Ezekiel 27:16 — Word Study
WLCאֲרָ֥ם סֹחַרְתֵּ֖ךְ מֵרֹ֣ב מַעֲשָׂ֑יִךְ בְּ֠נֹפֶךְ אַרְגָּמָ֨ן וְרִקְמָ֤ה וּבוּץ֙ וְרָאמֹ֣ת וְכַדְכֹּ֔ד נָתְנ֖וּ בְּעִזְבוֹנָֽיִךְ׃
BSAAramʼĂrâm [also known as Syria] was your customerçâchar because of your manyrôb [abundant, numerous] productsmaʻăseh they exchangednâthan■ [traded, bartered] turquoisenôphek [emerald, precious stone] purpleʼargâmân [royal color, luxurious dye] embroidered workriqmâh [needlework, intricate designs] fine linenbûwts [luxurious clothing, high-quality fabric] coralrâʼmâh [valued item, precious material] and rubieskadkôd [agate, precious gemstones] for your waresʻizzâbôwn [goods, merchandise]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אֲרָ֥ם | Aram | Noun proper |
| סֹחַרְתֵּ֖ךְ | [was] trader your | Verb qal participle (active) feminine singular common, suffix |
| מֵרֹ֣ב | from [the] abundance of | Preposition, noun common masculine singular construct |
| מַעֲשָׂ֑יִךְ | products your | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| בְּ֠נֹפֶךְ | for turquoise | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| אַרְגָּמָ֨ן | purple | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| וְרִקְמָ֤ה | and multicolored cloth | Conjunction, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| וּבוּץ֙ | and fine linen | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| וְרָאמֹ֣ת | and corals | Conjunction, noun common feminine plural absolute |
| וְכַדְכֹּ֔ד | and ruby | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| נָתְנ֖וּ | they exchanged | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| בְּעִזְבוֹנָֽיִךְ׃ | for wares your | Preposition, noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Aram was your customer because of your many products; they exchanged turquoise, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies for your wares. |
| KJV | Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate. |
| ASV | Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of thy handiworks: they traded for thy wares with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and rubies. |
| YLT | Aram [is] thy merchant, Because of the abundance of thy works, For emerald, purple, and embroidery, And fine linen, and coral, and agate, They have given out thy remnants. |
| WEB | “‘“Syria was your merchant by reason of the multitude of your handiworks. They traded for your wares with emeralds, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies. |
| BBE | Edom did business with you because of the great number of things which you made; they gave emeralds, purple, and needlework, and the best linen and coral and rubies for your goods. |
Where they part company is נָתְנ֖וּ — see How Translations Differ.
The main clause is straightforward, with additional phrases providing context about the reason for trade and the items exchanged.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectאֲרָם
verbנָתַן
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Ezekiel 27:16
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Trade of Tyregenerated
Ezekiel 27:16 describes the trade relationships of Tyre, emphasizing its wealth and the variety of goods exchanged. This verse specifically highlights Aram's role as a significant trading partner, showcasing the luxurious items that were part of this commerce. The surrounding verses elaborate on Tyre's extensive trading network, including other regions and the valuable products exchanged, illustrating the city's economic importance in the ancient world.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Genesis 10:22 | The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. |
| 2 | Genesis 28:5 | So Isaac sent Jacob to Paddan-aram, to Laban son of Bethuel the Aramean, the brother of Rebekah, who was the mother of Jacob and Esau. |
| 3 | Judges 10:6 | And again the Israelites did evil in the sight of the LORD. They served the Baals, the Ashtoreths, the gods of Aram, Sidon, and Moab, and the gods of the Ammonites and Philistines. Thus they forsook the LORD and did not serve Him. |
| 4 | 2 Samuel 8:5 | When the Arameans of Damascus came to help King Hadadezer of Zobah, David struck down twenty-two thousand men. |
| 5 | 2 Samuel 10:6 | When the Ammonites realized that they had become a stench to David, they hired twenty thousand Aramean foot soldiers from Beth-rehob and Zoba, as well as a thousand men from the king of Maacah and twelve thousand men from Tob. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 7 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — אֲרָם, 'a.Ramgenerated
The name אֲרָם ('a.Ram) refers to both a region and its people, known as the Arameans. This word appears frequently in the Bible, representing a significant area in Mesopotamia and northern Syria. The parsing indicates it is a proper noun, specifically identifying Aram as a key player in trade.
The connection of Aram to Tyre underscores the importance of trade in the ancient Near East, where regions exchanged goods that were valuable and sought after. The presence of Aram in this context highlights its economic interactions and relationships with neighboring territories.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main clause is governed by the verb נָתְנ֖וּ, they exchanged, which serves as the central action of the sentence. The structure includes several noun phrases that describe the goods exchanged, emphasizing the variety and luxury of the items.
The sentence begins with the subject אֲרָם, followed by the action and the details of the trade, showcasing the flow of information from the subject to the goods involved.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates אֲרָם as ἀνθρώπους (G444), which means 'people' rather than directly naming the region. This choice may reflect a broader interpretation of the trade relationships, focusing on the people involved rather than the geographical identity.
The Greek translation preserves much of the original meaning but shifts the focus slightly, indicating a more general reference to the Arameans as traders rather than emphasizing the specific region.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Ezekiel 27:16 shows that Aram was an important trading partner for Tyre, exchanging many valuable goods like turquoise, purple fabrics, and fine linen. This highlights Tyre's wealth and the variety of products they traded.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Aram exchanged luxurious items such as turquoise, purple dye, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies, indicating a high level of trade.
Aram is significant as it represents a key trading partner for Tyre, showcasing the region's economic connections and the value of the products exchanged.
'Wares' refers to the goods or merchandise that Tyre traded, highlighting the commercial activity and the variety of items available in the market.
This verse reflects Tyre's economy by illustrating its role as a major trading hub, where various regions exchanged valuable goods, contributing to its wealth.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What can we learn about the importance of trade in the ancient world from this verse?
- How does the variety of goods exchanged reflect the cultural interactions between regions?
- In what ways does this passage illustrate the economic relationships in the ancient Near East?
- How can we apply the concept of trade and exchange to our modern understanding of commerce?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Ezekiel 27:16 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleSyria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making,.... Which they took off of their hands, and for them brought the following things: they occupied in thy fairs with
Read John Gill on Ezekiel 27 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentarySyria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate.
Read Robert Jamieson on Ezekiel 27 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe multitude of the wares of thy making; the abundance of the Tyrian manufacture for all uses, which the Syrians could have no where else. With emeralds; rather, for emeralds, a rich and lovely stone; or carbuncles, as others have it. Purple, or violet-coloured, clothes. Broidered work: see . Fine linen: see . Coral; men guess this may be rubies, carbuncles, or chalcedonies; or crystal, with which they made looking-glasses. Agate; a stone well known to us, but not so well known whether it exactly translate the Hebrew dkdk here used; some say it is the chrysoprase, a stone mixed with gold colour and green, and some such mixture may be seen in some agates.
Read Matthew Poole on Ezekiel 27 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsEzekiel 27:16 Syria [was] thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate.Ver. 16. The wares of thy making.] Heb., Works. The Tyrians were ingenious workmen, as Hiram, whom Solomon therefore so admired that he called him his father. And agate.] Or, Chrysoprasus, or crystal, or carbuncle, or onyx. Jerome confesseth that he knoweth not what to call it.
Read John Trapp on Ezekiel 27 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(16) Emeralds.—The precious stone intended here, and in Exodus 28:18, is now generally understood to be the carbuncle. The word for “fine linen” is not that of Eze 27:7, but a Phœnician word, occurring only in the books written in the time of the captivity. It is thought to mean cotton, for the woven fabrics of which Babylon was famous. Agate (marg., chrysoprase) is probably the ruby, or certainly some stone of brilliancy (Isaiah 54:12)
Read Charles John Ellicott on Ezekiel 27 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 16. Syria] These were always a mercantile people. For the precious stones mentioned here See Clarke on Exodus 28:17.
Read AdamClarke on Ezekiel 27 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges16. For Syria (Aram) the Syr. reads Edom, and so in effect LXX. (interchange of d and r as Ezekiel 27:15). If Edom be read the line pursued would be from S. to N., Edom, Ezekiel 27:16, Judah, Ezekiel 27:17, Damascus, Ezekiel 27:18. The verse is otherwise peculiar in beginning with a precious stone, then passing on to stuffs and ending with precious stones. wares of thy making] Rather; by reason of the multitude of thy works, i.e. not those wrought by Tyre, but those which the nations wrought and brought to her, all of which are considered hers. occupied in thy fairs] Rather: emeralds … they brought as thy wares. The “emerald” according to others is the carbuncle. “Coral” may be “pearls.”…
Read Cambridge on Ezekiel 27 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible16. Syria — Hebrews, Aram. Many expositors follow the Peshito, “Edom;” but there is no good reason for leaving the Hebrew.Aram-Naharim was the ancient name for a very wide region, embracing at least
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Ezekiel 27 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Aram was your customer because of your many products; they exchanged turquoise, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies for your wares.
“‘“Syria was your merchant by reason of the multitude of your handiworks. They traded for your wares with emeralds, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies.
Aram was your customer because of your many products; they exchanged turquoise, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies for your wares.
Edom was your trade partner because of the abundance of your goods; they exchanged turquoise, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies for your products.
Tyndale line
Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate.
Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of thy handiworks: they traded for thy wares with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and rubies.
Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of thy handyworks: they traded for thy wares with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and rubies.
Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate.
They of Aram were thy marchants for the multitude of thy wares: they occupied in thy faires with emerauds, purple, and broidred worke, and fine linen, and corall, and pearle.
Strictly literal
Syria dealt with thee for the multitude of thy handiworks: they traded in thy markets with carbuncles, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and corals, and rubies.
Aram [is] thy merchant, Because of the abundance of thy works, For emerald, purple, and embroidery, And fine linen, and coral, and agate, They have given out thy remnants.
Aram [is] your merchant, || Because of the abundance of your works, || They have given emerald, purple, and embroidery, || And fine linen, and coral, and agate for your wares.
Syria was thy trader by reason of the multitude of thy productions: with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and rubies they made deposits in thy treasuries.
Aram was a dealer in your many products; they provided emeralds, purple, colored cloth, fine fabric, pearls, and rubies as your merchandise.
From the Latin
The Syrian was thy merchant: by reason of the multitude of thy works, they set forth precious stones, and purple, and broidered works, and fine linen, and silk, and chodchod in thy market.
Simplified
The Arameans traded with you because you had so much merchandise. They provided turquoise, purple cloth, embroidery, fine linen, coral, and red jasper in exchange for your goods.
Edom did business with you because of the great number of things which you made; they gave emeralds, purple, and needlework, and the best linen and coral and rubies for your goods.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in content, with 10 of the 12 words matched. The Septuagint's wording differs in structure, but the essential meaning regarding the trade relationship remains consistent.
אֲרָ֥ם סֹחַרְתֵּ֖ךְ מֵרֹ֣ב מַעֲשָׂ֑יִךְ בְּ֠נֹפֶךְ אַרְגָּמָ֨ן וְרִקְמָ֤ה וּבוּץ֙ וְרָאמֹ֣ת וְכַדְכֹּ֔ד נָתְנ֖וּ בְּעִזְבוֹנָֽיִךְ׃
10 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Ezekiel 27:16
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
אֲרָם (Aram) refers to both a person and a region. It denotes the fifth son of Shem, a grandson of Nahor, and a descendant of Asher. The term also encompasses the Aramean people and their territory, primarily in Mesopotamia and northern Syria. The word is often associated with the meaning 'exalted' and appears in various contexts, including references to the land of Mesopotamia.
אֲרָם n.pr.m. Aram
5th son of Shem
grandson of Nahor
a descendant of Asher
—Elsewhere only of Aramæan people & land (= 1 supr.)
people, sg. coll. = the Aramæans, a leading branch of the Shemitic stock inhabiting Mesopotamia & northern Syria, in many tribes & settlements
less often clearly of land; also of particular divisions of territory א׳ נַהֲרַיִם ‘Mesopotamia,’ i.e. prob. land between Euphrates & Chaboras; cf. פַּדַּן א׳ Paddan-Aram
often indeterminate
base
H758 אֲרָם Aram . 5th son of Shem
. grandson of Nahor
. a descendant of Asher
—Elsewhere only of Aramæan people & land (= 1 supr.) . people, sg. coll. = the Aramæans, a leading branch of the Shemitic stock inhabiting Mesopotamia & northern Syria, in many tribes & settlements
. less often clearly of land; also of particular divisions of territory א׳ נַהֲרַיִם ‘Mesopotamia,’ i.e. prob. land between Euphrates & Chaboras; cf. פַּדַּן א׳ Paddan-Aram
. often indeterminate
758 'Aram arawm'
from the same as 759; the highland; Aram or Syria, and its
inhabitants; also the name of the son of Shem, a grandson of
Nahor, and of an Israelite:--Aram, Mesopotamia, Syria,
Syrians.
see HEBREW for 0759
אֲרָם (a.ram) — Aram.
A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.22;
son of: Shem (H8035);
brother of: Asshur (H0804H), Elam (H5867C), Arpachshad (H0775) and Lud (H3865);
father of: Uz (H5780), Hul (H2343), Gether (H1666) and Mash (H4851)
§ Aram or Arameans = "exalted"
1) Aram or Syrian nation
2) the Syrian or Aramean people
Aram = "exalted"
n m
3) fifth son of Shem
4) a grandson of Nahor
5) a descendant of Asher
אֲרָם (a.ram) — Aram.
A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, only mentioned at Gen.22.21;
son of: Kemuel (H7055)
§ Aram or Arameans = "exalted"
1) Aram or Syrian nation
2) the Syrian or Aramean people
Aram = "exalted"
n m
3) fifth son of Shem
4) a grandson of Nahor
5) a descendant of Asher
אֲרָם (a.ram) — Syria.
§ Aram or Arameans = "exalted"
Aram or Syrian nation
אֲרָם (a.ram) — Aram.
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
Aram
The son of Shem (Gen. 10:22); according to Gen. 22:21, a grandson of Nahor. In Matt. 1:3, 4, and Luke 3:33, this word is the Greek form of Ram, the father of Amminadab (1 Chr. 2:10).
The word means high, or highlands, and as the name of a country denotes that elevated region extending from the northeast of Palestine to the Euphrates. It corresponded generally with the Syria and Mesopotamia of the Greeks and Romans. In Gen. 25:20; 31:20, 24; Deut. 26:5, the word “Syrian” is properly “Aramean” (R.V., marg.).…
(high). The name by which the Hebrews designated, generally, the country lying to the northeast of Palestine; the great mass of that high tableland which, rising with sudden abruptness from the Jordan and the very margin of the Lake of Gennesaret, stretched at an elevation of no less than 2000 feet above the level of the sea, to the banks of the Euphrates itself. Throughout the Authorized Version the word is, with only a very few exceptions, rendered, as in the Vulgate and LXX., SYRIA. Its earliest occurrence in the book of Genesis is in the form of Aram-naharaim , i.e. the "highland of or between the two rivers." (Genesis 24:10) Authorized Version "Mesopotamia." In the later history we meet with a number of small nations or kingdoms forming parts of the general land of Aram; but as Damascus increased in importance it gradually…
1. The name of three men in the Bible: a son of Shem, Ge 10:22, a grandson of Nahor, Ge 22:21, and an ancestor of our Lord, Ru 4:19 1Ch 2:10 Mt 1:3 Lu 3:33 2. Nearly synonymous with Syria; the Hebrew name of the whole region northeast of Palestine, extending from the Tigris on the east nearly to the Mediterranean on the west, and to the Taurus range on the north. It was named after Aram the son of Shem. Thus defined, it includes also Mesopotamia, which the Hebrews named Aram-naharaim, Aram of the two rivers, Ge…
סָחַר (sachar) means to go around or travel about, particularly in the context of trade. It can refer to a trader or trafficker, emphasizing movement in business. The root suggests both the act of trading and a sense of palpitation, though the latter is less commonly emphasized.
[סָחַר] vb. go around, about, travel about in
Qal
go about, to and fro
Pt. = subst. a trafficker, trader (who goes about with wares, etc.)
Pilp. my heart palpitates
base
H5503 סָחַר go around, about, travel about in
5503 cachar saw-khar'
a primitive root; to travel round (specifically as a pedlar);
intensively, to palpitate:--go about, merchant(-man), occupy
with, pant, trade, traffick.
סָחַר (sa.char) — to trade.
1) to go around, go about, travel about in, go about in trade
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to go about to and fro (in business)
1a2) trader, trafficker (participle)
1b) (Pilpel) to palpitate
V-Qal | Suff — Verb qal participle (active) feminine singular common · suffixHVqrfsc/Sp2fs
רֹב (rov) refers to a multitude or abundance, encompassing ideas of greatness and numerousness. It is derived from a related root and can describe anything from a large quantity to excellence. The entries consistently highlight its use in various contexts, emphasizing its broad application in the Old Testament.
רֹב 151 n.m. multitude, abundance, greatness
base
H7230 רֹב multitude, abundance, greatness
7230 rob robe
from 7231; abundance (in any respect):--abundance(- antly),
all, X common (sort), excellent, great(-ly, -ness, number),
huge, be increased, long, many, more in number, most, much,
multitude, plenty(-ifully), X very (age).
see HEBREW for 07231
רֹב (rov) — abundance.
1) multitude, abundance, greatness
1a) multitude
1a1) abundance, abundantly
1a2) numerous
1b) greatness
Prep | N-cs — Preposition · noun common masculine singular constructHR/Ncmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
מַעֲשֶׂה (ma`aseh) means deed or work, encompassing a range of actions from good to bad, and includes concepts like business, labor, and products made. It can refer to specific achievements, works of God, or even customs. The entries suggest a broad application in various contexts, but do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.
מַעֲשֶׂה 233 n.m. deed, work
base
H4639 מַעֲשֶׂה deed, work
4639 ma`aseh mah-as-eh'
from 6213; an action (good or bad); generally, a transaction;
abstractly, activity; by implication, a product (specifically,
a poem) or (generally) property:--act, art, + bakemeat,
business, deed, do(-ing), labor, thing made, ware of making,
occupation, thing offered, operation, possession, X well,
((handy-, needle-, net-))work(ing, - manship), wrought.
see HEBREW for 06213
מַעֲשֶׂה (ma.a.seh) — deed: work.
: work/product
1) deed, work
1a) deed, thing done, act
1b) work, labour
1c) business, pursuit
1d) undertaking, enterprise
1e) achievement
1f) deeds, works (of deliverance and judgment)
1g) work, thing made
1h) work (of God)
1i) product
מַעֲשֶׂה (ma.a.seh) — deed: justice.
: justice/right/righteousness
1) deed, work
1a) deed, thing done, act
1b) work, labour
1c) business, pursuit
1d) undertaking, enterprise
1e) achievement
1f) deeds, works (of deliverance and judgment)
1g) work, thing made
1h) work (of God)
1i) product
מַעֲשֶׂה (ma.a.seh) — deed: judgement.
: judgement/punishment
1) deed, work
1a) deed, thing done, act
1b) work, labour
1c) business, pursuit
1d) undertaking, enterprise
1e) achievement
1f) deeds, works (of deliverance and judgment)
1g) work, thing made
1h) work (of God)
1i) product
מַעֲשֶׂה (ma.a.seh) — deed: custom.
: custom/manner
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp2fs
נֹ֫פֶךְ (nophek) refers to a precious stone, likely an emerald, mentioned in the context of trade in Tyre (Ezekiel 27:16) and as part of the high priest's breastplate (Exodus 28:18, 39:11). It may also be associated with other gems like ruby or carbuncle. The entries suggest a connection to brightness or shining, stemming from an unused root.
נֹ֫פֶךְ n.[m.] a precious stone which Tyre gained by trade Ez 27:16 (where נ׳ doubted by Berthol, queried by Toy Hpt), cf 28:13 (symbol. of wealth and honour of king of Tyre); in high priest’s breast-piece Ex 28:18 39:11. Perh. = ruby or carbuncle 𝔊 Joseph. ἄνθραξ, 𝔙 carbunculus, cf. Di Ex, Kau Ex, Sgfr Ezek, Co Berthol; 𝔗 AV emerald.
done
H5306 נֹ֫פֶךְ n.[m.] a precious stone which Tyre gained by trade Ez 27:16 (where נ׳ doubted by Berthol, queried by Toy Hpt), cf 28:13 (symbol. of wealth and honour of king of Tyre); in high priest’s breast-piece Ex 28:18 39:11. Perh. = ruby or carbuncle 𝔊 Joseph. ἄνθραξ, 𝔙 carbunculus, cf. Di Ex, Kau Ex, Sgfr Ezek, Co Berthol; 𝔗 AV emerald.
5306 nophek no'-fek
from an unused root meaning to glisten; shining; a gem,
probably the garnet:--emerald.
נֹ֫פֶךְ (no.phekh) — emerald.
1) a precious stone in the high priest's breastplate
1a) perhaps an emerald, turquoise, ruby, or carbuncle
2) jewels imported from Tyre
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
אַרְגָּמָן (argaman) refers to the color purple or the dyed material itself, specifically purple thread and cloth. The entries indicate that it encompasses shades of purple and red-purple, with a focus on its use in textiles.
אַרְגָּמָן n.[m.] purple, red-purple, i.e. purple thread & cloth
base
H713 אַרְגָּמָן purple
713 'argaman ar-gaw-mawn'
of foreign origin; purple (the color or the dyed
stuff):--purple.
אַרְגָּמָן (ar.ga.man) — purple.
purple, red-purple
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
pur'-p'-l ('argaman; Chaldaic 'argewan (2Ch 2:7); compare Arabic 'urjuwan, and Persian 'arghawan; porphura, porphureos Septuagint and New Testament)):
Purple dye was manufactured by the Phoenicians from a marine mollusk, Murex trunculus. The shell was broken in order to give access to a small gland which was removed and crushed. The crushed gland gives a milky fluid that becomes red or purple on exposure to the air. Piles of these broken shells still remain on the coast at Sidon and Tyre. The purple gland is found in various species of Murex and also of Purpura.
Purple cloth was used in the furnishings of the tabernacle (Ex 25:4, etc.) and of Solomon's temple (2Ch 2:14; 3:14); in the palanquin of Solomon (
The famous and costly Tyrian purple, the royal color of the ancients, is said to have been discovered by the Tyrian Hercules, whose dog having by chance eaten a shellfish called Purpura, and returning to his master with his lips tinged with a purple color, occasioned the discovery of this precious dye. Purple, however, is much more ancient than this, since we find it mentioned by Moses in several places. Two kinds of purple are mentioned in the Old Testament:
1. Argamon, rendered in our version "purple," denoting a reddish purple obtained from a species of muscle or shellfish found on the coasts of the Mediterranean.
2. Techieleth, rendered in the English Bible "blue." This was a bluish or cerulean purple, likewise obtained from another species of shellfish. The "scarlet" or "crimson," for the two words denote essentially the same color, was produced from the coccus in sect, coccus…
רִקְמָה (riqmah) refers to embroidery or variegated fabric, emphasizing colorful needlework. It is derived from the root word for 'variegation of color' and is associated with decorative textiles. The term appears in contexts related to richly designed garments.
רִקְמָה n.f. variegated stuff
base
H7553 רִקְמָה
7553 riqmah rik-maw'
from 7551; variegation of color; specifically,
embroidery:--broidered (work), divers colours, (raiment of)
needlework (on both sides).
see HEBREW for 07551
רִקְמָה (riq.mah) — embroidery.
variegated stuff, embroidered
Conj | N-fs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absoluteHC/Ncfsa
בּוּץ (buwts) refers to fine linen or byssus, a luxurious white cloth associated with ancient Egypt. It is derived from an unused root meaning to bleach or be white. The entries suggest a focus on the material's quality and color, indicating its significance in textiles.
בּוּץ, בֻּץ n.[m.] byssus (late)
base
H948 בּוּץ, בֻּץ
948 buwts boots
from an unused root (of the same form) meaning to bleach,
i.e. (intransitive) be white; probably cotton (of some
sort):--fine (white) linen.
בּוּץ (buts) — fine linen.
byssus, a costly, fine white linen cloth made in Egypt
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
lin'-en (badh, "white linen," used chiefly for priestly robes, buts, "byssus," a fine white Egyptian linen, called in the earlier writings shesh; pesheth, "flax," cadhin; bussos, othonion, linon, sindon): Thread or cloth made of flax.
1. History:
Ancient Egypt was noted for its fine linen (Ge 41:42; Isa 19:9). From it a large export trade was carried on with surrounding nations, including the Hebrews, who early learned the art of spinning from the Egyptians (Ex 35:25) and continued to rely on them for the finest linen (Pr 7:16; Eze 27:7). The culture of flax in Palestine probably antedated the conquest, for in
Linen
(1.) Heb., pishet, pishtah, denotes “flax,” of which linen is made (Isa. 19:9); wrought flax, i.e., “linen cloth”, Lev. 13:47, 48, 52, 59; Deut. 22:11.
Flax was early cultivated in Egypt (Ex. 9:31), and also in Palestine (Josh. 2:6; Hos. 2:9). Various articles were made of it: garments (2 Sam. 6:14), girdles (Jer. 13:1), ropes and thread (Ezek. 40:3), napkins (
cloth made from flax. Several different Hebrew words are rendered linen, which may denote different fabrics of linen or different modes of manufacture. Egypt was the great centre of the linen trade. Some linen, made form the Egyptian byssus , a flax that grew on the banks of the Nile, was exceedingly soft and of dazzling whiteness. This linen has been sold for twice its weight in gold. Sir J.G. Wilkinson says of it, "The quality of the fine linen fully justifies all the praises of antiquity, and excites equal admiration at the present day, being to the touch comparable to silk, and not inferior in texture to our finest cambric."
As is well known, is made of the fine fibers of flax, and was much used by the ancients. Four different words in Hebrew are translated in our Bible, "Linen," "fine linen," and "silk:" PISHTAH, Jud 15:14 Eze 44:17,18; BAD, worn by the priests, Ex 28:42 39:28, and by king David, etc., 2Sa 6:14; SHESH, worn by Joseph when governor of Egypt, Ge 41:42, and by the virtuous woman in Pr 31:22, (see SILK;) and BUTZ, of which the veil of the temple and David’s outer mantle were made,
רָאמוֹת (ra'mah) refers to corals, described as something high in value. The term is derived from a root that also relates to the concept of height. The entries consistently identify it as a plural feminine noun, specifically denoting corals.
רָאמוֹת n.[f.pl.] usu. corals
base
H7215 רָאמוֹת, רָאמָה
7215 ra'mah raw-maw'
from 7213; something high in value, i.e. perhaps
coral:--coral.
see HEBREW for 07213
רָאמוֹת (ra.mah) — coral.
corals
Conj | N-fp — Conjunction · noun common feminine plural absoluteHC/Ncfpa
כַּדְכֹּד (kadkod) refers to a precious stone, likely a ruby or possibly an agate. The term is derived from a root meaning to strike fire from metal, suggesting a connection to sparkling qualities. The entries indicate that it is a singular term without significant variation in interpretation.
כַּדְכֹּד n.[m.] a precious stone, perh. ruby
base
H3539 כַּדְכֹּד
3539 kadkod kad-kobe'
from the same as 3537 in the sense of striking fire from a
metal forged; a sparkling gem, probably the ruby:--agate.
see HEBREW for 03537
כַּדְכֹּד (kad.kod) — ruby.
a precious stone (maybe ruby, agate)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
roo'-bi.
See STONES, PRECIOUS.
Ruby
(Heb. peninim), only in plural (Lam. 4:7). The ruby was one of the stones in the high priest’s breastplate (Ex. 28:17). A comparison is made between the value of wisdom and rubies (Job 28:18; Prov. 3:15; 8:11). The price of a virtuous woman is said to be “far above rubies” (Prov. 31:10). The exact meaning of the Hebrew word is uncertain. Some render it “red coral;” others, “pearl” or “mother-of-pearl.”
The oriental ruby is next in value, as a gem, to the diamond. Indeed, a ruby of this kind, above a certain size, is more valuable than a diamond of the same weight. The oriental ruby is a red variety of the sapphire its color is usually between a vivid cochineal and crimson. The word "rubies" occurs several times in the English Bible, as Job 28:18; Pr 3:15; 8:11; but the corresponding word in Hebrew is thought to denote red coral, or perhaps pearls; while the true ruby is more naturally designated by the "agate" or "carbuncle" of Isa 54:12; Eze 27:16.
The Hebrew word נָתַן (natan) means 'to give' and encompasses a wide range of applications such as putting, setting, and making. It can also indicate actions like bestowing, delivering, and assigning. The entries describe its use in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hophal, but do not present any significant disagreements among lexicons.
נָתַן 2007 vb. give, put, set
Qal 1917
give
Put, set
Make, constitute
Niph.
82be given
Be put, set
Hoph.
be given, bestowed
= be given to one for wife
be put upon
base
H5414 נָתַן give, put, set .. give
. Put, set
. Make, constitute
. . be given
. Be put, set
. . . be given, bestowed
. = be given to one for wife
. be put upon
5414 nathan naw-than'
a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of
application (put, make, etc.):--add, apply, appoint, ascribe,
assign, X avenge, X be ((healed)), bestow, bring (forth,
hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, +
cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, X doubtless, X
without fail, fasten, frame, X get, give (forth, over, up),
grant, hang (up), X have, X indeed, lay (unto charge, up),
(give) leave, lend, let (out), + lie, lift up, make, + O that,
occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, X
pull , put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send
(out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), + sing, + slander,
strike, (sub-)mit, suffer, X surely, X take, thrust, trade,
turn, utter, + weep, + willingly, + withdraw, + would (to)
God, yield.
נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: give.
: give/deliver/send/produce
1) to give, put, set
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to give, bestow, grant, permit, ascribe, employ, devote, consecrate, dedicate, pay wages, sell, exchange, lend, commit, entrust, give over, deliver up, yield produce, occasion, produce, requite to, report, mention, utter, stretch out, extend
1a2) to put, set, put on, put upon, set, appoint, assign, designate
1a3) to make, constitute
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be given, be bestowed, be provided, be entrusted to, be granted to, be permitted, be issued, be published, be uttered, be assigned
1b2) to be set, be put, be made, be inflicted
1c) (Hophal)
1c1) to be given, be bestowed, be given up, be delivered up
1c2) to be put upon
נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: put.
: put/set/apppoint
1) to give, put, set
1a) (Qal)
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
עִזָּבוֹן (izzabown) refers to wares or goods, particularly those that remain with the purchaser after a transaction. It is derived from the root meaning to let go or sell, indicating a connection to trade and commerce. The term is noted in the plural form, suggesting a range of items rather than a single good.
[עִזָּבוֹן] n.[m.] only pl. wares (as left in the purchaser’s hand)
base
H5801 עִזָּבוֹן
5801 `izzabown iz-zaw-bone'
from 5800 in the sense of letting go (for a price, i.e.
selling); trade, i.e. the place (mart) or the payment
(revenue):--fair, ware.
see HEBREW for 05800
עִזָּבוֹן (iz.za.von) — ware.
wares, goods
Prep | N-mp | Suff — Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHR/Ncmpc/Sp2fs