Quick Definition
to harden
Strong's Definition
properly, to be dense, i.e. tough or severe (in various applications)
Derivation: a primitive root;
KJV Usage: be cruel, be fiercer, make grievous, be ((ask a), be in, have, seem, would) hard(-en, (labour), -ly, thing), be sore, (be, make) stiff(-en, (-necked)).
TWOT Reference: 2085
Outline of Biblical Usage
Septuagint (LXX) Greek Equivalents
This Hebrew word is translated by the following Greek words in the Septuagint:
STEPBible — Tyndale Abridged Hebrew Lexicon
קָשָׁה (qa.shah) — to harden. 1) to be hard, be severe, be fierce, be harsh 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to be hard, be difficult 1a2) to be hard, be severe 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be ill-treated 1b2) to be hard pressed 1c) (Piel) to have severe labour (of women) 1d) (Hiphil) 1d1) to make difficult, make difficulty 1d2) to make severe, make burdensome 1d3) to make hard, make stiff, make stubborn 1d3a) of obstinacy (fig) 1d4) to show stubbornness
UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew
verb · מִקְשֶׁה · מִקְשָׁה · קָשֶׁה · קְשִׁי
Hard | verb qal
to be hard, to be difficult = process by which humans experience an event as difficult to handle or hard to accept
Hard | verb qal
to do something hard = actions by which humans do something that is experienced as difficult to handle or hard to accept
Unwilling | verb hif
to stubbornly refuse = action by which humans refuse to do something out of stubbornness
Unwilling | verb hif
to oppose, to resist = action by which humans act with stubbornness towards others, being unwilling to yield
Unwilling | verb hif | ≈ סרר | ≠ שׁמע
Collocation: קשׁה לֵב · קשׁה עֹרֶף
to be stubborn, to be stiff-necked literally: to harden one's neck, heart; = action by which humans show themselves to be stubborn and unwilling to yield
DEU 10:16 · 2KI 17:14 · 2CH 30:8 · 2CH 36:13 · NEH 9:16 · NEH 9:17 · NEH 9:29 · PSA 95:8 · PRO 28:14 · PRO 29:1 · JER 7:26 · JER 17:23 · JER 19:15
Unwilling | verb hif
Collocation: קשׁה לֵב · קשׁה רוּחַ
to cause to be stubborn, to cause to be stiff-necked literally: to harden someone else's heart, spirit; = causative action by which deities cause humans to be stubborn and unwilling to yield
Unsafe | verb nif, verb pi, verb hif
to suffer = process by which humans suffer hardship, possibly including physical pain
Unsafe | verb hif
Collocation: קשׁה עֹל
to harden (someone's) yoke > to force (someone) to work harder literally: to harden someone's yoke; hence: = causative action by which humans increase the amount of labor imposed on other humans, ◄ which weighs down on them as a yoke
UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew © United Bible Societies, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon
[קָשָׁה] vb. be hard, severe, fierce Qal be hard, difficult
be hard, severe
Niph. hardly bestead, hard pressed
Pi. she made hard in her bearing (had severe labour)
Hiph. make difficult, difficulty
make severe, burdensome, yoke imposed by king
make hard, stiff, stubborn, fig. of obstinacy
shew stubbornness
base