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Song of Solomon 4:14 — Word Study

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WLCנֵ֣רְדְּ׀ וְכַרְכֹּ֗ם קָנֶה֙ וְקִנָּמ֔וֹן עִ֖ם כָּל־ עֲצֵ֣י לְבוֹנָ֑ה מֹ֚ר וַאֲהָל֔וֹת עִ֖ם כָּל־ רָאשֵׁ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים׃

BSAwith nardnêrd [a fragrant plant from India] and saffronkarkôm [used for flavor and medicine] [with] calamusqâneh [a type of reed] and cinnamonqinnâmôwn [a fragrant bark] withʻim every kindkôl of frankincenselᵉbôwnâh [white resin used for incense] treeʻêts with myrrhmôr [a bitter resin] and aloesʼăhâlîym [a perfume or medicinal plant] withʻim allkôl [everything] the finestrôʼsh [chief] spicesbesem [pleasant smells]

Word
Listen & take awaySong of Solomon 4
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ve.sa.Mim) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Song of Solomon 4:14quick helps
In a sentenceThe verse lists various fragrant spices and plants, emphasizing their aromatic qualities.
What is being describedA collection of luxurious and fragrant items, often associated with love and beauty.
Where we arePart of a poetic celebration of love and desire in the Song of Solomon.
The hard wordנֵרְדְּ
Take awayThese spices symbolize richness and the beauty of love.
clause The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 14 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Song of Solomon 4:14

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Fragrance of Lovegenerated

13Your branches are an orchard of pomegranates with the choicest of fruits, with henna and nard,
14with nard and saffron, with calamus and cinnamon, with every kind of frankincense tree, with myrrh and aloes, with all the finest spices.
15You are a garden spring, a well of fresh water flowing down from Lebanon.
16Awake, O north wind, and come, O south wind. Breathe on my garden and spread the fragrance of its spices. Let my beloved come into his garden and taste its choicest fruits.

Song of Solomon 4:14 presents a vivid imagery of various fragrant plants and spices, which are often associated with love and beauty. This verse is part of a larger poetic expression celebrating the beloved's beauty and desirability, as seen in the surrounding verses that highlight the richness of nature and the pleasures of love.


The Key Word נֵרְדְּ, Ne.redgenerated

The word נֵרְדְּ (nerd) refers to nard, specifically spikenard, which is an aromatic plant known for its fragrance and originates from India. It is valued for its aromatic oil and has historical significance in ancient rituals, including anointing.

Nard is mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible, often in contexts that emphasize its luxurious and fragrant qualities, making it a symbol of love and devotion.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main clause is structured around a series of noun phrases, each describing a different fragrant item, with the finite verb implied in the poetic form. The prepositional phrases introduce the various spices, emphasizing their collective presence.

The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the items listed, creating a rhythm that enhances the sensory imagery of the verse. Each aromatic element contributes to the overall theme of beauty and allure.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, the word for nard is rendered as νάρδος, which carries the same aromatic connotation. This choice reflects the translators' understanding of nard as a valuable and fragrant substance.

The use of κρόκος for saffron in the Septuagint indicates a focus on the distinct qualities of the spice, highlighting its importance in both culinary and medicinal contexts.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Song of Solomon 4:14 lists various fragrant items like nard, saffron, calamus, and myrrh, which are associated with beauty and love. This verse is part of a poetic celebration, emphasizing the rich aromas that symbolize affection and desire.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What is the significance of the spices mentioned?

The spices symbolize luxury, beauty, and the richness of love, often used in ancient cultures for perfumes and rituals.

Why is nard specifically highlighted?

Nard is valued for its fragrance and is often associated with acts of devotion and love, making it a fitting symbol in this context.

How do these spices relate to the themes of the Song of Solomon?

The spices enhance the imagery of love and desire, illustrating the beauty and richness of the beloved.

What do the different translations tell us about understanding this verse?

Translations can reflect different nuances in the Hebrew terms, particularly in how comprehensively they convey the sense of abundance and variety in the spices.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What do these fragrant items reveal about the nature of love in the context of this poem?
  2. How can we appreciate the beauty of nature in our expressions of love?
  3. In what ways do the aromas of our lives reflect our relationships with others?
  4. How can we incorporate the richness of these symbols into our understanding of love and beauty?

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

with nard and saffron, with calamus and cinnamon, with every kind of frankincense tree, with myrrh and aloes, with all the finest spices.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

spikenard and saffron, calamus and cinnamon, with every kind of incense tree; myrrh and aloes, with all the best spices,

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

with nard and saffron, with calamus and cinnamon, with every kind of frankincense tree, with myrrh and aloes, with all the finest spices.

NETBNew English Translation2006

nard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon with every kind of spice, myrrh and aloes with all the finest spices.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices:

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Spikenard and saffron, Calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; Myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Spikenard and saffron, calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices:

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Euen spikenarde, and saffran, calamus, and cynamon with all the trees of incense, myrrhe and aloes, with all the chiefe spices.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Spikenard and saffron; Calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; Myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices:

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Cypresses with nard — nard and saffron, Cane and cinnamon, With all trees of frankincense, Myrrh and aloes, with all chief spices.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Cypresses with nard—nard and saffron, || Cane and cinnamon, || With all trees of frankincense, || Myrrh and aloes, with all chief spices.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all the trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief of spices;

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Nard and saffron, calamus and cinnamon with all kinds of spices, myrrh and aloes with all the finest spices.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Spikenard and saffron, sweet cane and cinnamon, with all the trees of Libanus, myrrh and aloes with all the chief perfumes.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

nard and saffron, calamus and cinnamon, with all kinds of trees producing frankincense, myrrh, aloes, and the finest spices.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Spikenard and safron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · predicateנֵ֣רְדְּnardוְandכַרְכֹּ֗םsaffronקָנֶה֙calamusוְandקִנָּמ֔וֹןcinnamonprepositional phrase · prepositionalעִ֖םwithnoun phraseכָּלallnoun phraseעֲצֵ֣י[the].treesלְבוֹנָ֑הof.frankincenseclausenoun phrase · predicateמֹ֚רmyrrhוַandאֲהָל֔וֹתaloesprepositional phrase · prepositionalעִ֖םwithnoun phraseכָּלallnoun phraseרָאשֵׁ֥י[the].bestבְשָׂמִֽיםof.spices

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree on the wording of this verse, with 13 of the 14 words matched. The Dead Sea Scrolls also support the Masoretic Text, with minor restorations indicating consistency in the tradition.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

נֵ֣רְדְּ׀ וְכַרְכֹּ֗ם קָנֶה֙ וְקִנָּמ֔וֹן עִ֖ם כָּל־ עֲצֵ֣י לְבוֹנָ֑ה מֹ֚ר וַאֲהָל֔וֹת עִ֖ם כָּל־ רָאשֵׁ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
נֵ֣רְדְּ׀νάρδοςוְכַרְכֹּ֗םκρόκοςקָנֶה֙κάλαμοςוְקִנָּמ֔וֹןκιννάμωμονעִ֖םμετὰכָּל־πάντωνעֲצֵ֣יχύλωνמֹ֚רσμύρναוַאֲהָל֔וֹתαλωθעִ֖םμετὰכָּל־πάντωνרָאשֵׁ֥יπρώτωνבְשָׂמִֽים׃μύρων

13 of the 14 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q107a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[וכרכם] [קנה] [וקנמון] [עם] [כל] [עצי] [לבונה] [מר] [ואהלות] [עם] [כל] ראשי בשמין

13 words of the verse are on this fragment — 1 partly restored, 11 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Song of Solomon 4:14נֵרְדְּnardnardנֵרְדְּכַּרְכֹּםand saffronand saffronכַּרְכֹּםקָנֶהcalamuscalamusקָנֶהקִנָּמוֹןand cinnamoand cinnamonקִנָּמוֹןעִםwithwithעִםכֹּלallallכֹּלעֵץ[the] trees[the] trees ofעֵץלְבֹנָהfrankincensfrankincenseלְבֹנָהמֹרmyrrhmyrrhמֹראהלand aloesand aloesאהלעִםwithwithעִםכֹּלallallכֹּלרֹאשׁ[the] choic[the] choicest רֹאשׁבֹּ֫שֶׂםspicesspicesבֹּ֫שֶׂםעָמַםto darkento darkenעָמַםכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלקָנָהto buyto buyקָנָהעָצָהto shutto shutעָצָהלָבָןwhitewhiteלָבָןמָרַרto provoketo provokeמָרַרבֹּ֫שֶׂםspicespiceבֹּ֫שֶׂםשָׁכַבto lie dowto lie down: laשָׁכַבקָבַרto buryto buryקָבַרעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָהמֹרmyrrhmyrrhמֹרכַּפְתּוֹרcapitalcapitalכַּפְתּוֹרשִׁטָּהacaciaacaciaשִׁטָּהאֶ֫רֶזcedarcedarאֶ֫רֶזזַךְpurepureזַךְאהלaloealoeאהלנָטַףto drip/prto drip/prophesנָטַף
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Song of Solomon 4:14

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
נֵ֣רְדְּ׀Ne.red nard H5373 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Nard is a fragrant plant from India, also known as spikenard, used for its aromatic oil, like the kind Mary used to anoint Jesus.
Amplified meaning
a fragrant plant from India
Tyndale gloss
nard
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נֵרְדְּ (nerd) refers to nard, specifically spikenard, which is an aromatic plant known for its fragrance and originates from India. The entries consistently describe it as an odoriferous plant, highlighting its use in ancient contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נֵרְדְּ n.m. nard, an odorif. plant fr. India (via Persia)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5373 נֵרְדְּ

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5373 nerd nayrd

of foreign origin; nard, an aromatic:--spikenard.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נֵרְדְּ (ne.red) — nard.

1) spikenard, nard

1a) an odoriferous aromatic plant from India

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

nard.

See SPIKENARD.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

[SPIKENARD]

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
וְכַרְכֹּ֗םve.khar.Kom and saffron H3750 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for saffron, a bright yellow-orange flower used for flavor and medicine, is first found in the Bible in the book of Esther. It was used to cool the body and was a valuable spice. The KJV translates it as saffron.
Amplified meaning
used for flavor and medicine
Tyndale gloss
saffron
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כַּרְכֹּם (karkom) refers to saffron, derived from a flower in the crocus family. It is noted for its orange-yellow color and is used for flavoring in drinks and confections, particularly for its cooling properties. The term appears in the context of Song of Solomon 4:14.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כַּרְכֹּם n.[m.] saffron;—Ct 4:14

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3750 כַּרְכֹּם

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3750 karkom kar-kome'

probably of foreign origin; the crocus:--saffron.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כַּרְכֹּם (kar.kom) — saffron.

1) saffron

1a) an orange-yellow flower of the crocus family, used for flavouring in drinks and confections in order to promote perspiration for cooling of the body

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
HC/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

saf'-run (karkom; krokos): Identical with the Arabic kurqum, the same as za`faran, "saffron." The source of the true saffron is Crocus sativus (Natural Order, Indaceae), a plant cultivated in Palestine; there are 8 wild varieties in all of which, as in the cultivated species, the orange-colored styles and stigmas yield the yellow dye, saffron. So 4:14 probably refers to the C. sativus. There is a kind of bastard saffron plant, the Carthamus tinctorius (Natural Order, Compositae), of which the orange-colored flowers yield a dye like saffron.

E. W. G. Masterman

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Saffron

Heb. karkom, Arab. zafran (i.e., “yellow”), mentioned only in Cant. 4:13, 14; the Crocus sativus. Many species of the crocus are found in Palestine. The pistils and stigmata, from the centre of its flowers, are pressed into “saffron cakes,” common in the East. “We found,” says Tristram, “saffron a very useful condiment in travelling cookery, a very small pinch of it giving not only a rich yellow colour but an agreable flavour to a dish of rice or to an insipid stew.”

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(yellow). (Solomon 4:14) Saffron has front the earliest times been in high esteem as a perfume. "It was used," says Rosenmuller, "for the same purposes as the modern pot-pourri." The word saffron is derived from the Arabic zafran , "yellow." (The saffron (Crocus sativus) is a kind of crocus of the iris family. It is used its a medicine, as a flavoring and as a yellow dye. Homer, Virgil and Milton refer to its beauty in the landscape. It abounds in Palestine name saffron is usually applied only to the stigmas and part of the style, which are plucked out and dried. --ED.)

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The common Crocus Sativus, a small bluish flower, whose yellow, thread-like stigmata yield an agreeable aromatic odor; and also the Indian saffron, So 4:14. In the East these were used in making a highly valued perfume, and also as a condiment and a stimulating medicine.

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
קָנֶה֙ka.Neh calamus H7070 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
62× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word describes a branch or reed, and is used to represent measurement, strength, or support. In the Bible, it is used to describe objects like the rod of a steelyard or the branches of a lampstand.
Amplified meaning
a type of reed
Tyndale gloss
branch
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word קָנֶה (*qaneh*) refers to a stalk or reed, often associated with plants like calamus. It has various derived meanings, including measuring-rod and unit of measure (6 cubits), as well as applications in scales and lampstands. The word is built from a root that implies an erect structure, covering a range of uses from botanical to functional.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קָנֶה 62 n.m. stalk, reed

stalk of grain

water-plant, reed

calamus, aromatic reed

derived meanings:

measuring-rod

unit of measure, reed (of 6 cubits)

beam of scales, for scales themselves

shaft of lamp-stand

branches thereof

shoulder-joint

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7070 קָנֶה stalk, reed . stalk of grain

. water-plant, reed

. calamus, aromatic reed

. derived meanings: . measuring-rod

. unit of measure, reed (of 6 cubits)

. beam of scales, for scales themselves

. shaft of lamp-stand

. branches thereof

. shoulder-joint

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7070 qaneh kaw-neh'

from 7069; a reed (as erect); by resemblance a rod

(especially for measuring), shaft, tube, stem, the radius (of

the arm), beam (of a steelyard):--balance, bone, branch,

calamus, cane, reed, X spearman, stalk.

see HEBREW for 07069

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָנֶה (qa.neh) — branch.

: branch

1) reed, stalk, bone, balances

1a) stalk

1b) water-plant, reed

1c) calamus (aromatic reed)

1d) derived meanings

1d1) measuring-rod

1d2) reed (as unit of measure-6 cubits)

1d3) beam (of scales-for scales themselves)

1d4) shaft (of lampstand)

1d5) branches (of lampstand)

1d6) shoulder-joint

קָנֶה (qa.neh) — branch: stem.

: stem/reed

1) reed, stalk, bone, balances

1a) stalk

1b) water-plant, reed

1c) calamus (aromatic reed)

1d) derived meanings

1d1) measuring-rod

1d2) reed (as unit of measure-6 cubits)

1d3) beam (of scales-for scales themselves)

1d4) shaft (of lampstand)

1d5) branches (of lampstand)

1d6) shoulder-joint

קָנֶה (qa.neh) — branch: measuring rod.

: measuring_rod

1) reed, stalk, bone, balances

1a) stalk

1b) water-plant, reed

1c) calamus (aromatic reed)

1d) derived meanings

1d1) measuring-rod

1d2) reed (as unit of measure-6 cubits)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

kal'-a-mus. See REED.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Calamus

The Latin for cane, Hebrew Kaneh, mentioned (Ex. 30:23) as one of the ingredients in the holy anointing oil, one of the sweet scents (Cant. 4:14), and among the articles sold in the markets of Tyre (Ezek. 27:19). The word designates an Oriental plant called the “sweet flag,” the Acorus calamus of Linnaeus. It is elsewhere called “sweet cane” (Isa. 43:24; Jer. 6:20). It has an aromatic smell, and when its knotted stalk is cut and dried and reduced to powder, it forms an ingredient in the most precious perfumes. It was not a native of Palestine, but was imported from Arabia Felix or from India. It was probably…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

[REED]

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See CANE.

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
וְקִנָּמ֔וֹןve.ki.na.Mon and cinnamon H7076 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to cinnamon, a fragrant bark used as a spice, often rolled up and used for flavoring. It is mentioned in the Bible as a valuable commodity. The KJV translates it simply as cinnamon.
Amplified meaning
a fragrant bark
Tyndale gloss
cinnamon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קִנָּמוֹן (qinnamown) refers to cinnamon, specifically the fragrant bark used as a spice. The word is thought to come from a foreign origin and is associated with the idea of upright rolls, possibly due to its form. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meaning.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קִנָּמוֹן n.m. cinnamon (prob. foreign wd., coming with the thing from remote E.)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7076 קִנָּמוֹן

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7076 qinnamown kin-naw-mone'

from an unused root (meaning to erect); cinnamon bark (as in

upright rolls):--cinnamon.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קִנָּמוֹן (qin.na.mon) — cinnamon.

1) cinnamon

1a) fragrant bark used as spice

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
HC/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sin'-a-mun (qinnamon; kinnamomon): Mentioned, like cassia, as a perfume. In Ex 30:23 it is one of the ingredients of the "holy anointing oil"; in Pr 7:17 it is, along with myrrh and aloes, a perfume for a bed; in So 4:14 it is a very precious spice. Cinnamon is (Re 18:13) part of the merchandise of "Babylon the great."

Cinnamon is the product of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, a laurel-like plant widely cultivated in Ceylon and Java. It has a profuse white blossom, succeeded by a nut from which the fragrant oil is obtained. The wood is the inner bark from branches which have reached a diameter of from 2 to 3 inches; the epidermis and pulpy matter are carefully scraped off before…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Cinnamon

Heb. kinamon, the Cinnamomum zeylanicum of botanists, a tree of the Laurel family, which grows only in India on the Malabar coast, in Ceylon, and China. There is no trace of it in Egypt, and it was unknown in Syria. The inner rind when dried and rolled into cylinders forms the cinnamon of commerce. The fruit and coarser pieces of bark when boiled yield a fragrant oil. It was one of the principal ingredients in the holy anointing oil (Ex. 30:23). It is mentioned elsewhere only in Prov. 7:17; Cant. 4:14; Rev. 18:13. The mention of it indicates a very early and extensive commerce carried on between Palestine and the East.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

a well-known aromatic substance, the rind of the Laurus cinnamomum , called Korunda-gauhah in Ceylon. It is mentioned in (Exodus 30:23) as one of the component parts of the holy anointing oil. In (Revelation 18:13) it is enumerated among the merchandise of the great Babylon.

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

One of the ingredients in the perfumed oil with which the tabernacle and its vessels were anointed, Ex 30:23 Pr 7:17 So 4:14. It is the inner bark of a tree growing about twenty feet high, and being peeled off in thin strips curls as it is found in market. It is of a dark red color, of a poignant taste, aromatic, and very agreeable. That of the finest quality comes from Ceylon, Re 18:13.

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
עִ֖ם'im with H5973 Preposition
1,052× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means with or together, like when God is with his people in Exodus 33:14-15. It's used to describe accompaniment or association, and can also mean against or beside. The word is used to convey a sense of relationship or proximity between people or things.
Tyndale gloss
with
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עִם (im) is a preposition meaning 'with' and covers a range of relationships, including companionship, locality, and possession. It can imply actions done jointly, equality, or even opposition in contexts like combat. The related form מֵעִם (me.im) means 'from with' or 'beside.' The entries reflect various nuances but do not present significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עִם prep. with

of fellowship and companionship

of aid

Of actions done jointly with another

If the common action be of the nature of a contest or combat, with in the sense of against

Of dealing with a person, or of the relation in which one stands with, or towards, another

Of a common lot together with the wicked

Of equality or resemblance generally aid

Of time, as long as

Of a locality, close to, beside

Of persons, עִם is spec.

in the house or family or service of

In possession of

In the custody or care of

Beside = except

With = friendly with

Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one

Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding

base

מֵעִם 72 from with or beside

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5973a עִם with . of fellowship and companionship

. Of a locality, close to, beside

. Of persons, עִם is spec. . in the house or family or service of

. In possession of

. In the custody or care of

. Beside = except

. With = friendly with

. Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one

. Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding

H5973b מֵעִם from with, beside

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5973 `im eem

from 6004; adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction

with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with;

often with prepositional prefix (and then usually

unrepresented in English):--accompanying, against, and, as (X

long as), before, beside, by (reason of), for all, from

(among, between), in, like, more than, of, (un-)to,

with(-al).

see HEBREW for 06004

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עִם (im) — with.

1) with

1a) with

1b) against

1c) toward

1d) as long as

מֵעִם (me.im) — from with.

1a) beside, except

1b) in spite of

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
כָּל־kol- all H3605 Noun common · masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.

(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.

(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).

(3) All one, "It is all one" (Job 9:22), "it makes no difference whether I live or die."

(4) At all, "If thy father miss me at all" (1Sa 20:6), "in any way," "in the least."

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
עֲצֵ֣י'a.Tzei [the] trees of H6086 Noun common · masculine plural construct
330× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word for tree or wood refers to a strong and firm object, like a tree or a wooden plank, as seen in the carpentry work of Jesus' earthly father Joseph in Matthew 13:55.
Tyndale gloss
tree: wood
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֵץ (ets) refers to a tree or wood, encompassing various forms such as timber, sticks, and planks. It can denote both singular and plural trees, as well as specific uses like gallows and firewood. The word is derived from a root meaning firmness, indicating its solid nature.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֵץ 329 n.m. tree, trees, wood

(c. 150 t.)

a standing tree

coll. trees

(c. 175 t.; c. 120 t. pl., to denote pieces [or articles] of wood)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6086 עֵץ tree, trees, wood . (c. 150 t.) . a standing tree

. coll. trees

. (c. 175 t.; c. 120 t. pl., to denote pieces [or articles] of wood)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6086 `ets ates

from 6095; a tree (from its firmness); hence, wood (plural

sticks):--+ carpenter, gallows, helve, + pine, plank, staff,

stalk, stick, stock, timber, tree, wood.

see HEBREW for 06095

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֵץ (ets) — tree: wood.

: wood

1) tree, wood, timber, stock, plank, stalk, stick, gallows

1a) tree, trees

1b) wood, pieces of wood, gallows, firewood, cedar-wood, woody flax

עֵץ (ets) — tree.

: tree

1) tree, wood, timber, stock, plank, stalk, stick, gallows

1a) tree, trees

1b) wood, pieces of wood, gallows, firewood, cedar-wood, woody flax

עֵץ (ets) — tree: stick.

: stick/log

1) tree, wood, timber, stock, plank, stalk, stick, gallows

1a) tree, trees

1b) wood, pieces of wood, gallows, firewood, cedar-wood, woody flax

עֵץ (ets) — tree: stake.

: stake/shaft

1) tree, wood, timber, stock, plank, stalk, stick, gallows

1a) tree, trees

1b) wood, pieces of wood, gallows, firewood, cedar-wood, woody flax

עֵץ (ets) — tree: carpenter.

: carpenter/wood(worker)

1) tree, wood, timber, stock, plank, stalk, stick, gallows

1a) tree, trees

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural construct
HNcmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
לְבוֹנָ֑הle.vo.Nah frankincense H3828 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
21× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Frankincense is a white resin used for incense, often burned in ceremonies and rituals. It was used in the holy incense, as seen in Exodus 30. The KJV translates it as frankincense.
Amplified meaning
white resin used for incense
Tyndale gloss
frankincense
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לְבֹנָה (lebownah) refers to frankincense, a fragrant resin known for its white color. It is used both ceremonially and personally, particularly in the preparation of holy incense. The term is derived from another Hebrew word related to whiteness, indicating its appearance or the color of its smoke.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לְבֹנָה, לְבוֹנָה n.f. frankincense

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3828 לְבֹנָה, לְבוֹנָה frankincense

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3828 lbownah leb-o-naw'

or lbonah {leb-o-naw'}; from 3836; frankincense (from its

whiteness or perhaps that of its smoke): -(frank-)incense.

see HEBREW for 03836

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לְבֹנָה (le.vo.nah) — frankincense.

1) frankincense

1a) a white resin burned as fragrant incense

1a1) ceremonially

1a2) personally

1a3) used in compounding the holy incense

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

frants'-in-sens (lebhonah, from root meaning "whiteness," referring to the milky color of the fresh juice: Ex 30:34; Le 2:1 f,15 f; 5:11; 6:15; 24:7; Nu 5:15; 1Ch 9:29; Ne 13:5,9; So 3:6; 4:6,14; Isa 43:23; 60:6; 66:3; Jer 6:20; 17:26; 41:5; translated in the last six references "incense" in the King James Version, but correctly in the Revised Version (British and American); libanos: Mt 2:11;

Frankincense

(Heb. lebonah; Gr. libanos, i.e., “white”), an odorous resin imported from Arabia (Isa. 60:6; Jer. 6:20), yet also growing in Palestine (Cant. 4:14). It was one of the ingredients in the perfume of the sanctuary (Ex. 30:34), and was used as an accompaniment of the meat-offering (Lev. 2:1, 16; 6:15; 24:7). When burnt it emitted a fragrant odour, and hence the incense became a symbol of the Divine name (Mal. 1:11; Cant. 1:3) and an emblem of prayer (Ps.…

a vegetable resin, brittle, glittering, and of a bitter taste, used for the purpose of sacrificial fumigation. (Exodus 30:34-36) It was called frank because of the freeness with which, when burned, it gives forth its odor. It burns for a long time, with a steady flame. It is obtained by successive incisions in the bark of a tree called Arbor thuris . The first incision yields the purest and whitest resin, while the product of the after incisions is spotted with yellow, and loses its whiteness altogether as it becomes old. The Hebrews imported their frankincense from Arabia, (Isaiah 60:6; Jeremiah 6:20) and more particularly from Saba; but it is remarkable that at present the Arabian libanum or olibanum is a very inferior kind, and that the finest frankincense imported into Turkey…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See INCENSE.

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
מֹ֚רmor myrrh H4753 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
12× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Mor is the Hebrew word for myrrh, a bitter resin used in perfume and sacred oil. It is mentioned in the Bible as a valuable commodity.
Amplified meaning
a bitter resin
Tyndale gloss
myrrh
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מֹר (mor) refers to myrrh, a gum from a tree's bark, known for its bitter taste and used in sacred oil and perfume. The entries indicate that it is associated with distillation and has a connection to the Hebrew root for bitterness. It appears in contexts such as Song of Solomon 6:5.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מֹר, מוֹר n.m. Ct 6:5 myrrh (fr. bitter taste)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4753 מֹר, מוֹר

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4753 more mor

or mowr {more}; from 4843; myrrh (as distilling in drops, and

also as bitter):--myrrh.

see HEBREW for 04843

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מֹר (mor) — myrrh.

1) myrrh

1a) an Arabian gum from the bark of a tree, used in sacred oil and in perfume

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

mur:

(1) (mor or mowr; Arabic murr]): This substance is mentioned as valuable for its perfume (Ps 45:8; Pr 7:17; So 3:6; 4:14), and as one of the constituents of the holy incense (Ex 30:23; see also So 4:6; 5:1,5,13). Mor is generally identified with the "myrrh" of commerce, the dried gum of a species of balsam (Balsamodendron myrrha). This is a stunted tree growing in Arabia, having a light-gray bark; the gum resin exudes in small tear-like drops which dry to a rich brown or reddish-yellow, brittle substance, with a faint though agreeable smell and a warm, bitter taste. It is still used as medicine (

Myrrh

Heb. mor. (1.) First mentioned as a principal ingredient in the holy anointing oil (Ex. 30:23). It formed part of the gifts brought by the wise men from the east, who came to worship the infant Jesus (Matt. 2:11). It was used in embalming (John 19:39), also as a perfume (Esther 2:12; Ps. 45:8; Prov. 7:17). It was a custom of the Jews to give those who were condemned to death by crucifixion “wine mingled with myrrh” to produce insensibility. This drugged wine was probably partaken of by the two malefactors, but when the Roman soldiers pressed it upon Jesus “he…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

This substance is mentioned in (Exodus 30:23) as one of the ingredients of the "oil of holy ointment:" in (Esther 2:12) as one of the substances used in the purification of women; in (Psalms 45:8; Proverbs 7:17) and in several passages in Canticles, as a perfume. The Greek occurs in (Matthew 2:11) among the gifts brought by the wise men to the infant Jesus and in (Mark 15:23) it is said that "wine mingled with myrrh" was offered to but refused by, our Lord on the cross. Myrrh was also used for embalming. See John 19;39 and Herod. ii. 86. The Balsamodendron myrrha…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

A precious gum yielded by a tree common in Africa and Arabia, which is about eight or nine feet high; its wood hard, and its trunk thorny. It was of several kinds, and various degrees of excellence. The best was an ingredient in the holy ointment, Ex 30:23. It was also employed in perfumes, Es 2:12 Ps 45:8 So 4:6 5:5,13; and in embalming, to preserve the body from corruption, Joh 19:39. The magi, who came from the East to worship Christ, offered him myrrh, Mt 2:11.

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
וַאֲהָל֔וֹתva.'a.ha.Lot and aloes H174 Conjunction · noun common feminine plural absolute
4× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Aloe wood refers to the sticks or tree of the aloe plant, used for its perfume or medicinal properties. In the Bible, it is mentioned in relation to its fragrant scent. The KJV translates it as tree of lign aloes.
Amplified meaning
a perfume or medicinal plant
Tyndale gloss
aloe
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אהל (ahal) refers to aloe, specifically the aloe tree, which is noted for its fragrant properties. The entries suggest it is a masculine noun, with a feminine plural form ahalowth. The word appears to be of foreign origin, and its usage is primarily associated with the scent of the aloe plant.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[אהל] n.[m.] odorif. tree, aloe (?)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H174 אהל

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

174 'ahaliym a-haw-leem'

or (feminine) ahalowth {a-haw-loth'} (only used thus in the

plural); of foreign origin; aloe wood (i.e. sticks):--(tree

of lign-) aloes.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָהָל (a.ha.lim) — aloe.

1) aloes, aloe tree

1a) aloe tree

1b) aloe (perfume)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-mp — Conjunction · noun common feminine plural absolute
HC/Ncfpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Aloes

(Heb. ‘ahalim), a fragrant wood (Num. 24:6; Ps. 45:8; Prov. 7:17; Cant. 4:14), the Aquilaria agallochum of botanists, or, as some suppose, the costly gum or perfume extracted from the wood. It is found in China, Siam, and Northern India, and grows to the height sometimes of 120 feet. This species is of great rarity even in India. There is another and more common species, called by Indians aghil, whence Europeans have given it the name of Lignum aquile, or eagle-wood. Aloewood was used by the Egyptians for embalming dead bodies. Nicodemus brought it (pounded aloe-wood) to embalm the body of Christ (John 19:39); but…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Or more properly, ALOE, and East Indian tree, that grows about eight or ten feet high, and yields a rich perfume, Ps 45:8 Pr 7:17 So 4:14. This tree or wood was called by the Greeks Agallochon, and has been known to moderns by the names of Lign-aloe, aloe-wood, paradise-wood, eagle-wood, etc. Modern botanists distinguish two kinds: the one grows in Cochin China, Siam, and China, is never exported, and is of so great rarity in India, as to be worth its weight in gold. The tree is represented as large, with an erect trunk and lofty branches. The other or more common species is called garo in the East Indies, and is the wood of a tree growing in the Moluccas, the Excoecaria Agallocha of Linnaeus. The leaves are like those of a…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Used as perfume Ps 45:8; Pr 7:17; So 4:14

→ In embalming the dead Joh 19:39

→ Lign-aloes Nu 2:1-6

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
עִ֖ם'im with H5973 Preposition
1,052× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means with or together, like when God is with his people in Exodus 33:14-15. It's used to describe accompaniment or association, and can also mean against or beside. The word is used to convey a sense of relationship or proximity between people or things.
Tyndale gloss
with
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עִם (im) is a preposition meaning 'with' and covers a range of relationships, including companionship, locality, and possession. It can imply actions done jointly, equality, or even opposition in contexts like combat. The related form מֵעִם (me.im) means 'from with' or 'beside.' The entries reflect various nuances but do not present significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עִם prep. with

of fellowship and companionship

of aid

Of actions done jointly with another

If the common action be of the nature of a contest or combat, with in the sense of against

Of dealing with a person, or of the relation in which one stands with, or towards, another

Of a common lot together with the wicked

Of equality or resemblance generally aid

Of time, as long as

Of a locality, close to, beside

Of persons, עִם is spec.

in the house or family or service of

In possession of

In the custody or care of

Beside = except

With = friendly with

Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one

Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding

base

מֵעִם 72 from with or beside

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5973a עִם with . of fellowship and companionship

. Of a locality, close to, beside

. Of persons, עִם is spec. . in the house or family or service of

. In possession of

. In the custody or care of

. Beside = except

. With = friendly with

. Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one

. Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding

H5973b מֵעִם from with, beside

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5973 `im eem

from 6004; adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction

with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with;

often with prepositional prefix (and then usually

unrepresented in English):--accompanying, against, and, as (X

long as), before, beside, by (reason of), for all, from

(among, between), in, like, more than, of, (un-)to,

with(-al).

see HEBREW for 06004

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עִם (im) — with.

1) with

1a) with

1b) against

1c) toward

1d) as long as

מֵעִם (me.im) — from with.

1a) beside, except

1b) in spite of

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
כָּל־kol- all H3605 Noun common · masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Amplified meaning
everything
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.

(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.

(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).

(3) All one, "It is all one" (Job 9:22), "it makes no difference whether I live or die."

(4) At all, "If thy father miss me at all" (1Sa 20:6), "in any way," "in the least."

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
רָאשֵׁ֥יra.Shei [the] choicest of H7218 Noun common · masculine plural construct
600× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means chief or prince, and is used to describe leaders in the Bible, such as in the book of 1 Samuel. It signifies a position of authority and importance.
Amplified meaning
chief
Tyndale gloss
head
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רֹאשׁ (ro'sh) means 'head' and encompasses various meanings related to position and rank. It can refer to the head of a person or animal, the top of a mountain, or a chief in various contexts, such as a city or nation. The word also signifies beginnings and sums, appearing in phrases related to enumeration. Additionally, it serves as a proper noun for 'Rosh,' a title for a chief or prince.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רֹאשׁ 599 n.m.

(c. 230 t.) head, of human being

head, of animals

top (88 t.)

height, of stars

head = chief (man)

= chief (city)

chief nation

= chief (place, position)

= chief priest

= head of a family

head = front, leader's place

of time, beginning, of night watch

of things, river-heads

chief, choicest, best, of spices

head = division of army, company, band

= sum, esp. in phr. take sum of, enumerate

other phr.

base

רֹאשׁ n.pr.gent. Rôsh

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7218a רֹאשׁ . . (c. 230 t.) head, of human being

. head, of animals

. . top (88 t.)

. height, of stars

. . head = chief (man)

. = chief (city)

. chief nation

. = chief (place, position)

. = chief priest

. = head of a family

. . head = front, leader's place

. of time, beginning, of night watch

. of things, river-heads

. chief, choicest, best, of spices

. head = division of army, company, band

. = sum, esp. in phr. take sum of, enumerate

. other phr.

H7218b רֹאשׁ n. pr. gent. Rôsh

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7218 ro'sh roshe

from an unused root apparently meaning to shake; the head (as

most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many

applications, of place, time, rank, itc.):--band, beginning,

captain, chapiter, chief(-est place, man, things), company,

end, X every (man), excellent, first, forefront, ((be-))head,

height, (on) high(-est part, (priest)), X lead, X poor,

principal, ruler, sum, top.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רֹאשׁ (rosh) — head.

: head

1) head, top, summit, upper part, chief, total, sum, height, front, beginning

1a) head (of man, animals)

1b) top, tip (of mountain)

1c) height (of stars)

1d) chief, head (of man, city, nation, place, family, priest)

1e) head, front, beginning

1f) chief, choicest, best

1g) head, division, company, band

1h) sum

רֹאשׁ (rosh) — prince.

Rosh, a tite for a chief or prince

רֹאשׁ (rosh) — head: leader.

: leader

1) head, top, summit, upper part, chief, total, sum, height, front, beginning

1a) head (of man, animals)

1b) top, tip (of mountain)

1c) height (of stars)

1d) chief, head (of man, city, nation, place, family, priest)

1e) head, front, beginning

1f) chief, choicest, best

1g) head, division, company, band

1h) sum

רֹאשׁ (rosh) — head: top.

: top/best

1) head, top, summit, upper part, chief, total, sum, height, front, beginning

1a) head (of man, animals)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural construct
HNcmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

nard and saffron calamus and cinnamon with all [the] trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes with all [the] choicest of spices
בְשָׂמִֽים׃ve.sa.Mim spices H1314 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
29× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word describes a pleasant smell, like a sweet perfume or fragrance. It can also refer to the balsam plant or tree, which was known for its sweet odor.
Amplified meaning
pleasant smells
Tyndale gloss
spice
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בֹּ֫שֶׂם (besem) refers to spice, specifically balsam and the balsam tree, with connotations of fragrance and sweet odor. The word is built from a root related to scent and encompasses meanings like perfume and spicery. It appears in contexts discussing pleasant aromas.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֹּ֫שֶׂם n.m. spice, balsam, balsam-tree

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1314 בֹּ֫שֶׂם spice, balsam, balsam-tree

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1314 besem beh'-sem

or bosem {bo'-sem}; from the same as 1313; fragrance; by

implication, spicery; also the balsam plant:--smell, spice,

sweet (odour).

see HEBREW for 01313

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֶּ֫שֶׂם (be.sem) — spice.

1) spice, balsam, balsam tree, perfume

2) (TWOT) sweet, sweet smell, sweet odour

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Spices

Aromatic substances, of which several are named in Ex. 30. They were used in the sacred anointing oil (Ex. 25:6; 35:8; 1 Chr. 9:29), and in embalming the dead (2 Chr. 16:14; Luke 23:56; 24:1; John 19:39, 40). Spices were stored by Hezekiah in his treasure-house (2 Kings 20:13; Isa. 39:2).

Nave's Topical Bible

→ In the formula for the sacred oil Ex 25:6; 35:8

→ Stores of 2Ki 20:13

→ Used in the temple 1Ch 9:29

→ Exported from Gilead Ge 37:25

→ Sent as a present by Jacob to Joseph Ge 43:11

→ Presented by the Queen of Sheba to Solomon 1Ki 10:2,10

→ Sold in the marketplaces of Tyre Eze 27:22

→ Used in the embalming of Asa 2Ch 16:14

Thompson Chain Reference topics
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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