
It mourneth, it languisheth—the land: Lebanon is ashamed, it is withered away; Sharon is become like a wilderness; and bereft of their fruits are Bashan and Carmel.
The land mourns and withers away; Lebanon is ashamed and withers away; Sharon is like a desert plain; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves.
From the Latin
The land hath mourned, and languished: Libanus is confounded and become foul, and Saron is become as a desert: and Basan and Carmel are shaken.
Simplified
Israel is in mourning and fades away; Lebanon withers in shame; the fields of Sharon have become a desert; the forests of Bashan and Carmel have shed their leaves.
The earth is sorrowing and wasting away; Lebanon is put to shame and has become waste; Sharon is like the Arabah; and in Bashan and Carmel the leaves are falling.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text is supported by the Dead Sea Scrolls, which contain a nearly identical reading of the verse. The Septuagint, while matching some words, presents a different structure, indicating a translation process that sought to convey the Hebrew's emotional weight.
אָבַ֤ל אֻמְלְלָה֙ אָ֔רֶץ הֶחְפִּ֥יר לְבָנ֖וֹן קָמַ֑ל הָיָ֤ה הַשָּׁרוֹן֙ כָּֽעֲרָבָ֔ה וְנֹעֵ֥ר בָּשָׁ֖ן וְכַרְמֶֽל׃
8 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
אבל אמללה הארץ חפור לבנון קמל והיה השרון כערבה נוער בשן וכרמל
12 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 33:9
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
אָבַל (abal) is a primitive root meaning to mourn or lament. It covers various forms of mourning, including for humans and inanimate objects like gates and land. The verb can appear in different stems, such as Qal (to mourn), Hiphil (to cause to mourn), and Hithpael (to play the mourner).
אָבַל 39 vb. mourn
Qal mourn, lament
Hithp. mourn (mostly prose)
Hiph. cause to mourn
base
H56 אָבַל mourn
56 'abal aw-bal'
a primitive root; to bewail:--lament, mourn.
אָבַל (a.val) — to mourn.
1) to mourn, lament
1a) (Qal) to mourn, lament
1a1) of humans
1a2) of inanimate objects (fig.)
1a2a) of gates
1a2b) of land
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to mourn, cause to mourn (fig.)
1c) (Hithpael)
1c1) to mourn
1c2) play the mourner
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singularHVqp3ms
אָמַל (amal) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be weak or to languish. It conveys a sense of drooping or becoming feeble, often associated with emotional or physical exhaustion. The entries highlight its use in various forms, such as the Qal and Pu'al, indicating states of weakness or feebleness.
[אָמַל] vb. be weak, languish
Qal how weak is thy heart!
Pu‛l. be or grow feeble, languish
base
H535 [אָמַל] be weak, languish
535 'amal aw-mal'
a primitive root; to droop; by implication to be sick, to
mourn:--languish, be weak, wax feeble.
אָמַל (a.mal) — to weaken.
1) to be weak, to droop, to languish, to be exhausted
1a) (Qal) pass participle (of the heart)
1a1) to be weak
1a2) to droop
1b) (Pulal)
1b1) to be or grow feeble
1b2) to languish
V-K-Perf-3fs — Verb · Pual · perfect third person feminine singularHVPp3fs
אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.
אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land
earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
earth, opp. to heaven, sky
earth = inhabitants of earth
land =
country, territory
district, region
trial territory
piece of ground
specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
= inhabitants of land
used even of Shᵉʼôl
ground, surface of ground
soil, as productive
אֶרֶץ in phrases
people of the land
in measurements of distance
the country of the plain, level or plain country
land of the living
end(s) of the earth
pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
base
H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
. earth, opp. to heaven, sky
. earth = inhabitants of earth
. land = . country, territory
. district, region
. trial territory
. piece of ground
. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
. = inhabitants of land
. used even of Shᵉʼôl
. . ground, surface of ground
. soil, as productive
. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land
. in measurements of distance
. the country of the plain, level or plain country
. land of the living
. end(s) of the earth
. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
776 'erets eh'-rets
from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth
(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,
field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.
: country/field
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
1b2) district, region
1b3) tribal territory
1b4) piece of ground
1b5) land of Canaan, Israel
1b6) inhabitants of land
1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world
1b8) city (-state)
1c) ground, surface of the earth
1c1) ground
1c2) soil
1d) (in phrases)
1d1) people of the land
1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)
1d3) level or plain country
1d4) land of the living
1d5) end(s) of the earth
1e) (almost wholly late in usage)
1e1) lands, countries
1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.
: soil
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
((1) 'erets;
(2) 'adhamah;
(3) sadheh,
"a piece of land";
(4) ge, "earth";
(5) agros, "field";
(6) chora, "region";
(7) chorion, diminutive of chora;
(8) xeros, "dry land";
(9) 'ezrach, "native" the King James Version "born in the land," "born among you," the Revised Version (British and American) "home-born" (Le 19:34; 14:16; Nu 15:30); "like a green tree in its native soil" (Ps 37:35)):
→ Appeared on the third creative day Ge 1:9
→ Original title to, from God Ge 13:14-17; 15:7; Ex 23:31; Le 25:23
→ Bought and sold Ge 23:3-18; 33:19; Ac 4:34; 5:1-8
→ Sale and redemption of, laws concerning Le 25:15,16,23-33; 27:17-24; Nu 36:4; Jer 32:7-16,25,44; Eze 46:18
חָפֵר (chapher) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be abashed or ashamed. It can refer to feeling embarrassed or confounded, and in the Hiphil form, it indicates causing someone else to feel shame. The word is built from a primitive root related to detection, emphasizing the emotional response of shame.
[חָפֵר] vb. be abashed, ashamed
Qal be abashed, ashamed
Hiph. display shame
base
H2659 חָפֵר be abashed, ashamed
2659 chapher khaw-fare'
a primitive root (perhaps rath. the same as 2658 through the
idea of detection): to blush; figuratively, to be ashamed,
disappointed; causatively, to shame, reproach:--be ashamed, be
confounded, be brought to confusion (unto shame), come (be put
to) shame, bring reproach.
see HEBREW for 02658
חָפֵר (cha.pher) — be ashamed.
1) to be ashamed, be confounded, be abashed, feel abashed
1a) (Qal) to be ashamed, be abashed
1b) (Hiphil) to display shame, demonstrate shame, cause embarrassment
V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · perfect third person masculine singularHVhp3ms
sham (bosh, "to be ashamed," bosheth, "shame," qalon; aischune, "ignominy," atimia, "dishonor," and other words): An oft-recurring word in Scripture almost uniformly bound up with a sense of sin and guilt. It is figuratively set forth as a wild beast (Jer 3:24), a Nessus-garment (Jer 3:25), a blight (Jer 20:18), a sin against one's own soul (Hab 2:10), and twice as the condensed symbol of Hebrew abomination--Baal (Jer 11:13 margin; Ho 9:10 margin; see ISH-BOSHETH). It is bracketed with defeat (Isa 30:3), reproach…
לְבָנוֹן (le.van.on) refers to Lebanon, a mountain range in Palestine known for its whiteness, likely due to its snow-capped peaks. The term is derived from a root meaning 'white' and is associated with various geographical features, including valleys and houses in the region. It appears in contexts describing the northern border of Israel.
לְבָנוֹן 71 n.pr.mont. Lebanon
base
H3844 לְבָנוֹן Lebanon
3844 Lbanown leb-aw-nohn'
from 3825; (the) white mountain (from its snow); Lebanon, a
mountain range in Palestine:--Lebanon.
see HEBREW for 03825
לְבָנוֹן (le.va.non) — Lebanon.
§ Lebanon = "whiteness"
a wooded mountain range on the northern border of Israel
לְבָנוֹן (le.va.non) — (Mount) Lebanon.
§ Lebanon = "whiteness"
a wooded mountain range on the northern border of Israel
לְבָנוֹן (le.va.non) — (Valley of) Lebanon.
Combined with biq.ah (בִּקְעָה " Valley" H1237I)
§ Lebanon = "whiteness"
a wooded mountain range on the northern border of Israel
לְבָנוֹן (le.va.non) — (House of the Forest of) Lebanon.
Combined with ba.yit (בַּ֫יִת "House" H1004K)
§ Lebanon = "whiteness"
a wooded mountain range on the northern border of Israel
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
leb'-a-non (lebanon; Septuagint Libanos; Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) Libanus):
1. Name:
Derived from the root labhen, "to be white," probably from the snow which covers its summits the greater part of the year. "White mountains" are found in almost every country. The light color of the upper limestone may, however, form a sufficient reason for the name. In prose the article is usually connected with the name. In poetry it is more often without the article. In the Septuagint, however, the article is generally present both in prose and poetry.
2. General Description:
The Lebanon range proper borders the east coast of the Mediterranean, for a distance of 100 miles, running North-Northeast and South-Southwest from the mouth of the Litany river, the classic Leontes (which enters the sea a little North of Tyre), to the mouth of the Eleuthurus (Nahr el-Kebir), a few miles North of…
Lebanon
White, “the white mountain of Syria,” is the loftiest and most celebrated mountain range in Syria. It is a branch running southward from the Caucasus, and at its lower end forking into two parallel ranges, the eastern or Anti-Lebanon, and the western or Lebanon proper. They enclose a long valley (Josh. 11:17) of from 5 to 8 miles in width, called by Roman writers Coele-Syria, now called el-Buka’a, “the valley,” a prolongation of the valley of the Jordan.
Lebanon proper, Jebel es-Sharki, commences at its southern extremity in the gorge of the Leontes, the ancient Litany, and extends north-east, parallel to the Mediterranean coast, as far as the river Eleutherus, at the plain of Emesa, “the entering of Hamath” (Num. 34:8;
a mountain range in the north of Palestine. The name Lebanon signifies white, and was applied either on account of snow which, during a great part of the year, cover its whole summit, or on account of the white color of its limestone cliffs and peaks. It is the "white mountain" --the Mont Blane of Palestine. Lebanon is represented in Scripture as lying upon the northern border of the land of Israel. (1:7; 11:24; Joshua 1:4) Two distinct ranges bear this name. They run in parallel lines from southwest to northeast for about 90 geographical miles, enclosing between them a long, fertile valley from five to eight miles wide, anciently called Coele-Syria . The western range is the "Libanus" of the old geographers and the Lebanon of Scripture. The eastern range was called "Anti-Libanus" by geographers, and "Lebanon toward the sunrising" by…
White, a long chain of mountains on the north of Palestine, so named from the whitish limestone of which they are composed and in part perhaps from their snowy whiteness in winter. It consists of two main ridges running northeast and southwest, nearly parallel with each other and with the coast of the Mediterranean. See view in SIDON. The western ridge was called Libanus by the Greeks, and the eastern AntiLibanus. Between them lies a long valley called Coele-Syria, that is, Hollow Syria, and the "valley of Lebanon," Jos 11:17, at present Bukkah. It opens towards the north, but is exceedingly narrow towards the south, where the river Litany, anciently Orontes, issues form the valley and flows west to the sea, north of Tyre. The western ridge is generally higher than the eastern, and several of its peaks are thought to be towards…
קָמֵל (qamal) is a Hebrew verb meaning to decay or wither. It describes the process of something becoming decayed or mouldy, often used in the context of plants or organic matter. The entries consistently emphasize this meaning without significant disagreement.
[קָמֵל] vb. be decayed (be mouldy, decay)
base
H7060 [קָמֵל] be decayed (be mouldy, decay)
7060 qamal kaw-mal'
a primitive root; to wither:--hew down, wither.
קָמֵל (qa.mal) — to decay.
1) to be decayed, be withered
1a) (Qal) to moulder, be withered
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singularHVqp3ms
with'-erd (nabhel, "to fade away," "to be dried up"):
(1) Used figuratively to express leanness of soul, spiritual impotence, a low condition of spiritual life, a lack of moral nourishment: "My heart is smitten like grass, and withereth" (Ps 102:4). The contrasting figure emphasizes this idea: "All my fountains are in thee" (Ps 87:7). Also Ps 1:3, where the freshness and beauty of the righteous man's life are thus described: "And he shall be like a tree planted by the streams of water, .... whose leaf also doth not wither." In the New Testament xeraino, "to wither," is used to carry out the same idea of moral decay, or malnutrition of soul (Mt 13:6; 21:19).
The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be
Qal
Fall out, happen
occur, take place, come about, come to pass
esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass
וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
Come into being, become
abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
sq. prep.
become
sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
sq. pred. adj.
become like
sq. pred. לְ pers.
sq. לְ pred.
oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.
with עַל and לְ
sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)
exist, be in existence
abide, remain, continue
with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie
as copula, joining subj. & pred.
H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen
. occur, take place, come about, come to pass
. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
. sq. prep.
. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
. sq. pred. adj.
. become like
. sq. pred. + לְ pers.
. sq. לְ pred.
. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.
. with עַל and לְ
. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence
. abide, remain, continue
1961 hayah haw-yaw
a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,
come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or
auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,
committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,
fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit
(one-)self, require, X use.
see HEBREW for 01933
הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.
1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out
1a) (Qal)
1a1) ---
1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass
1a1b) to come about, come to pass
1a2) to come into being, become
1a2a) to arise, appear, come
1a2b) to become
1a2b1) to become
1a2b2) to become like
1a2b3) to be instituted, be established
1a3) to be
1a3a) to exist, be in existence
1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)
1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)
1a3d) to accompany, be with
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about
1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singularHVqp3ms
be-kum':
(1) Greek ginomai, used in New Testament for a change of state, corresponding to Hebrew hayah of Old Testament. Compare Mt 18:3 with De 27:9.
(2) For what is fitting, suitable, proper, in New Testament: "prepei" (Mt 3:15; Eph 5:3; 1Ti 2:10); in Old Testament, na'awah, na'ah, Ps 93:5: "Holiness becometh thy house." in this sense, the adverb "becomingly" must be interpreted: "Walk becomingly toward them that are without" (1Th 4:12), i.e. in a way that is consistent with your profession.
שָׁרוֹן (Sharown) refers to a region in Palestine known for its flat, fertile land. It is often described as a plain, particularly the maritime plain along the Mediterranean coast, extending from Joppa northward. The name may also relate to a district east of the Jordan River, near Gilead and Bashan.
שָׁרוֹן n.pr.loc. Sharon
(with art.), name of maritime plain on Mediterr., fr, Joppa northward, noted for fertility
region E. of Jordan
base
H8289 שָׁרוֹן Sharon
8289 Sharown shaw-rone'
probably abridged from 3474; plain, Sharon, the name of a
place in Palestine:--Lasharon, Sharon.
see HEBREW for 03474
שָׁרוֹן (sha.ron) — Lasharon.
Lasharon or 'of Sharon'
"a plain"
A town possibly near Mt. Tabor
שָׁרוֹן (sha.ron) — Sharon.
This name means plain, level
Sharon = "a plain"
a district on the east of the Jordan around Gilead and Bashan
שָׁרוֹן (sha.ron) — Sharon.
This name means plain, level
Sharon = "a plain"
the district lying between the mountains of central Palestine and the Mediterranean Sea and north of Joppa
Art | N-proper — Particle · noun properHTd/Npl
shar'-un (ha-sharon, with the definite article possibly meaning "the plain"; to pedion, ho drumos, ho Saron):
(1) This name is attached to the strip of fairly level land which runs between the mountains and the shore of the Mediterranean, stretching from Nahr Ruben in the South to Mt. Carmel in the North. There are considerable rolling hills; but, compared with the mountains to the East, it is quite properly described as a plain. The soil is a deep rich loam, which is favorable to the growth of cereals. The orange, the vine and the olive grow to great perfection. When the many-colored flowers are in bloom it is a scene of rare beauty.
Of the streams in the plain four carry the bulk of the water from the western slopes of the mountains to the sea. They are also perennial, being fed by fountains. Nahr el-`Aujeh enters the sea to the North of Jaffa; Nahr Iskanderuneh 7 miles, and Nahr…
(a plain), a district of the holy land occasionally referred to in the Bible. (1 Chronicles 5:16; Isaiah 33:9) In (Acts 9:35) called SARON. The name has on each occurrence with one exception only, (1 Chronicles 5:16) the definite article; it would therefore appear that "the Sharon" was some well-defined region familiar to the Israelites. It is that broad, rich tract of land which lies between the mountains of the central part of the holy land and the Mediterranean --the northern continuation of the Shefelah. [PALESTINA AND PALESTINE] The Sharon of (2 Chronicles 5:16) to which allusion has already been made, is distinguished front the western plain by not having the article…
1. A plain adjoining the seacoast of Palestine between Carmel and Joppa, about sixty miles in length and of variable width, expanding inland as it stretches from the promontory of Carmel towards the south. It contains some sandy tracts, but the soil is in general highly productive, and the plain was of old famous for its beauty and fertility, 1Ch 27:29 So 2:1 Isa 33:9 35:2 65:10. It contained a town of the same name, called Saron in Ac 9:35.
The whole plain was once thickly populated, but is now comparatively uninhabited. The heat of summer is excessive, and the climate somewhat unhealthy. All travellers describe the view of the plain from the tower of Ramleh as one of…
his plain; his song
עֲרָבָה (arabah) refers to a desert plain or steppe, often associated with the generally sterile valley of the Jordan and its extension to the Red Sea. It encompasses meanings like wilderness and champaign. The term appears in various contexts, including references to specific locations like the Brook of Arabah and the Plains of Moab.
עֲרָבָה 61 n.f. desert-plain, steppe
base
H6160 עֲרָבָה desert-plain, steppe
6160 `arabah ar-aw-baw'
from 6150 (in the sense of sterility); a desert; especially
(with the article prefix) the (generally) sterile valley of
the Jordan and its continuation to the Red Sea:--Arabah,
champaign, desert, evening, heaven, plain, wilderness. See
also 1026.
see HEBREW for 06150
see HEBREW for 01026
עֲרָבָה (a.ra.vah) — Arabah.
§ desert plain, steppe, desert, wilderness
עֲרָבָה (a.ra.vah) — (Brook of) the Arabah.
Combined with na.chal (נַ֫חַל "Brook" H5158K)
§ desert plain, steppe, desert, wilderness
עֲרָבָה (a.ra.vah) — Plains (of Moab).
Combined with mo.av (מוֹאָב " of Moab" H4124I)
§ desert plain, steppe, desert, wilderness
עֲרָבָה (a.ra.vah) — (Beth)-arabah.
desert plain, steppe, desert, wilderness
Another spelling of bet ha.a.ra.vah (בֵּית הָֽעֲרָבָה "Beth-arabah" H1026)
עֲרָבָה (a.ra.vah) — (Sea of) the Arabah.
Another name of me.lach (מֶ֫לַח "Salt( Sea)" H4417G)
עֲרָבָה (a.ra.vah) — plain.
§ desert plain, steppe, desert, wilderness
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun properHRd/Npl
plan
(1) kikkar, "circle" "talent," or "round loaf";
(2) mishor, from yashar, "to be level"; compare Arabic maisur, "that which is easy";
(3) biqah; compare Arabic baq`at, "a plot of ground" or "a wet meadow";
(4) `arabhah;
(5) shephelah;
(6) topos pedinos (Lu 6:17);
(7) 'elon; compare elah, and 'allon "oak" (Ge 35:4,8, etc.); also 'elah, "Elah" (1Sa 17:2);
Plain
(1.) Heb. ‘abel (Judg. 11:33), a “grassy plain” or “meadow.” Instead of “plains of the vineyards,” as in the Authorized Version, the Revised Version has “Abel-cheramim” (q.v.), comp. Judg. 11:22; 2 Chr. 16:4.
(2.) Heb. ‘elon (Gen. 12:6; 13:18; 14:13; 18:1; Deut. 11:30; Judg. 9:6), more correctly “oak,” as in the Revised Version; margin, “terebinth.”
See CANAAN, and OAK.
נָעַר (na'ar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to shake, shake out, or shake off. It encompasses various forms, including Qal (to shake out), Niphal (to be shaken), Piel (to shake off), and Hithpael (to shake oneself). The entries suggest a connection to the rustling of a mane, possibly linked to a lion's roar, and highlight its use in expressions of being shaken or tossed.
[נָעַר] vb. shake, shake out or off
Qal shake out
Niph. I am shaken out like a locust
Pi. so may God shake utterly out every man from his house
Hithp. shake thyself (free)
base
H5287 נָעַר shake, shake out or off
5287 na`ar naw-ar'
a primitive root (probably identical with 5286, through the
idea of the rustling of mane, which usually accompanies the
lion's roar); to tumble about:--shake (off, out, self),
overthrow, toss up and down.
see HEBREW for 05286
נָעַר (na.ar) — to shake.
1) to shake, shake out or off
1a) (Qal) to shake out, show emptiness
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be shaken
1b2) to shake oneself
1c) (Piel) to shake off or out
1d) (Hithpael) to shake oneself
Conj | V-Qal — Conjunction · verb qal participle (active) masculine singularHC/Vqrmsa
בָּשָׁן (Bashan) refers to a fertile region east of the Jordan River, first noted as the kingdom of Og. It extends from the Jabboḳ stream to Mount Hermon, and is associated with smooth and fruitful land, significant for the half-tribe of Manasseh.
בָּשָׁן 60 n.pr.terr.m. (smooth (& fertile) land) Bashan, first mentioned as kingdom of Og, E. of Jordan, stretching from stream Jabboḳ (thus including northern Gilead) northward to Hermon, between Gennesaret (W) and mts of Hauran (E)
base
H1316 בָּשָׁן Bashan, first mentioned as kingdom of Og, E. of Jordan, stretching from stream Jabboḳ (thus including northern Gilead) northward to Hermon, between Gennesaret (W) and mts of Hauran (E)
1316 Bashan baw-shawn'
of uncertain derivation; Bashan (often with the article), a
region East of the Jordan:--Bashan.
בָּשָׁן (ba.shan) — Bashan.
§ Bashan = "fruitful"
a district east of the Jordan known for its fertility which was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
ba'-shan (ha-bashan, "the Bashan"; Basan): This name is probably the same in meaning as the cognate Arabic bathneh, "soft, fertile land," or bathaniyeh (batanaea), "this land sown with wheat" ("wheatland").
1. Boundaries:
It often occurs with the article, "the Bashan," to describe the kingdom of Og, the most northerly part of the land East of the Jordan. It stretched from the border of Gilead in the South to the slopes of Hermen in the North. Hermon itself is never definitely included in Bashan, although Og is said to have ruled in that mountain (Jos 12:5; 13:11). In De 3:10 Salecah and Edrei seem to indicate the East and West limits respectively. This would agree with Jos 12:5; 13:11, which seem to make Geshur and Maacath the…
Bashan
Light soil, first mentioned in Gen. 14:5, where it is said that Chedorlaomer and his confederates “smote the Rephaim in Ashteroth,” where Og the king of Bashan had his residence. At the time of Israel’s entrance into the Promised Land, Og came out against them, but was utterly routed (Num. 21:33-35; Deut. 3:1-7). This country extended from Gilead in the south to Hermon in the north, and from the Jordan on the west to Salcah on the east. Along with the half of Gilead it was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh (Josh. 13:29-31). Golan, one of its cities, became a “city of refuge” (Josh. 21:27). Argob, in Bashan, was…
(fruitful), a district on the east of Jordan. It is sometimes spoken of as the "land of Bashan," (1 Chronicles 5:11) and comp. Numb 21:33; 32:33 And sometimes as "all Bashan." (3:10,13; Joshua 12:5; 13:12,30) It was taken by the children of Israel after their conquest of the land of Sihon from Arnon to Jabbok. The limits of Bashan are very strictly defined. It extended from the "border of Gilead" on the south to Mount Hermon on the north, (3:3,10,14; Joshua 12:5; 1 Chronicles 5:23) and from the Arabah or Jordan valley on the west to Salchah (Sulkhad) and the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites on the east. (Joshua…
Fat, fruitful, Nu 21:33, a rich hilly district lying east of the Jordan, and between the mountains of Hermon on the north, and those of Gilead and Ammon on the south. The country takes its name from its soft and sandy soil. It is celebrated in Scripture for its rich pasturage: "Rams, of the breed of Bashan," De 32:14; "Rams, bulls, goats, all of them fatlings of Bashan," Eze 39:18. The oaks of Bashan are mentioned in connection with the cedars of Lebanon, Isa 2:13. Modern travelers describe the country as still abounding with verdant and fertile meadows, valleys traversed by refreshing streams, hills crowned with forests, and pastures offering an abundance to the flocks…
כַּרְמֶל (kar-mel) refers to both a mountain and a town in Palestine, specifically known as Carmel. The name suggests meanings related to fertility and abundance, translating to 'garden-land.' It is located on the Mediterranean coast and south of Hebron, with fertile slopes noted in the entries.
כַּרְמֶל n.pr.mont. et urb. Carmel
mt.-promontory on Mediterranean, with fertile slopes, Tel el-Amarna
city, 3 h. S. of Hebron
base
H3760 כַּרְמֶל n. pr. mont. et urb. Carmel . mt.-promontory on Mediterranean, with fertile slopes, Tel el-Amarna
. city, 3 h. S. of Hebron
3760 Karmel kar-mel'
the same as 3759; Karmel, the name of a hill and of a town in
Palestine:--Carmel, fruitful (plentiful) field, (place).
see HEBREW for 03759
כַּרְמֶל (kar.mel) — Carmel.
§ Carmel = "garden-land"
a town in the mountains on the west side of the Dead Sea and south of Hebron
כַּרְמֶל (kar.mel) — (Mount) Carmel.
§ Carmel = "garden-land"
a mountain on the Mediterranean coast of northern Israel, just below Haifa
Conj | N-proper — Conjunction · noun properHC/Npl
(1) A beautifully wooded mountain range running for about 13 miles in a south-easterly direction from the promontory which drops on the shore of the Mediterranean near Haifa, at the southern extremity of the plain of Acre, to the height of el-Machraqah which overlooks the plain of Esdraelon. On the top of the promontory, at a height of 500 ft. the monastery of Elias stands. From this point there is a gradual ascent until the greatest height is reached at Esfiyeh (1,742 ft.), the peak at el-Machraqah being only some 55 ft. lower. The mountain--usually named with the article, "the Carmel"--still justifies its name, "the garden with fruit trees." The steep slopes on the North and East, indeed, afford little scope for cultivation, although trees and brushwood grow abundantly. But to the South and West the mountain falls away to the sea and the plain in a series of long, fertile valleys…
Carmel
A park; generally with the article, “the park.” (1.) A prominent headland of Central Palestine, consisting of several connected hills extending from the plain of Esdraelon to the sea, a distance of some 12 miles or more. At the east end, in its highest part, it is 1,728 feet high, and at the west end it forms a promontory to the bay of Acre about 600 feet above the sea. It lay within the tribe of Asher. It was here, at the east end of the ridge, at a place called el-Mukhrakah (i.e., the place of burning), that Elijah brought back the people to their allegiance to God, and slew the prophets of Baal (1 Kings 18). Here were consumed the “fifties” of the royal guard; and here also Elisha received the visit of the bereaved mother whose son was restored by him to life (2 Kings 4:25-37). “No mountain in or around Palestine retains its…
(fruitful place or park). A mountain which forms one of the most striking and characteristic features of the country of Palestine. It is a noble ridge, the only headland of lower and central Palestine, and forms its southern boundary, running out with a bold bluff promontory, nearly 600 feet high, almost into the very waves of the Mediterranean, then extending southeast for a little more than twelve miles, when it terminates suddenly in a bluff somewhat corresponding to its western end. In form Carmel is a tolerably continuous ridge, its highest point,a bout four miles from the eastern end, being 1740 feet above the sea. That which has made the name of Carmel most familiar to the modern world is its intimate connection with the history of the two great prophets of Israel, Elijah and Elisha. (2 Kings 2:25; 4:25;
A fruitful field,
1. A city of Judah, on a mountain of the same name, eight miles south by east of Hebron, Jos 15:55. On this mountain Saul, returning from his expedition against Amalek, erected a trophy; and here Nabal the Carmelite, Abigail’s husband, dwelt, 1Sa 15:12,25. Its ruins indicate that it was a large place.
2. A celebrated range of hills running northwest from the Plain of Esdraelon, and ending in the promontory which forms the bay of Acre. Its greatest height is about 1,500 feet; at its northeastern foot runs the brook Kishon, and a little farther north, the river Belus. On its northern point stands a convent of the Carmelite friars, an order established in the twelfth century, and having at the present day various branches in Europe. The foot of the northern part…