Acts 12:1–24 — “Herod Agrippa’s End” — (outline by F. F. Bruce, NICNT) « Leader information shown in this fashion »
{A.} The Birth of the Church (1:1–5:42)
{B.} Persecution and Expansion (6:1–9:31)
{1.} Stephen (6:1–8:1a)
{2.} Philip (8:1b–40)
{3.} Conversion of Saul of Tarsus (9:1–31)
{C.} The Acts of Peter and Beginnings of Gentile Christianity, 9:32-12:25
{1.} Peter in West Judaea (9:32-43)
{2.} The Story of Cornelius (10:1–48)
{3.} Peter’s Action Endorsed at Jerusalem (11:1–18}
{4.} Antioch Becomes a Christian Base (11:19–30)
A. Gentile Evangelization in Antioch (11:19–21)
B. Barnabas’ and Saul’s Ministry in Antioch (11:22–26)
C. Famine Relief (11:27–30)
{5.} Herod Agrippa I and the Church (12:1–24}
A. Martyrdom of James and Imprisonment of Peter 12:1-4 (NKJV)
1. 1 Now about that time Herod the king stretched out his hand to harass some from the church. 2 Then he killed James the brother of John with the sword. 3 And because he saw that it pleased the Jews, he proceeded further to seize Peter also. Now it was during the Days of Unleavened Bread. 4 So when he had arrested him, he put him in prison, and delivered him to four squads of soldiers to keep him, intending to bring him before the people after Passover. «
a. “about that time,” 12:1–23 parenthetical, falling before 11:30 »
2. This is the elder Herod Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great and his Hasmonaean queen Marianne. On the execution of his father (7 BC) at age 4, he went to Rome, begin brought up as a friend of Claudius and Gaius of the royal household. When Gaius became emperor (37 AD) he gave him the former tetrarchies of Philip and Lsysanius (southern Syria), then in 39 AD, Galilee and Peraea, the previous tetrarchy of his uncle Antipas, were added. Claudius, made emperor in 41 AD, added Judaea. (Ant. Bk 18-19) «
a. His efforts to get Jewish goodwill; reading Deut 7:14-20 at the feast of tabernacles; cf v. 15; wept, response of Jews,Sotah 7.8
b. Emphasized his Hasmonean, vs Edomite, ancestry »
3. Who, from “some of the church” in particular did Herod harass? « – the apostles, leaders of this new sect, James and Peter »
4. What events would now make this pleasing to the Jews? « — news that this new sect was now among the Samaritans and even was including uncircumcized Gentiles among their number »
5. What was Herod’s intention respecting Peter (see Mark 14:1-2)? « — bring him out after the Feast then to execute him also »
B. Peters Escape from Prison 12:5–11 (NKJV)
1. 5 Peter was therefore kept in prison, but constant prayer was offered to God for him by the church. 6 And when Herod was about to bring him out, that night Peter was sleeping, bound with two chains between two soldiers; and the guards before the door were keeping the prison. 7 Now behold, an angel of the Lord stood by him, and a light shone in the prison; and he struck Peter on the side and raised him up, saying, “Arise quickly!” And his chains fell off his hands. 8 Then the angel said to him, “Gird yourself and tie on your sandals”; and so he did. And he said to him, “Put on your garment and follow me.” 9 So he went out and followed him, and did not know that what was done by the angel was real, but thought he was seeing a vision. 10 When they were past the first and the second guard posts, they came to the iron gate that leads to the city, which opened to them of its own accord; and they went out and went down one street, and immediately the angel departed from him. 11 And when Peter had come to himself, he said, “Now I know for certain that the Lord has sent His angel, and has delivered me from the hand of Herod and from all the expectation of the Jewish people.”
2. There were 4 quaternions or squads of soldiers (see verse 4), one for each 3-hour watch in the night, each made up of 4 members; two chained to Peter, two outside the door; why such vigilance? « — difficult to keep Christians in prison (Acts 5:22-25); also tradition of James’ guard converting and executed with him »
3. “Constant (or earnest) prayer” – the Greek word is the one from which we get the English word “extend”, having a root meaning of stretching out; what would be involved in such prayer? « — importunity (keeping at it); intensity; agreement (united in it) »
4. How soon did God answer their prayers? « — only just as soon as needed! – at the point where Herod free to execute him »
5. Was the angel concerned about the soldiers? « — not apparently; he is accompanied by light, he pokes Peter, he speaks to him »
6. Why “Arise quickly” « — when God acts, response should be now »
7. What obstacles had to be overcome in Peter’s escape? … could these be reasonably overcome by human means? « — the chains and soldiers with him; the posted sentries at their watches; the gates of the prison … not likely, seeing the soldiers’ fate »
8. Does Peter appear to have been expecting deliverance? … what does this suggest to us? « — no; he is fast asleep, half undressed, thinks it is a vision … he was content to follow James in death »
9. Should saints expect such deliverance; (cf. Hebrews 11:24, 37)? « — no, it is God who orders martyrdom or deliverance »
C. Peter Reports His Escape 12:12–17 (NKJV)
1. 12 So, when he had considered this, he came to the house of Mary, the mother of John whose surname was Mark, where many were gathered together praying. 13 And as Peter knocked at the door of the gate, a girl named Rhoda came to answer. 14 When she recognized Peter’s voice because of her gladness she did not open the gate, but ran in and announced that Peter stood before the gate. 15 But they said to her, “You are beside yourself!” Yet she kept insisting that it was so. So they said, “It is his angel.” 16 Now Peter continued knocking; and when they opened the door and saw him, they were astonished. 17 But motioning to them with his hand to keep silent, he declared to them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, “Go, tell these things to James and to the brethren.” And he departed and went to another place.
2. Mary’s son had both a Jewish and a Roman name; what? « — John and Mark; later with Barnabas and Paul (Col 4:10, Phm 24, 2 Tim 4:11) and also serving with Peter (1 Peter 5:13) and the writer of the Gospel of Mark »
3. The gate of this house indicates that it was large one, with a fore-court, and so, ideal for use as a home church house; is there much evidence of faith in their “stretched-out, constant, fervent, earnest” prayer? « — their reaction reveals doubt; so imperfect prayer is honoured by God for His own name’s sake »
4. Peter seems to have stood in the gate to make his report, then to have quickly departed. Besides so that they could hear him did he signal their silence? « — not to attract any possible pursuit »
5. James, Jesus’ half-brother and writer of the epistle, is prominent in the Jerusalem church until his death (about 62 AD) and accepted by the Jewish populace on account of his devout life.
D. Peter’s Escape Discovered 12:18–19 (NKJV)
1. 18 Then, as soon as it was day, there was no small stir among the soldiers about what had become of Peter. 19 But when Herod had searched for him and not found him, he examined the guards and commanded that they should be put to death. And he went down from Judea to Caesarea, and stayed there.
2. What should dispel the notion of any work of collusion in the delivery of Peter from prison? « – death of the guards; Justinian Code (though not binding on Agrippa as king) was that a guard letting a prisoner escape was liable for the penalty of escapee »
3. Herod then went to Caesarea, founded by Herod the Great, a Gentile city, though part of the province containing Judaea of which it was the Roman seat of government
E. Death of Herod Agrippa I 12:20–23 (NKJV)
1. 20 Now Herod had been very angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon; but they came to him with one accord, and having made Blastus the king’s personal aide their friend, they asked for peace, because their country was supplied with food by the king’s country. 21 So on a set day Herod, arrayed in royal apparel, sat on his throne and gave an oration to them. 22 And the people kept shouting, “The voice of a god and not of a man!” 23 Then immediately an angel of the Lord struck him, because he did not give glory to God. And he was eaten by worms and died.
2. Tyre and Sidon depended on Judaea for food as in the times of David and Solomon (cf 1 Kings 5:9–12), so they gained the offices of Blastus to effect a reconciliation with Agrippa I (circa AD 44),
3. « Read parallel account from Josephus, Antiquities XIX.viii.2; this is also quoted in Eusebius’ Ecclesiastical History. » Luke, however, tells us clearly the reason for Herod Agrippa’s death; what was it? « — he was smitten by God angel for accepting divine honour »
F. Continued Progress of the Gospel 12:24 9NKJV)
1. 24 But the word of God grew and multiplied.
2. This is the third progress report which punctuates Acts (6:7, 9:31)
3. What contrast is evident? « — between the miserable end of the persecutor and the happy progress of the persecuted »