Revelation 20

Hendriksen

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-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 � StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size StandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsBoldUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsItalicUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueSubSuperScriptTypervsssSuperScriptUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonSubSuperScriptTypervsssSuperScriptNextStyleNo Unicode Jump Size-9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 �BiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabsStandardSpaceBefore SpaceAfterTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 3 8 0 0 20. Satan s Defeat and the Judgment Day) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 (20:1 15)) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 9 3 8 0 0 Outline (continued) ) VIII. Vision 7: New Heaven and New Earth (20:1 22:5) ) A. Defeat of Satan and Death (20:1 15) ) 1. The Binding of Satan (20:1 3) ) 2. The Saints in Heaven (20:4 6) ) 3. Satan s Defeat and Demise (20:7 10) ) 4. The Judgment Day (20:11 15) ) VIII. Vision 7: New Heaven and New Earth ) 20:1 22:5 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 20 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 1 And I saw an angel coming down out of heaven who had the key of the Abyss and a great chain in his hand. 2 And he took hold of the dragon, the ancient serpent, who is called the Devil and Satan, and he bound him for a thousand years. 3 And he cast him into the Abyss and closed and sealed it above him, so that he might no longer deceive the nations until the thousand years were completed. After these things it is necessary to release him for a short time ) 7 6 3 8 0 0 4 And I saw thrones and they that sat on them. And judgment was given to them. And I saw the souls of those who were beheaded because of their testimony of Jesus and the Word of God, and those who had not worshiped the beast or his image and had not received his mark on their forehead and on their hand. And they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. 5 (And the rest of the dead lived not until the thousand years were completed.) This is the first resurrection. 6 Blessed and holy is the one who has part in the first resurrection. Over these the second death has no authority, but they will be priests of God and Christ and will reign with him a thousand years. ) 7 And when the thousand years are completed, Satan will be released from his prison. 8 And he will go forth to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them, for war, whose number is as the sand of the sea. 9 And they went up over the breadth of the earth and encircled the camp of the saints and the beloved city. And fire came down from heaven and devoured them. 10 And the devil who deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and sulfur, where both the beast and the false prophet are.

And they will be tormented day and night forever and ever. ) 11 And I saw a great white throne and him who sat on it, from whose face earth and heaven fled, and their place was not found anymore. 12 And I saw the dead, both great and small, standing before the throne. And the books were opened, and another book was opened, which is the book of life, and the dead were judged according to their works by the things written in these books. 13 And the sea gave up the dead that were in it, and Death and Hades gave up the dead that were in them, and each one was judged according to his works. 14 And Death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. 15 And if anyone is not found written in the book of life, he is cast into the lake of fire. ) The last half of the preceding chapter (19:11 21) revealed the removal of the Antichrist and the prophet of falsehood from this earth and the demise of their followers, John s message in that chapter is that Christ Jesus is victorious and so are the saints. Also, the defeat of the anti-Christian forces signifies the cessation of evil. All that remains for John to relate in chapter 20 is the removal of Satan and the end of Death and Hades. ) In the first part of this chapter (vv. 1 10), John presents an additional aspect of the end of time. In it John directs full attention to Satan s imprisonment, release, defeat, and damnation.

Afterward John focuses his attention on the last judgment, which eventuates in the elimination of Death and Hades and the dispatch of unbelievers to a place prepared for them (vv. 11 15). ) We note that chapter 20 presents a picture that is concurrent with preceding chapters that relate repetitive scenes on the judgment. Thus, the twenty-four elders announce the time of judgment (11:18) and the Son of Man inaugurates the Judgment Day (14:14 20). God pours out his wrath in anticipation of the final judgment (16:17 21), the rider on a white horse judges with justice to defeat his enemies (19:11 21), and God opens the books to judge each person at the last judgment (20:11 15). In short, Revelation is a volume of parallels that progress with each successive cycle. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.0|AUTODETECT|” The cyclical method of interpreting ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.0|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 20) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 can be illustrated exegetically. First, the Greek text, but not the translation, features the definite article in the expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the war) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 at three places that feature the final battle (16:14; 19:19; 20:8). Next, the word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 war) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 8 1 -1 9 0 0 polemos) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) occurs nine times in the Apocalypse, but only the last three have the definite article and thus stress the ultimate conflict at the end of cosmic time. Last, the literal wording of the Greek text is nearly identical in all three places: to gather them for the war (16:14); gathered to make the war (19:19); and to gather them for the war (20:8).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref1 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1”

7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� These three chapters cyclically refer to the end of time when the last battle is fought. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 There is a close connection between chapters 12 and 20 in regard to the binding of Satan. Satan lost the battle against the archangel Michael and his warriors when he and his angels were cast out of heaven (12:7 9). Consequently Satan was restricted in his activities, for God himself protected the woman representing the saints who obey his commands and believe Jesus testimony (12:13 17). God binds Satan in such a way that he cannot deceive the nations anymore (20:3). The devil is unable to stop the advance of Christ s gospel across the globe. Therefore, the decision to bind Satan was first made in chapter 12 and not in chapter 20.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref2 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn2”
7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 A linear interpretation of chapters 19 and 20 encounters a difficulty with respect to the anti-Christian forces that were completely destroyed in 19:18, 21 and reappear in 20:8. Chapter 19 offers no indication that, at the conclusion of the final battle, survivors were able to regroup for another confrontation. Instead it conveys the concept of finality, for Christ as King of kings and Lord of lords is victorious. ) A last preliminary remark. As is evident, Revelation on the whole and chapter 20 in particular demonstrate symbolism. For instance, the chain with which the angel binds Satan is not a customary string of metal links; neither is the key to the Abyss a metallic object nor are the thousand years chronologically ten centuries. The term ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 key) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 appears in 1:18, where Jesus notes that he holds the keys of Death and Hades; in 3:7 Jesus says that he holds the key of David; and in 9:1 an angel described as a star holds the key to the Abyss. In all these passages the word signifies authority. It is clear that a spirit cannot be shackled with a chain but can be restricted by a divine command. And the expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 one thousand) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in a book that is filled with symbolic numbers intimates a multitude, that is, a large number. ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 A. Defeat of Satan and Death ) 20:1 15 ) This chapter can be divided into four parts: the binding of Satan (vv. 1 3); the saints with Christ (vv. 4 6); Satan s defeat and demise (vv. 7 10); and the last judgment (vv. 11 15). The chapter actually presents four pictures that differ from each other but are intimately related. The first one shows the binding of Satan. Then after Satan is bound, we see a picture of what happens to the saints. The third one portrays Satan s release and ruin, and the last one depicts the Judgment Day.

The first and the second occur contemporaneously; the third and fourth follow each other sequentially. John opens his photo album, as it were, and shows us various images of the end time. They are synchronic, describing events that happen simultaneously in a designated period.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref3 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn3” 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The first three verses of the chapter present an earthly aspect of the millennium. The second segment (vv. 4 6) depicts a heavenly aspect of that period. The next few verses (vv. 7 10) once again portray an earthly aspect, and the last five verses (vv. 11 15) picture a heavenly aspect of the Judgment Day. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0

The Binding of Satan) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 20:1 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
And I saw an angel coming down out of heaven who had the key of the Abyss and a great chain in his hand.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 John s term ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 I saw) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.31|AUTODETECT|” need not be seen as a chronological succession. The expression refers to one of the numerous pictures he received and recorded (e.g., 19:11, 17, 19; 20:4, 11, 12). The one here describes an angel coming down out of heaven (compare 10:1; 18:1). God sends him to the Abyss (9:1) with a key to open it and with a great chain in his hand to lay hold of the archenemy Satan. Notice that in this and subsequent verses nothing is said about the victorious Christ. The verse is reminiscent of the warfare in heaven when Michael and his angels defeated Satan and his horde and dispatched them to the earth (12:7 9).

Now in this scene an angel descends to limit Satan s influence by consigning him to the bottomless pit, also known as hell. The Abyss is the place where demons are kept, but at times they are released from it 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:31) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). At the end of time they will have to exchange it permanently for the lake of fire and burning sulfur. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 2. And he took hold of the dragon, the ancient serpent, who is called the Devil and Satan, and he bound him for a thousand years. 3. And he cast him into the Abyss and closed and sealed it above him, so that he might no longer deceive the nations until the thousand years were completed. After these things it is necessary to release him for a short time.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.1-1.3.7|AUTODETECT|” a. And he took hold of the dragon. The object of the angel s mission is to make an arrest. This is no ordinary arrest but the apprehension of the dragon himself, who is also known as the ancient serpent 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.1-1.3.7|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 3:1 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the Devil, and Satan (see commentary on 12:9). Satan s trajectory is from heaven, to earth, to the Abyss. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. And he bound him for a thousand years. The angel overpowered Satan and bound him. But this binding refers to restrictions God placed on the evil one in the form of depriving him of power and authority. Satan and his fallen angels are bound as to a rope, which can be more or less lengthened. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref4 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn4” 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.26-40.12.29|AUTODETECT|” �� They can try to free themselves, but it is impossible for them to be released. John intended not a literal binding but a figurative restraint whereby Satan is unable to perform his wickedness as he did prior to his restriction. From Jesus, John learned that to enter the house of the strong man, who is Satan, binding him had to be done first 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.26-40.12.29|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:26 29) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.26-41.3.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.3.26-41.3.27|AUTODETECT|” Mark 3:26 27) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.18|AUTODETECT|” ). Jesus told him that he had seen Satan falling as lightning from heaven 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.18|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ). Simon Peter writes that God did not spare fallen angels, among whom was Satan, but cast them into hell, binding them with chains of darkness to await their judgment 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.4|AUTODETECT|” 2 Pet. 2:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.17|AUTODETECT|” ). Peter is fully aware of Satan s wrath 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.17|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 12:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ). The devil is still active, prowling like a roaring lion seeking erring sinners whom he may devour 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.8|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 5:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref5 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn5” 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.12|AUTODETECT|” �� But Satan can go only as far as God permits 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Job 1:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.2.6|AUTODETECT|” 2:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul writes about the man of lawlessness, who, as the leader of evil forces, is being restrained 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.6|AUTODETECT|” 2 Thess. 2:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Even though these words are cryptic, they reveal that the evil one is kept in check. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 If the binding of Satan is a symbolic act, then it is reasonable to assume that this term ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 a thousand years) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 may also be interpreted symbolically. The literature on this term is open to either a literal or a symbolical interpretation with roots in various settings.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref6 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn6” 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.90.4|AUTODETECT|” �� In the early church, the number one thousand was explained in the light of ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.90.4|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 90:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.8|AUTODETECT|” , For a thousand years in your sight are like a day that has just gone by, or like a watch in the night 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.8|AUTODETECT|” 2 Pet. 3:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Numerous theologians espouse a literal explanation of exactly one thousand years as the interval between Jesus return to earth and the end of time. But there are objections to this view. First, the word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 millennium) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , derived from the Latin words ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 mille) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (thousand) and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 annus) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.0|AUTODETECT|” (year), occurs six times in this chapter and nowhere else in any other New Testament eschatological teachings (vv. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). In his eschatological discourse 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), Jesus says nothing about a thousand-year reign with the saints on this earth. In their respective epistles, Paul and Peter mention no millennial interim reign of Christ on earth. Next, the New Testament teaches but one return of Christ and not two. Third, the first mention of a thousand-year period (v. 2) is the devil s millennium extending from Satan s stay in the Abyss until he is consigned to the lake of fire forever.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref7 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn7” 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Fourth, a literal interpretation of this number in a book of symbolism and especially in this chapter filled with symbols is indeed a considerable obstacle. And last, one thousand is ten to the third power and denotes fullness. It is therefore more in line with the tone and tenor of Revelation to interpret the term metaphorically. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. And he cast him into the Abyss and closed and sealed it above him. How is it possible for Satan to be active on this earth when the angel hurls him into the bottomless pit and closes it with a seal? For Satan to be set free is unattainable. But that is not the point, for the three verbs ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 to cast, to close) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 to seal) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 express finality in depriving Satan of his erstwhile power. In fact, these three actions may be idiomatic and equivalent to our expression signed, sealed, and delivered. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref8 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn8” 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� When Satan was cast out of heaven and hurled to the earth, he lost the authority he once possessed (12:9). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.2|AUTODETECT|” d. So that he might no longer deceive the nations until the thousand years were completed. Throughout the Old Testament era, only the nation of Israel received God s Revelation 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.87.4-19.87.6|AUTODETECT|” ). Although the names of individual non-Jews were recorded in God s register and adopted into his family 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.87.4-19.87.6|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 87:4 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.19-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” ), Gentile nations were devoid of his Word. But all that changed after Jesus resurrection when he instructed his followers to make disciples of all nations 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.19-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:19 20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7-19.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ). Since Jesus ascension, Satan has been unable to stop the advance of the gospel of salvation. He has been bound and is without authority, while the nations of the world around the globe have received the glad gospel tidings. The Son of God has taken possession of these nations 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7-19.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 2:7 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.12|AUTODETECT|” ) and has deprived Satan of leading them astray during this gospel age. Christ is drawing to himself people from all these nations, and out of them God s elect will be saved and drawn into his kingdom. These nations receive the light of the world 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.12|AUTODETECT|” John 8:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and are no longer living in darkness and deceit. Satan is unable to check the mission outreach of the church, for he cannot prevent the nations from knowing the Lord. By means of the preaching of the Word as applied by the Holy Spirit, the elect, from all parts of the world, are brought from darkness to the light. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref9 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn9” 9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The Apocalypse records the word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 nation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 twenty-three times. Of these, sixteen feature the plural with the definite article: ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the nations) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 .��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref10 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn10” 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Of these sixteen, the last three (21:24, 26; 22:2) refer to the redeemed nations in glory, whereas the other thirteen occurrences suggest that they belong to the class of Gentile nations. The meaning of the word in this verse is that Satan has lost his deceptive power over the nations of the world during the millennium. It seems best to take the term ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 one thousand) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 symbolically to refer to an indefinite period between the ascension of Jesus and his return. In brief, the passage teaches an eschatology that presently is in the process of being realized.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref11 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn11” 11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 e. After these things it is necessary to release him for a short time. This is now the third time in Revelation that John speaks of ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 a short time) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (6:11; 12:12). How long is this period? We note first the reading ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 it is necessary) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.36|AUTODETECT|” , which speaks of divine necessity. That is, God the Father knows the exact time of Jesus return 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.36|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:36) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and from his heavenly perspective the period of chronological time is brief. Next, the expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 short time) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.22|AUTODETECT|” should be understood in relation to the thousand years. The one is short, the other long. John s message to the saints on earth is that there will come a brief interval during which Satan will be released. Jesus promises that for the sake of the elect those days will be shortened 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.22|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He ensures their safety, for Satan is unable to destroy them spiritually. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 20:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 A D�� A ��: &�� the nominative case has its antecedent in �x� ��, which is in the accusative. Some Greek manuscripts -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref12 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn12” TR) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and the Majority Text) read the accusative case in conformity with the antecedent. But the rule of the harder reading prevails, for a change to conform is easier to explain than the opposite. Also, the use of the nominative in apposition with another case occurs often in the Apocalypse (e.g., 1:5; 2:13). Note the occurrence of participles as nominatives in apposition (2:20; 3:12; 8:9; 9:14; 14:12, 14). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 2. The Saints in Heaven) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 20:4 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Of the four pictures in this chapter, here is the second. Although John fails to report the place where the portrayal occurred, the context shows that the location is not earth but heaven. The vocabulary of thrones, judgment, and souls depicts a heavenly scene. Further, the term ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 throne) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs forty-seven times in the Apocalypse. Apart from the references to Satan s throne and that of the beast (2:13; 13:2; 16:10), this term alludes to heaven. And the souls of decapitated bodies are in heaven with God. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Leon Morris notes that John is taking the reader behind the scenes and reveals what has happened to the martyrs who have died a physical death. They are alive because of their first resurrection, and in the presence of Christ they reign with him while Satan is bound.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref13 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn13” 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� John describes his vision in a Semitic literary style that coordinates relatively short clauses each beginning with the conjunction ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 4. And I saw thrones and they that sat on them. And judgment was given to them. And I saw the souls of those who were beheaded because of their testimony of Jesus and the Word of God, and those who had not worshiped the beast or his image and had not received his mark on their forehead and on their hand. And they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.9|AUTODETECT|” a. And I saw thrones and they that sat on them. And judgment was given to them. This lengthy verse reveals at least three points: thrones of judgment; souls of martyrs; and a millennium of living and ruling with Christ. Let us begin with the thrones on which God s people sit for the purpose of judging. There are references to thrones and judging in the Old Testament 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.9|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.28|AUTODETECT|” ) and the New Testament 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 19:28) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.30|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:30) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.6.2|AUTODETECT|”

11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.6.2|AUTODETECT|” Cor. 6:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The saints in heaven have the honor and duty to judge the twelve tribes of Israel, the world, and angels; and they will rule with Christ. Indeed, God highly exalts the redeemed saints by giving them the privilege of judging human beings and angels. This judging alludes not to the final judgment but rather to the authority that the saints receive to rule as the Old Testament judges did. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 John refers to thrones in connection with the twenty-four elders who function as representatives of God s people in heaven. They appear in the presence of God around the throne of God, reigning with the Lamb and worshiping the one seated on the throne. They continue doing this, and there is no indication that they are told to cease reigning.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref14 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn14”
7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” �� In other words, they are ruling on their thrones with Christ in heaven while Satan is bound on earth. Jesus promises the overcomers to sit with him on his throne (3:21), and this promise of reigning with him appears frequently in the Apocalypse 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 2 Tim. 2:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. And I saw the souls of those who were beheaded because of their testimony of Jesus and the Word of God. Next, let us consider the topic of the souls of martyrs. John is descriptive and precise in his wording, for he is not writing the expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 souls) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 as a synonym for persons; he refers to souls without bodies. He describes martyrs beheaded by Roman executioners. Their bodies returned to the dust of the earth and their souls to God in heaven; and these saints are forever with Christ. They are martyrs killed for their courage in witnessing for Jesus and proclaiming the Word of God. The parallel of 6:9 significant: I saw under the altar the souls of the ones slain because of the Word of God and because of the testimony they were holding. Throughout the Apocalypse John writes the phrases ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Word of God) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 testimony of Jesus) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.3-40.14.12|AUTODETECT|” (1:2, 9; 12:11, 17; 19:10; 20:4). Are only beheaded martyrs in view in this text? Certainly, John the Baptist was beheaded for teaching and preaching God s revelation, and James the son of Zebedee 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.3-40.14.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 14:3 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). According to tradition, Paul was beheaded outside the city wall of Rome, but Peter was crucified upside down, and James the half-brother of Jesus was thrown from the temple. Surely they are included here. The apostle John lived to the end of the first century (a.d. 98) and died a natural death. Yet because he faithfully proclaimed Christ s gospel and taught the Scriptures, he was exiled to Patmos. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. And those who had not worshiped the beast or his image and had not received his mark on their forehead and on their hand. Does this verse mention two groups of saints (martyrs and other saints) or only one group? That is, does it suggest two groups of saints: those who were beheaded and those who died a natural death while being faithful to Jesus by their refusal to pay homage to the beast? No, not really. Wherever John mentions the concept of martyrdom for the sake of Jesus, the context seems to indicate the inclusion of all believers who have been obedient to their Lord.

John does not imply that faithful saints differ from suffering martyrs (see commentary on 6:9; 17:6). Rather with the one clause he seeks to clarify the preceding clause. Satan and his henchmen do not exempt any true follower of Christ from oppression, hardship, and temptation. And, last, all true believers are overcomers who are invited to sit with Christ on his throne (3:21).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref15 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn15” 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 By repeating the reference to the worship of the beast and the bearing of his mark on right hand and forehead (14:9, 11; 15:2; 16:2; 19:20), John states that none of the saints has engaged in his worship and borne his mark. With this explanation he includes all the saints who have suffered for Christ in one way or another: abuse, banishment, deprivation, imprisonment, confiscation of goods and possessions. They have been barred from the marketplace and forbidden to buy or sell. ) d. And they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. The third aspect in this text is a millennium of living and ruling with Christ. The Greek verb ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ezsan) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.24|AUTODETECT|” (they lived) occurs also in verse 5 with reference to the rest of the dead (see the commentary). Besides these two occurrences, the verb (in the singular) appears twice more in the Apocalypse: the one describes the resurrected Christ (2:8) and the other describes the beast who was wounded by the sword but lived in a parody of Jesus resurrection (13:14). This same verb also appears in the parable of the lost son, where the father rejoices that his son who was dead is alive again 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.24|AUTODETECT|” Luke 15:24) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The father states that his lost son has experienced a spiritual rebirth; similarly the saints have come to life spiritually.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref16 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn16” 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� When the saints depart from this earthly scene, they enter eternal life. They remain without their resurrected bodies until the return of Christ. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.18|AUTODETECT|” The saints live and rule with Christ a thousand years, but where is Christ? He is in heaven, where he sits on the throne and rules; all authority to rule in heaven and on earth has been given to him 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And the saints redeemed from sin and death are seated on heavenly thrones and are privileged to rule as royalty with Christ in heaven. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 5. (And the rest of the dead lived not until the thousand years were completed.) This is the first resurrection.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Some translations -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref17 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn17” GNB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref18 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn18” NCV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref19 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn19” NIV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) consider verse 5a a parenthetical interlude between verses 4 and 5b to express contrast. The Book of Revelation is filled with contrasts between good and evil, holy and profane, life and death. In this chapter the souls that enjoy eternal life are contrasted with the rest of the human race, who remain dead. Notice that John devotes much attention to the saints who receive eternal life but only one line to the unbelievers. God never grants the rest of the dead eternal life; they are cut off forever from the source of life and are condemned to remain forever separated from God. The emphasis in verse 5a is on the negated verb ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 to live) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , which indicates that all those who have worshiped the beast and have his mark are devoid of spiritual life. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 5a is not speaking about a resurrection that unbelievers will experience; they are dead and remain in that state. Nonetheless, both the Old and the New Testament speak about the resurrection of unbelievers. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.2|AUTODETECT|” " Multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake: some to everlasting life, others to shame and everlasting contempt 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.2|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 12:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.28-43.5.29|AUTODETECT|” " Do not be amazed at this, for a time is coming when all who are in their graves will hear his [Jesus ] voice and come out those who have done good will rise to live, and those who have done evil will rise to be condemned 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.28-43.5.29|AUTODETECT|” John 5:28 29) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 John writes until the thousand years were completed and intimates that during the thousand-year period until the final judgment the wicked remain separated from God. When that period has come to an end, they appear before God at the final judgment and are consigned to the second death. This means that they remain forever cut off from God in respect to body and soul. ) The short sentence This is the first resurrection should be seen as the conclusion to verse 4, where the enthroned saints in heaven reign with Christ. The first resurrection, then, is a spiritual resurrection much the same as the second death is a spiritual death. The first one means eternal life in the presence of God, the second, complete separation from God. There is no doubt that the second resurrection, which John omits from this discussion, is a bodily phenomenon. And by comparison, if the second death is a spiritual death for the unbeliever, then the first death, which is not mentioned, refers to the physical death of the believer. ) Here is a table showing the contrasts:��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref20 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn20” 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) -60 3 2 0 2 0

TPF0 TRVTableSWT.ColorclNoneT.BorderLightColorclWindowTextT.CellBorderLightColorclWindowText T.OptionsrvtoEditing rvtoRowSizing rvtoColSizing rvtoRowSelect rvtoColSelectrvtoHideGridLinesT.TextRowSeparator T.TextColSeparator

T.BorderStyle rvtbColorT.BorderVSpacingT.BorderHSpacingT.VisibleBorders.Bottom T.CellPaddingT.CellBorderStyle rvtbColorT.CellVSpacing�T.CellHSpacing�CTDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 Saints) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 6 1 3 8 0 0 Wicked) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data IE-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 first (physical) death) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data IE-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 first (physical) death) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data YU-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 first (spiritual) resurrection) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data MI-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 second (spiritual) death) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data YU-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 second (physical) resurrection) TDc.BestWidth8c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data YU-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 second (physical) resurrection) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.1|AUTODETECT|” We need not infer a first spiritual resurrection of the wicked, for without regeneration they remain dead in their transgressions and sins 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Their second spiritual death is in effect their eternal death, since they are forever cut off from God s grace extended to them during their life on earth. ) 7 7 3 8 0 0 The contrast is striking, because what is gain for the saints is loss for the wicked: the saints receive eternal life, but the wicked eternal death. Notice these points: ) " the first (physical) death of the saints underlines their spiritual resurrection, which is eternal life; ) " the first (physical) death of the wicked is separation from God, who is the source of life; ) " the first (physical) death of the saints results in their entering heaven and exempts them from suffering a second spiritual death; ) " the second (physical) resurrection of the wicked underlines their spiritual death; ) " the second (spiritual) death of the wicked is eternal separation from God. ) Those who belong to Christ die once but rise twice (spiritually and physically), whereas those who have rejected him rise once but die twice (physically and spiritually).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref21 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn21” 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 6. Blessed and holy is the one who has part in the first resurrection. Over these the second death has no authority, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with him a thousand years.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 John writes the fifth beatitude in a series of seven.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref22 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn22” 18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� This is the only beatitude that has a double predicate: ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 blessed and holy) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . Also, it is a beatitude that is in the singular but applies to all God s holy people. Holiness separates believers from the rest of humanity, for all believers will be priests of God and of Christ. Note that with the words ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 of God and of Christ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 John places Christ once again on the same level as God and stresses his divinity (see 11:15; 21:22; and 22:3). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Because the saints are declared holy, they can never be subject to the second death. They will serve God and Christ as priests, and as kings they will reign with him. In two earlier passages (1:6; 5:10), John writes that the saints have been made priests, that is, they are priests in the kingdom now and in the future. He borrows the concepts ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 priests) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 kingdom) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.19.5-2.19.6|AUTODETECT|” from the Old Testament, Although the whole earth is mine, you will be for me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.19.5-2.19.6|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 19:5b 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.61.6|AUTODETECT|” a; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.61.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 61:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ). The saints are a royal priesthood as they serve God as priests and with Christ rule in the kingdom 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 2:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Upon leaving this earthly scene and entering heaven, they will continue to function as priests and kings, because their intimate communion with Christ will last indefinitely (see v. 4). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 20:4 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.32|AUTODETECT|” �� this is the ingressive aorist (stressing the beginning of an action), they came to life 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 15:32) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). By contrast the aorist tense in �� (they reigned) is constative (viewing the action as a whole). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 3. Satan s Defeat and Demise) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 20:7 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 This is the third picture that John shows to his readers. It is a portrayal of Satan waging war against God. He not only loses this battle but he, too, like the beast and the false prophet, is thrown into the place of everlasting torment from which he can never escape. He is the first member of the trio, the Satan as the father of the lie has been the instigator. But here he is the last one of the trio, because he must realize that he as the worst of the three is unable to escape the punishment God has reserved for him. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 7. And when the thousand years are completed, Satan will be released from his prison. 8. And he will go forth to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them for war, whose number is as the sand of the sea.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 4 3 8 0 0 By showing the reader different illustrations, John first reveals what happened to the beast and the false prophet who fought a battle against Christ and lost. They were thrown into the lake of fire and burning sulfur (19:19 21). This picture reveals nothing of Satan, but a second one taken from a different point of view exhibits Satan participating in that same battle and losing it. Satan suffers the same fate by being thrown into the lake of burning sulfur. This is the same battle we read of in 19:19, and John is providing two sketches of the same event (see also 16:14). ) Near the end of the period between the ascension and return of Christ, Satan will be released from his restrictions. He himself will not break loose from his prison, but God will allow him to freely deceive the nations once more as in the ages prior to the Christian era.

This means that he can muster his forces to disperse falsehood worldwide, lead the masses of mankind astray, and wage war against God s people. At present non-Christian religions together with secularism are spearheading the lie, causing humanity to live in spiritual darkness, and fiercely persecuting Christians on every continent. ) John writes that Satan will go forth to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth. The devil gathers his followers from everywhere on the face of this earth, and he controls the masses with the lie. His forces are numberless and a vast army reflects his awesome power. The entire non-Christian world from east to west and north to south is at his command. ) These forces like those of ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Gog and Magog) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.38.0|AUTODETECT|” mentioned in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.38.0|AUTODETECT|” Ezekiel 38) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and 39 are pitted against God s faithful people.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref23 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn23” 19) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.11.4|AUTODETECT|” �� Ezekiel predicted that a vast army from the north would come and invade Israel. The multitude of soldiers would be so large that it would cover the countryside like sand on the seashore 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.11.4|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 11:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=7.7.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=7.7.12|AUTODETECT|” Judg. 7:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.13.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.13.5|AUTODETECT|”

11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.13.5|AUTODETECT|” Sam. 13:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The phrase ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 as sand on the seashore) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is an idiomatic expression signifying an innumerable multitude. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.39.1|AUTODETECT|” According to Ezekiel, the invasion takes place during the messianic age, while in Revelation John places the war of Gog and Magog at the conclusion of this gospel age. Gog is the personal name of the prince of Meshech and Tubal in Asia Minor 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.39.1|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 39:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.5.4|AUTODETECT|” ) and of a descendant of Reuben 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.5.4|AUTODETECT|” 1 Chron. 5:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and the ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ma) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in Magog may mean ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 land of Gog) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.10.2|AUTODETECT|” 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=1.10.2|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 10:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The names do not refer to particular nations, for neither Gog nor Magog can be identified with any degree of certainty. They are symbolic terms that allude to extensive forces assembled from the four corners of the earth, not from one or two nations. According to Augustine, these nations will rise up against the church in a final worldwide protest.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref24 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn24”
7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

And they went up over the breadth of the earth and encircled the camp of the saints and the beloved city. And fire came down from heaven and devoured them.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The construction ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and they went up) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=15.1.3|AUTODETECT|” is generally used of Jerusalem, which is located at an elevation of about 2,500 feet. Although the Mount of Olives is higher by 150 feet, the expression always applies to the city of David 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=15.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Ezra 1:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.122.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.122.4|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 122:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.6|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 31:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.13|AUTODETECT|” John 2:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.55|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.55|AUTODETECT|” 11:55) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Here there is no reference to Jerusalem but instead to ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the breadth of the earth) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=35.1.6|AUTODETECT|” . The wording by itself is unfamiliar and occurs only here 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=35.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Hab. 1:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.2|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 12:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; Sirach 1:3). The entire clause indicates that these hostile forces come from the ends of the earth, that is, from everywhere, to fight their battle against God s people. This is now a new battle, for it is the same battle John described in 16:12 16; 17:14 18; and 19:11 21. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The battleground is the camp of the saints and the beloved city which the anti-Christian forces encircle. The words ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 camp) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 city) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 are a double symbol describing the saints on earth who face their spiritual enemies on a daily basis. The ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 camp) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.5.1-4.5.4|AUTODETECT|” is a military term as in the encampment of the Israelites in the desert 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.5.1-4.5.4|AUTODETECT|” Num. 5:1 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.23.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.23.14|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 23:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But here the camp of the saints includes true Christians from all peoples, nations, languages, and races.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref25 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn25”

7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The reference is to the church that faces the spiritual enemy of Satan s armies. A camp connotes a temporary abode and a city denotes a permanent dwelling. The expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 beloved city) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Sir. 24:11) likewise refers to God s people in whose heart the Holy Spirit dwells. There are only two cities or kingdoms in the Apocalypse the city of Satan, where the beast and harlot are central, and the city of God, where God and the Lamb are central. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref26 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn26”
7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Elsewhere in the Apocalypse we see that where the saints gather, there is the city of God; and where immorality and profanity abound, there is the city of Satan (11:2, 8). Indeed Jesus calls the overcomers the city of my God (3:12). The beloved city is the spiritual dwelling place of the saints. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.1.10|AUTODETECT|” God sends down fire from heaven to devour his enemies. The incalculable multitude gathered to wage war against the saints ought not to frighten them because God is their protector. God s enemies are unable to escape when the cup of his wrath is full. He will destroy them with fire from heaven 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.1.10|AUTODETECT|” 2 Kings 1:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.1.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.1.12|AUTODETECT|”
7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.39.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.39.6|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 39:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

And the devil who deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and sulfur, where both the beast and the false prophet are. And they will be tormented day and night forever and ever.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 There is a purposeful repetition in the Apocalypse with reference to the lake of fire and sulfur. This is the presumed place where the great prostitute was burned with fire (17:16); the beast and the false prophet are cast into this fiery lake (19:20); and as the last one, Satan shares a similar destiny. In the second half of Revelation (chaps. 12 22), Satan is mentioned first (chap. 12), then the beast out of the sea and the beast out of the earth (chap. 13), and last the great prostitute (chap. 17). With respect to their destruction, Babylon the Great as the prostitute who suffers defeat and destruction is mentioned first (chap. 18), then the beast and the false prophet (chap. 19), and last Satan (chap. 20). Satan being first and last reflects an imitation of Christ, who is the first and the last, the beginning and the end (1:17; 2:8; 22:13). The difference, however, is one of life and doom. ) I interpret the picture of Satan s demise as one that is taken at the same time as when the beast and the false prophet are cast into the lake of fire.

These three were waging the same war in which all of them were defeated and destroyed. John portrays Satan as the loser, the one who sought to destroy the male child but failed (12:5). Satan fought a war in heaven and lost (12:9), was bound and kept in the Abyss (20:3), and was dispatched to his final destiny by being cast into the lake of fire and burning sulfur. ) The infamous trio (Satan, the beast, and the false prophet) will be tormented day and night forever and ever. First, notice that the expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 day and night) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 also occurs in the throne room scene where the four living creatures sing praises to God day and night without ceasing (4:8). By contrast those who are cast into the lake of fire are tormented day and night forever and ever (see also 14:11). Next, all they whose names are not recorded in the book of life suffer a similar fate and will be eternally with Satan and the two beasts (v. 15). Third, Scripture nowhere teaches that their torment will eventually come to an end. On the contrary, Jesus said, Depart from me, you who are cursed, into the ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 eternal) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.41|AUTODETECT|” fire prepared for the devil 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.41|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:41) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , emphasis added).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref27 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn27” 23) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Last, the torment that this trio must suffer is one of spiritual and mental agony. They enter this eternal state of suffering at the time when all the ungodly appear before the judgment seat. At that moment all of them enter their second death, which means that they are forever separated from the living God. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 20:8 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �P�� the pronoun is superfluous because of the relative pronoun g� at the beginning of the clause. This construction is common in the Apocalypse (3:8; 7:2, 9; 13:8, 12). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 A �� the main verb is in the past tense, while this participle that precedes it is in the present. The participle signifies repetitiveness and reveals Satan s character. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 4. The Judgment Day) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 20:11 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The fourth picture reveals a heavenly aspect of the final judgment. In five verses John discloses the end of cosmic time and thus the end of world history. God s plan has been fulfilled and everything that had to be taken care of has been completed. God now calls everyone into his courtroom, and as the books are opened, everyone is judged in accord with divine justice. The division between the saints and the ungodly is irrevocable and final. The ones whose names are recorded in the book of life are forever with the Lord, but those who have spurned him are forever cut off. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 11. And I saw a great white throne and him who sat on it, from whose face earth and heaven fled, and their place was not found anymore.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. And I saw a great white throne and him who sat on it. The uncomplicated description of the throne is preceded by two adjectives, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 great) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 white) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . John writes the Greek adjective ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 megas) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (great) eighty times in Revelation to denote something that is larger than life. In this verse, John portrays God s throne in eschatological dimensions, because human beings are unable to fathom heavenly proportions. Further, the throne is ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 white) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , the color depicting purity, holiness, and victory. But here it has the additional meaning of divine justice that eminently describes this throne. It means that not even one speck or wrinkle mars the whiteness of God s perfect justice. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.9-27.7.10|AUTODETECT|” When John portrays God, he avoids referring to him by name. In typical Jewish fashion, he circumscribes him with the words him who sat on it [the throne]. Similarly, with reference to the throne room scene, John uses the same phraseology (4:2 3, 9 10; 5:1, 7, 13; 6:16). God is too awesome to be described in human terms. John undoubtedly had in mind the Ancient of Days taking his seat in the throne room to render judgment 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.9-27.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:9 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But also the Son of Man, namely, Jesus, sits on the throne of his Father to judge the living and the dead, spiritually speaking. In fact, there are numerous passages in the New Testament that testify to the fact that God has given the Son authority to pass judgment.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref28 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn28” 24) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� God judges the human race in and through his Son. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.7|AUTODETECT|” b. From whose face earth and heaven fled, and their place was not found anymore. When the Judgment Day comes, God s creation will be affected in such a way that the earth will undergo a complete change. At that moment catastrophic events of enormous proportions will happen, for the atmosphere will be rolled up like a scroll to be replaced by the new heavens and the new earth 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.7|AUTODETECT|” 2 Pet. 3:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.12-61.3.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.12-61.3.13|AUTODETECT|” 12 13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The old order disappears to give place to the new. The substance and the existence of this earth does not disappear, but its external form dissolves.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref29 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn29” 25) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.10|AUTODETECT|” �� Although a literal interpretation would suggest the complete destruction and annihilation of the heavens and earth, Scripture teaches a meltdown of the elements but not their elimination 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.10|AUTODETECT|” 2 Pet. 3:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.21|AUTODETECT|” ). That is, they are renewed rather than replaced. In his sermon at Solomon s Colonnade, Peter spoke of a time when God would restore everything 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.3.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 3:21) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.21|AUTODETECT|” ). Also Paul does not speak of a dissolution of creation but of its deliverance from bondage 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.21|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:21) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Not creation itself but the defects of the old order are removed to make place for the new.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref30 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn30” 26) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 12. And I saw the dead, both great and small, standing before the throne. And the books were opened, and another book was opened which is the book of life, and the dead were judged according to their works by the things written in these books.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 John is given a view of the last judgment, and he notices the dead standing before God s throne. All those who have died since God pronounced the curse on the human race appear before the Judge of all the earth. All of them are raised from the dead to receive a sentence of acquittal or condemnation, of life or second death. All people great and small, that is, all human beings, appear before the Judge. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Repeatedly, John returns to Daniel s prophecy that portrays the Judgment Day with multitudes standing before the court of heaven; when the court is seated, the books are opened 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.1-27.12.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.1-27.12.2|AUTODETECT|” 12:1 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref31 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn31” 27) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.23|AUTODETECT|” �� The books contain records of everyone s deeds of good and evil, for God knows everything that has been said and done and rewards each one accordingly 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:23) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.6|AUTODETECT|” 18:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.12|AUTODETECT|” 22:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.28.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.28.4|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 28:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.62.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.62.12|AUTODETECT|” 62:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Thus, everyone is judged in accordance with the records, but this does not imply a doctrine of works righteousness. A person is judged and declared absolved on the basis of whether his or her name is recorded in the book of life. Scripture often refers to the book of life or a similar record.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref32 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn32” 28) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� In Revelation this book is of greater importance than the books that have recorded a persons s deeds. The term ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 book of life) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 appears six times (3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27), and the expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 books) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs twice (v. 12). It is not because of anyone s works but because of God s electing grace that one s name is recorded in the book of life.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref33 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn33” 29) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” �� What then is the purpose of opening the books? Paul supplies the answer by saying, For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that each may receive what is due him for the things done while in the body, whether good or bad 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 5:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Although believers are responsible for their actions, they are forgiven through Christ. But those who have rejected Christ are held accountable for their words and deeds that testify against them. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12-50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” For believers, God s grace goes hand in hand with human responsibility. Paul exhorts his readers to continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling, for it is God who works in you to will and to act according to his good purpose 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12-50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12a 13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.7-19.19.11|AUTODETECT|” ). Scripture puts divine election on the one hand and human responsibility on the other, but it refrains from solving the mystery of where these two meet. God has graciously chosen his people through Christ, which is evident in the names of his people recorded in the book of life. They keep the Word of God and live by the testimony of Jesus, and they love God s commandments and cherish his precepts 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.19.7-19.19.11|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 19:7 11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.127|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.127|AUTODETECT|” 119:127 28) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” ). They are the Lord s faithful witnesses even to the point of death (2:13; 6:9), and they perform good works to show their thankfulness to God, so that his name is honored and praised. By contrast, the incriminating evidence the opened books present against the unbelievers results in their banishment and never-ending separation from the living God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:46) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 13. And the sea gave up the dead that were in it, and Death and Hades gave up the dead that were in them, and each one was judged according to his works.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. And the sea gave up the dead that were in it. The Bible views the sea as a source of fear.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref34 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn34” 30) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.1.3|AUTODETECT|” �� Jonah overcame his fear when through willful disobedience he boarded a ship that set sail in a westerly direction directly opposite from Nineveh to which God had instructed the prophet to go 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Jonah 1:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Paul traveled mostly by land and occasionally sailed by ship, prompted by either haste or necessity. And John writing about the new heavens and the new earth, remarks that the sea was no more (21:1). The capricious and unpredictable sea has no place in the new creation. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Having claimed the lives of countless multitudes, the sea at God s command gave up the dead that were in it. The sea is symbolic of a demonic power that holds the invisible graves of its victims.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref35 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn35” 31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.8.1-24.8.2|AUTODETECT|” �� The ancients attached great importance to burial, which was denied those whom the sea had swallowed, and whose bodies decomposed. For a corpse to be left unburied, here because of the sea s power, was an act of irreverence 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.8.1-24.8.2|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 8:1 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.14.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.14.16|AUTODETECT|” 14:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.29.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.29.5|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 29:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Some scholars note that the disappearance of heaven and earth (v. 12) seems to conflict with the presence of the sea. But this is a matter of authorial freedom of placing events in the reverse of their logical order (see 3:3, 17; 5:5; 6:4; 10:4, 9; 22:14). ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref36 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn36” 32) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. And Death and Hades gave up the dead that were in them, and each one was judged according to his works. If the sea is a power that holds the dead, so are Death and Hades, which are always mentioned together in the Apocalypse (v. 14; 1:18; 6:8).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref37 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn37” 33) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Jesus hold the keys of both Death and Hades, depriving them of their authority. Now is the time for judging to determine the eternal destiny of every individual, regardless of whether death was by drowning, murder, or natural causes. Aside from the fact that multitudes of sinners stand before God s judgment seat, the records of each person will be carefully reviewed with verdicts of either innocent or guilty. There is neither time nor place for repentance, because repentance belonged to the cosmic era. The verdicts are irrevocable. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 14. And Death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. 15. And if anyone is not found written in the book of life, he is cast into the lake of fire.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The phrase ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 lake of fire) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs only in Revelation, and that for a total of six times (19:20; 20:10, 14 [twice], 15; 21:8). John explains the significance of this phrase by identifying it as ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the second death) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . This is the place where the wicked are forever separated from the living God to suffer eternally the torments of hell. It is the place in which the wicked spend eternity. But how do we understand the terms ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Death) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Hades) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ? First, Death is a state and Hades a place. Next, these two are intricately connected, as in the fourth seal where the rider on the pale horse is Death, and Hades is following closely behind him (6:8). Hades as the place where the souls of unbelievers are kept is not to be identified as the grave in which the bodies of both believers and unbelievers repose. By contrast, hell is the place of endless suffering. When both Death and Hades are cast into the lake of fire, the authority they exercised in cosmic time has ended.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref38 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn38” 34) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 If Death and Hades are cast into the lake of fire, which is the same as the second death, will their authority continue in that state and place? Their temporary power will become a permanent power in the lake of fire over the unbelievers suffering in hell.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref39 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn39” 35) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.19-42.16.31|AUTODETECT|” �� The anguish and distress of the wicked in hell is unimaginable. The parable of the rich man 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.19-42.16.31|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16:19 31) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) describes hell as agony, fire, and a place of torment. There the rich man was cut off from Abraham and Lazarus in heaven, and there he suffered the second death that is both spiritual and physical. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 John comes to the conclusion of his judgment vision, and once more he stresses the lot of the wicked. Their names are not recorded in the book of life, and therefore they are thrown into the lake of fire. Not every lost person will undergo the sufferings of a Judas! God will be perfectly just, and each person will suffer precisely what he deserves. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref40 9 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn40” 36) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The comfort God s people receive is that their names are recorded in the book of life; they are the possession of the Lamb who was slain for them. John links the expression ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 book of life) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to the Lamb (13:8; 21:27). To be forever with the Lord is the reward he grants his people whose names are in this book. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 20:11 13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.22.25|AUTODETECT|” �W �x �� the construction is disputable because the normal flow would be to place the possessive personal pronoun �P�� following the noun instead of the genitive relative pronoun at the beginning 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.22.25|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 22:25) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref41 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn41” LXX) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �� the plural verb is followed by the singular subject, which is understood as distributive. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn1 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1” 1 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 William Hendriksen, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 More Than Conquerors) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.1-66.20.10|AUTODETECT|” (reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1982), p. 195; R. Fowler White, Reexamining the Evidence for Recapitulation in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.1-66.20.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 20:1 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 WTJ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 51 (1989): 319 44, especially 328 30; Gregory K. Beale, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , NIGTC Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988), p. 980. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn2 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref2” 2 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Abraham Kuyper, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Revelation of St. John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , trans. John Hendrik de Vries (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1935), pp. 280 81; Herman Bavinck, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Last Things: Hope for This World and the Next) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ed. John Bolt and trans. John Vriend (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996), p. 112; Hendriksen, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 More Than Conquerors) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 188 90; Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of the Revelation: A Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990), p. 209; R. C. H. Lenski, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Interpretation of St. John s Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Columbus: Wartburg, 1943), pp. 574 77. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn3 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref3” 3 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Elisabeth Sch�ssler Fiorenza, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of Revelation: Justice and Judgment) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), p. 47. She comments that Revelation is not a continuous development of events from beginning to end, but rather it consists of pieces or mosaic stones arranged in a certain design, which climaxes in a description of the final eschatological event. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn4 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref4” 4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Oscar Cullmann, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Christ and Time: The Primitive Christian Conception of Time and History) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , trans. Floyd V. Filson (London: SCM, 1951), p. 198. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn5 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref5” 5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult W. J. Grier, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Momentous Event) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (London: Banner of Truth Trust, 1970), pp. 11 13. Beale 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 985) observes that Satan s binding became effective after Christ s resurrection and it lasts throughout most of the age between Christ s first and second comings. See also Augustine ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 City of God) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 20.7. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn6 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref6” 6 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Apocryphal and pseudepigrapical literature alludes to a messianic kingdom; see ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 1 Enoch) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 91.12 13; 93.1 14; ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 2 Enoch) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 32.2 33.2; ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Sibylline Oracles) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 3.1 62; 4 Ezra (=2 Esdras) 7:28 29; 13:32 36; ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 2 Baruch) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 29.4 30.1; 39.7; 40.3; 72.2 4. Also see ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Barnabas) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 15.3 9; Irenaeus ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Against Heresies) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 5.32 36; Justin Martyr ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Dialogue with Trypho) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 81. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn7 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref7” 7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Gerhard A. Krodel, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ACNT (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1989), p. 70. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn8 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref8” 8 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 M. Eugene Boring, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Interpretation (Louisville: Knox, 1989), p. 200; see also Wilfrid J. Harrington, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , SP 16 (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1993), p. 196. David E. Aune 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 17 22) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , WBC 52C [Nashville: Nelson, 1998], p. 1083) notes that the binding and sealing of an evil spirit with incantations from Jewish Aramaic texts means that the demon is conquered. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn9 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref9” 9 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Hendriksen, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 More Than Conquerors) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 188 89. Consult S. Greijdanus, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 De Openbaring des Heeren aan Johannes) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , KNT (Amsterdam: Van Bottenburg, 1925), p. 403; Lenski, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 575 76; Hughes, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 209 11. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn10 9 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.26|AUTODETECT|” 10 ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.26|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.2|AUTODETECT|” 11:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.5|AUTODETECT|” 12:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.8|AUTODETECT|” 14:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.15.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.15.3|AUTODETECT|” 15:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.15.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.15.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.19|AUTODETECT|” 16:19) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.3|AUTODETECT|” 18:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.15|AUTODETECT|” 19:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.3|AUTODETECT|” 20:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.24|AUTODETECT|” 21:24) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.26|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.26|AUTODETECT|” 26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.2|AUTODETECT|” 22:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.9|AUTODETECT|” . Note that 2:26; 12:5; and 19:15 are linked to ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 2:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.9|AUTODETECT|” in which Christ rules the nations with an iron scepter, dashing them to pieces like pottery; 15:3 has a variant reading King of the ages, while 15:4 derives from ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.9|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 86:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , All nations & will bring glory to your name ; 15:4 expresses God s universal sovereignty over the Gentile nations whom the Lord in his time will subdue. And last 11:2 is translated as the Gentiles. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn11 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref11” 11 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Colin Brown, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 2:702 3; Anthony A. Hoekema, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Bible and the Future) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), pp. 173 74; Stanley J. Grenz, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Millennial Maze: Sorting Out Evangelical Options) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1992), p. 173. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn12 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref12” TR ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Textus Receptus: The Greek New Testament according to the Majority Text) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn13 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref13” 12 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Leon Morris, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , rev. ed., TNTC (Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), p. 228. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn14 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref14” 13 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Floyd E. Hamilton, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Basis of Millennial Faith) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952), pp. 124 25. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn15 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref15” 14 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 John P. M. Sweet, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , WPC (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1979), p. 288. Krodel 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 334) points to v. 9, which mentions the camp of the saints without restricting it to martyrs. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn16 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref16” 15 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Robert H. Mounce 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , rev. ed., NICNT [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998], p. 366 n. 10) notes that the New Testament lists forms of the verb ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 zaM) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (I live) 140 times, each of which determines its specific meaning in that instance. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn17 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref17” GNB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Good News Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn18 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref18” NCV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The Everyday Bible, New Century Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn19 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref19” NIV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New International Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn20 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref20” 16 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Meredith G. Kline, The First Resurrection, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 WTJ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 37 (1975): 366 75; see also Meredith G. Kline, The First Resurrection: A Reaffirmation, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 WTJ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 39 (1976): 110 19; Beale, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 1005. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn21 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref21” 17 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Geoffrey B. Wilson, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Welwyn, England: Evangelical Press, 1985), p. 163. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn22 9 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 18 ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.13|AUTODETECT|” 14:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.15|AUTODETECT|” 16:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.9|AUTODETECT|” 19:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.6|AUTODETECT|” 20:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.7|AUTODETECT|” 22:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn23 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref23” 19 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult SB, 3:831 40; Dieter S�nger, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 EDNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 1:267; Karl Georg Kuhn, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 TDNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 1:789 91. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn24 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref24” 20 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Augustine ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 City of God) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 20.11. See Henry Barclay Swete, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (1911; reprint, Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977), p. 268. Harry R. Boer 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979], p. 133) observes that apart from Ezekiel, the Old Testament does not know a nation by the name of Magog nor a king by the name of Gog. In Revelation the names are genealogical and do not refer to a specific country and ruler. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn25 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref25” 21 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The expression the peace of God in the camps of his saints appears in the War Scroll of Qumran (1QM 3.5). The word ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 camps) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is a Hebrew plural that represents the singular. See Aune, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 17 22) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 1098. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn26 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref26” 22 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Alan F. Johnson, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , in ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Expositor s Bible Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ed. Frank E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981), 12:588. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn27 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref27” 23 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Robert A. Peterson, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Hell on Trial: The Case for Eternal Punishment) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Phillipsburg, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1995), pp. 89 90. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn28 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref28” 24 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” See ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:27) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.22|AUTODETECT|” John 5:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.42|AUTODETECT|” Acts 10:42) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.31|AUTODETECT|” 17:31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.9|AUTODETECT|” 14:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” 2) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.10|AUTODETECT|” Cor. 5:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; compare ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Sibylline Oracles) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 2.230 44. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn29 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref29” 25 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Irenaeus ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Against Heresies) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 5.36.1; Swete, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 271. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn30 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref30” 26 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Hendriksen, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 More Than Conquerors) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 196; George Eldon Ladd, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on the Revelation of John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972), p. 272; Wilson, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 165; G. B. Caird, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (London: Black, 1966), p. 259. For the view that the earth will be annihilated to be followed by a new creation, see Robert L. Thomas, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 8 22: An Exegetical Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Chicago: Moody, 1995), pp. 429, 439 40; John F. Walvoord, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Revelation of Jesus Christ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Chicago: Moody, 1966), pp. 305 6. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn31 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref31” 27 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 See also ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 1 Enoch) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 89.61 63; 90.20; ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 2 Baruch) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 24.1; ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Ascension of Isaiah) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 9.22. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn32 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref32” 28 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.32.32|AUTODETECT|” See ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.32.32|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 32:32) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.29.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.29.20|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 29:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 12:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.3.16|AUTODETECT|” Mal. 3:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.20|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.4.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; see also ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 1 Enoch) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 47.3. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn33 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref33” 29 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Johannes Behm, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Die Offenbarung des Johannes) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Das Neue Testament Deutsch 11 (G�ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1953), p. 104. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn34 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref34” 30 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult John H. Paterson, Sea, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ZPEB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 5:316. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn35 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref35” 31 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 J�rgen, Roloff, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Revelation of John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , trans. J. E. Alsup (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), p. 232. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 First Enoch) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 61.5 states, These measures shall reveal all the secrets of the depths & and those who have been devoured by the fish of the sea, that they may return. See also Isbon T. Beckwith, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Apocalypse of John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (1919; reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979), p. 749. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn36 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref36” 32 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Aune, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation 17 22) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 1102. R. H. Charles 8 1 -1 9 0 0 A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ICC [Edinburgh: Clark, 1920], 2:194 95) calls this stanza a hopeless confusion of thought, which can only be due to deliberate change of the text. So he changes the wording, without manuscript proof, from and the ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 sea) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 gave up the dead to and the ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 treasuries) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 gave up the dead (pp. 196, 442). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn37 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref37” 33 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Richard Bauckham, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Climax of Prophecy) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Edinburgh: Clark, 1993), pp. 69 70. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn38 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref38” 34 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult John M. Court, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Myth and History in the Book of Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Atlanta: John Knox, 1979), p. 65. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn39 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref39” 35 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Beale, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 1035; J. Webb Mealy, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 After the Thousand Years) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , JSNTSup 70 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992), p. 181. By contrast, Harrington 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Revelation) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 206) states that the second death does not mean eternal torture but only that someone no longer exists at death. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn40 9 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref40” 36 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Hoekema, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Bible and the Future) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 273. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn41 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref41” LXX ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Septuagint)

New Testament Commentary (Baker)

William Hendriksen (1900–1982) was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian and professor at Calvin Theological Seminary. His New Testament Commentary series, later completed by Simon J. Kistemaker, covers the entire New Testament and is one of the most highly regarded Reformed commentary sets of the …

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Old Testament

New Testament

MAT MRK LUK JHN ACT ROM 1CO 2CO GAL EPH PHP COL 1TH 2TH 1TI 2TI TIT PHM HEB JAS 1PE 2PE 1JN 2JN 3JN JUD REV

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