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Revelation 7

Hendriksen
‹ Chapter 6 Revelation — All Chapters Chapter 8 ›

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size StandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsBoldUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsItalicUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueSubSuperScriptTypervsssSuperScriptUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanSubSuperScriptTypervsssSuperScriptUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsBoldColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsItalicfsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsItalicColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonSubSuperScriptTypervsssSuperScriptNextStyleNo Unicode Jump Size-9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 �BiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabsStandardSpaceBefore SpaceAfterTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 3 8 0 0 7. Interlude: The Saints) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 (7:1 17)) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 5 3 8 0 0 Outline (continued) ) 7. Interlude: The Saints (7:1 17) ) a. The 144,000 Sealed (7:1 8) ) b. The Great Multitude (7:9 12) ) c. An Interview (7:13 17) ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 7. Interlude: The Saints) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 7:1 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Preliminary Observations) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 1 After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth, so that no wind might blow upon the earth, the sea, or any tree. 2 And I saw another angel coming up from the east having the seal of the living God, and he cried with a loud cry to the four angels to whom was given power to harm the earth and the sea, 3 saying. Do not harm the earth, or the sea, or the trees until we have sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads. ) 7 8 3 8 0 0 4 And I heard the number of those who had been sealed to be one hundred and forty-four thousand sealed from every tribe of Israel. ) 5 From the tribe of Judah 12,000 were sealed, ) from the tribe of Reuben 12,000 ) from the tribe of Gad 12,000 ) 6 from the tribe of Asher 12,000 ) from the tribe of Naphtali 12,000 ) from the tribe of Manasseh 12,000 ) 7 from the tribe of Simeon 12,000 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.12.0|AUTODETECT|” from the tribe of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.12.0|AUTODETECT|” Levi 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 23 3 8 0 0 from the tribe of Issachar 12,000 ) 8 from the tribe of Zebulun 12,000 ) from the tribe of Joseph 12,000 ) from the tribe of Benjamin 12,000 were sealed. ) 9 After these things I saw, and look, a great multitude that no one could number, from every nation and all tribes and peoples and languages, standing before the throne and before the Lamb. They were dressed in white robes with palm branches in their hands. 10 And they cried out with a loud voice, saying, ) Salvation belongs to our God who is seated ) on the throne and to the Lamb. ) 11 And all the angels stood around the throne, the elders, and the four living creatures; and they fell before the throne on their faces and worshiped God, 12 saying, ) Amen! Praise and glory and wisdom and thanksgiving ) and honor and power and strength be to our God ) forever and ever. Amen! ) 13 And one of the elders asked me, These people who are dressed in white robes who are they and where did they come from? 14 And I said to him, Sir, you know. And he said to me, These are they who have come out of the great tribulation and have washed their robes and have made them white in the blood of the Lamb. ) 15 Therefore, they are before the throne of God ) and serve him day and night in his temple, ) and he who is seated on the throne will spread his tent ) over them. ) 16 And they will neither hunger nor thirst anymore; ) neither will the sun beat down on them, ) nor any scorching heat. ) 17 Because the Lamb at the center of the throne will shepherd them, ) and he will lead them to springs of living water, ) and God will wipe away every tear from their eyes. ) a. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Intermission.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Many commentators see chapter 7 as a parenthesis or interlude between the sixth and the seventh seals (see also the interlude between the sixth and seventh trumpets. 10:1 11:14). This is correct, yet I must add that this chapter is the opposite of the immediately preceding seal (6:12 17), which discloses what is happening to God s enemies. Chapter 7 reveals what is happening to God s people. As the enemies face divine wrath and judgment, the saints sing praises of deliverance to God and the Lamb. The entire chapter, devoted to the saints, is more of a pinnacle than a pause.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref1 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1”

  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� To the question raised in the sixth seal, Who is able to stand? (6:17), John provides the answer: the 144,000 and the countless multitude. Not the people who ask the mountains and rocks to cover them from divine wrath, but the saints stand before the throne. They are the ones sealed by God, washed in the blood of the Lamb, clothed in white robes, and holding palm branches in their hands. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Assembly.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.23.40|AUTODETECT|” Chapter 7 teaches that while God assembles his people, he suspends judgment until the last of the saints has been gathered and sealed (vv. 2, 3). The saints who gathered in the great multitude and include the 144,000 are the real Israel (vv. 4 9a). They celebrate the liturgy of the Feast of Tabernacles 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.23.40|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 23:40) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In addition to the saints, all inhabitants in heaven worship God (vv. 11 12). The saints are portrayed as martyrs who are being gathered as a body until the end of time (vv. 13 14).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref2 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn2”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� And last, they are before the throne of God and the Lamb forever (vv. 15 17). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Interpretation.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 There are two ways of interpreting chapter 7, that is, it can be interpreted either literally or symbolically. The first interpretation explains the number 144,000 as the total number consisting of 12,000 sealed persons from each of the twelve tribes of Israel.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref3 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn3”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The group of people that no one could number taken from every nation, tribe, people, and language are the Gentiles, even though the word itself is not used. The second interpretation teaches a symbolical approach to the numbers in this chapter. Throughout the Apocalypse, numbers have symbolical meaning, as is evident, for instance, in the number seven that conveys completeness. So it is more likely that the number 144,000 (twelve times twelve thousand) should be interpreted symbolically to express perfection.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref4 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn4”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� This becomes evident with respect to the measuring of the new Jerusalem, which Isaiah 12,000 stadia in length, width, and height a perfect cube and symbol of perfection (see the commentary on 21:16). Furthermore, the two scenes of the 144,000 and the incalculable multitude are two similar pictures that emphasize the same message. The first scene depicts idealism and the second realism. The second scene strengthens and amplifies the first one; The two images depict the same reality. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref5 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn5”
  5. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 d. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Analogies.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The correlation between and development of chapters 7 and 21 22 is noteworthy:��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref6 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn6”
  6. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 10 3 8 0 0 " the seal on the forehead (7:3 and 22:4) ) " the twelve tribes of Israel (7:4 8 and 21:12) ) " the nations (7:9 and 21:24, 26) ) " the throne of God (7:9, 15 and 22:1, 3) ) " the service rendered (7:15 and 22:3) ) " the temple (7:15 and 21:22) ) " the dwelling of God (7:15 and 21:3) ) " thirst and springs of living water (7:16 17 and 21:6) ) " the wiping of tears (7:17 and 21:4) ) That is, if we explain the numbers and the names in chapters 21 and 22 symbolically, we expect that the names and numbers of chapter 7 must also be interpreted figuratively. Likewise in this chapter, John presents Revelation as a series of pictures from a symbolical perspective. William Milligan observes, It is the custom of the Seer to heighten and spiritualize all Jewish names. The temple, the Tabernacle, and the Altar, Mount Zion, and Jerusalem are to him the embodiments of ideas deeper than those literally conveyed by them. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref7 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn7”
  7. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 e. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Sequence.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 R. H. Charles advocates a number of transpositions in the Apocalypse; one of them is in chapter 7. He restores verses 5 6 to their original order, in which the sons of Leah are followed by those of Rachel, and these in turn first by the sons of Leah s handmaid and then by Rachel s. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref8 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn8”
  8. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� He is unable, however, to furnish proof for his transposition, because there are no textual witnesses to assist him in his work. His interpretation is strictly literal and does not take into account that John speaks not about physical Israel but spiritual Israel. For spiritual reasons Judah is mentioned at the head of the list and not Reuben, Jacob s firstborn. Judah is first because Jesus Christ descended from him; also the mixing up of the patriarchal names is designed to show that physical privileges and standings have ended.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref9 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn9”
  9. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 a. The 144,000 Sealed) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 7:1 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth, so that no wind might blow upon the earth, the sea, or any tree.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 When John writes After this, he is referring to the immediately preceding context, the opening of the sixth seal. The seventh seal (8:1) will be opened after he has described the two visions recorded in this chapter. John sees four angels, each occupying one of the corners of the earth. This should not be understood literally but rather symbolically, for it points to the totality of God s creation and the four directions: north, east, south, and west. ) These four angels (see 9:14 15) have authority over the four winds that blow on the earth and are able to hold the destructive power of these winds in check. R. C. H. Lenski aptly remarks that the word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 angels) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in unmodified form is never used to refer to devils.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref10 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn10”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.4|AUTODETECT|” �� Angels are always God s messengers, sent out as his servants 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.4|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 104:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.14|AUTODETECT|”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Again John is alluding to the Old Testament for the imagery. The expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the four corners of the earth) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.11.12|AUTODETECT|” appears in some passages 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.11.12|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 11:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.7.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.7.2|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 7:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref11 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn11” KJV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And the phrase ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 four winds of heaven) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.2|AUTODETECT|” occurs in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.2|AUTODETECT|” Daniel 7:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.11.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.11.4|AUTODETECT|” 11:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.6.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.6.5|AUTODETECT|” Zechariah 6:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.37.9|AUTODETECT|” 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.37.9|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 37:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref12 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn12”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The text, however, reads ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the four winds of the earth) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , not ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 of heaven) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . These four winds are God s agents to execute judgment. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.49.36|AUTODETECT|” The angels arrest the power of these four winds so that they do not destroy God s great creation with hurricanes, tornadoes, and storms 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.49.36|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 49:36) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The winds with their potentially destructive power are not yet given permission to harm anything in God s creation. His creation is summarized in the interesting combination of ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 earth, sea,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 tree) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . It divides the land masses from the oceans, with the tree symbolizing the plant kingdom. Tall trees are exceptionally vulnerable to fierce winds. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Here are three observations: The imagery of the wind in the Apocalypse, apart from the illustration in 6:13, is limited to this particular verse. Next, we as humans are utterly unable to control the weather; it is God who sends forth the winds 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.8|AUTODETECT|” John 3:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And last, the imminent catastrophes caused by these winds are kept in abeyance. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. And I saw another angel coming up from the east having the seal of the living God, and he cried with a loud cry to the four angels to whom was given power to harm the earth and the sea, 3. saying, Do not harm the earth, or the sea, or the trees until we have sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. And I saw another angel coming up from the east having the seal of the living God. The word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 another) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.43.2|AUTODETECT|” signifies an angel of the same kind as the preceding four who hold in check the four winds. We are unable to say much about this angel except for origin and identifying mark. His origin is the east, which means that he is approaching John from the rising of the sun, the source of light. To illustrate, the temple in Jerusalem faced east to focus attention on the rising of the sun and the presence of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.43.2|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 43:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The angel s mark of identity is the seal of the living God. This mark appears to communicate God s protective care that no one is able to subvert or undo. The living God,��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref13 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn13”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� as the source of life dwelling in eternity, is sending forth the angel on a mission to stay the destructive power of the winds. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. And he cried with a loud cry to the four angels to whom was given power to harm the earth and the sea. Apparently, angels sent on a mission by God cry out their message in a loud voice, because this wording occurs repeatedly in Revelation (10:3; 14:7, 9, 15; 18:2; 19:17). The loud cry is necessary to reach to the limits of the earth, so that all four angels can hear the angel s message. The angels addressed are holding the destructive power to harm both land and sea. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.29-40.10.30|AUTODETECT|” c. Saying, Do not harm the earth, or the sea, or the trees until we have sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads. The word addressed to these four angels who are occupying places at the four directions of north, east, south, and west is not to harm land, sea, and trees. They are not allowed even to begin their destructive work. God gave the angel the message because it is God who cares for his creation and especially his people (compare 9:4). Jesus said, Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them will fall to the ground apart from the will of your Father. And even the very hairs of your head are all numbered 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.29-40.10.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:29 30) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). When the angel uses the word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 trees) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in the plural, he indicates that God s eye is on everything in his creation. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 Although the angel who announces the message is alone, he represents a multitude of helpers when he says, Until we have sealed the servants of our God. God sends forth his angels to seal his people, for his servants belong to him and are known by a seal. ) What precisely is a seal? William Hendriksen notes first that it is the most precious thing under heaven and then provides three functions of the ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 seal) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . For one, it prevents tampering; next, it ensures ownership; and last, on a document it certifies genuineness.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref14 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn14”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.9.4|AUTODETECT|” How are God s servants marked with a seal? As in all parts of the Apocalypse, John relies on the Old Testament Scriptures. The people of Judah had turned their backs on God and his temple and instead were worshiping nature. In a vision, the prophet Ezekiel saw a man dressed in linen with pen and inkwell in his hand, who was told to go through Jerusalem and put a mark on the foreheads of all those who were grieving because of the idolatry in the land 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.9.4|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 9:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.1|AUTODETECT|” ). All the people were slaughtered except those who had the mark on their foreheads. The symbol of God s people is the invisible mark of the Father and the Lamb 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 14:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) to signify that the saints are members of God s family, purchased by the Son, and filled with the Spirit. By contrast, unbelievers have the mark of the beast on their right hand and forehead (13:16). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The servants of God are not only prophets, pastors, and church officials, but they include all believers. That is, those who faithfully serve God by loving him with heart, soul, and mind and by loving their neighbors as themselves are servants. The word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 servants) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , occurring in 2:20; 19:2, 5; 22:3, 6 and in the Old Testament expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 servants of God) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , denotes the saints. Servants are those people who reflect God s glory in every aspect of their lives. Hence, the invisible mark on their foreheads becomes visible in the words and deeds of these devoted followers of Jesus, as they walk in his footsteps. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” d. Sealed. How does a seal relate to the saints? First, they are safe, and no one, not even Satan, can snatch them out of God s hand 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” John 10:28) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Next, they belong to Jesus and are his possession. And third, his word to them is true and unchangeable, and his promises are genuine. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.13|AUTODETECT|” The Christian is sealed in this threefold sense. The Father has sealed him, for the believer enjoys the Father s protection throughout life. The Son has sealed him, for he has bought and redeemed the believer with His own precious blood. He owns us. The Spirit had sealed him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.13|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.16|AUTODETECT|” ), for He testifies that we are sons of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref15 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn15”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Nevertheless, they are not exempt from physical harm. To this fact many Christians in the seven churches of the province of Asia were able to testify (see 2:10). Throughout the centuries, innumerable believers have been and presently are persecuted, beaten, and killed because of their testimony of Christ. What, then, is the meaning of being sealed? The answer lies in the word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 until) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 until we have sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads. God postpones judgment, pictured here by the destructive power of the winds, until the last of the saints has been gathered and sealed. The angels who mark the believers with a seal protect them from the coming judgment (see 9:4). Thus, being marked with the seal of the living God means that he protects his own people from this judgment (3:10).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref16 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn16”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� It also answers the question raised in 6:17, For the great day of their wrath has come, and who is able to stand? Not the unbelievers who seek cover from mountains and rocks, but believers who are covered with God s seal. They are able to stand before him and the Lamb, for they have no fear of the judgment to come. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 All the saints, sealed with the seal of the living God, are acquitted; they rejoice in the presence of the Lamb. Conversely, the enemies of God face the wrath of God and the Lamb and are unable to escape (6:15 17). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. And I heard the number of those who had been sealed to be one hundred and forty-four thousand sealed from every tribe of Israel.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Notice that John switches from the verb ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 to see) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to the verb ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 to hear) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , and he uses the past tense, I heard. In other words, hearing the number of those who received the seal is an indication that the total sum is not a secret. This knowledge does not have to wait until the last person has been marked with the seal of the living God. Even though the information relates to the future, the verb ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 had been sealed) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is in the past tense. God knows the number of those who receive the seals, and John communicates this symbolically to the readers. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The number of those who are sealed Isaiah 144,000, which is twelve times twelve times a thousand (twelve squared times ten cubed).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref17 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn17”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The number twelve in the Apocalypse always refers to that which is perfect: the saints (7:5 8), the woman with twelve stars on her head (12:1), the twelve tribes of Israel (21:12), the various aspects of the new Jerusalem (21:12, 14, 16), and the twelve fruit-bearing trees (22:2). And the number one thousand is ten times ten times ten, which is a multitude. Ten is the number of fullness in the decimal system. Hence, 144,000 is a symbolic number that expresses a multitude marked by absolute perfection.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref18 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn18”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Twelve tribes of Israel times the twelve apostles (21:12, 14) times a thousand equals perfection times perfection times a multitude. Here is the picture of the ideal that is followed by a picture of the actual in verse 9. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.12|AUTODETECT|” From every tribe of Israel. An incalculable multitude conveys the concept of harmony, unity, and excellence. Although the temptation is real to take the term from every tribe of Israel literally, the New Testament teaches that the walls of racial distinctions have been broken down. All believers are one in Jesus Christ 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.12|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.13|AUTODETECT|”
  3. 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.13|AUTODETECT|” Cor. 12:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.28|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:28) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.14-49.2.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.14-49.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:14 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=51.3.11|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Harmony in Christ Jesus transcends all ethnic, racial, social, and sexual divisions. In short, the term ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Israel) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in this verse represents God s people. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. From the tribe of Judah 12,000 were) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 sealed,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 from the tribe of Reuben 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 from the tribe of Gad 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  2. from the tribe of Asher 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 from the tribe of Naphtali 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 from the tribe of Manasseh 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  3. from the tribe of Simeon 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.12.0|AUTODETECT|” from the tribe of ) 13 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.12.0|AUTODETECT|” Levi 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 from the tribe of Issachar 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  4. from the tribe of Zebulun 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 from the tribe of Joseph 12,000) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 from the tribe of Benjamin 12,000 were) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 sealed.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Difficulties.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The first problem we face is the wording of verse 4 from every tribe of Israel, which is explicated with a list of twelve tribes. However, elsewhere in the New Testament the expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 twelve tribes) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.7|AUTODETECT|” refers to Israel as a nation and not to twelve individual tribes 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.7|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.1|AUTODETECT|” James 1:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.17|AUTODETECT|” ). The twelve tribes form the basis on which the structure of the house of God is built and completed, and all the inhabitants of God s house form one family without any division. Believers of peoples other than Israel are grafted into the olive tree, to use Paul s illustration, and grow alongside the natural branches 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.16|AUTODETECT|” ). Jesus said, I have other sheep that are not of this sheep pen. I must bring them also. They too will listen to my voice, and there will be one flock and one shepherd 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.16|AUTODETECT|” John 10:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Structure.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.2.1-13.2.2|AUTODETECT|” The sequence of the twelve tribes listed here differs considerably from those recorded elsewhere in the Old Testament. For example, These were the twelve sons of Israel: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Joseph, Benjamin, Naphtali, Gad and Asher 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.2.1-13.2.2|AUTODETECT|” 1 Chron. 2:1 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.35.23-1.35.26|AUTODETECT|” ; see also ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.35.23-1.35.26|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 35:23 26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.48.1-26.48.7|AUTODETECT|” ). But Judah precedes Reuben the firstborn, Dan is missing from the list, and in his place, to make the number twelve complete, the name of Manasseh appears as the grandson of Israel 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.48.1-26.48.7|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 48:1 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.48.23-26.48.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.48.23-26.48.29|AUTODETECT|” 23 29) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 There are at least three similar features in the lists of Revelation and 1 Chronicles. First, apart from the initial two verses in chapter two, the Chronicler catalogues foremost the family of Judah (2:3 4:23); second, he lists the family of Manasseh (5:23 26; 7:14 19) but puts Ephraim in the place of Joseph (7:20 29); and, third, he omits the family of Dan. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=7.18.30-7.18.31|AUTODETECT|” The reason for deleting the name of Dan from the list goes back to a narrative in which the descendants of Dan committed idolatry 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=7.18.30-7.18.31|AUTODETECT|” Judg. 18:30 31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.12.29-11.12.30|AUTODETECT|” ). They were also the first to perpetrate the sin of apostasy, for they accepted a golden calf that Jeroboam placed in the northern part of Israel as a center of worship. He chose this location so that the people of Israel could worship there and would not need to travel to Jerusalem 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.12.29-11.12.30|AUTODETECT|” 1 Kings 12:29 30) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Because of their grievous sin, the tribe of Dan was among the first to be exiled.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref19 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn19”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� After the period of exile came to an end, Scripture no longer mentions Dan. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.12.29|AUTODETECT|” John also excludes Ephraim from his list. This tribe likewise agreed with Jeroboam to place another golden calf at Bethel as a substitute for the true worship of God in Jerusalem 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.12.29|AUTODETECT|” 1 Kings 12:29) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.78.67|AUTODETECT|” ). Ephraim, therefore, should not be subsumed under the name of Joseph, for Joseph has taken the place of Ephraim 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.78.67|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 78:67) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.5.3-28.5.5|AUTODETECT|” b; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.5.3-28.5.5|AUTODETECT|” Hos. 5:3 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.1.3|AUTODETECT|” The arrangement of the twelve tribes in Revelation differs for various reasons. Judah is mentioned first because his is the tribe into which Jesus was born 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 1:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.6|AUTODETECT|” 2:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.33|AUTODETECT|” Luke 3:33) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.5|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 5:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.1.47|AUTODETECT|” ). Levi s name is included because the context has nothing to do with military service or the material possession of territory 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.1.47|AUTODETECT|” Num. 1:47) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.10.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.10.9|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 10:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Scholars have proposed a number of solutions. For instance, Henry Barclay Swete suggests that the sequence of John s list originates partly in the birth order of the twelve patriarchs and partly in the geographical location of the twelve tribes.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref20 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn20”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.13.24-6.13.28|AUTODETECT|” �� Judah is the royal tribe, followed by Reuben the firstborn. The tribe of Gad was given the territory to the north of the tribe of Reuben, east of the Jordan 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.13.24-6.13.28|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 13:24 28) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The tribes of Asher and Naphtali were in the northern and central part of Galilee, with that of Manasseh in the center of Israel. Simeon and Levi as sons of Leah followed Reuben in their succession of birth. The tribes of Issachar and Zebulun occupied the southern part of Galilee. And Joseph and Benjamin were the sons of Rachel. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Similarly Richard Bauckham suggests that at the time Revelation was written, a modified list differed from the standard order by featuring the sons in relation to their mothers. The sons of Leah are Judah, Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Issachar, and Zebulun, of which the last four were placed in block form after the sequence Gad, Asher, Naphtali, and Manasseh.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref21 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn21”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� This indeed is a helpful explanation, even if questions remain about Joseph and Manasseh and the exclusion of Ephraim. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The sequence of these names as such is not important. Suffice it to say that in general terms, it is virtually impossible to account for the unusual order and composition of the list of tribes by interpreting it as descriptive of ethnic Israel. But seeing in this list a portrayal of the church as the New Israel & resolves the difficulties quite simply. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref22 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn22”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” �� Significant is the great multitude that no one can number; it comes forth out of the twelve tribes of Israel. In response to the Great Commission 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.40|AUTODETECT|” ), a worldwide multitude has come to faith in Christ that with the saints of the Old Testament constitutes the full number of God s servants 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.40|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 11:40) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 7:1 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ���� �v ��� ������� literally, and not on any tree. The negative particle appears in a clause introduced by 5�� and controls the negations that follow. Nestle-Aland) 11 1 -1 9 0 0
  5. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 makes allowance for a paragraph division in the sense of a new segment, so that verse 1 stands as an introductory verse. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �P���� the personal pronoun is superfluous because of the indirect object �7� (to whom). The construction is a Semitism, appearing repeatedly in Revelation (3:8; 7:9; 13:8, 12; 20:8). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 �t �������� the aorist subjunctive serves as the aorist imperative for a negative prohibition whose action has not yet begun. ) ������� this expression has the sense of the space between the eyes. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref23 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn23”
  6. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 b. The Great Multitude) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 7:9 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. After these things I saw, and look, a great multitude that no one could number, from every nation and all tribes and peoples and languages, standing before the throne and before the Lamb. They were dressed in white robes with palm branches in their hands.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Method.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 By reading the Apocalypse, we become increasingly aware that John writes the Revelation from a Jewish perspective. The author repeatedly presents his material in seemingly repetitious form meant to stress a certain point: two similar accounts of the same thing often emphasize a specific revelation John records. The first account is the ideal while the second is reality. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The figure 144,000 (v. 4) and the subsequent summation of the twelve tribes with 12,000 persons each (vv. 4 8) understood symbolically represent the ideal. With the use of numbers, John illustrates perfection as the ideal. In the next illustration, he describes reality by what he is permitted to see in heaven, namely, the saints standing before the throne of God and the Lamb (vv. 9 12). He had depicted elders and angels surrounding the divine throne in preceding chapters (chapters 4 and 5), but now he notes that an innumerable multitude enters heaven and approaches the throne. The first picture portrays God s people from a historical perspective, while the second picture displays the incalculable throng as the completed product of Christ s redemptive work.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref24 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn24”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Characteristics.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The phrase ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 after this) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 introduces a new picture that pertains not to earth but to heaven. John heard the number 144,000 in the preceding scene (v. 4); now he sees a great multitude that no one could number. He first notes the tribes of Israel (vv. 5 8); next he depicts saints from every nation and all tribes and peoples and languages. The word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 nation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ethnos) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” ) means all the peoples that constitute a nation. Often several people groups make up an entire nation, so the Greek term should be understood as all-inclusive. These people groups include the Jewish believers as part of this countless throng. The sealing of all these saints is understood and therefore needs no second mention. Here is a picture of the universal church in its fullest sense fulfilling Jesus word: And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Isbon Beckwith asks the question, Who then, in the author s intention, are the 144, 00 that are to be sealed? His answer is that these people are ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the whole body of the Church) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Jewish and Gentile alike. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref25 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn25”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� He notes that this observation conforms with John the Apocalyptist, for it does the least violence to the universalistic spirit of the book. Indeed, John mentions the 144,000 again in 14:1, where the saints have the name of the Lamb and the Father written on their foreheads. These saints constitute all the redeemed. With the divine names as a seal on their foreheads they represent the multitude that no one can number. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The sequence of words ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 nation, tribe, people, and language) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs seven times in various orders in Revelation (5:9; 7:9; 10:11; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15; see the commentary on 5:9). In this picture, all the saints stand before the throne of God and the Lamb, namely, before their Creator and Redeemer. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Description.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The saints are dressed in white, which is a fulfillment of Jesus promise to the church in Sardis that the faithful ones will be dressed in white (3:4, 5). The color white signifies holiness. Also the souls under the altar were given white garments (6:11; see also 3:18; 4:4; 7:13). Here is a scene of heaven at the throne of God and the Lamb. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The saints are holding palm branches in their hands as a sign of victory. Of the four evangelists only John notes that at Jesus triumphal entry on Palm Sunday the people took palm branches to welcome him. The phrase ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 palm branches) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.13|AUTODETECT|” occurs twice in the New Testament, here and in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.13|AUTODETECT|” John 12:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.23.40|AUTODETECT|” 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.23.40|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 23:40) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.1.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.1.0|AUTODETECT|”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Macc. 13:51; 2 Macc. 10:7).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref26 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn26”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The victory belongs to Jesus Christ, who conquered Satan, death, and the grave; joy belongs to the saints who celebrate this victory.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref27 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn27”
  5. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� They are eternally thankful for the redemption Christ obtained for them. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. And they cried out with a loud voice, saying,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Salvation belongs to our God who is seated) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 on the throne and to the Lamb. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The saints in heaven sing a song with one accord, even though they came from many nations and spoke different languages. In heaven the confusion of Babel has ended and the speech of the saints is all the same. As in other places, John hears the dwellers in heaven speak in a loud voice, but here in jubilation. They sing a song in which the word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 salvation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 receives all the emphasis because of the work of redemption accomplished by the Lamb. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.9|AUTODETECT|” The redeemed are standing before the throne and before the Lamb. God who is seated on the throne planned the work of saving his people and commissioned his Son to initiate, execute, and complete it. With their song they express praise and thanks to God and the Lamb, who died, rose from the grave, and ascended to heaven to take his place at the right hand of God. They sing a song of victory which resembles the Hosanna (Lord, grant help) the people sang when Jesus came to Jerusalem 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 21:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Whereas the people surrounding Jesus at his triumphal entry were asking for salvation, the saints in heaven praise him for answering this request. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  2. And all the angels stood around the throne, the elders, and the four living creatures; and they fell before the throne on their faces and worshiped God,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  3. saying,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Amen! Praise and glory and wisdom and) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 thanksgiving) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and honor and power and strength be to) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 our God) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 forever and ever. Amen! ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Construction.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 An innumerable multitude is singing praises of thanksgiving to God and the Lamb while the rest of the heavenly beings fall down worshiping God before his throne. The order is the reverse of that given in chapter 5, where the sequence of the worshipers is the four living creatures, the elders, all the angels, and last every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all things in them (5:13). Here the progression is the multitude of saints, all the angels, the elders, and the four living beings. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 The song of all the angels, the elders, and the living beings (5:12) is nearly the same as the one sung here. There they said, Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and thanksgiving. Here they sing: Amen! Praise and glory and wisdom and thanksgiving and honor and power and strength be to our God forever and ever. Amen! Apart from sequence, the differences are that instead of wealth the present song has thanksgiving and the amen at both the beginning and the end. Note that the two songs have exactly seven attributes each the number of completeness. The song of the redeemed in verse 10 is the last song dedicated to the Lamb in the Apocalypse, whereas this hymn is sung to worship God. ) b. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Explanation.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The angels punctuate their song at the beginning and the end with the word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 amen) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.10|AUTODETECT|” (so be it). The duplication of this term intimates that their hymn was sung antiphonally in relation to the song of the saints. All of the angels wholeheartedly voice their agreement with the song of the countless multitude, because they rejoice over one sinner who repents 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 15:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.12|AUTODETECT|” ) and they have stooped to look intently into the mystery of salvation 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.12|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 1:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.24.8|AUTODETECT|” The sevenfold string of attributes is not meant to be exhaustive but highlights the praises sung by the psalmists in the Psalter. They sing of God s power, strength, splendor, glory, majesty, wealth, and honor 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.24.8|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 24:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.59.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.59.17|AUTODETECT|” 59:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.62.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.62.11|AUTODETECT|” 62:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.89.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.89.11|AUTODETECT|” 89:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.29.11|AUTODETECT|” ; see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.29.11|AUTODETECT|” 1 Chron. 29:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). All these virtues belong to God, whom the angels adore as our God. To him they express their praises and thanksgiving forever and ever. The attributes of praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power, and strength occur repeatedly in the New Testament, some of them frequently, for example, the terms ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 glory) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 power) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 7:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 � ����x� ����� from every nation. Even though ������ is singular, the words tribes, peoples, and languages are in the plural and call for the plural form of the adjective to be supplied mentally. ) ��������������� the perfect passive participle of a compound verb, literally, having been wrapped around [with robes]. The perfect tense indicates action in the past with lasting significance; the passive voice shows that God is the agent. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 c. An Interview) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 7:13 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  4. And one of the elders asked me, These people who are dressed in white robes who are they and where did they come from? 14. And I said to him, Sir, you know. And he said to me, These are they who have come out of the great tribulation and have washed their robes and have made them white in the blood of the Lamb. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Question.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=27.7.9|AUTODETECT|” Earlier an elder addressed John and told him not to weep, because the lion of the tribe of Judah, the root of David, had triumphed (5:5). Now for a second time one of them approaches John. The elder asks where the saints, dressed in white robes, come from. This inquiry is for the sake not of gathering knowledge but of teaching a fact. The link between the two appearances of elders instructing John is clear: in the first instance, John feared that the redemption of God s people would not be fulfilled (see 5:4). Now by questioning John, the elder points to the countless multitude dressed in white robes.

He wants John to acknowledge that the lion of Judah has indeed fulfilled the Old Testament promises of salvation. The elder is the representative of the church in heaven and wants John to see promise and fulfillment. The saints in white robes are indeed the people whom the Lamb with his blood purchased for God (5:9). The color white denotes holiness and purity, for the blood of the Lamb cleansed the saints. Their robes are whiter than snow 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.9|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.9.8|AUTODETECT|” Who are they and where did they come from? Here is a question that pertains to strangers who entered and needed identification. So Joshua asked the Gibeonites the same question 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.9.8|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 9:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.1.8|AUTODETECT|” ; and compare ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Jonah 1:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 The question and answer technique is one of the oldest teaching methods. Not the student but the teacher is asking an obvious query that calls for an insightful reply. John should know the answer because he already witnessed the opening of the fifth seal, when the saints in heaven received white garments (6:11). ) b. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Answer.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.37.3|AUTODETECT|” The answer John gives is short, to the point, and sufficient. And I said to him, Sir, you know 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.37.3|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 37:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). With his brief reply, John implies that the elder is the one who should furnish a response, for as the representative of the church he knows exactly when and from where the saints have come. John may be perplexed when he observes the innumerable celestial throng. He places the burden of proof on his inquirer and forces him to answer. He defers to the elder, who has the response to his own query. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Identification.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 And he said to me, These are they who have come out of the great tribulation. This part of the text is open to interpretations that depend on the theology and hermeneutics of a commentator.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref28 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn28” 27) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� It is impossible to interpret the Book of Revelation without an exegetical methodology, for it even affects translation, as is evident in this verse. The Greek verb form ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 erchomenoi) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is a present participle , but it is translated come -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref29 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn29” NASB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), came (KJV), or have come -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref30 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn30” NIV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Most scholars prefer the last one, have come, because of the past tense in the following two verbs, they have washed their robes and they have made them white. They define the present tense of the participle coming as timeless, so that John is able to look at the multitude apart from the action of the saints coming into heaven. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The verb ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 have come) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is linked to the phrase ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 out of the great tribulation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . Some conclude that this phrase refers to the end time when believers will experience martyrdom just before Christ returns.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref31 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn31” 28) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The context, however, indicates that the phrase relates to the innumerable multitude from all nations, tribes, peoples, and languages (v. 9). Here is a picture of all the saints clothed in white apparel standing before the throne and the Lamb. The expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the great tribulation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 includes all Christians who have experienced oppression and persecution everywhere throughout history. It is a universal and collective expression that encompasses all the saints throughout the ages. Everyone who has experienced the hatred and opposition of the evil one is included. The Scriptures teach that God s people of all places and of all times have encountered, do encounter, and will encounter persecutions, dangers, and hardships until the end of the age.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref32 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn32” 29) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.4-58.11.38|AUTODETECT|” �� Old Testament saints suffered for the cause of their God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.4-58.11.38|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 11:4 38) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Christians in the early church suffered for the name of Christ; countless believers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries sustained persecution for their faith; and today more Christians lose their lives in persecutions than at any other time. All these saints have gone through the great tribulation. John presents a total picture of the celestial throng dressed in white robes. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.1|AUTODETECT|” In the Old Testament a prophecy speaks of a future time of distress such as has not happened from the beginning of nations until then 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 12:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.9.27|AUTODETECT|” ). This prophecy was fulfilled in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, who defiled the temple in Jerusalem and brought about the abomination that causes desolation in 167 b.c. 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.9.27|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 9:27) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.11.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.11.31|AUTODETECT|” 11:31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.11|AUTODETECT|” 12:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). What Daniel predicted was fully accomplished (1 Macc. 9:27). Nonetheless, his prophecy also relates to other difficult times. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.15|AUTODETECT|” Jesus quoted Daniel s prophecy on the abomination that causes desolation 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.15|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.21|AUTODETECT|” ) and applied it to the destruction of Jerusalem in a.d. 70. In that same context, referring to the flight of its inhabitants in winter or on the Sabbath, he said: For then there will be great distress, unequaled from the beginning of the world until now and never to be equaled again 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.21|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:21) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , and see parallel passages). Jesus prophecy came true forty years later when Jerusalem was taken, its people were killed or exiled, and its destruction became a byword. Even though no one doubts the severity of Jerusalem s demise and decimation of its inhabitants, this prophecy also comprises the entire period beginning with the devastation in a.d. 70 and continuing on until Christ s return. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref33 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn33” 30) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� It is like seeing towering peaks, the one behind the other, in a mountainous landscape; the first one is high, but the second higher still. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 d. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Symbolism.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.19.10|AUTODETECT|” John writes that these saints washed their robes and have made them white in the blood of the Lamb. God told the Israelites at Mount Sinai to wash their clothes before coming before him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.19.10|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 19:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.19.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.19.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). To stand before God in filthy garments is an abomination to him. The elder addressing John speaks symbolically not of the Israelites on earth but of the saints in heaven who appear in white robes (vv. 9, 13). These saints have washed their robes and made them white, not as two separate acts but as one procedure. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Note that the saints under the altar were given white robes (6:11), while here they ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 washed) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” them white. When sinners confess their sins, God forgives his people by making them pure. They purify their clothes, not through the blood of their own martyrdom but through the blood of the Lamb. Making one s garments white, that is, pure and holy, can be done without exception only through Christ s blood shed on Calvary s cross. It is his blood that removes the impurity of sin. Without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness [of sin] 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.49.11|AUTODETECT|” ). We can interpret this passage only in symbolical terms, because it is impossible to think of red blood making clothes white 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.49.11|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 49:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.26-49.5.27|AUTODETECT|” ). The precious blood of Christ figuratively cleanses sinners from every sin to present them holy and spotless to God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.26-49.5.27|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:26 27) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=62.1.7|AUTODETECT|”

  1. 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=62.1.7|AUTODETECT|” John 1:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The next three verses appear to be a hymn sung in worship of God. It is a picture of heavenly bliss with the saints serving God continuously, free from earthly ills and pains. It is a picture of the Shepherd leading and feeding his sheep, an illustration of joy and eternal happiness. For this reason, editors and translators have presented the text in poetic form -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref34 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn34” Nes-Al27) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref35 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn35” UBS4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , NIV, ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref36 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn36” NRSV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. Therefore, they are before the throne) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 of God) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and serve him day and night in his temple,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and he who is seated on the throne will) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 spread his tent over them.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  2. And they will neither hunger nor thirst) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 anymore) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 neither will the sun beat down on them) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 nor any scorching heat. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 a. Therefore, they are before the throne of God and serve him day and night in his temple. This report of heavenly bliss is repeated in the last chapter of Revelation, And the throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it, and his servants will serve him (22:3). The scene is similarly described in 21:3 4, where a voice from the throne calls attention to God dwelling with his people to be their God; he cares for them by having removed from them death, grief, sorrow, and pain. The clause before the throne of God implies that the saints have direct access to the one who occupies that throne. Their relation to God is the same as it was in the Garden of Eden when God walked and talked with Adam and Eve. ) Especially significant is the continuous service God s people render in his presence. The word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 temple) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.22|AUTODETECT|” refers not to the structure of a building but rather to the Holy of Holies, which is the place where God dwells. Some commentators see a conflict in this verse with ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.22|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 21:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , which reads that the new Jerusalem has no temple.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref37 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn37”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� But John explains that the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple, which means that because of the pervading presence of God and the Lamb the new Jerusalem is itself a sanctuary. Hence, being in the presence of God before his throne and serving him ceaselessly can be compared to the role of the high priest. Once a year the high priest entered God s sacred presence momentarily on the Day of Atonement, but the saints dwell in God s presence not for a few minutes but forever. They do not sprinkle the blood of a bull and a goat to be cleansed from sin, for they are sinless. And no longer do they petition God for remission of sin, for they are cleansed. Thus they serve him continually by praising and thanking him (22:3). The saints in heaven know no division of day and night; John remarks, And there will be no night there (22:5). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. And he who is seated on the throne will spread his tent over them. This sentence seems to be a poetic description of God protecting his people. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The one seated on the throne) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is the phrase used to describe God,��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref38 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn38”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� and the clause ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 he will spread his tent over them) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is significant theologically. Here is the divine promise that God grants his people security with his personal presence. This is a teaching that permeates Scripture from Leviticus to Revelation: God s desire to dwell with his people and to have them acknowledge him as their God. Notice the repeated wording of this desire in the following passages: ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.26.11-3.26.12|AUTODETECT|” " I will put my dwelling place among you, and I will not abhor you. I will walk among you and be your God, and you will be my people 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.26.11-3.26.12|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 26:11 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.37.26-26.37.27|AUTODETECT|” " I will make a covenant of peace with them; it will be an everlasting covenant.& I will put my sanctuary among them forever. My dwelling place will be with them; I will be their God, and they will be my people 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.37.26-26.37.27|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 37:26 27) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.8.8|AUTODETECT|” " I will bring them back to live in Jerusalem; they will be my people, and I will be faithful and righteous to them as their God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.8.8|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 8:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.2-66.21.3|AUTODETECT|” " And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, Look, the tabernacle of God is with people, and he will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.2-66.21.3|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 21:2 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 This is covenant language that expresses God s desire for intimate communion with his people by dwelling with them in the same sanctuary. In the Garden of Eden God had fellowship with Adam and Eve. While sin disrupted this relationship, Christ Jesus restored it through his mediatorial work. The complete fulfillment comes at the renewal of God s creation.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref39 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn39”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. Because the Lamb at the center of the) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 throne will shepherd them,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and he will lead them to springs of living water,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and God will wipe away every tear from) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 their eyes. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.49.10|AUTODETECT|” John s mind is fixed on the Old Testament Scriptures, particularly a passage that speaks of the restoration of God s people. They will neither hunger nor thirst, nor will the desert heat or the sun beat upon them. He who has Compassion on them will guide them and lead them beside springs of water 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.49.10|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 49:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; compare 4:5 6). God s people knew the deprivation of food and water when they had to travel through the deserts that bordered their land. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 This Old Testament passage refers to the return from Babylonian captivity to the land of Israel. God told his people that they would be neither hungry nor thirsty. He would supply them with the basic necessities of life to still their hunger and quench their thirst at oases. There he would shield them from the heat of the sun and the scorching wind of the desert. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.49.0|AUTODETECT|” Further, this passage, taken from a chapter that depicts the Servant of the Lord, that is, the Messiah, predicts the restoration of Israel 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.49.0|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 49) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.6|AUTODETECT|” ). The Messiah will sustain God s people with spiritual and material blessings in this life and in the life to come. Here is a description of sustenance and solace for all the saints who put their trust in God. Jesus says, Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.6|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” a. Because the Lamb at the center of the throne will shepherd them. The Lamb of God who was slain to redeem his people stands at the center, near the midpoint, of God s throne. He is between God, seated on the throne, and the four living beings. No being is closer to God himself than the Lamb, who is now given the role of Shepherd. This role change, like so many in the Apocalypse, should be understood symbolically. Peter meditates on the concept of the sacrificial Lamb when he quotes ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” Isaiah 53:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.22|AUTODETECT|” , He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.22|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 2:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.25|AUTODETECT|” ). Then he notes that the Lamb s wounds healed his readers. For you were like sheep going astray, but now you have returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.25|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 2:25) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” During his earthly ministry, Jesus revealed himself as the Shepherd of his people He called himself the Good Shepherd and instructed Peter to shepherd his sheep 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.14|AUTODETECT|”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.16|AUTODETECT|” 21:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.1-60.5.4|AUTODETECT|” ). And in turn Peter calls Jesus the Chief Shepherd, while he and fellow elders serve him as shepherds of God s flock 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.1-60.5.4|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 5:1 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref40 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn40”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.0|AUTODETECT|” �� These portrayals are taken from agricultural Israel. So David composed ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 23) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.34.23|AUTODETECT|” and the prophet Ezekiel transmitted the word of God to his people, I will place over them one shepherd, my servant David, and he will tend them; he will tend them and be their shepherd 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.34.23|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 34:23) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Jesus the Good Shepherd protects his sheep from danger and from harm, leads them to green pastures, and finds streams of refreshing water for them. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.15|AUTODETECT|” b. And he will lead them to springs of living water. The Lamb who is now the Shepherd leads the sheep to springs of living water. The imagery is a clear reminder of the Samaritan woman who asked Jesus for living water so that she would no longer be thirsty and have to keep coming back to Jacob s well 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.15|AUTODETECT|” John 4:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.1|AUTODETECT|” ). Water symbolizes eternal life 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.1|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 55:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.38|AUTODETECT|” John 7:38) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.39|AUTODETECT|”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Near the end of the Apocalypse, Jesus refers to himself as the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. Then he offers to all those who are thirsty to drink freely from the spring of water of life (21:6; 22:17). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.25.8|AUTODETECT|” c. And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes. If there is one text in Scripture that comforts the saints, it is this verse. Here we meet the infinite tenderness of our God, who is able to remove from our eyes every tear caused by suffering, death, and sorrow. John again quotes from the Old Testament, where God is saying to his people that he will swallow up death forever and will wipe away the tears from all faces 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.25.8|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 25:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.16|AUTODETECT|” ; see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.16|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 31:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.4|AUTODETECT|” ). And in John s vision of the new Jerusalem, God dwells with his people and as their God will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.4|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 21:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This is eternal bliss that can be portrayed only in pictures borrowed from this earthly scene God bending down as a parent to wipe tears from the faces of his children. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The last line in this verse is a picture of joy and happiness, of deliverance from sin and guilt, of salvation full and free. It is a scene of life in the fullest sense of the word to be forever in the presence of our covenant God, who dwells in the midst of the glorified saints. It is Paradise restored. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 7:14 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �4���� the perfect tense instead of the aoristic perfect, which is the vivid, dramatic perfect in narrative. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref41 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn41”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �1 �������� some interpreters see the articular participle as a noun, the comers, to eliminate a reference to time.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref42 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn42”
  5. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The Greek of the New Testament has two words for the verb ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 to serve) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ���������, which denotes the general service of all the people, and �����������, which means service in a particular office such as the priesthood.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref43 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn43”
  6. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Here the present tense of ����������� indicates that all the saints in heaven serve God and that the priesthood as such has come to an end. The family of ����������� with nouns and adjective is absent from the Apocalypse. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ���� �� Swete prefers the reading ����� �� (strikes continually) as an attractive conjecture. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref44 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn44”
  7. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� But unless a reading makes no sense at all, resorting to the use of a conjecture is not recommended. In this case, the text has a message. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn1 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1” 1 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Refer to Hendrik R. van de Kamp, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Isra�l in Openbaring) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Kampen: Kok, 1990), p. 124. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn2 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref2” 2 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.2-66.7.4|AUTODETECT|” Refer to J. Comblin, Le r�assemblement du peuple de Dieu: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.2-66.7.4|AUTODETECT|” Ap 7.2 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.9-66.7.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.9-66.7.14|AUTODETECT|” 9 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 AssembSeign) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 66 (1973): 42 49. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn3 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref3” 3 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 John F. Walvoord 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Revelation of Jesus Christ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 [Chicago: Moody, 1966], p. 143) notes that many more than 12,000 from each tribe will be saved, but the 144,000 are those who are protected during the time of tribulation. See also Robert L. Thomas, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 1 7: An Exegetical Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Chicago: Moody, 1992), pp. 477 78. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn4 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref4” 4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Donald Guthrie, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 New Testament Theology) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1981), p. 640; Alan F. Johnson, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , in ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Expositor s Bible Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ed. Frank E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981), 12:481; Richard Bauckham, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Climax of Prophecy) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Edinburgh: Clark, 1993), p. 218; Gregory K. Beale, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , NIGTC (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), pp. 416 23; Kendell H. Easley, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , HNTC (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1998), pp. 125 26. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn5 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref5” 5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Richard Bauckham, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Theology of the Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , New Testament Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 76. Mathias Rissi 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Time and History: A Study on Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 [Richmond: John Knox, 1966], p. 89) notes that the designation of the 144,000 as servants of our God is generally used for the church of Jesus. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn6 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref6” 6 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Van de Kamp, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Isra�l en Openbaring) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 125. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn7 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref7” 7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 William Milligan, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (New York: Armstrong and Son, 1889), p. 118; Homer Hailey, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979), p. 205. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn8 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref8” 8 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 R. H. Charles, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ICC (Edinburgh: Clark, 1920), 1:207 8; 2:405 n. 3. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn9 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref9” 9 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 S. Greijdanus, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 De Openbaring des Heeren aan Johannes) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , KNT (Amsterdam: Van Bottenburg, 1925), p. 169. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn10 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref10” 10 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 R. C. H. Lenski, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Interpretation of St. John s Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Columbus: Wartburg, 1943), p. 245. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn11 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref11” KJV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 King James Version (Authorized Version) ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn12 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref12” 11 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.6.5|AUTODETECT|” The four winds of heaven in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.6.5|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 6:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (NJB, NRSV, REB) can be translated the four spirits of heaven. Because the Hebrew term ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 r�a%) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 can also mean spirit, the question is whether it should be translated here as winds or spirits. The LXX has the reading ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 anemoi) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.6.0|AUTODETECT|” (winds). And last, to turn these four winds into four horses (6:2 7) on the basis of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.6.0|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is questionable. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn13 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref13” 12 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the living God) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.26|AUTODETECT|” is prevalent in both Old and New Testaments: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.26|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 5:26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 3:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.17.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.17.26|AUTODETECT|”
  8. 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.17.26|AUTODETECT|” Sam. 17:26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.17.36|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=9.17.36|AUTODETECT|”
  9. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.19.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.19.4|AUTODETECT|”
  10. 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.19.4|AUTODETECT|” Kings 19:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.19.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=12.19.16|AUTODETECT|”
  11. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.42.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.42.2|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 42:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.84.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.84.2|AUTODETECT|” 84:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.37.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.37.4|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 37:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.37.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.37.17|AUTODETECT|”
  12. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.10.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.10.10|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 10:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.23.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.23.36|AUTODETECT|” 23:36) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.6.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.6.26|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 6:26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.1.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.1.10|AUTODETECT|” Hos. 1:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.63|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.63|AUTODETECT|” 26:63) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.15|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn14 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref14” 13 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 William Hendriksen. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 More Than Conquerors) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1982), p. 110; see also Beale, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 409 15. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn15 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref15” 14 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Hendriksen, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 More Than Conquerors) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 110. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn16 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref16” 15 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Reinier Schippers, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNTT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 3:500; Gottfried Fitzer, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 TDNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 7:951; Tim Schramm, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 EDNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 3:317. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn17 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref17” 16 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Easley, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 125. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn18 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref18” 17 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Karl Heinrich Rengstorf, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 TDNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.0|AUTODETECT|” , 2:324. Richard Bauckham avers that the 144,000 are the Israelite army of the lion of Judah fitted to reconquer the promised land in the messianic war. See his List of the Tribes in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.0|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Again, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 JSNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 42 (1991): 99 115; refer to his ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Climax of Prophecy) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.1.0|AUTODETECT|” , pp. 215 37. Although he sees a model in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Numbers 1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.0|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.0|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.0|AUTODETECT|” points to the Lamb, who has triumphed (5:5), and the victory which saints and angels share. Further, the Numbers 144,000 and 12,000 are to be understood symbolically, not literally. Next, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.0|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 does not speak about a messianic war; indeed the context mentions servants of our God (v. 3) not soldiers of our God. Verses 4 8 are devoid of military terms. Levi s name is listed, for the context does not mention military service or the possession of land. And last, if the 144,000 are male soldiers, then women are excluded from that number. John mentions the army of the Lord in 19:19, but he gives no indication that the army itself participates in warfare. Compare David E. Aune, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 6 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , WBC 52B (Nashville: Nelson, 1998), p. 436. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn19 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref19” 18 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Thomas, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 1 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.15.20|AUTODETECT|” , p. 481. The tribe of Dan became part of Syria during the reign of King Asa 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.15.20|AUTODETECT|” 1 Kings 15:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.16.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.16.4|AUTODETECT|”
  13. 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.16.4|AUTODETECT|” Chron. 16:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.14.25|AUTODETECT|” ) and was returned to Israel when Jeroboam II conquered it 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.14.25|AUTODETECT|” 2 Kings 14:25) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.15.29|AUTODETECT|” ); the Assyrian ruler Tiglath-Pileser II seized the area in 722 b.c. and exiled its people 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.15.29|AUTODETECT|” 2 Kings 15:29) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.48.1|AUTODETECT|” ). However, Ezekiel prophesied that Dan will receive a territory 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.48.1|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 48:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Irenaeus 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Against Heresies) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.5.6|AUTODETECT|” 5.30.2) speculated that from the tribe of Dan the Antichrist was expected to come. And ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.5.6|AUTODETECT|” Daniel 5.6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 of the ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 states that the tribe of Dan had Satan as the guardian prince. See also Charles E. Hill, Antichrist from the Tribe of Dan, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 JTS) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , n.s. 46 (1995): 99 117. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn20 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref20” 19 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Henry Barclay Swete, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (1911; reprint, Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977), p. 98. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn21 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref21” 20 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Bauckham ( List of the Tribes, p. 113) uses a list from Pseudo-Philo and the ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.0|AUTODETECT|” . R. E. Winkle 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.0|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 AUSS) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 27 [1989]: 53 67) proposes that Dan is omitted because Judas Iscariot was associated with that tribe. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn22 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref22” 21 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.5-66.7.8|AUTODETECT|” Christopher R. Smith, The Portrayal of the Church as the New Israel in the Names and Order of the Tribes in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.5-66.7.8|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 7.5 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 JSNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 39 (1990): 117. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn23 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref23” 22 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 A. T. Robertson, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 609. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn24 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref24” 23 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Craig S. Keener, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , NIVAC (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), p. 212. Raymond E. Brown 8 1 -1 9 0 0 An Introduction to the New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Anchor Bible Reference Library [New York: Doubleday, 1996], p. 788) proposes that the church succeeds Israel and thus includes the whole world. The 144,000 on earth and the multitude in heaven could be describing a church that is both earthly and heavenly, both militant and triumphant. See also Harry R. Boer, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), p. 59. J. Ramsey Michaels 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , IVP NTC [Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity, 1997], p. 113) notes: 144,000 Jews are transformed into an innumerable multitude from every nation on earth! ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn25 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref25” 24 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Isbon T. Beckwith, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Apocalypse of John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (1919; reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979), p. 535 (his emphasis). See also Charles, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 1:199 201. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn26 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref26” 25 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.1-66.7.17|AUTODETECT|” J. A. Draper 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.1-66.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 7:1 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 JSNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 19 [1983]: 133 47) suggests the possibility that some groups of Christians kept the Feast of Tabernacles, which gave impetus to the eschatological significance for the Apocalypse. But we do not have to infer that the palm branches point to a heavenly Feast of Tabernacles or a Feast of Dedication. It is entirely sufficient & to regard the palm-branches as a sign of festal joy 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Critical and Exegetical Handbook to the Revelation of John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 [New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1886], p. 251). See also H. Ulfgard, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.9-66.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Feast and Future: ) 15 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.9-66.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 7:9 17) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and the Feast of Tabernacles) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ConNT 22 (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1989). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn27 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref27” 26 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Paul Ellingworth 8 1 -1 9 0 0 BibTrans) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 34 [1983]: 444 45) asserts that the Greek word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 sMtria) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.10|AUTODETECT|” conveys the Old Testament idea of victory in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 7:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|” 12:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.1|AUTODETECT|” 19:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , and should be translated accordingly. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn28 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref28” 27 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Compare Johnson, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 12:488. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn29 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref29” NASB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New American Standard Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn30 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref30” NIV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New International Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn31 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref31” 28 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 John F. Walvoord, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Revelation of Jesus Christ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Chicago: Moody, 1966), p. 146; Thomas, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 1 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 497. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn32 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref32” 29 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Refer to Van de Kamp, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Isra�l in Openbaring) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 144; Greijdanus, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Openbaring) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 175. Beale 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 434) remarks that the greatness of the tribulation is the intensity of the seduction and oppression through which believers pass. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn33 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref33” 30 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Craig L. Blomberg, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Matthew) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , NAC 22 (Nashville: Broadmnan, 1992), p. 359. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn34 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref34” Nes-Al27 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Eberhard and Erwin Nestle, eds.; rev. Barbara and Kurt Aland et al., ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Novum Testamentum Graece) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 27th ed. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn35 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref35” UBS4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 United Bible Societies, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Greek New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 4th ed. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn36 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref36” NRSV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New Revised Standard Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn37 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref37” 31 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Charles, 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 1:215) states, In the ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 original) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 form of the vision, vii.9 17 & the phrase � �� ��� �P��� was probably absent. But without manuscript evidence, his remark has lost its strength. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn38 9 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.1|AUTODETECT|” 32 ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 5:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.5.7|AUTODETECT|”
  14. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.13|AUTODETECT|”
  15. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.16|AUTODETECT|” 6:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.10|AUTODETECT|” 7:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.15|AUTODETECT|”
  16. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.4|AUTODETECT|” 19:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.11|AUTODETECT|” 20:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.5|AUTODETECT|” 21:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn39 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref39” 33 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Refer to Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of the Revelation: A Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990), p. 99. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn40 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref40” 34 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.31|AUTODETECT|” As God s flock, Christians have spiritual shepherds. Refer to ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.31|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.27|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:27) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:28) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.2|AUTODETECT|”
  17. 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.2|AUTODETECT|” Pet. 5:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 15 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.1.0|AUTODETECT|”
  18. 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Clem.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 16.1; 44.3; 54.2; 57.2. See Joachim Jeremias, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 TDNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 6:500 502; Aune, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 6 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 478. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn41 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref41” 35 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Lenski, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 260; Robertson, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Grammar) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 902; Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 A Greek Grammar of the New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , trans. and rev. Robert Funk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), �343.1. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn42 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref42” 36 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 E.g., Beckwith, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Apocalypse) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 545. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn43 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref43” 37 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Richard C. Trench, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Synonyms of the New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ed. Robert G. Hoerber (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1989), pp. 137 39. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn44 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref44” 38 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 105. )
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