Micah 1:4 — Word Study
WLCוְנָמַ֤סּוּ הֶֽהָרִים֙ תַּחְתָּ֔יו וְהָעֲמָקִ֖ים יִתְבַּקָּ֑עוּ כַּדּוֹנַג֙ מִפְּנֵ֣י הָאֵ֔שׁ כְּמַ֖יִם מֻגָּרִ֥ים בְּמוֹרָֽד׃
BSAThe mountainshar [like wax, melting away] will meltmâçaç [dissolve, become fluid] beneath Himtachath and the valleysʻêmeq [lowland areas, spiritual depths] will split apartbâqaʻ▸ [be cleft, broken open] like waxdôwnag [a substance that melts easily] beforepânîym the fireʼêsh [burning, flame] like watermayim [a source of refreshment] rushing downnâgar a slopemôwrâd [a steep descent, a downward flow]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וְנָמַ֤סּוּ | and they will melt | Verb, Niphal, sequential perfect third person common plural |
| הֶֽהָרִים֙ | the mountains | Particle, noun common masculine plural absolute |
| תַּחְתָּ֔יו | under him | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| וְהָעֲמָקִ֖ים | and the valleys | Conjunction, particle, noun common masculine plural absolute |
| יִתְבַּקָּ֑עוּ | they will be cleft | Verb, Hithpael, imperfect third person masculine plural |
| כַּדּוֹנַג֙ | like wax | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| מִפְּנֵ֣י | from before | Preposition, noun common masculine plural construct |
| הָאֵ֔שׁ | the fire | Particle, noun common both singular absolute |
| כְּמַ֖יִם | like water | Preposition, noun common masculine plural absolute |
| מֻגָּרִ֥ים | poured out | Verb, Hophal, participle (passive) masculine plural |
| בְּמוֹרָֽד׃ | on a slope | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The mountains will melt beneath Him, and the valleys will split apart, like wax before the fire, like water rushing down a slope. |
| KJV | And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place. |
| ASV | And the mountains shall be melted under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, as waters that are poured down a steep place. |
| YLT | Melted have been the mountains under Him, And the valleys do rend themselves, As wax from the presence of fire, As waters cast down by a slope. |
| WEB | The mountains melt under him, and the valleys split apart like wax before the fire, like waters that are poured down a steep place. |
| BBE | And the mountains will be turned to water under him, and the deep valleys will be broken open, like wax before the fire, like waters flowing down a slope. |
All translations agree on the meaning of וְנָמַ֤סּוּ — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has one main clause and several subordinate phrases that elaborate on the imagery of transformation.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbוְ
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Micah 1:4
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Judgment of Israelgenerated
Micah 1:4 describes the dramatic effects of the Lord's coming judgment. The imagery of melting mountains and splitting valleys illustrates the power of God to alter the very foundations of the earth. This section emphasizes the consequences of Israel's transgressions, as seen in the surrounding verses that highlight God's response to sin.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Judges 5:4 | O LORD, when You went out from Seir, when You marched from the land of Edom, the earth trembled, the heavens poured out rain, and the clouds poured down water. |
| 2 | Psalm 97:5 | The mountains melt like wax at the presence of the LORD, before the Lord of all the earth. |
| 3 | Isaiah 64:1–3 | If only You would rend the heavens and come down, so that mountains would quake at Your presence, |
| 4 | Amos 9:5 | The Lord GOD of Hosts, He who touches the earth and it melts, and all its dwellers mourn— all the land rises like the Nile, then sinks like the river of Egypt— |
| 5 | Nahum 1:5 |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 10 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — וְנָמַ֤סּוּ, ve.na.Ma.sugenerated
The verb וְנָמַ֤סּוּ (ve.na.ma.su) is a Niphal form, indicating a passive action where something is caused to melt or dissolve. It conveys a sense of weakening or disappearing, often used in contexts of fear or loss of strength.
This word is not only about physical melting but can also imply a figurative sense of dissolution, reflecting the impact of God's presence. The imagery suggests a total transformation, as mountains and valleys yield to divine authority.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
All translations agree on the rendering of וְנָמַ֤סּוּ as will melt.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb וְנָמַ֤סּוּ governs the sentence, with two additional verbs linked to it: יִתְבַּקָּ֑עוּ (they will be cleft) and מֻגָּרִ֥ים (poured out). This structure emphasizes the actions that will occur in response to God's presence.
The Hebrew word order places the verbs prominently, highlighting the dramatic transformations that will take place.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates וְנָמַ֤סּוּ with καὶ, indicating a straightforward correspondence without elaboration. This choice maintains the focus on the action of melting.
The lack of additional qualifiers in the Greek suggests a direct interpretation of the Hebrew imagery, emphasizing the physical and spiritual implications of God's judgment.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Micah 1:4 tells us that when the Lord comes, the mountains will melt and the valleys will split apart, like wax before the fire. This imagery shows the power of God to change everything around Him, emphasizing His authority over creation.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It signifies a dramatic change and the overwhelming power of God, illustrating how His presence can alter the natural world.
The valleys represent the depths of the earth, indicating that all aspects of creation are affected by God's judgment.
Wax melting before fire symbolizes weakness and vulnerability, suggesting that nothing can withstand God's power.
It underscores the consequences of sin and the certainty of God's judgment, which will bring about profound changes in the world.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see God's power at work in my life or in the world around me?
- How can I respond to the reality of God's judgment and authority?
- What does it mean for me to recognize my own vulnerabilities before God?
- How can I share the message of God's power and judgment with others?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators have referenced this verse to illustrate God's power and the consequences of sin, with insights from Pachomius the Great and Jerome.
On another occasion when he was sitting by himself some place reading the book of the twelve prophets, he came to the prophet Micah.Early Church Fathers on Micah 1 →
As wax cannot endure the nearness of the fire, and as the waters are carried headlong, so all of the ungodly, when the Lord comes, shall be dissolved and disappear.Early Church Fathers on Micah 1 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Micah 1:4 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd the mountains shall be molten under him,.... As Sinai was when he descended on it, and as all nations will be at the general conflagration; but here the words are to be taken, not literally, but
Read John Gill on Micah 1 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place.
Read Robert Jamieson on Micah 1 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe mountains shall be molten: if literally understood, we know it hath been so: when God will kindle that fire which shall burn up the earth, and the works of it, as he will when he cometh finally to judge the world, it shall be done again. But figuratively mountains are mighty states and kingdoms, flourishing with prosperity, and which do think the foundation of this sure as mountains. So ,2 Hab 3:6 , Or possibly these mountains may be, by a synecdoche, put for those who dwell on them, mountaineers, who were usually more fierce, secure hardy, and of difficult access, and therefore less regardful of threats and punishments. Shall be molten under him: which way soever you take mountains…
Read Matthew Poole on Micah 1 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsMicah 1:4 And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, [and] as the waters [that are] poured down a steep place.Ver. 4. And the mountains shall be molten under him] This is to the self same sense; though men swell, in their own eyes, to the size of so many mountains; and though, gotten upon their hill of ice, they think they shall never be moved, Psalms 30:6-7; yet, when God, with his devouring fire and everlasting burnings, comes in presence, these craggy mountains shall soon dissolve and melt as wax, they shall be as waters poured down a descent, they shall flow as a land flood. By which similitudes, and familiar comparisons, is…
Read John Trapp on Micah 1 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(4) The mountains shall be molten.—The manifestations of the presence of God are taken from the description of the giving of the Law, when “the hills melted like wax at the presence of the Lord, at the presence of the Lord of the whole earth” (Psalms 97:5). Dean Stanley refers the imagery to the memorable earthquake mentioned in Amos 1:1 :—“Mountains and valleys are cleft asunder, and melt as in a furnace; the earth heaving like the rising waters of the Nile; the sea bursting over the land; the ground shaking and sliding as, with a succession of shocks, its solid framework reels to and fro like a drunkard” (Jewish Church, Lect. 37).
Read Charles John Ellicott on Micah 1 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges4. the mountains shall be molten …] The figure is that of a storm, but no ordinary storm. Lightning descends, and dissolves the very mountains, and torrents of rain scoop out channels in the valleys. Similar symbolic descriptions occur in Judges 5:5, Isaiah 64:1, Habakkuk 3:6; comp. Exodus 19:18.
Read Cambridge on Micah 1 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleAnd the mountains shall be molten under Him - It has been thought that this is imagery, taken from volcanic eruptions ; but, although there is a very remarkable volcanic district just outside of
Read Albert Barnes on Micah 1 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the BibleThe judgment upon Samaria, Micah 1:2-7.Micah 1:2-4 picture the coming of Jehovah in judgment. All ye people;… O earth,… all that therein is — A sublime apostrophe to the whole earth.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Micah 1 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The mountains will melt beneath Him, and the valleys will split apart, like wax before the fire, like water rushing down a slope.
The mountains melt under him, and the valleys split apart like wax before the fire, like waters that are poured down a steep place.
The mountains will melt beneath Him, and the valleys will split apart, like wax before the fire, like water rushing down a slope.
The mountains will disintegrate beneath him, and the valleys will be split in two. The mountains will melt like wax in a fire, the rocks will slide down like water cascading down a steep slope.
Tyndale line
And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place.
And the mountains shall be melted under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, as waters that are poured down a steep place.
And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, as waters that are poured down a steep place.
And the mountains shall be melted under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place.
And the mountaines shall melt vnder him (so shall the valleys cleaue) as waxe before the fire, and as the waters that are powred downewarde.
Strictly literal
And the mountains shall be melted under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, as waters poured down a steep place.
Melted have been the mountains under Him, And the valleys do rend themselves, As wax from the presence of fire, As waters cast down by a slope.
The mountains have been melted under Him, || And the valleys split themselves, || As wax from the presence of fire, || As waters cast down by a slope.
And the mountains shall melt beneath him, and the valleys shall cleave in twain, like wax [melteth] before the fire, like water poured out on a declivity.
The mountains will melt under him; the valleys will break apart, like wax before fire, like waters that are poured down a steep place.
From the Latin
And the mountains shall be melted under him: and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as waters that run down a steep place.
Simplified
The mountains melt beneath him, the valleys burst apart, like wax in front of a fire, like water rushing down a slope. All this is happening because of the rebellion of the descendants of Jacob, the sins of the people of Israel.
And the mountains will be turned to water under him, and the deep valleys will be broken open, like wax before the fire, like waters flowing down a slope.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text presents a complete and coherent verse, while the Septuagint aligns closely with it, matching 10 out of 11 words. The Dead Sea Scrolls show partial restoration, indicating some damage but retaining the core message of the verse.
וְנָמַ֤סּוּ הֶֽהָרִים֙ תַּחְתָּ֔יו וְהָעֲמָקִ֖ים יִתְבַּקָּ֑עוּ כַּדּוֹנַג֙ מִפְּנֵ֣י הָאֵ֔שׁ כְּמַ֖יִם מֻגָּרִ֥ים בְּמוֹרָֽד׃
10 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
ונמסו ההרים תחתי׳ו והעמקים יתבקעו כדונג [מפני] האש כמים מגרים [במורד]
5 words on the leather — 4 partly restored, 2 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Micah 1:4
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
מָסַס (ma.sas) is a Hebrew verb meaning to dissolve or melt. It can refer to physical melting or be used figuratively to describe feelings of fear or faintness. The entries indicate various forms, including causing something to melt or waste away, and suggest a connection to feelings of discouragement or worthlessness.
[מָסַס] vb. dissolve, melt, intr.
Qal Inf. cstr. like the melting
Niph.
melt (intr.)
most oft. fig. of heart = faint, grow fearful
Pt. = wasted, consumptive (?)
Hiph Pf. cause to melt (= intimidate)
base
H4549 מָסַס dissolve, melt, intr. .Inf. cstr. like the melting
. . melt (intr.)
. most oft. fig. of heart = faint, grow fearful
. Pt. = wasted, consumptive (?)
.Pf. cause to melt (= intimidate)
4549 macac maw-sas'
a primitive root; to liquefy; figuratively, to waste (with
disease), to faint (with fatigue, fear or
grief):--discourage, faint, be loosed, melt (away), refuse, X
utterly.
מָסַס (ma.sas) — to melt.
1) to dissolve, melt
1a) (Qal) to waste away
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to melt, vanish, drop off, melt away
1b2) to faint, grow fearful (fig.)
1b3) wasted, worthless (participle)
1c) (Hiphil) to cause to melt
Conj | V-Niphal-3cp — Verb · Niphal · sequential perfect third person common pluralHc/VNq3cp
הַר (har) means 'mountain' or 'hill,' and can refer to a range of hills or hill-country. It is derived from a root that suggests elevation and can be used figuratively. The entries consistently highlight its geographical connotations without significant disagreement.
הַר 568 n.m. mountain, hill, hill-country
mountain, hill
hill-country, mountain-region
base
H2022 הַר mountain, hill, hill-country
2022 har har
a shortened form of 2042; a mountain or range of hills
(sometimes used figuratively):--hill (country), mount(-ain), X
promotion.
see HEBREW for 02042
הַר (har) — mountain: mount.
: mount/hill
hill, mountain, hill country, mount
הַר (har) — mountain: hill country.
: hill_country
hill, mountain, hill country, mount
A sub-meaning of har (הַר ": mount" H2022)
Art | N-mp — Particle · noun common masculine plural absoluteHTd/Ncmpa
Are among the most sublime and impressive of the Creator’s works on earth, and from the noblest and most enduring monuments of great events. Most of the mountains of Scripture thus stand as witnesses for God—every view of their lofty summits, and every recurrence to them in thought reminding us of the sacred facts and truths connected with them. Thus Mount Ararat is a standing memorial of the deluge of man’s sin, God’s justice, and God’s mercy. Mount Sinai asserts the terrors of the divine law. Mount Carmel summons us, like the prophet Elijah of old, not to "halt between two opinions;" but if Jehovah is God, to love and serve him. The mount of the Transfiguration still shines with the glory of the truths there taught, and Mounts Ebal and Gerizim still echo the curses and the blessings once so solemnly pronounced from them. So Mount Hor, Nebo, Lebanon, and Gilboa have been signalized by…
- The elevated parts of the earth
Ge 7:19,20
- GOD
. Formed
. Set fast
. Gives strength to
. Weighs, in a balance
. Waters, from his chambers
תַּחַת (tachath) refers to the concept of being underneath or below. It can function as a noun meaning 'the under part,' or as an adverb and preposition indicating position or substitution, such as 'instead of' or 'for the sake of.' The word encompasses various uses, including physical placement and metaphorical meanings related to subjection or exchange.
תַּחַת n.[m.] the under part, hence as adv. accus. and prep. underneath, below, instead of
base
H8478 תַּחַת the under part, hence as adv. accus. and prep. underneath, below, instead of
8478 tachath takh'-ath
from the same as 8430; the bottom (as depressed); only
adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix
underneath), in lieu of, etc.:--as, beneath, X flat,
in(-stead), (same) place (where...is), room, for...sake, stead
of, under, X unto, X when...was mine, whereas, (where-)fore,
with.
see HEBREW for 08430
תַּחַת (ta.chat) — underneath: under.
: under/below
1) the under part, beneath, instead of, as, for, for the sake of, flat, unto, where, whereas n m
1a) the under part adv accus
1b) beneath prep
1c) under, beneath
1c1) at the foot of (idiom)
1c2) sweetness, subjection, woman, being burdened or oppressed (fig)
1c3) of subjection or conquest
1d) what is under one, the place in which one stands
1d1) in one's place, the place in which one stands (idiom with reflexive pronoun)
1d2) in place of, instead of (in transferred sense)
1d3) in place of, in exchange or return for (of things mutually interchanged)
conj
1e) instead of, instead of that
1f) in return for that, because that in compounds
1g) in, under, into the place of (after verbs of motion)
1h) from under, from beneath, from under the hand of, from his place, under, beneath
תַּחַת (ta.chat) — underneath: instead.
: instead/in_place/exchange
Prep | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3ms
The Hebrew word עֵ֫מֶק (*'emeq*) means 'vale' or 'valley,' indicating a broad depression in the landscape. It is derived from the root meaning 'deepening' or 'depth.' This term is often used in proper names, such as the Valley of Achor and the Valley of Elah, and covers a range of valleys and lowlands mentioned in the Old Testament.
עֵ֫מֶק 70 n.m. vale (prop. deepening, depth)
base
H6010 עֵ֫מֶק vale (prop. deepening, depth)
6010 `emeq ay'-mek
from 6009; a vale (i.e. broad depression):--dale, vale,
valley (often used as a part of proper names). See also 1025.
see HEBREW for 06009
see HEBREW for 01025
עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Achor).
Combined with a.khor (עָכוֹר " of Achor" H5911)
§ valley, vale, lowland, open country
עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Beracah).
Combined with be.ra.khah (בְּרָכָה " of Beracah" H1294H)
§ valley, vale, lowland, open country
עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Elah).
Combined with e.lah (אֵלָה "Elah" H0425L)
§ valley, vale, lowland, open country
עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Emek.
§ valley, vale, lowland, open country
עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Hebron).
Combined with chev.ron (חֶבְרוֹן " of Hebron" H2275H)
§ valley, vale, lowland, open country
עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Topheth).
valley, vale, lowland, open country
Another name of to.phet (תֹּ֫פֶת "Topheth" H8612)
עֵ֫מֶק (e.meq) — Valley (of Jezreel).
Combined with yiz.re.el (יִזְרְעֶאל " of Jezreel" H3157L)
Conj | Art | N-mp — Conjunction · particle · noun common masculine plural absoluteHC/Td/Ncmpa
בָּקַע (baqa`) is a Hebrew verb meaning to cleave or break open. It encompasses a range of actions, including splitting, tearing, and breaking through, with various grammatical forms indicating different nuances, such as being cleft or bursting open. The entries highlight its use in contexts like breaking into or through something, but do not provide specific verse references.
בָּקַע vb. cleave, break open or through
Qal
cleave, cleave open
break through or into
Niph.
be cleft, rent open
be broken into
Pi. cleave, cut to pieces, or rend open
Pu. be ripped open
Hiph. break into
Hoph. the city was broken into
Hithp. burst (themselves) open, of wine-skins; cleave asunder, of valleys
base
H1234 בָּקַע cleave, break open or through
1234 baqa` baw-kah'
a primitive root; to cleave; generally, to rend, break, rip
or open:--make a breach, break forth (into, out, in pieces,
through, up), be ready to burst, cleave (asunder), cut out,
divide, hatch, rend (asunder), rip up, tear, win.
בָּקַע (ba.qa) — to break up/open.
1) to split, cleave, break open, divide, break through, rip up, break up, tear
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to cleave, cleave open
1a2) to break through, break into
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be cleft, be rent open, be split open
1b2) to be broken into
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to cleave, cut to pieces, rend open
1c2) to break through, break down
1d) (Pual)
1d1) to be ripped open, be torn open
1d2) to be rent
1d3) to be broken into
1e) (Hiphil)
1e1) to break into
1e2) to break through
1f) (Hophal) to be broken into
1g) (Hithpael) to burst (themselves) open, cleave asunder
V-Hithpael-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Hithpael · imperfect third person masculine pluralHVti3mp
דּוֹנַג (do.nag) refers to wax, with a note that its derivation is uncertain. The term is used figuratively to imply melting. All entries consistently define it as wax, with no significant disagreement among lexicons.
דּוֹנַג n.m. wax
base
H1749 דּוֹנַג wax
1749 downag do-nag'
of uncertain derivation; wax; -wax.
דּוֹנַג (do.nag) — wax.
wax (always figurative 'of melting')
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
waks:
(1) Noun (donagh): Used only in a simile of melting (Ps 22:14; 68:2; 97:5; Mic 1:4).
See WRITING.
(2) A now archaic verb, meaning "to grow," used freely in English Versions of the Bible as a translation of various terms in Greek and Hebrew. The past participle in the King James Version and the English Revised Version is "waxen," except in Ge 18:12. There (and throughout in the American Standard Revised Version) the form is "waxed."
The Hebrew word פָּנֶה (*pāneh*) is a noun meaning 'face' or 'presence,' and it appears in various contexts, including the faces of seraphim and animals, as well as the surface of the ground. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'before' or 'in front of.' The word is built from a root that suggests turning or facing, and it encompasses a wide range of applications, both literal and figurative.
[פָּנֶה], pl. פָּנִים 2123 n.m. face, also faces
face, faces
presence, person
technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence
face of seraphim
face of animals
face (= surface) of ground
as adv.loc. before
for other phrases
with prepositions
base
H6440 פָּנֶה, pl. פָּנִים face, also faces . . face, faces
. . presence, person
. technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence
. face of seraphim
. face of animals
. face (= surface) of ground
. as adv. loc. before
. for other phrases
. with prepositions
6440 paniym paw-neem'
plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun (paneh
{paw-neh'}; from 6437); the face (as the part that turns);
used in a great variety of applications (literally and
figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a
preposition (before, etc.):--+ accept, a-(be- )fore(-time),
against, anger, X as (long as), at, + battle, + because (of),
+ beseech, countenance, edge, + employ, endure, + enquire,
face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er
time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, X him(-self), +
honourable, + impudent, + in, it, look(-eth) (- s), X me, +
meet, X more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), X on,
open, + out of, over against, the partial, person, + please,
presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, + regard, right
forth, + serve, X shewbread, sight, state, straight, + street,
X thee, X them(-selves), through (+ - out), till, time(-s)
פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face: before.
: before/to/front
1) face
1a) face, faces
1b) presence, person
1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
1d) face (of animals)
1e) face, surface (of ground)
1f) as adv of loc/temp
1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
1g) with prep
1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of
פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face.
: face
1) face
1a) face, faces
1b) presence, person
1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
1d) face (of animals)
1e) face, surface (of ground)
1f) as adv of loc/temp
1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
1g) with prep
1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from…
Prep | N-cp — Preposition · noun common masculine plural constructHR/Ncmpc
be-for': The translation of a great variety of Hebrew and Greek words. "Haran died before (the English Revised Version "in the presence of," literally "before the face of") his father Terah" (Ge 11:28). To be "before" God is to enjoy His favor (Ps 31:22). "The Syrians before" (Isa 9:12 the Revised Version, margin "on the east," as "behind," owing to the position of Canaan, relative to Syria, implies the west).
אֵשׁ (esh) means 'fire' and encompasses various types, including natural fire, supernatural fire associated with divine appearances, and fire used for cooking or on altars. It can also figuratively represent God's anger. The entries consistently highlight its literal and metaphorical uses, with no significant disagreement among lexicons.
אֵשׁ 377 n.f. fire
fire, of conflagration
of supernatural fire
fire for cooking, roasting, parching
esp. of altar fire
fig. of Yahweh's anger
in various combinations
base
H784 אֵשׁ fire . fire, of conflagration
. of supernatural fire
. fire for cooking, roasting, parching
. esp. of altar fire
. fig. of Yahweh's anger
. in various combinations
784 'esh aysh
a primitive word; fire (literally or figuratively):--
burning, fiery, fire, flaming, hot.
אֵשׁ (esh) — fire.
1) fire
1a) fire, flames
1b) supernatural fire (accompanying theophany)
1c) fire (for cooking, roasting, parching)
1d) altar-fire
1e) God's anger (fig.)
Aramaic equivalent: esh (אֶשָּׁא "fire" H0785)
Art | N-cs — Particle · noun common both singular absoluteHTd/Ncbsa
fir ('esh; pur):
These are the common words for fire, occurring very frequently. 'Ur, "light" (Isa 24:15 the King James Version; compare the Revised Version (British and American); Isa 31:9, and see FIRES), nur (Aramaic) (Da 3:22 ff) are found a few times, also 'eshshah (Jer 6:29), and be`erah (Ex 22:6), once each. Ac 28:2,3 has pura, "pyre," and Mr 14:54; Lu 22:56, phos, "light," the Revised Version (British and American) "in the light (of the fire)." "To set…
Fire
(1.) For sacred purposes. The sacrifices were consumed by fire (Gen. 8:20). The ever-burning fire on the altar was first kindled from heaven (Lev. 6:9, 13; 9:24), and afterwards rekindled at the dedication of Solomon’s temple (2 Chr. 7:1, 3). The expressions “fire from heaven” and “fire of the Lord” generally denote lightning, but sometimes also the fire of the altar was so called (Ex. 29:18; Lev. 1:9; 2:3; 3:5, 9).
Fire for a sacred purpose obtained otherwise than from the altar was called “strange fire” (Lev. 10:1, 2;
is represented as the symbol of Jehovah’s presence and the instrument of his power, in the way either of approval or of destruction. (Exodus 3:2; 14:19) etc. There could not be a better symbol for Jehovah than this of fire, it being immaterial, mysterious, but visible, warming, cheering, comforting, but also terrible and consuming. Parallel with this application of fire and with its symbolical meaning are to be noted the similar use for sacrificial purposes and the respect paid to it, or to the heavenly bodies as symbols of deity, which prevailed among so many nations of antiquity, and of which the traces are not even now extinct; e.g. the Sabean and Magian systems of worship. (Isaiah 27:9) Fire for sacred purposes obtained elsewhere than from the altar was called "strange fire," and for the use of such Nadab and Abihu were punished…
In Scripture, is often connected with the presence of Jehovah; as in the burning bush, and on Mount Sinai, Ex 3:2 19:18 Ps 18:1-50 Hab 1:1-3:19. The second coming of Christ will be "in flaming fire," 2Th 1:8. In the New Testament it illustrates the enlightening, cheering, and purifying agency of the Holy Spirit, Mt 3:11 Ac 2:3. By sending fire from heaven to consume sacrifices, God often signified his acceptance of them: as in the case of Abel, Ge 4:4; Abraham, Ge…
מַי (mayim) is a Hebrew word meaning 'water' and is used in the plural form. It encompasses various meanings, including literal water, urine, and metaphorical uses related to refreshment or danger. The entries indicate it is derived from a primitive noun and is primarily referenced in contexts involving water.
[מַי] 580 n.m. only pl. מַ֫יִם waters, water
base
H4325 מַי only pl. מַ֫יִם waters, water
4325 mayim mah'-yim
dual of a primitive noun (but used in a singular sense);
water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen:--+
piss, wasting, water(-ing, (-course, -flood, -spring)).
מַי (ma.yim) — water.
1) water, waters
1a) water
1b) water of the feet, urine
1c) of danger, violence, transitory things, refreshment (fig.)
מַי (ma.yim) — Water (Gate).
This name means water, refreshment
Prep | N-mp — Preposition · noun common masculine plural absoluteHR/Ncmpa
wo'-ter (mayim; hudor):
(1) The Greek philosophers believed water to be the original substance and that all things were made from it. The Koran states, "From water we have made all things." In the story of the creation (Ge 1:2) water plays an elemental part.
(2) Because of the scarcity of water in Palestine it is especially appreciated by the people there. They love to go and sit by a stream of running water. Men long for a taste of the water of their native village (1Ch 11:17). A town or village is known throughout the country for the quality of its water, which is described by many adjectives, such as "light," "heavy," etc.
(3) The rainfall is the only source of supply of water for Palestine. The moisture is carried up from the sea in clouds and falls on the hills as rain or snow.…
See CISTERN and WELLS.
In Isa 35:7, the Hebrew word for "parched ground" that shall become a pool of water, is the same with the Arabic term for the mirage, a peculiar optical illusion by which travelers in hot and dry deserts think they see broad lakes and flowing waters; they seem to discern the very ripple of the waves, and the swaying of tail trees on the margin in the cool breeze; green hills and houses and city ramparts rise before the astonished sight, recede as the traveler advances, and at length melt away in the hot haze. Not so the blessings of the gospel; they are no alluring mockery, but real waters of everlasting life, Isa 55:1 Joh 4:14 Re 22:1. Compare
→ Creation of Ps 148:4,5
→ Covered the whole earth Ge 1:9
→ Daily allowance of Eze 4:11
→ City waterworks 2Ki 20:20
→ Vision of, by Ezekiel Eze 47:1-5
→ Of separation Nu 19:2-22
נָגַר (nagar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to pour, flow, or run. It encompasses various nuances, including being poured or spilled (Niphal), pouring down (Hiphil), and even melting (Hophal). The term can also figuratively imply vanishing or being stretched out. It captures a range of actions related to liquids and their movement.
[נָגַר] vb. pour, flow, run
Niph.
be poured, split
pour oneself, flow, trickle, of eye (in tears)
fig. vanish
be stretched out (?)
Hiph. pour down, hurl down
Hoph. of mountains melting at theophany.
base
H5064 נָגַר
5064 nagar naw-gar'
a primitive root; to flow; figuratively, to stretch out;
causatively, to pour out or down; figuratively, to deliver
over:--fall, flow away, pour down (out), run, shed, spilt,
trickle down.
נָגַר (na.gar) — to pour.
1) to pour, run, flow, pour down
1a) (Niphal)
1a1) to be poured, be spilt
1a2) to pour oneself, flow, trickle
1a3) to vanish (fig.)
1a4) to be stretched out
1b) (Hiphil) to pour down
1c) (Hophal) to melt
V-Hophal-Inf-c — Verb · Hophal · participle (passive) masculine pluralHVHsmpa
מוֹרָד (mo.rad) refers to a descent or slope, and can also denote hanging or bevelled work. It is derived from a root meaning 'to go down.' The term encompasses concepts of steep places and ornamental architecture, indicating a range of meanings related to downward movement or structure.
מוֹרָד n.[m.] descent, slope
base
H4174 מוֹרָד
4174 mowrad mo-rawd'
from 3381; a descent; as architecture, an ornamental
appendage, perhaps a festoon:--going down, steep place, thin
work.
see HEBREW for 03381
מוֹרָד (mo.rad) — descent.
1) descent, slope, steep place, hanging work, bevelled work
1a) descent
1b) hanging work
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa