ἄρα, an illative particle (akin, as it seems, to the verbal root APQ to join, to be fitted, [cf. Curtius § 488 ; Vanitek p- 47]), whose use among native Greeks is illustrated fully by Kiihner ii. §$ 509, 545; [Jelf §§ 787-789], and Klotz ad Devar. ii. pp. 160-180, among others; [for a statement of diverse views see Biumlein, Griech. Partikeln, p. 19 sq.]. It intimates that, “under these circumstances something either is so or becomes so” (Klotz loc. p. 167): Lat. igitur, consequently, [differing from οὖν in ‘denoting a subjective impression rather than a positive conclusion.” L. and S. (see 5 below)]. In the N. T. it is used frequently by Paul, but in the writings of John and in the so-called Catholic Epistles it does not occur. On its use in the N. T. cf. W. §§ 53, 8 a. and 61,6. Itis found 1. subjoined to another word : Ro. vii. 21; viii.1; Gal. iii. 7; ἐπεὶ ἄρα since, if it were otherwise, 1 Co. vii. 14; [v. 10, cf. B. §149,5]. When placed after pronouns and interrogative particles, it refers to a preceding assertion or fact, or even to something existing only inthe mind. τίς ἄρα who then? Mt. xviii. 1 (1. e. one certainly will be the greater, who then?); Mt. xix. 25 (i. e. certainly some will be saved; you say that the rich will not; who then?); Mt. xix. 27; xxiv. 45 (I bid you be ready; who then etc.? the question follows from this command of mine); Mk. iv. 41; Lk. i. 66 (from all these things doubtless something follows ; what, then ?) ; LK. viii. 25 ; xii. 42; xxii. 23 (it will be one of us, which then ?); Acts xii. 18 (Peter has disappeared; what, then, has become of him?). εἰ ἄρα, Mk. xi. 13 (whether, since the tree had leaves, he might also find some fruit on it) ; Acts vii. 1 [Ree.] (ἄρα equiv. to ‘since the witnesses testify thus’); Acts viii. 22 (if, since thy sin is so grievous, perhaps the thought ete.) ; εἴπερ dpa, 1 Co. xv. 15, (Δ) τ, εἰ dpa, Gen. xviii. 3). οὐκ dpa, Acts xxi. 38 (thou hast a knowledge of Greek; art thou not then the Egyptian, as I suspected ?); μήτι dpa (Lat. num igitur), did I then ete., 2 Co. i. 17. 2. By a use doubtful in Grk. writ. (ef. B. 371 (318); [W. 558 (519)]) it is placed at the beginning of a sentence; and so, so then, accordingly, equiv. to ὥστε with a finite verb: ἄρα μαρτυρεῖτε [μάρτυpes ἐστε T Tr WH], Lk. xi. 48 (Mt. xxiii. 81 ὥστε paptupeite); Ro. x. 17; 1 Co. xv. 18; 2 Co. v. 14 (15) (in LT Tr WH noconditional protasis preceding) ; 2 Co. vii. 12; Gal. iv. 31 (LT Tr WH &é); Heb. iv. 9. 3. inan apodosis, after a protasis with εἰ, in order to bring out what follows as a matter of course, (Germ. so ist ja the obvious inference is): Lk. xi. 20; Mt. xii. 28; 2 Co. ν. 14 (15) (R G, a protasis with εἰ preceding); Gal. ii. 21; iii. 29; v.11; Heb. xii. 8; joined to another word, 1 Co. xv. 14. 4. with yé, rendering it more pointed, dpaye [14 Tr uniformly ἄρα ye; so R WH in Acts xvii. 27; cf. W. p.45; Lips. Gram. Untersuch. p. 123], surely then, so then, (Lat. itaque ergo): Mt. vii. 20; xvii. 26; Acts xi. 18 (1, T Tr WH om. γέ) ; and subjoined to a word, Acts xvii. 27 [W. 299 (281)]. 5. ἄρα οὖν, a combination peculiar to Paul, at the beginning of a sentence (W. 445 (414); B. 371 (318), [dpa ad internam potius caussam spectat, οὖν magis ad externam.” Kotz ad Devar. ii. p. 717; ἄρα is the more logical, οὖν the more formal connective; “ ἄρα is illative, οὖν continuative,” Win. 1. ο.; ef. also Kushner § 545, 3]), [R. V.] so then, (Lat. hine igitur) : Ro. v. 18; vii. 3, 25; viii. 12; ix. 16, 18; xiv. 12 (L Tr om. WH br. οὖν) ; 19 [L mre. ἄρα]; Galfyi, 10: phat 19. Phys 65 2. ΤῊ: 1 15. dpa, an interrogative particle [“implying anxiety or impatience on the part of the questioner.” L. and S. s. v.], (of the same root as the preceding ἄρα, and only differing from it in that more vocal stress is laid upon the first syllable, which is therefore circumflexed) ; 1: num igitur, i. e. marking an inferential question to which a negative answer is expected: Lk. xviii. 8; with ye rendering it more pointed, dpa ye [G T dpaye]: Acts viii. 30; [ἄρα οὖν... . διώκομεν Lehm. ed. min. also maj. mrg. are we then pursuing ete. Ro. xiv. 19]. 2. ergone i.e. a question to which an affirmative answer is expected, in an interrogative apodosis, (Germ. so ist also wohl ?), he is then? Gal. ii. 17 (where others [e. g. Lchm.] write dpa, so that this example is referred to those mentioned under dpa, 3, and is rendered Christ is then a minister of sin; but μὴ γένοιτο, which follows, is everywhere by Paul opposed to a question). Cf. W. 510 (475) sq. [also B. 247 (213), 371 (318); Herm. ad Vig. p. 820 sqq.; Klotz ad Deyar. ii. p. 180 sqq.; speaking somewhat loosely, it may be said “ ἄρα expresses bewilderment as to a possible conclusion. . . dpa hesitates, while ἄρα coneludes.” Bp. Lghtft. on Gal. 1. ¢.].

ἄρα, illative particle, expressing a more subjective or informal inference than οὖν, then: prop. (as in cl.), the second word in the sentence, Ro 7:21 8:1, Ga 3:7; ἐπεὶ ἄρα, I Co 7:14 (with another word between) 5:10; as the first word, Lk 11:48, Ac 11:18, Ro 10:17, I Co 15:18, II Co 5:15 7:12, He 4:9; so prop. in apodosis after protasis with εἰ, Mt 12:28, Lk 11:20, Ga 2:21 3:29 5:11, He 12:8 (κενὸν ἄρα), I Co 15:14; often in interrogations, direct and indirect, τίς (τί) ἄρα, Mt 18:1 19:25, 27 24:45, Mk 4:41, Lk 1:66 8:25 12:42 22:23, Ac 12:18; εἰ ἄρα, Mk 11:13, Ac 8:22; εἴπερ ἄρα, I Co 15:15; οὐκ ἄρα, Ac 21:38; μήτι ἄρα, II Co 1:17; in strengthened forms, ἄρα γε, ἄραγε, Mt 7:20 17:26, Ac 17:27, and more freq. ἄρα οὖν (Epp. Paul.), so then, Ro 5:18 7:3, 25 8:12 9:16, 18 14:12, 19, Ga 6:10, Eph 2:19, I Th 5:6, II Th 2:15 (Bl., § 77, 2; 78, 5; MM, s.v.).†

ἄρα. For εἰ ἄρα, sz forte, as in Mk 115, Ac 855, cf. P Petr II. 13 (19)® (middle of iii/B.c.) (= Witkowski, p. 19) εἰ 8 ἄρα μὴ ὁρᾶις ὃν δυνατόν, P Hal ri 172 (middle of iii/B.c.), εἰ δὲ ἄρα δεῖ αὐτοῖς σταθμοὺς δίδοίσθ᾽αι πία]ρὰ τῶν οἰκονόμων, διδότωσαν α[ὐ]τοῖς τοὺς ἀναγκαίους. See also P Oxy VII. τογοῦῦ (iii/A.D.) μὴ ἀμελήσῃς μὴ ἄρα ποτὲ θέλῃς μ[εἸτὰ σ[ο]ῦ [ρ]αείδι τὴν τήρησιν τῆς ὅλης οἰκίας παραδιδόναι, “do not neglect this, lest indeed you choose to hand over the keeping of the whole house to Herais” (Ed.): cf. P Amh 11. 84” (ii/iii A.D.) . . . Jpevos μὴ ἄρα τι

ἄρα (ara) — therefore. ἄρᾰ, Epic dialect ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant ἄρ (perhaps cf. Lithuanian i[rtilde] 'and'): expressing consequence, then, or mere succession, there and then, and in many derived uses. __A EARLIER USAGE: to denote, __A.I immediate transition, there and then, straightway, ὣς φάτο βῆ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ Ὄνειρος[Refs 8th c.BC+]: after a participle, ὣς εἰπὼν κατ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἕζετο[Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὕτως ἄρα[Refs 5th c.BC+]; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο.. αὐτίκ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἤλυθεν[Refs 8th c.BC+]: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, then, next, οἱ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ Ἀθήνας εἶχον[Refs]; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος.. ὁ δ᾽ ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ᾽ υἱόν[Refs] __A.I.2 to draw attention, mark you! τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον.. τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος[Refs]: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή[Refs] __A.II connexion, such as, __A.II.1 that of antecedent and consequent, οἰνοχόει.. ἄσβεστος δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐνῶρτο γέλως[Refs]: also in questions, τίς τ᾽ ἄρ τῶν ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος ἔη; who then (say you) was.. ? [Refs]he it was, whom.., [Refs], thus, then he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek. __A.II.2 explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα.. ἀπηύρων whom (and for this cause he was angry) they had taken away, [Refs]; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε.. φῆ ῥ᾽ ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν for he said, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; so with relatives, ἐκ δ᾽ ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ᾽ ἤθελον αὐτοί the very one which.., [Refs 8th c.BC+] __B LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν), ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία[Refs 4th c.BC+]: especially by way of informal inference, as it seems, οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς[Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν so true is it that.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ... [Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι.. [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.2 in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσετα; who is there to save ? [Refs 4th c.BC+]; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρ᾽ ἥβην.. ἀπώλεσεν what a band of youth was that.. ! [Refs]; so ὡς ἄρα[Refs 5th c.BC+]; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone, ἔζης ἄ.[Refs 5th c.BC+]: especially in ironical comments, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.3 epexegetic, namely, ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ... [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.4 for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, see entry τοι [Refs] __B.5 εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless perhaps, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; separated from εἰ μή, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.6 in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν[Refs 5th c.BC+]; or simply, perhaps (sometimes separated from εἰ), εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ... ὑπελάμβανεν[Refs 5th c.BC+] __C IN CRASIS, frequently τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __D ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek [Refs 4th c.BC+], but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in [NT], and first in a sentence, [NT+2nd c.AD+]; in conclusion of syllogism, [Refs 2nd c.AD+]