Ezekiel 27:19 — Word Study
WLCוְדָ֤ן וְיָוָן֙ מְאוּזָּ֔ל בְּעִזְבוֹנַ֖יִךְ נָתָ֑נּוּ בַּרְזֶ֤ל עָשׁוֹת֙ קִדָּ֣ה וְקָנֶ֔ה בְּמַעֲרָבֵ֖ךְ הָיָֽה׃
BSAand casks of wineVᵉdân△ [a place in Arabia] from IzalʼÛwzâl [Uzal, a son of Joktan] for your waresʻizzâbôwn [goods or merchandise] Wroughtʻâshôwth△ [smooth, polished] ironbarzel cassiaqiddâh [a type of spice, the bark of the cassia tree] and sweet caneqâneh [a branch or reed, used for measurement or support] were exchangednâthan■ [traded, given] for your merchandisemaʻărâb [the exchange of goods or trade]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וְדָ֤ן | Vedan | Noun proper |
| וְיָוָן֙ | and Javan | Conjunction, noun proper |
| מְאוּזָּ֔ל | from Uzal | Preposition, noun proper |
| בְּעִזְבוֹנַ֖יִךְ | for wares your | Preposition, noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| נָתָ֑נּוּ | they exchanged | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| בַּרְזֶ֤ל | iron | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| עָשׁוֹת֙ | wrought | Adj |
| קִדָּ֣ה | cassia | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| וְקָנֶ֔ה | and calamus | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| בְּמַעֲרָבֵ֖ךְ | for merchandise your | Preposition, noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| הָיָֽה׃ | it was | Verb, Qal, perfect third person masculine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | and casks of wine from Izal for your wares. Wrought iron, cassia, and sweet cane were exchanged for your merchandise. |
| KJV | Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in thy market. |
| ASV | Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for thy wares: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were among thy merchandise. |
| YLT | Vedan and Javan go about with thy remnants, They have given shining iron, cassia, and cane, In thy merchandise it hath been. |
| WEB | “‘“Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for your wares; wrought iron, cassia, and calamus were among your merchandise. |
| BBE | ... for your goods: they gave polished iron and spices for your goods. |
Where they part company is עָשׁוֹת — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence structure highlights the exchange of goods, with the main clause stating what was traded and the subordinate clause detailing the items involved.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbנָתַן
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
2 of 11 occur nowhere else in the Old Testament — words chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Ezekiel 27:19
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Trade of Tyregenerated
Ezekiel 27:19 describes the rich trade of Tyre, detailing various goods exchanged with other nations. This verse specifically mentions casks of wine from Izal, wrought iron, cassia, and sweet cane, illustrating the diverse commodities that flowed through Tyre's markets. The trading relationships highlight the economic significance of Tyre in the ancient world, as it engaged with different regions and cultures.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Judges 18:29 | They named it Dan, after their forefather Dan, who was born to Israel—though the city was formerly named Laish. |
| 2 | Exodus 30:23–24 | “Take the finest spices: 500 shekels of liquid myrrh, half that amount (250 shekels) of fragrant cinnamon, 250 shekels of fragrant cane, |
| 3 | Psalm 45:8 | All your garments are fragrant with myrrh and aloes and cassia; from palaces of ivory the harps make you glad. |
| 4 | Song of Solomon 4:13–14 |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — עָשׁוֹת, 'a.shOtgenerated
The Hebrew word עָשׁוֹת ('a.shOt) is an adjective meaning smooth or polished, often used to describe objects that are shiny or well-finished. It appears in this verse to characterize the quality of the iron being traded, suggesting that it is not just raw material but refined and crafted.
This word is derived from a root meaning to shine or polish, emphasizing the craftsmanship involved in the goods exchanged. The use of this term in the context of trade indicates the importance of quality in the marketplace.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses the term wrought to describe the iron. The KJV and ASV also use wrought, maintaining the emphasis on the quality of the iron.
Where translations differ is in the rendering of עָשׁוֹת. The BBE opts for polished, suggesting a slightly different nuance in the quality of the iron compared to the other versions.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb נָתָ֑נּוּ (na.Ta.nu), meaning 'they exchanged', governs the entire verse. It is supported by two noun phrases that detail the goods involved in the exchange: 'casks of wine' and 'wrought iron, cassia, and sweet cane'.
The structure of the verse emphasizes the act of exchange, with the goods listed following the main verb. This arrangement highlights the items being traded, showcasing the wealth and variety of Tyre's commerce.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the Hebrew עָשׁוֹת is rendered as ἔδωκαν (edōkan), meaning 'they gave'. This choice reflects a broader interpretation of the exchange process, focusing on the act of giving rather than the quality of the items.
The translation indicates a shift from the specific quality of the goods to the relational aspect of trade, emphasizing the interaction between the trading parties.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Ezekiel 27:19 describes the trade of Tyre, mentioning various goods exchanged, including wine, iron, and spices. This verse highlights the economic activity of Tyre and its importance in the ancient world.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Tyre traded a variety of goods, including wine, iron, cassia, and sweet cane, indicating its role as a major trading hub.
Wrought iron refers to iron that has been refined and polished, suggesting high quality and craftsmanship in the goods being traded.
Uzal is mentioned as the source of the wine, indicating the geographical connections and trade routes that Tyre engaged in.
The verse illustrates the diverse range of products exchanged, showcasing Tyre's wealth and its significance in ancient trade networks.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What modern goods do we trade that are similar to those mentioned in this verse?
- How can understanding ancient trade practices inform our view of modern commerce?
- What qualities do we value in the goods we exchange today, similar to the quality of wrought iron in ancient times?
- In what ways can we appreciate the historical significance of trade in shaping cultures and economies?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Jerome comments on the trade goods mentioned in this verse, noting the significance of wrought iron and spices in the markets of Tyre.
Both Greece and Mozel (also known as Moscow) have put forward wrought iron during your markets. Stacte and calamus are in your business dealings. The Septuagint version adds the following about Dan, Javan, and Mozel in your markets.Early Church Fathers on Ezekiel 27 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Ezekiel 27:19 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleDan also and Javan, going to and fro, occupied in thy fairs,.... Either the inhabitants of the tribe of Dan in general; or of Laish, sometime called Dan, and in later times Caesarea Philippi, which
Read John Gill on Ezekiel 27 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryDan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in thy market. Dan also. None of the other places enumerated commence with the copula (also; Hebrew, wª-).
Read Robert Jamieson on Ezekiel 27 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleIf it were the tribe of Dan, it must be understood of a time before the captivity of the ten tribes; but there is a learned man tells us of Dana a city of Taprobana, or the island Zeilan mentioned by Ptolemy, and this learned man will have this meant. Javan; not Javan or Greece, saith that learned man, but another Javan in the isle Meroe in remote parts of Egypt, where is a principal town Uzal, or Asel, from whence these merchants came, and therefore styled Javan of Uzal, or Jayan Meuzal. And if the cassia or calamus, mentioned in the verse, were the wares brought in by the Danites and Javanites, I should go as far as Meroe and Taprobana to send them; but if the cassia and calamus were…
Read Matthew Poole on Ezekiel 27 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsEzekiel 27:19 Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in thy market.Ver. 19. Dan also.] Anciently called Laish. Javan, or the Grecians, were great travellers. Going to and fro.] Discursatory. “ Impiger extremos currit mercator ad Indos. ” - Horat. Graecus vagabundus. - Vatab.
Read John Trapp on Ezekiel 27 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(19) Dan also and Javan.—This is the only instance in this enumeration in which the name of a people is introduced with a conjunction. Besides this structural difficulty, there seems no appropriateness in the name Dan, a tribe of Israel long since carried into captivity. The city Dan was of quite too little prominence to be mentioned here. It is probable, therefore, that what our translators have taken for the conjunction is really a part of the name Vedan, a place in Arabia not elsewhere mentioned, but which some suppose to be Aden. Javan does not here stand for Greece, but for an Arabian place or tribe, which there is reason to think is Yemen. Going to and fro.—The margin is better…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Ezekiel 27 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 19. Dan also and Javan] It is probable that both these words mean some of the Grecian islands. Going to and fro] They both took and brought-imported and exported: but מאוזל meuzal, from uzal, may be a proper name. What place is signified I cannot tell, unless it be Azal, a name, according to Kamoos, of the capital of Arabia Felix.
Read AdamClarke on Ezekiel 27 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges19. Dan also and Javan] This is certainly incorrect; none of the verses begins with and or also, and any reference to Dan is out of the question. The word rendered “going to and fro” was translated by Ges. “spun,” i.e. yarn (and so R.V.): Wedan and Javan brought as thy wares yarn. The word is more probably a proper name and to be rendered from Uzal. Uzal (Genesis 10:27) is supposed to be identical with San‘âa, the capital of Yemen in S. Arabia. LXX. omits wedan and for Javan reads “wine” (a similar word). The text is probably in disorder. In all other cases the phrase “brought as thy wares” ends the verse, and possibly the first words of Eze 27:19 should be attached to Ezekiel 27:18. So…
Read Cambridge on Ezekiel 27 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible19. Dan… and Javan… fairs — R.V. reads, “Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for thy wares.” For Javan see note Ezekiel 27:13.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Ezekiel 27 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
and casks of wine from Izal for your wares. Wrought iron, cassia, and sweet cane were exchanged for your merchandise.
“‘“Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for your wares; wrought iron, cassia, and calamus were among your merchandise.
and casks of wine from Izal for your wares. Wrought iron, cassia, and sweet cane were exchanged for your merchandise.
and casks of wine from Izal they exchanged for your products. Wrought iron, cassia, and sweet cane were among your merchandise.
Tyndale line
Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in thy market.
Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for thy wares: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were among thy merchandise.
Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for thy wares: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were among thy merchandise.
Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in thy market.
They of Dan also and of Iauan, going to and from, occupied in thy faires: yron woorke, cassia and calamus were among thy marchandise.
Strictly literal
Vedan and Javan of Uzal traded in thy markets: wrought iron, cassia, and calamus were in thy traffic.
Vedan and Javan go about with thy remnants, They have given shining iron, cassia, and cane, In thy merchandise it hath been.
Dan and Javan go about with your wares, || They have given shining iron, cassia, and cane, || It has been in your merchandise.
Dan also and Javan brought silken goods into thy warehouses: hardened iron, cassia, and calamus came among thy commerce.
Dan and Javan from Izal provided you with merchandise of wrought iron, cinnamon, and calamus. This became merchandise for you.
From the Latin
Dan, and Greece, and Mosel have set forth in thy marts wrought iron: stacte, and calamus were in thy market.
Simplified
Vedan and Javan from Izal bought your goods using wrought iron, cassia, and sweet calamus.
... for your goods: they gave polished iron and spices for your goods.
Word by word, the decisions they made
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in content, with 8 of the 11 words matched. However, the Septuagint's word order and phrasing differ, reflecting its own interpretative choices in conveying the message.
וְדָ֤ן וְיָוָן֙ מְאוּזָּ֔ל בְּעִזְבוֹנַ֖יִךְ נָתָ֑נּוּ בַּרְזֶ֤ל עָשׁוֹת֙ קִדָּ֣ה וְקָנֶ֔ה בְּמַעֲרָבֵ֖ךְ הָיָֽה׃
8 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Ezekiel 27:19
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
וְדָן (ve.dan) refers to a proper noun, specifically a location that is uncertain but possibly near Medina in Arabia. It appears in the Old Testament only in Ezekiel 27:19. The term may also be interpreted as 'and Dan,' and some sources suggest it could refer to casks.
וְדָן, appar. n.pr.loc., only in Ez 27:19 but identif. wholly dub.
ref
H2051 וְדָן
2051 Vdan ved-awn'
perhaps for 5730; Vedan (or Aden), a place in Arabia:--Dan
also.
see HEBREW for 05730
וְדָן (ve.dan) — casks.
§ Vedan = "and Dan"
a place, site uncertain, perhaps near Medina in Arabia or may simply be read 'even Dan'
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
ve'-dan (wedhan): A place-name occurring only in Eze 27:19, "Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for thy wares." the King James Version, taking the syllable we as the Hebrew conjunction, renders "and Da also." The text is in bad condition. Some read "Dedan," but Dedan is spoken of separately in the following verse. Assuming that Vedan is the correct reading, an identification may be conjectured with Waddan, also called al-`Abwa`, between Mecca and Medina. It was the object of Mohammed's first expedition (Ibn Hisham, 415). The name contains that of the god Wadd who was worshipped chiefly by the Arab tribe Kalb.
A. S. Fulton
→ A place whose merchants traded with Tyre Eze 27:19
→ In A. V., called DAN
יָוָן (yavan) refers to Javan, a son of Japheth mentioned in Genesis 10:2, and denotes the region of Greece or Ionia, as well as the descendants of Javan, known as Ionians. The term captures both a historical figure and a geographical location, emphasizing the connection between the ancient people and their territory.
יָוָן n.pr.gent. Ionia(ns), Greece
base
H3120 יָוָן Ionia(ns), Greece
3120 Yavan yaw-vawn'
probably from the same as 3196; effervescing (i.e. hot and
active); Javan, the name of a son of Joktan, and of the race
(Ionians, i.e. Greeks) descended from him, with their
territory; also of a place in Arabia:--Javan.
see HEBREW for 03196
יָוָן (ya.van) — Javan.
A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.2;
son of: Japheth (H3315);
brother of: Gomer (H1586), Magog (H4031), Madai (H4074), Tubal (H8422), Meshech (H4902) and Tiras (H8494);
father of: Elishah (H0473), Tarshish (H8659), Kittim (H3794) and Dodanim (H1721); also called Greek at Jol.3.6 + NT.
§ Javan = "Ionia" or "Greece"
1) a son of Japheth and grandson of Noah
2) Greece, Ionia, Ionians
2a) location of descendants of Javan
יָוָן (ya.van) — Greece.
§ Javan = "Ionia" or "Greece"
1) Greece, Ionia, Ionians
2) location of descendants of Javan
HC/Npl — Conjunction · noun properHC/Npl
ja'-van (yawan, meaning unknown):
(1) In Ge 10:2,4 = 1Ch 1:5,7 Septuagint Iouan); Isa 66:19; Eze 27:13 Septuagint Hellas, Greece); Da 8:21 m; 10:20; 11:2; Zec 9:13; Joe 3:6 (Hebrew 4:6) Septuagint hoi Hellenes, i.e. "Greeks"), "son" of Japheth, and "father" of Elisha, Tars, Kittim, and Rodarim, i.e. Rhodes (incorrectly "Dodanim" in Ge 10:4). Javan is the Greek Iaon or Ia(v)on, and in Ge and 1Ch = the Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor, probably here = Cyprus. The…
Javan
(1.) The fourth “son” of Japheth (Gen. 10:2), whose descendants settled in Greece, i.e., Ionia, which bears the name of Javan in Hebrew. Alexander the Great is called the “king of Javan” (rendered “Grecia,” Dan. 8:21; 10:20; comp. 11:2; Zech. 9:13). This word was universally used by the nations of the East as the generic name of the Greek race.
(2.) A town or district of Arabia Felix, from which the Syrians obtained iron, cassia, and calamus (Ezek. 27:19).
(clay). A son of Japheth. (Genesis 10:2,4) Javan was regarded as the representative of the Greek race. The name was probably introduced into Asia by the Phoenicians, to whom the Ionians were naturally better known than any other of the Hellenic races, on account of their commercial activity and the high prosperity of their towns on the western coast of Asia Minor. A town in the souther part of Arabia (Yemen), whither the Phoenicians traded. (Ezekiel 27:19)
The fourth son of Japheth, Ge 10:2,4. This name is the same as the Greek Ion, whence comes Ionia, and it is understood that Javan was the ancestor of the Greeks. See GREECE.
אוּזָל (u.zal) refers to Uzal, the sixth son of Joktan, mentioned in the genealogies of Genesis 10:27. The name is noted to mean 'I shall be flooded.' Uzal is associated with a number of brothers, including Almodad and Sheleph, among others.
אוּזָל n.pr.m. 6th son of Joktan
base
H187 אוּזָל 6th son of Joktan
187 'Uwzal oo-zawl'
of uncertain derivation; Uzal, a son of Joktan:--Uzal.
אוּזָל (u.zal) — Uzal.
A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.27;
son of: Joktan (H3355);
brother of: Almodad (H0486), Sheleph (H8026), Hazarmaveth (H2700), Jerah (H3392), Hadoram (H1913A), Diklah (H1853), Obal (H5745), Abimael (H0039), Sheba (H7614H), Ophir (H0211), Havilah (H2341I) and Jobab (H3103)
§ Uzal = "I shall be flooded"
sixth son Joktan
אוּזָל (u.zal) — Uzal.
§ Uzal = "I shall be flooded"
sixth son Joktan
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun properHR/Npl
u'-zal ('uzal): Sixth son of Joktan (Ge 10:27; 1Ch 1:21). Uzal as the name of a place perhaps occurs in Eze 27:19. the Revised Version (British and American) reads, "Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for thy wares." Here an obscure verbal form, me'uzzal, is taken to mean "something spun," "yarn." But with a very slight change we may read me'uzal = "from Uzal."
The name is identical with the Arabic `Auzal, the old capital of Yemen, later called San`a'. San`a' is described as standing high above sea-level in a fertile land, and traversed by a river bed which in the rainy season becomes a torrent. Under the Himyarite dynasty it succeeded Zafar as the residence of the Tubba`s. If it is the same place as the Audzara or Ausara of the…
Uzal
A wanderer, a descendant of Joktan (Gen. 10:27; 1 Chr. 1:21), the founder apparently of one of the Arab tribes; the name also probably of the province they occupied and of their chief city.
(separate), the sixth son of Joktan, (Genesis 10:27; 1 Chronicles 1:21) whose settlements are clearly traced in the ancient name of San’a , the capital city of the Yemen (a district of Arabia), which was originally Awzal . From its position in the centre of the best portion of that kingdom it must always have been an important city. (San’a is situated about 150 miles from Aden and 100 miles from the coast of the Red Sea. It is one of the most imposing cities of Arabia -ED.)
A son of Joktan, located in Arabia Felix, Ge 10:27.
עִזָּבוֹן (izzabown) refers to wares or goods, particularly those that remain with the purchaser after a transaction. It is derived from the root meaning to let go or sell, indicating a connection to trade and commerce. The term is noted in the plural form, suggesting a range of items rather than a single good.
[עִזָּבוֹן] n.[m.] only pl. wares (as left in the purchaser’s hand)
base
H5801 עִזָּבוֹן
5801 `izzabown iz-zaw-bone'
from 5800 in the sense of letting go (for a price, i.e.
selling); trade, i.e. the place (mart) or the payment
(revenue):--fair, ware.
see HEBREW for 05800
עִזָּבוֹן (iz.za.von) — ware.
wares, goods
Prep | N-mp | Suff — Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHR/Ncmpc/Sp2fs
The Hebrew word נָתַן (natan) means 'to give' and encompasses a wide range of applications such as putting, setting, and making. It can also indicate actions like bestowing, delivering, and assigning. The entries describe its use in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hophal, but do not present any significant disagreements among lexicons.
נָתַן 2007 vb. give, put, set
Qal 1917
give
Put, set
Make, constitute
Niph.
82be given
Be put, set
Hoph.
be given, bestowed
= be given to one for wife
be put upon
base
H5414 נָתַן give, put, set .. give
. Put, set
. Make, constitute
. . be given
. Be put, set
. . . be given, bestowed
. = be given to one for wife
. be put upon
5414 nathan naw-than'
a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of
application (put, make, etc.):--add, apply, appoint, ascribe,
assign, X avenge, X be ((healed)), bestow, bring (forth,
hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, +
cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, X doubtless, X
without fail, fasten, frame, X get, give (forth, over, up),
grant, hang (up), X have, X indeed, lay (unto charge, up),
(give) leave, lend, let (out), + lie, lift up, make, + O that,
occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, X
pull , put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send
(out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), + sing, + slander,
strike, (sub-)mit, suffer, X surely, X take, thrust, trade,
turn, utter, + weep, + willingly, + withdraw, + would (to)
God, yield.
נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: give.
: give/deliver/send/produce
1) to give, put, set
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to give, bestow, grant, permit, ascribe, employ, devote, consecrate, dedicate, pay wages, sell, exchange, lend, commit, entrust, give over, deliver up, yield produce, occasion, produce, requite to, report, mention, utter, stretch out, extend
1a2) to put, set, put on, put upon, set, appoint, assign, designate
1a3) to make, constitute
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be given, be bestowed, be provided, be entrusted to, be granted to, be permitted, be issued, be published, be uttered, be assigned
1b2) to be set, be put, be made, be inflicted
1c) (Hophal)
1c1) to be given, be bestowed, be given up, be delivered up
1c2) to be put upon
נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: put.
: put/set/apppoint
1) to give, put, set
1a) (Qal)
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
בַּרְזֶל (barzel) means 'iron' and can refer to iron ore or iron implements like tools and utensils. It also carries figurative meanings related to harshness, strength, or oppression. The word may be derived from a root associated with cutting. There is an Aramaic equivalent, פַּרְזֶל (parzel), also meaning 'iron'.
בַּרְזֶל n.m. iron
iron, lit.
tool of iron
iron in fig. of unwatered earth
base
H1270 בַּרְזֶל iron
1270 barzel bar-zel'
perhaps from the root of 1269; iron (as cutting); by
extension, an iron implement:--(ax) head, iron.
see HEBREW for 01269
בַּרְזֶל (bar.zel) — iron.
1) iron
1a) iron
1a1) iron ore
1a2) as material of furniture, utensils, implements
2) tool of iron
3) harshness, strength, oppression (fig.)
Aramaic equivalent: par.zel (פַּרְזֶל "iron" H6523)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
Iron
Tubal-Cain is the first-mentioned worker in iron (Gen. 4:22). The Egyptians wrought it at Sinai before the Exodus. David prepared it in great abundance for the temple (1 Chr. 22:3: 29:7). The merchants of Dan and Javan brought it to the market of Tyre (Ezek. 27:19). Various instruments are mentioned as made of iron (Deut. 27:5; 19:5; Josh. 17:16, 18; 1 Sam. 17:7; 2 Sam. 12:31; 2 Kings 6:5, 6; 1 Chr.…
is mentioned with brass as the earliest of known metals. (Genesis 4:22) The natural wealth in iron of the soil of Canaan is indicated by describing it as a land whose stones are iron." (8:9) (Recent explorations have shown that iron ore is abundant in the northern part of Palestine. --ED.) The book of Job contains passages which indicate that iron was a metal well known. Sheet-iron was used for cooking utensils. (Ezekiel 4:3) cf. Levi 7:9 That it was plentiful in the time of David appears from (1 Chronicles 22:3) The market of Tyre was supplied with bright or polished iron by the merchants of by Dan and Javan. (Ezekiel 27:19) The Chalybes of the Pontus were celebrated as…
Was early known and wrought, Ge 4:22. Moses often alludes to it. He compares the bondage in Egypt to a furnace for smelting iron, and speaks of the iron ore of Canaan, De 3:11 4:20 8:9. Many different articles and tools were anciently made of it. Immense quantities were provided for the building of the temple, 1Ch 29:2,7. "Iron" is used to illustrated slavery, strength, obstinacy, fortitude, affliction, etc., De 28:48 Job 40:18 Isa 48:4 Jer 1:18 Eze 22:18,20…
עָשׁוֹת (ashowth) is an adjective meaning smooth or shiny, derived from the root meaning to shine or polish. The primary reference is in Ezekiel 27:19, where it describes merchandise from Tyre. The lexicons agree on its meaning and usage.
עָשׁוֹת adj. smooth ?—only Ez 27:19 as merchandise of Tyre
ref
H6219 עָשׁוֹת
6219 `ashowth aw-shoth'
from 6245; shining, i.e. polished:--bright.
see HEBREW for 06245
עָשׁוֹת (a.shot) — smooth.
smooth, shiny
Adj — AdjHAafpa
The Hebrew word קִדָּה (*qiddah*) refers to cassia, a type of spice. It is derived from the root word for a similar term, and is noted in various lexicons as a spice commonly associated with aromatic properties.
קִדָּה n.f. a spice, usu. cassia
base
H6916 קִדָּה
6916 qiddah kid-daw'
from 6915; cassia bark (as in shrivelled rolls):--cassia.
see HEBREW for 06915
קִדָּה (qid.dah) — cassia.
a spice-cassia
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
kash'-a: Two Hebrew words,
(1) qiddah, which is mentioned, along with myrrh, cinnamon, calamus and olive oil, as one of the ingredients of the "holy anointing oil" (Ex 30:24); it was, too, one of the wares in which Vedan and Javan traded with Tyre (Eze 27:19); it is identified in the Peshitta and the Targum with (2).
(2) qetsi`oth (plural only, probably referring to the strips of bark), a word from which is derived the Greek kasia, and hence, cassia (Ps 45:8).
It is probable that both (1) and (2) refer to Cassia lignea, the inner bark of Cinnamomum cassia, a plant growing in eastern Asia closely allied to that which yields the cinnamon of commerce. It is a fragrant, aromatic bark and was probably used in a powdered form. Both as…
Cassia
(1.) Hebrew kiddah’, i.e., “split.” One of the principal spices of the holy anointing oil (Ex. 30:24), and an article of commerce (Ezek. 27:19). It is the inner bark of a tree resembling the cinnamon (q.v.), the Cinnamomum cassia of botanists, and was probably imported from India.
(2.) Hebrew pl. ketzi’oth (Ps. 45:8). Mentioned in connection with myrrh and aloes as being used to scent garments. It was probably prepared from the peeled bark, as the Hebrew word suggests, of some kind of cinnamon.
(Exodus 30;24; Ezekiel 27:19) The cassia bark of commerce is yielded by various kinds of Cinnamomum , which grow in different parts of India. The Hebrew word in (Psalms 45:8) is generally supposed to be another term for cassia.
The Hebrew word קָנֶה (*qaneh*) refers to a stalk or reed, often associated with plants like calamus. It has various derived meanings, including measuring-rod and unit of measure (6 cubits), as well as applications in scales and lampstands. The word is built from a root that implies an erect structure, covering a range of uses from botanical to functional.
קָנֶה 62 n.m. stalk, reed
stalk of grain
water-plant, reed
calamus, aromatic reed
derived meanings:
measuring-rod
unit of measure, reed (of 6 cubits)
beam of scales, for scales themselves
shaft of lamp-stand
branches thereof
shoulder-joint
base
H7070 קָנֶה stalk, reed . stalk of grain
. water-plant, reed
. calamus, aromatic reed
. derived meanings: . measuring-rod
. unit of measure, reed (of 6 cubits)
. beam of scales, for scales themselves
. shaft of lamp-stand
. branches thereof
. shoulder-joint
7070 qaneh kaw-neh'
from 7069; a reed (as erect); by resemblance a rod
(especially for measuring), shaft, tube, stem, the radius (of
the arm), beam (of a steelyard):--balance, bone, branch,
calamus, cane, reed, X spearman, stalk.
see HEBREW for 07069
קָנֶה (qa.neh) — branch.
: branch
1) reed, stalk, bone, balances
1a) stalk
1b) water-plant, reed
1c) calamus (aromatic reed)
1d) derived meanings
1d1) measuring-rod
1d2) reed (as unit of measure-6 cubits)
1d3) beam (of scales-for scales themselves)
1d4) shaft (of lampstand)
1d5) branches (of lampstand)
1d6) shoulder-joint
קָנֶה (qa.neh) — branch: stem.
: stem/reed
1) reed, stalk, bone, balances
1a) stalk
1b) water-plant, reed
1c) calamus (aromatic reed)
1d) derived meanings
1d1) measuring-rod
1d2) reed (as unit of measure-6 cubits)
1d3) beam (of scales-for scales themselves)
1d4) shaft (of lampstand)
1d5) branches (of lampstand)
1d6) shoulder-joint
קָנֶה (qa.neh) — branch: measuring rod.
: measuring_rod
1) reed, stalk, bone, balances
1a) stalk
1b) water-plant, reed
1c) calamus (aromatic reed)
1d) derived meanings
1d1) measuring-rod
1d2) reed (as unit of measure-6 cubits)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
kal'-a-mus. See REED.
Calamus
The Latin for cane, Hebrew Kaneh, mentioned (Ex. 30:23) as one of the ingredients in the holy anointing oil, one of the sweet scents (Cant. 4:14), and among the articles sold in the markets of Tyre (Ezek. 27:19). The word designates an Oriental plant called the “sweet flag,” the Acorus calamus of Linnaeus. It is elsewhere called “sweet cane” (Isa. 43:24; Jer. 6:20). It has an aromatic smell, and when its knotted stalk is cut and dried and reduced to powder, it forms an ingredient in the most precious perfumes. It was not a native of Palestine, but was imported from Arabia Felix or from India. It was probably…
[REED]
See CANE.
מַעֲרָב (ma'arav) refers to merchandise or articles of exchange, primarily associated with trade. It is derived from a root meaning related to trading and is specifically mentioned in the context of Tyre in Ezekiel 27. The term encompasses mercantile goods and the concept of a market.
[מַעֲרָב] n.m. usu. coll. articles of exchange, merchandise (only of Tyre, Ez 27)
base
H4627 מַעֲרָב
4627 ma`arab mah-ar-awb'
from 6148, in the sense of trading; traffic; by implication,
mercantile goods:--market, merchandise.
see HEBREW for 06148
מַעֲרָב (ma.a.rav) — merchandise.
merchandise, articles of exchange
Prep | N-ms | Suff — Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHR/Ncmsc/Sp2fs
The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be
Qal
Fall out, happen
occur, take place, come about, come to pass
esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass
וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
Come into being, become
abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
sq. prep.
become
sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
sq. pred. adj.
become like
sq. pred. לְ pers.
sq. לְ pred.
oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.
with עַל and לְ
sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)
exist, be in existence
abide, remain, continue
with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie
as copula, joining subj. & pred.
H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen
. occur, take place, come about, come to pass
. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
. sq. prep.
. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
. sq. pred. adj.
. become like
. sq. pred. + לְ pers.
. sq. לְ pred.
. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.
. with עַל and לְ
. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence
. abide, remain, continue
1961 hayah haw-yaw
a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,
come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or
auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,
committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,
fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit
(one-)self, require, X use.
see HEBREW for 01933
הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.
1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out
1a) (Qal)
1a1) ---
1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass
1a1b) to come about, come to pass
1a2) to come into being, become
1a2a) to arise, appear, come
1a2b) to become
1a2b1) to become
1a2b2) to become like
1a2b3) to be instituted, be established
1a3) to be
1a3a) to exist, be in existence
1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)
1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)
1a3d) to accompany, be with
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about
1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone
HVqp3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singularHVqp3ms