Ezekiel 27:23 — Word Study
WLCחָרָ֤ן וְכַנֵּה֙ וָעֶ֔דֶן רֹכְלֵ֖י שְׁבָ֑א אַשּׁ֖וּר כִּלְמַ֥ד רֹכַלְתֵּֽךְ׃
BSAHaranChârân [a city in Mesopotamia] CannehKanneh△ [a place in Assyria] and EdenʻEden [a place of pleasure] traded with yourâkal [exchanging goods, merchants] and [so did] the merchantsrâkal [traders, traffickers] of ShebaShᵉbâʼ [a region in southern Arabia] AsshurʼAshshûwr [the ancestor of the Assyrians] and ChilmadKilmâd△ [an enclosure, a city in Assyria]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| חָרָ֤ן | Haran | Noun proper |
| וְכַנֵּה֙ | and Canneh | Conjunction, noun proper |
| וָעֶ֔דֶן | and Eden | Conjunction, noun proper |
| רֹכְלֵ֖י | [the] traders of | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine plural common |
| שְׁבָ֑א | Sheba | Noun proper |
| אַשּׁ֖וּר | Asshur | Noun proper |
| כִּלְמַ֥ד | Chilmad | Noun proper |
| רֹכַלְתֵּֽךְ׃ | [was] trader your | Verb qal participle (active) feminine singular common, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Haran, Canneh, and Eden traded with you, and so did the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad. |
| KJV | Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad, were thy merchants. |
| ASV | Haran and Canneh and Eden, the traffickers of Sheba, Asshur and Chilmad, were thy traffickers. |
| YLT | Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, merchants of Sheba, Asshur — Chilmad — [are] thy merchants, |
| WEB | “‘“Haran, Canneh, Eden, the traders of Sheba, Asshur and Chilmad, were your traders. |
| BBE | Haran and Canneh and Eden, the traders of Asshur and all the Medes: |
The translations agree on the core meaning of the trading activities described in this verse.
The sentence consists of a main clause followed by a conjunction introducing the additional trading partners, creating a comprehensive view of Tyre's trade.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbרָכַל
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
2 of 8 occur nowhere else in the Old Testament — words chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Ezekiel 27:23
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Trade of Tyregenerated
Ezekiel 27:23 describes the trading relationships of Tyre, highlighting the various cities and regions that exchanged goods with it. This verse forms part of a larger passage that illustrates Tyre's economic power and the extensive network of trade that contributed to its wealth. The mention of specific places emphasizes the diversity of Tyre's commercial connections, which included both local and distant partners.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Genesis 11:31–32 | And Terah took his son Abram, his grandson Lot son of Haran, and his daughter-in-law Sarai the wife of Abram, and they set out from Ur of the Chaldeans for the land of Canaan. But when they arrived in Haran, they settled there. |
| 2 | Genesis 12:4 | So Abram departed, as the LORD had directed him, and Lot went with him. Abram was seventy-five years old when he left Haran. |
| 3 | 2 Kings 19:12 | Did the gods of the nations destroyed by my fathers rescue those nations—the gods of Gozan, Haran, and Rezeph, and of the people of Eden in Telassar? |
| 4 | Isaiah 37:12 | Did the gods of the nations destroyed by my fathers rescue those nations—the gods of Gozan, Haran, and Rezeph, and of the people of Eden in Telassar? |
| 5 | Acts 7:4 | So Abraham left the land of the Chaldeans and settled in Haran. After his father died, God brought him out of that place and into this land where you are now living. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 16 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — רֹכְלֵ֖י, ro.khe.Leigenerated
The word רֹכְלֵ֖י (ro.khe.Lei) is a participle derived from the root רָכַל (rakal), meaning 'to trade.' It indicates those who are actively engaged in trading, specifically merchants or traders who travel to exchange goods. The parsing as a masculine plural participle shows that it refers to multiple individuals involved in commerce.
In this verse, רֹכְלֵ֖י emphasizes the role of traders in the economic activities of Tyre, highlighting the importance of trade in the ancient Near Eastern context. The use of this term underscores the significance of the trading relationships that Tyre maintained with various regions.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main clause is centered around the finite verb רֹכְלֵ֖י, traded, which governs the list of places that are the subjects of the trading activity. The structure lists cities and regions in a straightforward manner, emphasizing the breadth of Tyre's trading partners.
The Hebrew word order places the subjects of the trading actions at the beginning, highlighting the importance of these places in the context of Tyre's trade. The sentence flows logically from the subjects to the action, creating a clear picture of the trading relationships.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the Hebrew רֹכְלֵ֖י is rendered as ἔμποροί (emporoi), which translates to 'merchants.' This choice reflects a direct interpretation of the trading activity, focusing on the individuals engaged in commerce rather than the act of trading itself.
The translation choice indicates a consistent understanding of the economic roles in ancient societies, aligning with the Greek term that conveys the same sense of active trade.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Ezekiel 27:23 lists Haran, Canneh, and Eden as cities that traded with Tyre, along with merchants from Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad. This verse highlights the extensive trade network of Tyre, showing its connections to various regions and cities.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The verse indicates that Tyre engaged in trade with several cities and regions, highlighting its economic power and influence.
The merchants mentioned include those from Haran, Canneh, Eden, Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad, representing a diverse network of trade partners.
The places listed reflect the geographical reach of Tyre's trade, indicating its connections to both nearby and distant regions.
This verse is part of a larger passage that describes the trading relationships and economic activities of Tyre, emphasizing its importance in the ancient world.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What can we learn about the importance of trade in ancient societies from this verse?
- How do the trading relationships mentioned reflect the cultural exchanges of the time?
- In what ways does Tyre's trade network compare to modern trade practices?
- What role do you think geography played in the trading relationships of Tyre?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Jerome comments on this verse, discussing the cities and merchants involved in Tyre's trade, highlighting their goods and significance.
Aran, and Channe, and Eden, your traders were from Saba, Assur, Chelmad, your sellers: these traders of yours had various wrappings of hyacinth and precious gems, which were wrapped and tied with ropes.Early Church Fathers on Ezekiel 27 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Ezekiel 27:23 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleHaran, and Canneh, and Eden,.... Haran was a city of Mesopotamia, the same with Haran, where Abraham dwelt awhile, Acts 7:2, the Charrae of the Parthians, famous for the defeat of Crassus.
Read John Gill on Ezekiel 27 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryHaran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad, were thy merchants.
Read Robert Jamieson on Ezekiel 27 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleHaran; Haran or Charran in Mesopotamia, where Abraham dwelt. Canneh; no where else mentioned, supposed to be the same with Calneh, , afterwards Ctesiphon, a pleasant city on Tigris, some three miles from Seleucia. It was built by the Parthians, whose king resided there in the winter, because of the mildness of the air. Eden; a pleasant country, part of Babylonia. The Chaldee paraphrase calls it Hadiab, and leads us to Adiabene, which Trajan conquered in his expedition against Babylon. Sheba; whether the same mentioned , (which see,) or some other, is not certain; perhaps it may be Saba, whence Sabeans. Asshur; Asshur, the name of the father of the nation, for Assyria. Chilmad; a country or…
Read Matthew Poole on Ezekiel 27 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsEzekiel 27:23 Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, [and] Chilmad, [were] thy merchants.Ver. 23. Haran.] In Mesopotamia, or Charrae, in Parthia, where Crassus was slain. And Channeh,] Or, Chalne, where the tower of Babel was built nine miles high. And Eden.] Where paradise once was: sed periit rosa, mansit spina. Chelmad,] i.e., Medea, saith the paraphrast. The tower of Babel was 9164 paces from the ground.
Read John Trapp on Ezekiel 27 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(23) Haran, and Canneh, and Eden.—The description now turns from Arabia to the Tyrian trade with Mesopotamia. Haran, important in the story of Abraham (Genesis 11:31-32; Genesis 12:4), the Charræ of the Romans, was in north-western Mesopotamia, at the junction of two great caravan routes, the one along the Tigris, the other along the Euphrates. Canneh, a contraction for the Calneh of Gen 10:10, was the most important commercial city on the former, and was later known as Ctesiphon. Eden was an unknown town on the Euphrates (2 Kings 19:12; Isaiah 37:12), and is to be distinguished from the Syrian Eden. Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad.—Sheba is still the same Sheba before mentioned; for Pliny…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Ezekiel 27 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 23. Haran] In Mesopotamia; well known in Scripture. Canneh] Or Chalane; see Genesis 10:10. It is supposed to be a cape or port of Arabia Felix, on the Indian Sea. Eden] Equally famous: supposed to have been situated near the confluence of the Tygris and Euphrates. Sheba] Different from that in Ezekiel 27:22. This was probably near the country of the Edomites. Asshur] Perhaps the Assyrians. Chilmad] Possibly Cholmadora, on the Euphrates. Ptol. lib. v.. cap. 15. For several of these places, and the persons from whom they derived their names, see Genesis 10:1-32, and the notes there; and see Calmet.
Read AdamClarke on Ezekiel 27 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges23. The places named may be regarded as an extension of the line from S. to N. in Ezekiel 27:19-22, though the names are given rather in the order W. to E. Harran in Mesopotamia, two days’ journey S.E. of Edessa, on a branch of the Euphrates, was a sacred city and place of pilgrimage, and also an emporium of trade. The defeat of Crassus by the Parthians took place there. Canneh may be Calneh (Genesis 10:10; Amos 6:2), otherwise Calno (Isaiah 10:9), a city in Babylonia. Its site has not been identified. Von Gutschmidt (Ency. Brit., art. Phœnicia) identifies Canneh with Cænæ. Eden, spelled somewhat differently from the Eden of Paradise, is elsewhere named in connexion with Haran, Isaiah 37:12…
Read Cambridge on Ezekiel 27 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible23. Haran, etc. — Was this a swift glance at far-away districts: Haran (Genesis 11:31; Genesis 24:10; Genesis 29:4) standing for Mesopotamia; Canneh (Calneh or Calno, Genesis 10:10; Amos 6:2; Isaiah
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Ezekiel 27 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Haran, Canneh, and Eden traded with you, and so did the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad.
“‘“Haran, Canneh, Eden, the traders of Sheba, Asshur and Chilmad, were your traders.
Haran, Canneh, and Eden traded with you, and so did the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad.
Haran, Kanneh, Eden, merchants from Sheba, Asshur, and Kilmad were your clients.
Tyndale line
Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad, were thy merchants.
Haran and Canneh and Eden, the traffickers of Sheba, Asshur and Chilmad, were thy traffickers.
Haran and Canneh and Eden, the traffickers of Sheba, Asshur and Chilmad were they traffickers.
Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad, were thy merchants.
They of Haram and Canneh and Eden, the marchants of Sheba, Asshur and Chilmad were thy marchants.
Strictly literal
Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad traded with thee:
Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, merchants of Sheba, Asshur — Chilmad — [are] thy merchants,
Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, merchants of Sheba, Asshur—Chilmad—[are] your merchants,
Charan, and Canneh, and 'Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, [and] Kilmad, were thy merchants.
Haran, Kanneh, and Eden were traders with you, along with Sheba, Ashur, and Kilmad.
From the Latin
Haran, and Chene, and Eden were thy merchants; Saba, Assur, and Chelmad sold to thee.
Simplified
Haran, Canneh, and Eden traded with you, as did Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad.
Haran and Canneh and Eden, the traders of Asshur and all the Medes:
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint show agreement in the overall message of the verse, with the Septuagint providing a different word order and some variation in terms. However, the key elements regarding the trading cities are preserved across both texts.
חָרָ֤ן וְכַנֵּה֙ וָעֶ֔דֶן רֹכְלֵ֖י שְׁבָ֑א אַשּׁ֖וּר כִּלְמַ֥ד רֹכַלְתֵּֽךְ׃
5 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Ezekiel 27:23
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
חָרָן (Charan) refers to both a city in northern Mesopotamia and a man, specifically a son of Caleb from the tribe of Judah. The city is associated with Abraham's migration from Ur of the Chaldees, while the individual Haran is noted in genealogies, particularly in 1 Chronicles 2:46. The name means "mountaineer."
חָרָן n.pr.loc. city in northern Mesopotamia
base
חָרָן n.pr.m. son of Caleb of Judah
base
H2771a חָרָן city in northern Mesopotamia H2771b חָרָן son of Caleb of Judah
2771 Charan kaw-rawn'
from 2787; parched; Charan, the name of a man and also of a
place:--Haran.
see HEBREW for 02787
חָרָן (cha.ran) — Haran.
Haran = "mountaineer"
the city to which Abraham migrated when he left Ur of the Chaldees and where he stayed until his father died before leaving for the promised land; located in Mesopotamia in Padan-aram at the foot of Mount Masius between the Khabour and the Euphrates
Also named: Charran (Χαρράν "Haran" G5488)
חָרָן (cha.ran) — Haran.
A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at 1Ch.2.46;
son of: Caleb (H3612H) and Ephah (H5891H);
brother of: Moza (H4162) and Gazez (H1495);
half-brother of: Hur (H2354), Jesher (H3475), Shobab (H7727H), Ardon (H0715), Mareshah@1Ch.2.42 (H4337), Jahdai (H3056), Sheber (H7669), Tirhanah (H8647), Shaaph (H8174H), Sheva (H7724) and Achsah (H5915H);
father of: Gazez (H1495H)
§ Haran = "mountaineer"
a son of Caleb by his concubine Ephah
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
Haran
(1.) Heb. haran; i.e., “mountaineer.” The eldest son of Terah, brother of Abraham and Nahor, and father of Lot, Milcah, and Iscah. He died before his father (Gen. 11:27), in Ur of the Chaldees.
(2.) Heb. haran, i.e., “parched;” or probably from the Accadian charana, meaning “a road.” A celebrated city of Western Asia, now Harran, where Abram remained, after he left Ur of the Chaldees, till his father Terah died (Gen. 11:31, 32), when he continued his journey into the land of Canaan. It is called “Charran” in the LXX. and in Acts 7:2. It is called the “city of Nahor” (Gen. 24:10), and Jacob resided here with Laban (30:43). It stood on the river Belik, an affluent of…
(a mountaineer). The third son of Terah, and therefore youngest brother of Abram. (Genesis 11:26) (B.C. 1926.) Three children are ascribed to him --Lot, vs. (Genesis 11:27,31) and two daughters, viz., Milcah, who married her uncle Nahor, ver. (Genesis 11:29) and Iscah. ver. (Genesis 11:29) Haran was born in Ur of the Chaldees, and he died there while his father was still living. ver. (Genesis 11:28) A Gershonite Levite in the time of David, one of the family of Shimei. (1 Chronicles 23:9) A son of the great Caleb by his concubine Ephah. (
1. The eldest son of Terah, brother of Abraham, and father of Lot, Milcah, and Iscah. He died before his father Terah, Ge 11:26- 31.
2. An ancient city called in the New Testament Charran, in the northwest part of Mesopotamia. Here, after leaving Ur, Abraham dwelt till is father Terah died; and to this old homestead Isaac sent for a wife, and Jacob fled from the wrath of Esau, Ge 11:31,32; 12:5; 24:1-67; 27:43; 28:10; 29:4. Haran was ravaged by the Assyrians in the time of Hezekiah, 2Ki 19:12; Isa 37:12. Here also Crassus the Roman general was defeated and killed by the Parthiuated on a branch of the Euphrates, in 36 degrees 52’ north latitude, and 39 degrees 5’ east…
mountainous country
כַּנֶּה (Kanneh) refers to a location, specifically a city in Mesopotamia, mentioned in Ezekiel 27:23. It is associated with the idea of a flattering title and is noted as another name for כַּלְנֵ֑ה (Calneh, H3641). The entries indicate its geographical significance without extensive detail.
כַּנֶּה n.pr.loc. appar. in Mesopot., Ez 27:23
ref
H3656 כַּנֶּה
3656 Kanneh kan-neh'
for 3641; Canneh, a place in Assyria:--Canneh.
see HEBREW for 03641
כַּנֶּה (kan.neh) — Canneh.
Canneh = "to give a flattering title"
a city apparently in Mesopotamia
Another name of kal.neh (כַּלְנֵ֑ה "Calneh" H3641A)
Conj | N-proper — Conjunction · noun properHC/Npl
kan'-e (kanneh; Chanaa): Mentioned in Eze 27:23 in connection with Haran and Eden as one of the places with which Tyre had commercial relations. This is the only reference to the place and the site is unknown. Gesenius and others think it is probably the same as Calneh of Am 6:2 or of Ge 10:10, and Calno of Isa 10:9. According to the Targums, Eusebius, and Jerome, this place is identical with Ctesiphon, which was situated on the Tigris. One codex of De Rossi has made this identification in the passage in Eze 27:23. Cornill thinks Canneh is the Calneh of Am 6:2, but…
Canneh
Mentioned only in Ezek. 27:23. (See CALNEH.)
(Ezekiel 27:23) [SEE CALNEH]
→ See CALNEH
עֶ֫דֶן (‘Eden) refers to a place in Mesopotamia, associated with the meaning of 'pleasure.' It is noted as a territory conquered by Assyria, likely situated in the northwest region of Mesopotamia. The entries indicate a connection to the root word for pleasure, though they do not provide extensive details.
עֶ֫דֶן n.pr. (? urb. et) terr. conquered by Assyria
base
H5729 עֶ֫דֶן conquered by Assyria
5729 `Eden eh'-den
from 5727; pleasure; Eden, a place in Mesopotamia:--Eden.
see HEBREW for 05727
עֶ֫דֶן (e.den) — Eden.
§ Eden = "pleasure"
a place conquered by Assyria; probably located in the northwest of Mesopotamia
Conj | N-proper — Conjunction · noun properHC/Npl
e'-d'-n (`edhen, "delight"; Edem):
(1) The land in which "Yahweh God planted a garden," where upon his creation "he put the man whom he had formed" (Ge 2:8).
In the Assyrian inscriptions idinu (Accadian, edin) means "plain" and it is from this that the Biblical word is probably derived. Following are the references to Eden in the Bible, aside from those in Ge 2 and 3: Ge 4:16; Isa 51:3; Eze 28:13; 31:9,16,18; 36:35; Joe 2:3. The Garden of Eden is said to be "eastward, in Eden" Ge (2:8); where the vegetation was luxurious (2:9) and the fig tree indigenous (3:7), and where it was watered by irrigation.
Eden
Delight. (1.) The garden in which our first parents dewlt (Gen. 2:8-17). No geographical question has been so much discussed as that bearing on its site. It has been placed in Armenia, in the region west of the Caspian Sea, in Media, near Damascus, in Palestine, in Southern Arabia, and in Babylonia. The site must undoubtedly be sought for somewhere along the course of the great streams the Tigris and the Euphrates of Western Asia, in “the land of Shinar” or Babylonia. The region from about lat. 33 degrees 30’ to lat. 31 degrees, which is a very rich and fertile tract, has been by the most competent authorities agreed on as the probable site of Eden. “It is a region where streams abound, where they divide and re-unite, where alone in the Mesopotamian tract can be found the phenomenon of a single river parting into four arms, each…
A Gershonite Levite, son of Joah, in the days of Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29:12) (B.C. 727.) Also a Levite, probably identical with the preceding. (2 Chronicles 31:15)
A province in Asia, in which was Paradise. "The Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed," Ge 2:8. The topography of Eden is thus described: "And a river went out of Eden to water the garden, and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the first is Pison," etc.
This obscure passage has received many different explanations and applications, none of which are fully satisfactory; and now it is impossible to say with certainty where Eden lay. Most writers have sought for it in some elevated and central region, the heights of which would give rise to various rivers flowing off in different directions through lower grounds to their outlets. Such a region exists in the high lands of Armenia, west of Mount Ararat and 5,000 feet above the sea. Here, within a circle but a…
רָכַל (rakal) is a primitive root meaning to travel for trading. It primarily refers to a trafficker or trader, indicating movement from one place to another for the purpose of commerce. The exact nuances of the term are uncertain, but it is consistently linked to the concept of trading.
[רָכַל] vb. prob. go about, from one to another
base
H7402 רָכַל
7402 rakal raw-kal'
a primitive root; to travel for trading:--(spice) merchant.
רָכַל (ra.khal) — to trade.
1) to go about (meaning uncertain)
1a) (Qal) trafficker, trader (participle) (subst)
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine plural commonHVqrmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
שְׁבָא (Shᵉbâ) refers to Sheba, a name associated with several early figures and a region in southern Arabia. It is linked to multiple descendants of patriarchs, including sons of Joktan and Raamah, and is noted for its meaning of 'seven' or 'an oath.' The entries indicate that Sheba can refer to both individuals and a nation.
שְׁבָא n.pr.gent. et terr. Shᵉbâ, in SW. Arabia
base
H7614 שְׁבָא Shᵉbâ, in SW. Arabia
7614 Shba' sheb-aw'
of foreign origin; Sheba, the name of three early progenitors
of tribes and of an Ethiopian district:--Sheba, Sabeans.
שְׁבָא (she.va) — Sheba.
A man of the Cushites living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.7;
son of: Raamah (H7484);
brother of: Dedan (H1719B); also called Sabean at Job.1.15; 3x
§ Sheba = "seven" or "an oath"
1) son of Joktan and a descendant of Seth
2) son of Raamah, grandson of Cush, and a descendant of Ham
3) son of Jokshan, the son of Abraham by Keturah
4) a nation in southern Arabia
שְׁבָא (she.va) — Sheba.
A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.28;
son of: Joktan (H3355);
brother of: Almodad (H0486), Sheleph (H8026), Hazarmaveth (H2700), Jerah (H3392), Hadoram (H1913A), Uzal (H0187), Diklah (H1853), Obal (H5745), Abimael (H0039), Ophir (H0211), Havilah (H2341I) and Jobab (H3103)
§ Sheba = "seven" or "an oath"
1) son of Joktan and a descendant of Seth
2) son of Raamah, grandson of Cush, and a descendant of Ham
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
Sheba
An oath, seven. (1.) Heb. shebha, the son of Raamah (Gen. 10:7), whose descendants settled with those of Dedan on the Persian Gulf.
(2.) Heb. id. A son of Joktan (Gen. 10:28), probably the founder of the Sabeans.
(3.) Heb. id. A son of Jokshan, who was a son of Abraham by Keturah (Gen. 25:3).
(4.) Heb. id. A kingdom in Arabia Felix. Sheba, in fact, was Saba in Southern Arabia, the Sabaeans of classical geography, who carried on the trade in spices with the other peoples of the ancient world. They were Semites, speaking one of the two main dialects of Himyaritic or South Arabic. Sheba had become a monarchy before the days of Solomon. Its queen brought him gold, spices, and precious stones (
one of the towns of the allotment of Simeon, (Joshua 19:2) probably the same as Shema. (Joshua 15:26)
1. Son of Raamah, Ge 10:7. His posterity is supposed to have settled near the head of the Persian Gulf. See CUSH and RAAMAH.
2. Son of Joktan, of the race of Shem, Ge 10:28. See SABEANS 2.
3. Son of Jokshan, and grandson of Abraham by Keturah, Ge 25:3. He is supposed to have settled in Arabia Deserta.
4. A turbulent Benjamite, who after the death of Absalom made a fruitless effort to excite a rebellion in Israel against David. Being pursued, and besieged in Abel-beth-maachah, near the southern part of Lebanon, he was beheaded by the people of the city, 2Sa 20:1-26.
captivity; old man; repose; oath
אַשּׁוּר (Ashshuwr) refers to Assyria, the ancient empire and its people, as well as Asshur, the second son of Shem. The term encompasses the region, the nation, and the descendants of Asshur. It is linked to the notion of success and is first mentioned in Genesis 10:22.
אַשּׁוּר n.pr.gent. & terr. Asshur, Assyria
base
H804 אַשּׁוּר Asshur, Assyria
804 'Ashshuwr ash-shoor'
or iAshshur {ash-shoor'}; apparently from 833 (in the sense
of successful); Ashshur, the second son of Shem; also his
descendants and the country occupied by them (i.e. Assyria),
its region and its empire:--Asshur, Assur, Assyria,
Assyrians. See 838.
see HEBREW for 0833
see HEBREW for 0838
אַשּׁוּר (ash.shur) — Assyria.
§ Asshur or Assyria = "a step"
the nation, Assyria
the land, Assyria or Asshur
אַשּׁוּר (ash.shur) — Asshur.
A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.22;
son of: Shem (H8035);
brother of: Elam (H5867C), Arpachshad (H0775), Lud (H3865) and Aram (H0758)
§ Asshur or Assyria = "a step"
1) the second son of Shem, eponymous ancestor of the Assyrians
2) the people of Assyria
3) the nation, Assyria
4) the land, Assyria or Asshur
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
Asshur
Second son of Shem (Gen. 10:22; 1 Chr. 1:17). He went from the land of Shinar and built Nineveh, etc. (Gen. 10:11,12). He probably gave his name to Assyria, which is the usual translation of the word, although the form Asshur is sometimes retained (Num. 24:22, 24; Ezek. 27:23, etc.). In Gen. 2:14 “Assyria” ought to be “Asshur,” which was the original capital of Assyria, a city represented by the mounds of Kalah Sherghat, on the west bank of the Tigris. This city was founded by Bel-kap-kapu about B.C. 1700. At a later date the capital was shifted to Ninua, or…
second son of Shem, (Genesis 10:22) also the Hebrew form for Assyria. [ASSYRIA, ASSHUR]
כִּלְמָד (kilmad) refers to a location, specifically a city in the Assyrian empire, mentioned in Ezekiel 27:23. It is associated with the term 'enclosure' and is linked to the regions of Sheba and Asshur. The word is of foreign derivation, indicating its roots outside of Hebrew.
כִּלְמָד n.pr.loc. Ez 27:23, named after אַשּׁוּר
ref
H3638 כִּלְמָד
3638 Kilmad kil-mawd'
of foreign derivation; Kilmad, a place apparently in the
Assyrian empire:--Chilmad.
כִּלְמָד (kil.mad) — Chilmad.
§ Chilmad = "enclosure"
a city of Assyria mentioned in conjunction with Sheba and Asshur
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
kil'-mad (kilmadh; Charman): A city or district mentioned after Sheba and Asshur as supplying merchandise to Tyre (Eze 27:23). By changing "m" into "w" (common in Assytoprian-Babylonian) this has been compared with Kalwadha near Bagdad (G. Smith, Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, I, 61; Delitzsch, Paradies, 206), but the identification seems improbable. Though regarded as the name of a country in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A. D.) (Charman; Chelmad), there is some doubt whether this view of the word is correct. The Targum substitutes Madhai, "Media," and on this account Mez (Stadt Harran, 24) amends to Kol Madhai, "all Media." The absence of the copula "and" has caused others to further modify the vocalization, and by reading kelimmudh instead of Chilmad, the sense "Asshur was as…
Chilmad
A place or country unknown which, along with Sheba and Asshur, traded with Tyre (Ezek. 27:23).
(enclosure), a place or country mentioned in conjunction with Sheba and Asshur. (Ezekiel 27:23)
teaching or learning
רָכַל (rakal) is a primitive root meaning to travel for trading. It primarily refers to a trafficker or trader, indicating movement from one place to another for the purpose of commerce. The exact nuances of the term are uncertain, but it is consistently linked to the concept of trading.
[רָכַל] vb. prob. go about, from one to another
base
H7402 רָכַל
7402 rakal raw-kal'
a primitive root; to travel for trading:--(spice) merchant.
רָכַל (ra.khal) — to trade.
1) to go about (meaning uncertain)
1a) (Qal) trafficker, trader (participle) (subst)
V-Qal | Suff — Verb qal participle (active) feminine singular common · suffixHVqrfsc/Sp2fs