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2 Timothy 3

Hendriksen
‹ Chapter 2 2 Timothy — All Chapters Chapter 4 ›

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 12 2 8 0 0 CHAPTER III) Outline of Chapter 3) Theme: The Apostle Paul Tells Timothy What To Do in the Interest of Sound Doctrine) Abide in It Grievous times will come ) ) 3:1 9 Knowing that enemies will arise, who have its form, not its power.) 3:10 17 Knowing that it is based on the sacred writings, as you learned from trustworthy persons.) ) 3:1 9) 3 1 But understand this, that in (the) last days grievous seasons will set in; 2 for the people will be self-loving, money-loving, boasters, overbearing, blasphemers, disobedient to (their) parents, unthankful, unholy, 3 unfeeling, unforgiving, slanderers, unrestrained, untamed, unloving toward the good, 4 traitors, reckless, blinded with conceit, pleasure-loving rather than God-loving, 5 having a form of piety but denying its power; and from such people turn away.) 6 For out of these circles come those who are infiltrating the homes and are taking captive weak-minded women loaded down with sins, swayed by various impulses, 7 ever learning and never able to arrive at the acknowledgment of (the) truth. 8 And just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so do also these men oppose the truth, men corrupt in mind and reprobate with respect to the faith. 9 But they will not get very far, for their folly will be obvious to everyone, as also that of those (two men) got to be.) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=55.2.24-55.2.26|AUTODETECT|”

  1. To be gentle, patient, and mild 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.24-55.2.26|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:24 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) will not be easy, as the apostle now proceeds to show: But understand this, that in (the) last days grievous seasons will set in.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 There are two things which Paul wants Timothy to do, according to the lengthy sentence which extends all the way from 1:1 to the end of verse 5. He tells his dearly-beloved representative that he:) a. must constantly realize that in the last days grievous seasons will set in; and) b. must constantly turn away from the kind of people who will make these seasons so grievous.) These two commands are connected by the conjunction and. Hence, when most of the explanatory material that intervenes between the commands is omitted, there remains this: But understand this, that in (the) last days grievous seasons will set in; for the people will be self-loving & and from such people turn away. ) Once this connection is understood, it also becomes clear that the expression in the last days, as here used, cannot be limited to the days which will immediately precede Christ s second coming.��150�� It would have been senseless to tell Timothy to avoid people who would never bother him at all! And it is not warranted to solve the difficulty by saying: The writer expected Christ s return any moment! (See N.T.C. on II Thess., chapter 2). The key to the correct interpretation is the contextual explanation of the expression in the last days. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.49.1|AUTODETECT|” Now in the Old Testament this expression 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.49.1|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 49:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.24.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Num. 24:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.30|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 4:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Is. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.23.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.23.20|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 23:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.30.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.30.24|AUTODETECT|” 30:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.48.47|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.48.47|AUTODETECT|” 48:47) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.49.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.49.39|AUTODETECT|” 49:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.38.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.38.16|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 38:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.28|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 2:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.10.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.10.14|AUTODETECT|” 10:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Hos. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.4.1|AUTODETECT|” Mic. 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.49.1|AUTODETECT|” ) refers to the days to come, the future. What is included in that future must be determined in each separate instance by the context.��151�� That it cannot in every instance refer exclusively to the days that will immediately precede Christ s second coming is clear at once from the context of such a passage as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.49.1|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 49:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.28|AUTODETECT|” . Jacob, in blessing his sons, was not thinking primarily of what would happen at the end of the world, nor was he even thinking of a period which for each tribe would begin at the Messiah s first advent. On the contrary, he was describing the events that were to take place in the lives of his sons and in the history of the tribes of Israel. And even from the context of such a passage as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.2.28|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 2:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 it is evident that the expression in the last days covers a period which begins with the Babylonian sovereignty, long before the days of Christ s first advent, and which includes also the entire new dispensation. In fact, in a sense, the period covered never ends, for a kingdom is predicted which will last forever. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.2|AUTODETECT|” As the context shows, in passages such as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Is. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.4.1|AUTODETECT|” Micah 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (cf. 5:2) the expression in the last days refers to the age ushered in by Christ s appearance on earth. This is the age of the fulfilment of the Messianic promises, promises which attain their even more glorious realization at the consummation.��152��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.17|AUTODETECT|” This is clearly also the meaning in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.2.28|AUTODETECT|” 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=29.2.28|AUTODETECT|” Joel 2:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.3|AUTODETECT|” ), where the events that occurred on the day of Pentecost are included in the last days. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.3|AUTODETECT|” James 5:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” , variously interpreted.) The rather similar expression at the end of these days in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.18|AUTODETECT|” (see context) also clearly refers to a period which began with the coming of Christ into the flesh. Moreover, the apostle John knew that the last hour had already arrived 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.18|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Accordingly, Paul s words here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.1|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.12|AUTODETECT|” are best interpreted as meaning, Timothy, constantly realize that in these last days this lengthy dispensation in which we are now living there will be grievous seasons. These seasons will come and go, and the last will be worse than the first. They will be seasons of ever-increasing wickedness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 18:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.1-53.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ), which will culminate in the climax of wickedness, the revelation of the man of lawlessness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.1-53.2.12|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:1 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.0|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.0|AUTODETECT|” Luke 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 There will set in (approaching like a thunder-storm, until fully present) seasons grievous. Thus the passage reads literally, with some emphasis on the adjective grievous, hard or painful (to endure). These seasons, then, are eras of duress for the true church, difficult time-periods of the new dispensation, definitely marked out in God s eternal decree.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.1-54.4.5|AUTODETECT|” As was true with respect to the closely related later seasons prophecy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.1-54.4.5|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 4:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.1-54.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ), so also the present prediction has multiple fulfilment. But while ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.1-54.4.5|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 4:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 warned against the coming of Ascetic Gnostics and their followers throughout the course of history, the present prophecy deals more emphatically with the coming of Antinomian or Licentious Gnostics and with those throughout the centuries who, although dropping some of their weird basic theories, copy their worldly example.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.29-45.1.31|AUTODETECT|” 2 5. Grievous seasons will set in, for the people will be.& It is the people (the members of the human race; the men generically, not the men as distinguished from the women ) living during these grievous seasons who will cause all the grief. A catalogue of their sinful characteristics follows. It should be compared with the list in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.29-45.1.31|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:29 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Note in both lists: a. boasters, overbearing (or haughty); b. unsubmissive or disobedient to parents; and c. unfeeling (or without natural affection). Note also synonyms: Romans has whisperers and defamers ; II Timothy, slanderers; Romans, haters of God; II Timothy, pleasure-loving rather than God-loving; Romans unmerciful; II Timothy, unforgiving (or implacable; literally; admitting of no truce); etc.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Here in II Tim. the list has nineteen items (if the modifiers pleasure-loving rather than God-loving, and having a form of piety but denying its power each be regarded as one item).��153�� Whether Paul had any division in mind, so that the nineteen can be divided into groups, each group emphasizing one central idea, cannot be determined. It is true, however, that items 6 10 form an unbroken series, in the sense that all of these begin with the prefix un- or dis- ( -privative in the original). This would divide the entire catalogue into three groups (items 1 5; 6 10; 11 19), structurally considered. Note, however, that three of the items in the last group also begin with the negative prefix.��154��) The list, then, is as follows:) self-loving, money-loving, boasters, overbearing, blasphemers,) disobedient to (their) parents, unthankful, unholy, unfeeling, unforgiving,) slanderers, unrestrained, untamed, unloving toward the good, traitors, reckless, blinded with conceit, pleasure-loving rather than God-loving, having a form of piety but denying its power.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” These people, then, are, first of all self-loving. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 : self-pleasing. Trench (par. xciii) borrows the illustration of the hedgehog which a. rolls itself up in a ball, keeping the soft, warm wool for itself (��������, self-loving, selfish); and b. presents the sharp spines to those without (�P�����, self-pleasing, arrogant).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.14|AUTODETECT|” Since they are self-loving, they are naturally also money-loving (lovers of silver). Think of the Pharisees as described in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.30|AUTODETECT|” They are boastful or boasters 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.30|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This word originally referred to a person who wanders about the country. He may be peddling medicine, boasting about its healing virtue; hence, a quack. But in the present passage boasting in general is meant.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.30|AUTODETECT|” While boasting about themselves and their wares, accomplishments, or talents, these people are overbearing 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.30|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.51|AUTODETECT|” ; then ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.51|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.6|AUTODETECT|” James 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.5|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 5:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) in their attitude to others. They are the haughty type, uppish. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” It is not surprising that such people are also described as being blasphemers. When they speak, they hurt or injure. They use scornful language, insulting God and man 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.11|AUTODETECT|” ). The group of words formed around this stem has many examples in the New Testament. For the adjective blasphemous (here in II Tim. used as a substantive, blasphemers) see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.11|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.11|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Jude 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” ). For the related verb (to blaspheme) see on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” ; for the related noun (blasphemy), see on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.30|AUTODETECT|” These people are lacking in such excellent qualities as submissiveness, thankfulness, holiness, affection for their own families, and the forgiving attitude. It is implied that in each case they possess the very opposite attitude; that is, they are not only disobedient but definitely rebellious; not only untamed but fierce; not only unholy but wicked, etc. Taking these five characteristics one by one, these people are described as being, first of all, disobedient toward their parents 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.30|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ; then ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.17|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.3|AUTODETECT|” 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” This shows that they are unthankful 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ), not appreciative of the many acts of kindness which their parents have bestowed upon them, and not appreciative toward other people either, nor toward God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.9|AUTODETECT|” , neither gave thanks ). Though blessings are common enough, there is in this world no common gratitude. Common grace 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.9|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 145:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.145.17|AUTODETECT|”
  1. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Jonah 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.4.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.4.11|AUTODETECT|”
  2. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.43-40.5.45|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.43-40.5.45|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:43 45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), yes; common gratitude, no!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.9|AUTODETECT|” With respect to things which have divine sanction, they are unholy or impious 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.9|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.31|AUTODETECT|” ). They do not reverence the established sanctities. This implies that they are unfeeling, or unsympathetic, heartless, lacking even in natural affection such as parents have for their children, and children for their parents 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.31|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 They show that same callousness all around, also in their relation to their fellowmen. Their feuds never end. In their camp no libation is ever poured out to signify that those who had been at variance with each other have consented to a truce. They are implacable, irreconcilable.) The final group shows how these inner attitudes or deficiencies express themselves outwardly in words of hatred and deeds of cruelty.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.6|AUTODETECT|” These people, then, hurl false and/or hostile epithets and charges at each other. They are slanderers, false accusers, imitators of the great Diabolos 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.6|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.7|AUTODETECT|”
  3. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.27|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11|AUTODETECT|” 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.16|AUTODETECT|” ; etc., a word of frequent occurrence in the New Testament). They have never learned to control themselves; hence, are unrestrained, uninhibited, thoroughly lacking in self-control, devoid of power to check their own drives and impulses. Having never settled down, they are untamed, savage, fierce. They despise virtue, are unloving toward the good. By them their associates, even before the latters ruin is evident, have been given over to the enemy. They are traitors, therefore, receiving their pay beforehand, just like Judas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.16|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.52|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.52|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.36|AUTODETECT|” ). Nothing stops them. Rashly they plunge ahead in their wickedness, being reckless or precipitate in their deeds of violence 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.36|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.6|AUTODETECT|” ). No one can tell them anything, for they know it all, so blinded with conceit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.6|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” 6:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ) are they. This blindness, moreover, has a moral, spiritual cause. Its root is in the heart and in the will, for these people are utterly selfish (note how the description in reaching a climax returns to its starting-point: self-loving ). They are pleasure-loving rather than (or more than) God-loving. This definitely does not mean that they also love God to some extent. It means that they do not love God at all 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.19|AUTODETECT|” John 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.43|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.43|AUTODETECT|” 12:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.19|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.11|AUTODETECT|” 17:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.7|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. somewhat similar idioms in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.7|AUTODETECT|” Luke 15:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.14|AUTODETECT|” 18:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.20|AUTODETECT|” ). Not only does one find these people outside of the church. They have infiltrated the church (and not only the church, see verse 6). And even should they be excommunicated, they will still pretend to be eminent Christians. They are described as having a form, a mere semblance or appearance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ) of piety 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.7|AUTODETECT|” 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.8|AUTODETECT|”
  4. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.3|AUTODETECT|” 6:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.5|AUTODETECT|”
  5. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.6|AUTODETECT|”
  6. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|”
  7. 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but denying its power.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 These people lack spiritual dynamite. They have no love for God, nor for his revelation in Jesus Christ, nor for his people. Hence, since they are not Spirit-filled men, it is not surprising that they lack power.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.10|AUTODETECT|” And from such people turn away, says Paul (for explanation see pp. 281, 282). Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.10|AUTODETECT|” II John 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 6, 7. The reason why Timothy must turn away from such people is now pointed out: For out of these circles come those who are infiltrating the homes and are taking captive weak-minded women.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Out of the circles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.24|AUTODETECT|” John 1:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.11|AUTODETECT|” ) of the men described in verses 1 5 come those false prophets who specialize in the art of captivating women. They are not successful with all the women, of course. Many women are far too sensible to become the dupes of false prophets. Paul thought very highly of such noble women and made good use of their talents 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.11|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ; and on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.9|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.10|AUTODETECT|”
  8. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.13|AUTODETECT|” ). But every age also has its fickle women 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.13|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and these are found both in the church and outside of it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.1-1.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Probably when their husbands are not at home, the women are visited by these peddlers of strange doctrines. There was a beginning of this evil practice in Paul s day or shall we go back all the way to Paradise? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.1-1.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 3:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a) ; it was going to become worse in days to come. We of the twentieth century know that exactly this practice is going on today, and that the false prophets who engage in it show a close resemblance to those of Paul s day and age. Also today, as many can testify, the men who visit the women in order to ensnare them fail to take sin seriously, often deny everlasting punishment, and in general proclaim a religion which satisfies the flesh. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.0|AUTODETECT|” These men, then, worm their way into the homes (pl. of �0���, dwelling; then home, household, family). Why is it that they seek out women? Is it because they know that women (especially women of this particular brand) are easier to mislead than men? Is it that they reason thus: Once we have the women on our side, the men will come of their own accord? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.0|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) By methods either fair or foul these men are getting into (not necessarily in every case: are sneaking into) the family-units. By means of the very novelty of their doctrines, which offer an easy way out for anyone who is bothered by sin, these infiltrators are taking captive (original sense: taking with the spear; but here more general and metaphorical, captivating) weak-minded women. To describe these women, the original uses a diminutive with contemptuous meaning. This is hard to reproduce in English. Cf. the German Weiblein, and the Dutch vrouwtjes; little women would hardly do. Probably weak-minded women or weak-natured women or silly women (A.V., A.R.V.) will do; cf. the colloquial softies. These are, at any rate, women who do not amount to much, easy marks for the false prophets.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 By means of three participial phrases, the last one a compound phrase, these weak-minded women are further described: loaded down with sins, swayed by various impulses, ever learning and never able to arrive at the acknowledgment of (the) truth.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.20|AUTODETECT|” First of all, then, these women are heaped up with sin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.20|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.24|AUTODETECT|” ). They are very wicked, and the fact that they welcome the smooth talkers seems to indicate that their sins have given them an uneasy feeling, though not in the sense of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.24|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 7:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . These women are probably afraid of the consequences of their sins, but are not necessarily ashamed of them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” Secondly, they are swayed by various impulses 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 for word-study). What these evil incentives are is not stated. Perhaps we may think of such things as the following: the desire to find an easy way out of their guilt-complex, the desire to gain recognition, to be considered well-informed, to satisfy their curiosity, to have attention bestowed upon them by prominent representatives of the opposite sex, etc.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.4|AUTODETECT|” Thirdly, these weak-minded women are ever learning. Eager disciples are they, taking it all in, as with rapt attention they sit down to listen to their licentious teachers and to admire them. But their unwillingness openly to confess and to resist the evil promptings of their nature results in their being never able to arrive at the acknowledgment of (the) truth as revealed in the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.25|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 By making propaganda for their nefarious doctrines, going from home to home in order to enlist women-disciples and women-helpers, these false teachers become manifest to all true believers as adversaries of God and of his truth. This also has its present-day fulfilment, for the well-known witnesses (or by whatever name they may be called) are always denouncing the orthodox churches and their ministers.) 8. Says Paul, And just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so do also these men oppose the truth, men corrupt in mind and reprobate with respect to the faith.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.5.1|AUTODETECT|” When Moses told Pharaoh, Let my people go 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.7.10|AUTODETECT|” ), and when he proved his divine commission by performing genuine miracles through the power of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 7:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.7.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.7.20|AUTODETECT|”
  9. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.7.11|AUTODETECT|” , etc.), Pharaoh s magicians performed their counter-miracles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.7.11|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 7:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.7.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.7.22|AUTODETECT|”
  10. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.8.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.8.7|AUTODETECT|” 8:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.3|AUTODETECT|” ; but see also 8:18, 19). From Jewish tradition,��155�� with which Paul was very familiar 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), he cites the example of those two ring-leaders among the magicians who, whatever their real names may have been, were known to the Jews as Jannes and Jambres . The apostle had in mind the following comparison:) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed God s representative, Moses, so do also these licentious leaders oppose the truth of God as revealed in his Word and as proclaimed by Paul, Timothy, etc.) This point of comparison is definitely stated. (For another undoubted third of comparison see below, on verse 9.) Whether here in verse 8 any further resemblances are implied cannot be proved. The following are mere possibilities:) (1) Jannes and Jambres were deceivers; so are the purveyors of strange doctrine against whom Paul warns Timothy.) (2) If Jewish tradition can be credited in this respect, Jannes and Jambres became proselytes, faking conversion to the Jewish religion. When they saw that they could not prevent Israel s exodus from Egypt, they are said to have joined the departing multitude. Later (according to Jewish tradition!) they were the ones who induced the people to make a golden calf and to worship it. They were pretenders, therefore; hypocrites, and as such very dangerous. Similarly, the false leaders whom Paul describes are all the more dangerous because they pretend to be genuine converts to the Christian religion.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.5|AUTODETECT|” Paul calls the men whom he is describing corrupt in mind 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.5|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In their case the very organ that was given to men in order that he might be able to receive and reflect on spiritual realities has become thoroughly and permanently defiled. As a result, with respect to the faith (objective sense), these men have been found to be worthy of emphatic disapproval; hence, reprobate, condemned as worthless, unfit, disqualified, utterly rejected.) 1 1 2 8 0 0
  1. There is, however, one reason for encouragement. Says Paul: But they will not get very far, for their folly will be obvious to everyone, as also that of those (two men) got to be.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.16|AUTODETECT|” To be sure, the enemies of the faith advance to constantly increasing ungodliness, and their word devours like a gangrene 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.16|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.17|AUTODETECT|”
  1. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.22|AUTODETECT|” ), so that for a while it may seem that their purpose is going to be achieved and that the entire organism of the church will be destroyed. But this never happens, not in any of the many periods of the church s history, not even toward the end of the age. The purpose is always to lead astray: if possible, even the elect 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.22|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.17|AUTODETECT|” ), but this is ever impossible! The thought here is like that in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.17|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.18|AUTODETECT|”
  2. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.9|AUTODETECT|” , followed by the comforting verse 19. God s, solid foundation remains standing. And in that sense it is true that the errorists will not get very far 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Their folly (lack of understanding, senselessness) will become entirely clear to all. No doubt, God s true children see this folly first of all. Afterward, others too will see it; for worldly people have a tendency to follow first one deceiver, then another. For example, those who yesterday glorified Stalin, today condemn him in no uncertain terms! Exactly that same thing happened in the case of Jannes and Jambres.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 ) 3:10 17) 10 You, however, followed my teaching, my conduct, my purpose, my faith, my longsuffering, my love, my endurance, 11 my persecutions, my sufferings, what kind of things happened to me at Antioch, at Iconium, (and) at Lystra, what kind of persecutions I underwent; yet from them all the Lord rescued me! 12 In fact, all who desire to live devoutly in Christ Jesus will be persecuted. 13 Evil men and impostors, moreover, will proceed from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived. 14 You, however, must continue in the things which you have learned and of which you have become convinced, knowing from whom you learned (them), 15 and that from infancy you have known (the) sacred writings, which are able to make you wise for salvation through that faith (which is) in Christ Jesus. 16 All scripture (is) God-breathed and useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness, 17 that the man of God may be equipped, for every good work thoroughly equipped.) ) 10, 11. Now in view of the fact that grievous seasons will set in, in which wicked men and impostors will proceed from bad to worse, Timothy, who has hitherto followed Paul s teaching, etc., should exert himself the more to abide in this sound doctrine, which he has learned from trustworthy persons and which is based upon those divinely inspired writings in which from the days of infancy he has been instructed. Says Paul, You, however, followed my teaching, my conduct, my purpose, my faith, my longsuffering, my love, my endurance, my persecutions, my sufferings, what kind of things happened to me at Antioch, at Iconium, (and) at Lystra, what kind of persecutions I underwent.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Between the false teachers and Timothy there had been a sharp contrast, so that Paul is able to exclaim, You (with great emphasis on this pronoun), however, followed my teaching, etc. The verb followed, in Greek as well as in English, when it is used in a figurative sense, can mean either watched, observed, investigated 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); or took as a model, adhered to, copied. Though the latter meaning will do very well when associated with my teaching, my conduct, my purpose, my faith, etc., it will not do nearly as well with the things which happened to me at Antioch, etc. Probably what the apostle means is this, Timothy, in contrast with our opponents, you took a deep, sympathetic interest in my teaching, my conduct, etc. So interpreted, the verb implies that Timothy had actually taken Paul as his model, and had also listened to him with keen interest when he related his experiences, in some of which (for example, those at Lystra) the younger man had become intimately involved.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Paul, soon to die, clearly is looking back upon his whole life of service to Christ, especially upon that part of it which began with his first missionary journey and extended to this very day here in the Roman dungeon. With respect to that entire long journey he says, in summary, You & followed my teaching, conduct, etc.��156��) In the original each of the particulars with respect to which Timothy has followed Paul is definite. Hence, the correct rendering is not my teaching, conduct, purpose, etc. (A.V. and A.R.V.), but my teaching, my conduct, my purpose, etc., with my repeated before each item.) Does the list of nine particulars show any definite order or grouping? It is impossible to answer this question categorically. Surely, if any sequence is pointed out, it should be a natural one, characteristic (at least to some extent) of Paul.��157�� An arbitrary division is of no help whatever. It must be admitted, however, that we today cannot be sure that our attempt to point out why one item in the list follows another corresponds with Paul s own reasoning.

If it be permissible, nevertheless, to make such an attempt with the definite understanding that it is merely an attempt, which may or may not be entirely successful I would suggest the following:) All the items express or imply obedience to the Lord. The seven items in verse 10 are the manifestations of active obedience (even endurance, that is, stedfast perseverance, is active; and so is longsuffering, the exercise of patience toward others ). The two items in verse 11 are the manifestations of a more passive type of obedience: a person is persecuted; as a result, he suffers.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.3|AUTODETECT|” In the first group of seven there are four items which probably go together . The linking of faith, love, and endurance is characteristic of Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.3|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ). Sometimes hope appears in the place of endurance, the latter being the fruit of the former: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.10|AUTODETECT|” . Here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.10|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 it is not strange to find longsuffering in a subdivision which also lists endurance. In both of these the Christian s patience is expressed (for the distinction see below).) 1 7 2 8 0 0 We arrive, accordingly, at the following grouping which may have been in the author s mind:) A. Expressions of Active Obedience (verse 10)) 1. my teaching, my conduct, my purpose (as to the possible relation of these three see below)) 2. my faith, my longsuffering, my love, my endurance) B. Expressions of Passive Obedience (verse 11)) my persecutions (those which I experienced), my sufferings.) As to the separate items, note the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.12|AUTODETECT|” a. my teaching. Logically this comes first, for it was the teaching of Paul, the gospel which he preached, which had first of all impressed Timothy, and had been sanctified to his heart unto conversion 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). On this word teaching see also pp. 6, 7, 9.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.17|AUTODETECT|” b. my conduct. Paul s consecrated walk of life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.17|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.13-44.14.18|AUTODETECT|” ), his completely unselfish behavior, giving all honor to God and refusing to receive any honor for himself, had also left its imprint upon Timothy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.13-44.14.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:13 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Moreover, not only at the beginning but throughout their association with each other Paul s teaching and his conduct in harmony with that teaching had constantly been watched with sympathetic interest by the younger man. In his own life these two (teaching and conduct) had borne fruit.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.22|AUTODETECT|” c. my purpose. A man s real, inner purpose is not clearly evident the first time you meet him. Though his words may be very fine, he may be a deceiver. But when, as in the case of Paul, teaching and conduct are in beautiful harmony, no legitimate doubt remains as to the purpose of one s life. Already at the time of Paul s first visit to Lystra, Timothy, no doubt, had become persuaded about this purpose and had made it his own. The apostle s subsequent heroic return (on this same first missionary journey) to the very city which had stoned him almost to death must have made that glorious purpose even clearer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and even more a matter to be copied. Later experiences had served to further clarify and intensify this aim in life. ) 1 7 2 8 0 0 Turning now to the group of four items which seem to belong together (as has been shown), the one first in this list is:) d. my faith. Occurring between my purpose and my longsuffering, the expression my faith is best interpreted in the subjective sense, the faith in God (and in his redemptive truth) which I exercise. This, too, had exerted its powerful effect upon Timothy and had been reproduced in his own heart and life.) e. my longsuffering. This patience with respect to people (as distinguished from endurance, which is patience amid adverse circumstances, see N.T.C. on I and II Thess., p. 198), yes even with respect to persecutors, Paul had exhibited again and again, from the very day when Timothy had first met him at Lystra.) f. my love, probably in this connection especially with respect to people, including enemies.) g. my endurance. For definition see under e. above. Stedfast perseverance amid trying circumstances, the grace to hold up under, had been characteristic of Paul throughout his glorious missionary-career. To a certain extent, Timothy had caught the spirit.) As to Paul s passive obedience (also reflected in Timothy), the apostle continues:) h. my persecutions, those which I endured; and last of all, their natural effect or consequence:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” i. my sufferings, for the sake of Christ, of course 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 12:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.21-47.11.33|AUTODETECT|” ). To see what kind of persecutions and sufferings Paul endured one should read the list in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.21-47.11.33|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:21 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . In some of these Timothy had shared.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.0|AUTODETECT|” It is not at all surprising that in connection with persecutions and sufferings Paul says, what kind of things happened to me at Antioch, at Iconium, (and) at Lystra, for these were the very places which he had visited on his first missionary journey, the journey on which Timothy had first met the apostle and had been converted. Timothy had heard Paul s preaching at Lystra, had probably witnessed the miraculous cure of the born-cripple, the manner in which Paul (and Barnabas) had restrained the multitude from worshipping him, and the stoning. Very vividly Timothy must have recalled how the people, believing that Paul was dead, had dragged him out of the city (Timothy s native city, in all probability). Read ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . On this occasion or shortly afterward the new convert must also have learned about the tribulations which the missionaries had endured just before entering Lystra, namely, at Antioch (expulsion), and at Iconium (the minds of the Gentiles poisoned against them by the Jews, and the threat of physical harm). By saying what kind of things happened to me, and what kind of persecutions I underwent, the apostle indicates: a. the character or nature of these woeful experiences (they were very severe, very bitter), and probably b. the fact that many similar hardships for the sake of the gospel had followed in their train, until this very moment.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.1-19.27.5|AUTODETECT|” The vivid recollection of these afflictions, which march in rapid procession before Paul s mind s eye, causes him by way of contrast to exclaim, Yet (��� is undoubtedly adversative here) from them all the Lord rescued me! Let timid Timothy take this to heart 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.1-19.27.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 27:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.91.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.91.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 91) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.125.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.125.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 125) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.43.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.43.2|AUTODETECT|” Is. 43:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=34.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=34.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Nah. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.38|AUTODETECT|” ). The Lord ever rescues his people, frequently from death, sometimes by means of death. Either way, nothing ever separates them from his love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.38|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 12. The fact that believers are intimately united with Christ means that essentially (though not in degree) all must suffer Christ s reproach. Says Paul, In fact, all who desire to live devoutly in Christ Jesus will be persecuted.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.2|AUTODETECT|” The idea of the godly, pious, or devout life occurs again and again in the Pastorals 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.7|AUTODETECT|” 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.3|AUTODETECT|” 6:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.6|AUTODETECT|” 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.5|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.4|AUTODETECT|” ; for the related verb see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.12|AUTODETECT|” . Here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.12|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.12|AUTODETECT|” and also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.4|AUTODETECT|” the adverb is used). But though the words built on this stem occur at times in a very general sense and are applied also to pagan religious life (see M.M., pp. 265, 266), Paul speaks distinctly about those who desire to live devoutly in Christ Jesus. The people whom he has in mind have made it their earnest resolution, with God s help and by his grace, to live the life of devotion to Christ. They live in close fellowship with him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.4|AUTODETECT|” John 15:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Now the apostle makes the definite statement that all those who desire to live devoutly in Christ Jesus will be persecuted. Paul s own experience (see verse 11 above) is by no means peculiar. Scars are the price which every believer pays for his loyalty to Christ. They are also his credentials before God.) The reason why persecution awaits all those who are firmly resolved to adorn their confession with a truly Christian life is that in the midst of contradictions coming from every side they refuse either to stop their ears or to cringe and compromise. Instead, they face the foe and challenge him to combat. They go right ahead, boldly defending the faith against every attack, and courageously assaulting the fortress of unbelief. The result is persecution, at times very bitter.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.10-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” This inescapable character of persecution is a truth which Scripture proclaims everywhere 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.10-40.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:10 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.28|AUTODETECT|” 10:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.17-43.15.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.17-43.15.20|AUTODETECT|” John 15:17 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.1-43.16.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.1-43.16.4|AUTODETECT|” 16:1 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.33|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.33|AUTODETECT|” 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.4|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The fact that Timothy knows before-hand that also this is included in God s decree and takes place within the realm of God s providence which is ever causing good to come forth out of evil, should be a source of comfort to him and to all true believers. The comfort becomes even greater when verse 12 is read in the light of the immediately preceding verse: even in the midst of bitter persecution the interests of every believer are perfectly secure with him whose name is Rescuer.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.5.13|AUTODETECT|” 13. Between verses 12 and 13 there is no contrast. Not until verse 14 is reached is a contrast introduced, similar in nature to that which is found at the beginning of verse 10 Persecution is the lot of every believer; hence, will continue. That is the idea which the apostle has conveyed in verse 12. And now the reason why it continues is stated: the wicked will never desist, but will increase in wickedness. Says Paul, Evil men and impostors, moreover, will proceed from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived.

These wicked men and impostors are the ones described in verses 2 9. They must not be thought of as two mutually exclusive groups (one group consisting of nothing but wicked men, the other of nothing but impostors ). It is one and the same group, one predicate applying to everyone included in the group, though in the subject two descriptive terms are used to characterize this group. These persons are called: a. evil men 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.2|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ), men whose attitudes, desires, words, and works are wicked (see verses 1 9), and whose master is the evil one 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.3|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.13|AUTODETECT|” ; then ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). b. These persons are also called impostors (������, used only here in the New Testament). They are deceivers, shrewd and crafty individuals. In that respect not necessarily in the ability to work magic they remind one of Jannes and Jambres (see on verse 8 above).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.11|AUTODETECT|” These evil men and impostors, who persecute sincere believers and who strive to lead everyone astray, will proceed from bad to worse, that is, inwardly: morally and spiritually, deceiving (see on verses 6 8) and being deceived. ��158�� The implication may well be that while they are engaged in deceiving others, they themselves are being deceived. A deluding energy is the punishment which those receive who would delude others. Delusion is their weapon; by delusion they are slain. They believe, or try to make themselves believe, that the falsehoods by means of which they would ensnare others will gain for themselves complete happiness and ultimate victory. In this they will be bitterly disappointed. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=53.2.11|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) Nevertheless, the emphasis in the present passage is not on being deceived but on deceiving, as is clear from the words which immediately follow. While some fall for this deception, let Timothy be on his guard. Let him remain firm and stedfast. Says Paul:) 1 6 2 8 0 0 14, 15. You, however, must continue in the things which you have learned and of which you have become convinced.) You (note emphatic position in the original, at the very head of the sentence, just as in verse 10) must pursue a course which is the very opposite of that which was followed by the false teachers and their adherents. Timothy, then, is here admonished to continue or abide in the things (the doctrines based on Holy Writ, see verses 15, 16) which he has learned and of which he has become convinced. When did he learn them? And when had he become convinced of them? The tense used in the original does not specify.

It simply states the historical fact that Timothy has learned and has become convinced.��159�� From the context (verse 15) we gather that the two activities (learning and becoming convinced) had begun already in very early childhood. It is natural to suppose that they had continued up to this very moment while Paul is admonishing him to remain in these things. Learning had increased throughout the years, and conviction had been deepened.) Note that learning is not enough. What has been learned must be applied to the heart by the Holy Spirit, so that one also becomes convinced, with a conviction that transforms life.) According to the most natural grammatical construction, Paul states two reasons why Timothy must continue in the things which he learned and of which he became convinced. In reality the two reasons are only one, for the testimony of human beings with respect to matters of faith means nothing apart from the Word; nevertheless, since it pleased God by means of devout human individuals to convey to the mind and heart of Timothy the message of the Word, it is entirely proper to speak of two reasons:) a. The trustworthy character of those who had instructed Timothy in these doctrines (verse 14b); and) b.

The super-excellence of the sacred writings on which these doctrines are based (verse 15).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.5|AUTODETECT|” The first reason is expressed in these words: knowing from whom you learned them. Timothy must never forget that he had learned these things from no less a person than Paul himself (see verses 10 and 11 above) and, going back even farther, from those highly esteemed worthies: grandmother Lois and mother Eunice 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.5|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), women who, before their conversion to the Christian faith, had instructed the little child Timothy in the sacred writings, and who, having once accepted Jesus as their Lord and Savior, had been used as instruments in God s hand to co-operate with Paul in the important task of leading the young man to see in Christ the fulfilment of the Old Testament promises.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 It is clear that Paul, Lois, Eunice, and any others who may have nurtured Timothy, are not viewed as independent authorities, apart from the Word, but as secondary or intermediate sources of knowledge, avenues of instruction, and even this only because they accepted Scripture! Hence, not Tradition and Scripture (which really means Tradition superimposed upon Scripture) are here viewed as basically authoritative. Scripture alone (see verses 15 and 16) is final authority, and Tradition is important only in the measure in which it adheres to and imparts Scripture. When it does this, then it is of considerable significance, and this especially in the education of children who as yet are not able to read and/or interpret Scripture itself!) Accordingly, the second the only really basic reason why Timothy should abide in the things which he learned and of which he had become persuaded is: And that from infancy you have known (the) sacred writings, which are able to make you wise for salvation through that faith (which is) in Christ Jesus.) Principles and Methods of Education in Israel) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Background for the Understanding of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.15|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:15) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.18.19|AUTODETECT|” (1) Among the Jews education was definitely God-centered as to principles, contents, and methods. The devout Israelite taught his children because Jehovah commanded him to do so. And he instructed them with respect to the verba et gesta Dei (words and deeds of God), as recorded in the sacred writings. This is evident throughout the Old Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.18.19|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 18:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.10.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.10.2|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 10:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.26|AUTODETECT|” 12:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.12.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.13.14-2.13.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.13.14-2.13.16|AUTODETECT|” 13:14 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.9|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 4:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.7|AUTODETECT|” 6:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.11.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.11.19|AUTODETECT|” 11:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.46|AUTODETECT|” 32:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.38.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.38.19|AUTODETECT|” Is. 38:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and many other passages; cf. also Josephus, Antiquities, IV. viii. 12).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.1.7|AUTODETECT|” (2) Naturally the content of this body of God-centered education was, The fear of Jehovah is the beginning of (knowledge and of) wisdom, And the knowledge of the Holy One is understanding 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.9.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.9.10|AUTODETECT|” 9:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.12.13|AUTODETECT|” ). That was also its purpose: This is the end of the matter & Fear God and keep his commandments; for this is the whole duty of man 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.12.13|AUTODETECT|” Eccl. 12:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 (3) At first, as is clear from many of the passages cited, the physical-mental-moral-spiritual nurture of the child was centered solely in the home, both father and mother taking part in this. Little children, both boys and girls, were taught by their mother, to whom also the education of the older girls was entrusted. The boys, on the other hand, were soon placed under the care of the father. Even in later times (when father and mother received outside help in the rearing of their children; see (14)) the influence of godly parents and their efforts to train their children in the fear of the Lord remained paramount.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.1.8|AUTODETECT|” (4) Children, in turn, were admonished to give heed to their father s instruction, and not to reject their mother s teaching 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.6.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.6.20|AUTODETECT|” 6:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.12|AUTODETECT|” ). They were taught to honor and obey their parents 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.12|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 20:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.21.15-2.21.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.21.15-2.21.17|AUTODETECT|” 21:15 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.20.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.20.9|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 20:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.21.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.21.18|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 21:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.30.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.30.17|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 30:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.1-49.6.3|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.1-49.6.3|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The soul-destructive falsehood that the child should be permitted to do just as he pleases is refuted by Scripture. Godly parents did not inflict this cruelty upon their immature offspring!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.51.5|AUTODETECT|” (5) The reason why everything was not simply left to the child was that the little one was viewed as being not only immature (that were reason enough in itself) but also sinful by nature, hence incapable of itself to choose the good 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.51.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 51:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.5|AUTODETECT|” (6) Realizing that no human wisdom or piety is ever able to cope with the tremendous ravages of sin, godly parents committed their children to God and to his kindly care 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Job 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.1.27|AUTODETECT|” (7) In Israel God-centered education was begun when the child was still very, very young 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.1.27|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 1:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.1.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.1.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.11|AUTODETECT|” 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.22.6|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. Josephus, Against Apion, I. 12; Susanna 3; IV Macc. 18:9). The purpose of beginning early is expressed beautifully in the words of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.22.6|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 22:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , Train up a child in the way he should go , And even when he is old he will not depart from it. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.17.7|AUTODETECT|” (8) In the midst of the difficult task of properly training their children, Israelites received much encouragement from God s covenant-promise: I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee and to thy seed after thee 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.17.7|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 17:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.74.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.74.20|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 74:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.105.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.105.8|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 105:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.105.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.105.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.38|AUTODETECT|” ), a promise which is organically realized in the hearts and lives of all those who through the enabling power of God s sovereign grace are firmly resolved to surrender themselves completely to him. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.38|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.39|AUTODETECT|” 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.9|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.29|AUTODETECT|” 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .)) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.13.24|AUTODETECT|” (9) In view of the fact that the child was regarded as by nature sinful but by grace capable of inner change, discipline was not cast aside as unprofitable or unjust. The rod of correction was not spared, yet was used with discretion, since wise reproof was considered generally better than a hundred stripes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.13.24|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 13:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.13|AUTODETECT|” 23:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; then 17:10).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.103.13|AUTODETECT|” (10) Above all, parents loved their children, and nurtured them in the spirit of love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.103.13|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 103:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.8.5|AUTODETECT|” ). Jewish children were not forced to devote all their time to work and study. They had their games 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.8.5|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 8:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.16-40.11.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.16-40.11.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:16 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.24.15|AUTODETECT|” (11) Though godly Israelites made many decisions for their children, they prepared them to choose for themselves 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.24.15|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 24:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.10.19|AUTODETECT|” (12) Education in Israel was of a very practical character. It would seem that even the smaller children were in many cases taught to read and write 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.10.19|AUTODETECT|” Is. 10:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.29.11|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. Josephus, Against Apion. II. 25), though it is impossible to determine the extent of this ability 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.29.11|AUTODETECT|” Is. 29:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.29.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.29.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). That boys were taught an occupation, and that craftsmanship was encouraged is well-known.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.28.10|AUTODETECT|” (13) As to methodology, the Israelites were not, as a rule, afflicted with memorization-phobia. To a certain extent, necessity even demanded and common sense dictated that committing to memory receive its prominent place in the system of education 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.28.10|AUTODETECT|” Is. 28:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). At times this method may have received undue emphasis, just as today it certainly receives too little emphasis.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.23|AUTODETECT|” The notion that educators should merely ask questions to which no one except the child (!) has the right to supply answers was favored only by men like Eli 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.23|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.13.8|AUTODETECT|” ), who failed miserably in the task of bringing up his children. God demanded that when questions were asked, definite answers should be given 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.13.8|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 13:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.7|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 6:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.20-5.6.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.20-5.6.25|AUTODETECT|” 6:20 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.11.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.11.19|AUTODETECT|” 11:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; Josh. 12:26 28); that children should be taught Jehovah s statutes; that a body of truth with respect to the words and deeds of Jehovah should be handed down from generation to generation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.11.12|AUTODETECT|” (14) Although at first the education of the child was viewed as the sole task and responsibility of the parents, at a later period priests and Levites, prophets, special tutors 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.11.12|AUTODETECT|” Numbers 11:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.12.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.12.25|AUTODETECT|” II Sam. 12:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.10.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.10.1|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 10:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.27.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.27.32|AUTODETECT|” I Chron. 27:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.49.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.49.23|AUTODETECT|” Is. 49:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), wise men, scribes, and rabbis, all contributed their share in raising the cultural level of youth and of the nation.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 After the Exile (especially from the time of Simon ben Shata%, about 70 b.c.), due to scribal influence, a new order of educational institutions or schools gradually arose. The school was called a house or place (Hebrew Beth). The lower or elementary school was called Beth Ha-Sefer , the school attended by talented youths was called Beth Ha-Midrash , while for the masses there arose the Beth Ha-Keneseth . In course of time this place of assembly began to be known by its Greek name, of similar meaning, synagogue. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.33|AUTODETECT|” (15) That the system of home-centered religious nurture, both formal (imparting specific, systematic instruction) and informal (teaching by example) in connection with the feasts, formal and informal education coalesced , actually worked is evident from the book of Daniel. Even in the lands of the exile, youths who had been brought up in Jehovah s ways refused, at the risk of losing their lives, to defile themselves or to render homage to anyone or anything other than the God of their fathers. Thus, throughout the dark night of the captivity and foreign domination, the example of parental piety, the indoctrination in Jehovah s statutes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.33|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 119:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.105|AUTODETECT|” ), served as a lamp unto the feet and a light upon the path 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.105|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 119:105) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It also served to bind the people together, and wherever it was practised diligently, it prevented them from losing their spiritual distinctiveness, and made them, in many instances, a blessing to their heathen neighbors.��160��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Accordingly, in the manner of devout Israelites, grandmother Lois and mother Eunice had instructed little Timothy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.5|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.41|AUTODETECT|” ). Note the expression from infancy. Literally Paul says, from an infant. In some passages the word used in the original refers to an unborn child 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.41|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.44|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.44|AUTODETECT|” 44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ); elsewhere simply to a very small child, a babe or infant 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.15|AUTODETECT|” 18:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.19|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Nevertheless, when Paul writes, You, however, must continue in the things which you have learned and of which you have become convinced because & from infancy you have known (the) sacred writings, he is not thinking only of Timothy s early childhood, but is referring to Timothy s life from the days of his infancy to this very moment. Throughout that entire period Timothy had known the sacred writings, having learned to know them better and better right along.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.14|AUTODETECT|” This also indicates that the term sacred writings does not merely mean the ABC which you learned from the Bible when you were a little child (as several commentators interpret it). By sacred writings the apostle simply means The Old Testament. Words have a history. The fact that ������ has the primary meaning that which is drawn or traced, hence, character, letter, script, does not in any way compel us to accept that meaning here. See N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.14|AUTODETECT|” John 7:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . In Josephus sacred writings means The Old Testament (Antiquities, X. x. 4; Against Apion, I. 10). He gives the list of the books belonging to it in Against Apion, I. 8. This list shows that his Old Testament was the same as ours (see the explanation in my Bible Survey, pp. 19, 20).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Paul uses the expression sacred writings here in verse 15, but all scripture in verse 16, for the simple reason that he wishes to draw a distinction between the Old Testament (verse 15) and whatever has a right to be called divinely inspired scripture (verse 16). The latter comprises more than the former. Yet, Paul would have been incorrect had he said that Timothy had been instructed in all scripture from the days of his infancy, for when he was a small child Lois and Eunice knew only the Old Testament. But it was definitely true that from very early childhood until the moment when Paul is writing these words Timothy had been constantly adding to his knowledge of the Old Testament. Let him then remain firm in the faith. Let him keep clinging to that which he has learned so thoroughly and of which he has become persuaded in his heart!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.7|AUTODETECT|” That this is the correct explanation is also clear from the words which follow, namely, the sacred writings & which are able to make you wise for salvation. Letters of the alphabet (even when they are learned from the Bible!), the mere ABC, cannot make one wise for salvation; the sacred writings can! It is the testimony of Jehovah and his commandments which make a man wise 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.7|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 19:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.98|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.98|AUTODETECT|” 119:98) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.15|AUTODETECT|” ; in both cases the same verb is used in the Septuagint as is used here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.15|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.18.8|AUTODETECT|” ; see LXX ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.18.8|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 18:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.11|AUTODETECT|” ; 118:98). It is these that lead a person to choose the best means in order to achieve the highest goal. And that is real wisdom! Note: wise for salvation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.11|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.19|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.15|AUTODETECT|” , etc.). What is included in this rich concept has been explained in connection with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.15|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.27|AUTODETECT|” Now this wonderful work of God whereby sinners are emancipated from the greatest evil and made possessors of the highest good is not brought about in a mechanical fashion, through the mere hearing, reading or study of the sacred writings. One must learn to see Christ Jesus in the Old Testament. One must surrender his life to the Anointed Savior, apart from whom the sacred writings have no meaning 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.27|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.44|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.44|AUTODETECT|” 44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.39|AUTODETECT|” John 5:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.46|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.46|AUTODETECT|” 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.52|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.52|AUTODETECT|” 7:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.43|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.43|AUTODETECT|” 10:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.29|AUTODETECT|” 13:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.22|AUTODETECT|” 26:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.23|AUTODETECT|” 28:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.10|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 16, 17. Paul now expands the idea which he has just expressed. He does this in three ways:) a. Not only are the sacred writings (verse 15) of inestimable value; so is also all scripture. ) b. Not only does this sacred literature make wise for salvation (verse 15) but it is definitely God-breathed and as such capable of thoroughly qualifying a person for every good work. ) c. Not only will it benefit Timothy (verse 15), but it will do the same for every man of God. ) Accordingly, Paul writes, All scripture��161�� (is)��162�� God-breathed and useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.18|AUTODETECT|” All scripture, in distinction from (the) sacred writings (for which see on verse 15) means everything which, through the testimony of the Holy Spirit in the church, is recognized by the church as canonical, that is, authoritative. When Paul wrote these words, the direct reference was to a body of sacred literature which even then comprised more than the Old Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.18|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.22.0|AUTODETECT|” ; also footnote 160). Later, at the close of the first century a.d., all scripture had been completed. Though the history of the recognition, review, and ratification of the canon was somewhat complicated, and virtually universal acceptance of all the sixty-six books did not occur immediately in every region where the church was represented one of the reasons being that for a long time certain of the smaller books had not even reached every corner of the church , it remains true, nevertheless, that those genuine believers who were the original recipients of the various God-breathed books regarded them at once as being invested with divine authority and majesty. What should be emphasized, however, is that not because the church, upon a certain date, long ago, made an official decision (the decision of the Council of Hippo, 393 a.d.; of Carthage, 397 a.d.), do these books constitute the inspired Bible; on the contrary, the sixty-six books, by their very contents, immediately attest themselves to the hearts of all Spirit-indwelt men as being the living oracles of God. Hence, believers are filled with deep reverence whenever they hear the voice of God addressing them from Holy Writ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.22.0|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and 23). All scripture is canonical because God made it so!) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The word God-breathed, occurring only here��163�� indicates that all scripture owes its origin and contents to the divine breath, the Spirit of God. The human authors were powerfully guided and directed by the Holy Spirit. As a result, what they wrote is not only without error but of supreme value for man. It is all that God wanted it to be. It constitutes the infallible rule of faith and practice for mankind.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” The Spirit, however, did not suppress the personality of the human writer, but raised it to a higher level of activity 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” John 14:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And because the individuality of the human author was not destroyed, we find in the Bible a wide variety of style and language. Inspiration, in other words, is organic, not mechanical. This also implies that it should never be considered apart from those many activities which served to bring the human author upon the scene of history. By causing him to be born at a certain time and place, bestowing upon him specific endowments, equipping him with a definite kind of education, causing him to undergo predetermined experiences, and bringing back to his mind certain facts and their implications, the Spirit prepared his human consciousness. Next, that same Spirit moved him to write.

Finally, during the process of writing, that same Primary Author, in a thoroughly organic connection with all the preceding activity, suggested to the mind of the human author that language (the very words!) and that style, which would be the most appropriate vehicle for the interpretation of the divine ideas for people of every rank and position, age and race. Hence, though every word is truly the word of the human author, it is even more truly the Word of God.��164��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.1|AUTODETECT|” Though the word God-breathed that is, inspired by God occurs only here, the idea is found in many other passages 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.1|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 20:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.23.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.23.2|AUTODETECT|” II Sam. 23:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.8.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.8.20|AUTODETECT|” Is. 8:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.4.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.4.4|AUTODETECT|” Mal. 4:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.1.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.1.22|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 1:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.44|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.44|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.23|AUTODETECT|” John 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.39|AUTODETECT|” 5:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.34|AUTODETECT|” 10:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.35|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.35|AUTODETECT|” 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” 14:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.13|AUTODETECT|” 16:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.36|AUTODETECT|” 19:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.37|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.37|AUTODETECT|” 37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.9|AUTODETECT|” 20:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.38|AUTODETECT|” 7:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.34|AUTODETECT|” 13:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.2|AUTODETECT|” 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.23|AUTODETECT|” 4:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.17|AUTODETECT|” 9:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.4|AUTODETECT|” 15:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.4-46.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.4-46.2.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:4 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.16|AUTODETECT|” 6:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.10|AUTODETECT|” 9:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.37|AUTODETECT|” 14:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.8|AUTODETECT|” 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.30|AUTODETECT|” 4:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.5|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.7|AUTODETECT|” 3:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.8|AUTODETECT|” 9:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.15|AUTODETECT|” 10:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.21|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.6|AUTODETECT|” I John 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.19|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.19|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 22:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Now by virtue of the fact that all scripture is God-breathed, it is useful or beneficial or profitable. It is a very practical, yes an indispensable, instrument or tool for the teacher (implied here). Timothy should make good use of it:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” a. for teaching. What is meant is the activity of imparting knowledge concerning God s revelation in Christ. See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . This is ever basic to everything else.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.38.14|AUTODETECT|” b. for reproof 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.38.14|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 38:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.39.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.39.11|AUTODETECT|” 39:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.20|AUTODETECT|” ). Warnings, based on the Word, must be issued. Errors in doctrine and in conduct must be refuted in the spirit of love. Dangers must be pointed out. False teachers must be exposed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.20|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.15|AUTODETECT|” 2:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.18|AUTODETECT|” ; then ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.18|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.8-43.16.11|AUTODETECT|” ; and see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.8-43.16.11|AUTODETECT|” John 16:8 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.3|AUTODETECT|” c. for correction (see M.M., p. 229). If reproof stresses the negative aspect of pastoral work, correction emphasizes the positive side. Not only must the sinner be warned to leave the wrong path, but he must also be directed to the right or straight path 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.3|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.15-43.21.17|AUTODETECT|” ). This, too, all scripture is able to do. The Word, especially when it is used by a consecrated servant of God who is diligent in the performance of his pastoral duties, is restorative in character 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.15-43.21.17|AUTODETECT|” John 21:15 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” d. for training in righteousness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.11-56.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ). The teacher must train his people. Every Christian needs to be disciplined, so that he may prosper in the sphere where God s holy will is considered normative. Such is the character of training in righteousness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.11-56.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:11 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The teacher (in this case Timothy, but the word applies to everyone to whom the souls of men are entrusted) needs all scripture in order to enable him to perform his fourfold task (teaching, administering reproof, correction, training in righteousness), with a glorious purpose in mind, a purpose which in his own way and at his own time God will cause to be realized in the hearts of all his people: that the man of God may be equipped, for every good work thoroughly equipped.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” The man of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.40|AUTODETECT|” ) is the believer. Every believer, viewed as belonging to God, and as invested with the threefold office of prophet, priest, and king, is here given this title. To function properly in this threefold office the believer must become equipped (note the emphasis of the original; literally, & that equipped may be the man of God ); yes, once for all thoroughly equipped 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.40|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ) for every good work 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.10|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.21|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Titus 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul (and the Holy Spirit speaking through him) is not satisfied until the Word of God has fully accomplished its mission, and the believer has reached the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 11 2 8 0 0 The ideal to be realized is glorious, indeed! The power to reach it is from God. Hence, let Timothy remain stedfast. Let him abide in the true doctrine, applying it whenever opportunity presents itself.) Synthesis of Chapter 3) See the Outline at the beginning of this chapter.) Timothy must abide in the sound doctrine. He must put forth every effort to do so in view of the fact that in these last days that is, in the age ushered in by Christ s First Coming grievous seasons will set in. Let him realize this.

Are not the peddlers of sinister falsehoods beginning to make their appearance even now? Such individuals are characterized by love of self and of their own pleasures instead of love for God, by disobedience toward their superiors, unthankfulness with respect to their benefactors, an unforgiving attitude to those whom they dislike, and an unwillingness to restrain their own evil desires. Yet, they put on a religious front. They are fakers, for though they maintain a facade of religion, they deny its power. From such people Timothy should turn away.) Out of circles such as these come the men who worm their way into the homes of church-members with the purpose of making a prey of weak-minded women, women who are burdened with an evil conscience, yet are impenitent, being swayed by various impulses; and who, in spite of all the instruction they receive, are never able to arrive at the acknowledgment of the truth.) As to these women-baiters and the other men who belong to the same circles, they remind one of Jannes and Jambres, men who according to tradition were the two ringleaders among Pharaoh s magicians. As they opposed Moses, so these oppose the truth.

They are corrupt in mind and utterly useless and disqualified as far as the faith is concerned. However, they will not get very far, for their folly will become as obvious to everybody as did that of Jannes and Jambres.) Another reason why Timothy must by all means endeavor to abide in the sound doctrine is the fact that it is based on the most reliable foundation, as he has learned from trustworthy persons. Has not Timothy had the apostle as a model of obedience both active ( my teaching, my conduct, etc.) and passive ? Has he not taken a keen interest in the persecutions which Paul underwent, beginning with the first missionary journey Antioch, Iconium, and Lystra! , the journey which had meant so much to Timothy himself? How vividly Paul recalls especially this fact, which should encourage Timothy, namely, that though persecution is the lot of everyone who desires to live a sincere Christian life, inasmuch as evil men and impostors proceed from bad to worse, deluding and being deluded, nevertheless the Lord protects his faithful ones! Did he not rescue Paul from all these persecutions?

Let Timothy then abide in the things he has learned and of which he has become convinced, constantly bearing in mind from what kind of people his knowledge has come, namely, from those who had been his wise monitors from the days of his earliest infancy. From infancy until this very day he had known the sacred writings the Old Testament , having learned to know them better right along. These are the writings which are able to make a man wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. This, moreover, holds not only with respect to the inspired writings of the Old Testament but also with respect to God s further special revelation that has been deposited in written form. In fact, all such scripture (today we would say: both the Old and the New Testament) is God-breathed and useful indispensable to the teacher! for teaching, for warning the sinner to depart from unrighteousness, for leading him in the path of righteousness; hence, for training him in righteousness; in order that, as a result, the man of God, that is, the believer, thus instructed and guided, may be equipped, yes fully equipped for every good work.) ) ) ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.39|AUTODETECT|” 150 Scott op. cit., p. 118, simply states that this is the meaning, but does not offer any proof or any word-study of the concept. Bouma, op. cit., p. 311, who interprets similarly, states that John in his Gospel often uses this expression. But this is incorrect. Christ s at the last day 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.39|AUTODETECT|” John 6:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.40|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.40|AUTODETECT|” 40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.44|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.44|AUTODETECT|” 44) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.54|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.54|AUTODETECT|” 54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.24|AUTODETECT|” 11:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.48|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.48|AUTODETECT|” 12:48) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) must not be confused with Paul s in the last days (plural).) 1 36 2 8 0 0 N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) 151 See G. Ch. Aalders, Het Herstel Van Israel Volgens Het Oude Testament, pp. 13, 14, 39, 46.) 152 The Old Testament, however, does not sharply distinguish between the two comings, but treats them as if they were one.) 153 I cannot follow Lenski s arithmetic, op. cit., p. 821. He counts eighteen items, and then seems to divide these 18 into three groups, containing respectively 5, 3, and 12 items.

But that would make 20 in all, not 18! Hence, his allegorical interpretation of the figures (5, three 4 s, and a final 3) also looks rather dubious.) 154 It is true, of course, that -privative does not need to be rendered by a similar negative prefix like un- or dis- or in- or non-. One may try the suffix -less; or one may even substitute a positive for a negative word; for example, fierce for untamed. I have chosen un- or dis- for all the -privatives in the list in order to remain as close as possible to the flavor of the original without changing the sense of the entire word.) A.V. Authorized Version (King James)) A.R.V. American Standard Revised Version) 155 The names Jannes and Jambres occur frequently in late Jewish, pagan, and early Christian literature.

For specific references see the article Jannes and Jambres in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. VI, p. 95.) 156 This, it would seem to me, is a more natural explanation than that favored, among others, by Bouma, op. cit., p. 323, according to which the aorist would be ingressive, and would mean, You became my follower when you changed from the Jewish to the Christian faith. ) 157 Hence, I cannot agree with the grouping presented by Lenski, op. cit., p. 831. Paul would not thus separate faith and love.) M.M. The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament Illustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-Literary Sources, by James Hope Moulton and George Milligan (edition Grand Rapids, 1952)) 158 ) The expression is almost proverbial. Cf. Philo, On The Migration Of Abraham, XV, intending to deceive, they are deceived.

Ovid, Metamorphoses, XIV. 81, Being herself disappointed, she disappointed all. Augustine, Confessions, VII. 2, deceived deceivers. ) Having erected an instrument of death for Mordecai, Haman discovers too late that it is going to be the instrument for his own execution. Perillos of Athens, desiring to bake others to death by means of his metal bull is himself baked to death in it. Hugues Aubriot, having built the Bastille for the imprisonment of others, is himself the first one to be confined in it. The bishop of Verdun, having invented the Iron Cage for the punishment of others is himself the first man to be shut up in it. And Rebent Morton is the first to lose his head to The Maiden (a kind of guillotine) which he himself devised for the decapitation of others.) 159 The theory of some interpreters, namely, that the aorist tense expresses that Timothy had learned and had become convinced of these things at a definite time (for instance, before he became a Christian, Bouma, op. cit., p. 328) is questionable.

Far better is the view of Lenski, op. cit., p. 836: both aorists are simply constative. They simply summarize the past, without indicating any definite time.) 160 ) In addition to Scripture itself the following references with respect to education among the Jews have been consulted:) Abrahams, Israel (editor), Hebrew Ethical Wills, Philadelphia, 1926, esp. ch. III, A Father s Admonition (by Judah ibn Tibbon).) Bavinck, H., Paedagogische Beginselen, Kampen, 1904, esp. pp. 26, 27.) Benzinger, I., art. Family and Marriage Relations, esp. par. 15, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. IV, p. 277.) Berkhof, L., Biblical Archaeology, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1915, p. 68.) Day, E., Social Life of the Hebrews, New York, 1901.) Drazin, N., History of Jewish Education from 515 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., Baltimore, 1940.) Edersheim, A., The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, two volumes, New York, 1897, esp. Vol.

I, pp. 226 234.) Finkelstein, Louis (editor), The Jews, Their History, Culture, and Religion, New York, two volumes; see especially Vol. II, chapter 21, The Role of Education in Jewish History (by Julius B. Maller).) Gispen, W. H., Bijbelsche Archaeologie, in Bijbelsch Handboek, two volumes, Kampen, 1935; see Vol. I, pp. 252, 253.) Guignebert, Charles, The Jewish World in the Time of Jesus, translated by S. H.

Jooke, London, 1938.) Kuiper, A., Jr., De Opvoeding in het Huisgezin, in Christendom En Opvoeding (composite authorship), Baarn, pp. 33 75.) Leipziger, Education of the Jews, New York, 1890.) Mackie, G. M., Bible Manners and Customs, London, 1898.) Marcus, Samuel, Die Paedagogik des israelitischen Volkes, two volumes, Vienna, 1877.) Meyer, H. H., art. Education in I.S.B.E..) Miller, M. S. and J. L., Encyclopedia of Bible Life, New York and London, 1944, pp. 390 392.) Schuerer, Emil, A History of the Jewish People, Edinburgh, 1893, esp.

Vol. II, The Scribes, School and Synagogue. ) Seeley, History of Education, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, 1914, Chapter V, The Jews (pp. 44 49).) Strack, Hermann L., Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, Philadelphia, 1931.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.6|AUTODETECT|” 161 It is not true that the absence of the article compels us to adopt the translation of the A.R.V., Every scripture. The word Scripture can be definite even without the article 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.6|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.20|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.26|AUTODETECT|” ). Similarly ��� 8����� means all Israel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.26|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). See Gram.N.T., p. 772. But even if the rendering every scripture be accepted, the resultant meaning would not differ greatly, for if every scripture is inspired, all scripture must be inspired also.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 162 ) The most natural rendering of ����������� ��v `������� is God-breathed and useful. I can see no compelling reason for inserting a copula between the two modifiers, resulting in: God-breathed is also useful. Moreover, if God-breathed is attributive, ��� in the sense of also would be superfluous: All scripture God-breathed is useful, etc., would suffice.) In the abstract, another possibility presents itself, namely, that we adopt the rendering God-breathed and useful, but regard both as attributive; hence, All scripture God-breathed and useful for teaching, etc. However, when this is done, the sentence dangles. It hangs in the air, having no predicate.) It is clear, therefore, that with respect to grammatical construction there is no solid reason for departing from the view which forms the basis of the A.V. Though not the only possible view, it seems to be the most natural.

Its translation, All scripture is given by inspiration of God, is excellent. So is also the almost identical rendering found in the text of the R.S.V.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.21|AUTODETECT|” 163 ����������� does not mean God-breathing, breathing the divine spirit, but is passive: God-breathed. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.21|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . See the detailed argument in B. B. Warfield, The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible, Philadelphia, Pa., 1948, pp. 245 296.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 164 See J. Orr, Revelation and Inspiration, London, 1910; H. Bavinck, Gereformeerde Dogmatiek, third ed., Vol. I, p. 464.) ) )

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