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Exodus 28:42 — Word Study

Depth

WLCוַעֲשֵׂ֤ה לָהֶם֙ מִכְנְסֵי־ בָ֔ד לְכַסּ֖וֹת בְּשַׂ֣ר עֶרְוָ֑ה מִמָּתְנַ֥יִם וְעַד־ יְרֵכַ֖יִם יִהְיֽוּ׃

BSAMakeʻâsâh [linen breeches, undershorts] linenbad undergarmentsmiknâç [to conceal private parts, for modesty] to coverkâçâh [hide from view, conceal] bareʻervâh [naked, exposed] fleshbâsâr [body, physical form] extendinghâyâh [reaching, going] from waistmôthen [loins, small of the back] toʻad thighyârêk [side, area of strength]

Word
Listen & take awayExodus 28
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 42 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (yih.Yu) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Exodus 28:42quick helps
In a sentenceGod instructs Moses to make linen undergarments for the priests to ensure modesty.
Who is speakingGod is giving instructions to Moses regarding the attire of the priests.
Where we areThis verse is part of God's detailed instructions for the priestly garments in the book of Exodus.
The hard wordמִכְנְסֵי
Take awayThe priests are to wear specific garments for their service to God.
6 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Ellicott, AdamClarke & more — read them › clause verbהָיָה The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Exodus 28:42

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Instructions for Priestly Garmentsgenerated

40Make tunics, sashes, and headbands for Aaron’s sons, to give them glory and splendor.
41After you put these garments on your brother Aaron and his sons, anoint them, ordain them, and consecrate them so that they may serve Me as priests.
42Make linen undergarments to cover their bare flesh, extending from waist to thigh.
43Aaron and his sons must wear them whenever they enter the Tent of Meeting or approach the altar to minister in the Holy Place, so that they will not incur guilt and die. This is to be a permanent statute for Aaron and his descendants.

Exodus 28:42 provides detailed instructions for the garments that the priests must wear, emphasizing the importance of modesty and appropriateness in their service to God. This is part of a larger section where God outlines the attire for Aaron and his sons, ensuring they are properly dressed when they approach the altar and the Tent of Meeting, as seen in the preceding verses.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Exodus 20:26And you must not go up to My altar on steps, lest your nakedness be exposed on it.’
2Exodus 39:28as well as the turban of fine linen, the ornate headbands and undergarments of finely spun linen,
3Leviticus 6:10And the priest shall put on his linen robe and linen undergarments, and he shall remove from the altar the ashes of the burnt offering that the fire has consumed and place them beside it.
4Leviticus 16:4He is to wear the sacred linen tunic, with linen undergarments. He must tie a linen sash around him and put on the linen turban. These are holy garments, and he must bathe himself with water before he wears them.
5Ezekiel 44:18They are to wear linen turbans on their heads and linen undergarments around their waists. They must not wear anything that makes them perspire.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 6 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word מִכְנְסֵי, mikh.ne.sei-generated

The term מִכְנָס (miknas) refers specifically to undergarments, particularly those worn by priests. This word emphasizes the function of these garments in providing modesty and covering.

The plural form indicates that these undergarments are designed as a pair, highlighting their purpose to conceal private parts, as noted in various contexts throughout the scriptures.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb is עֲשֵׂ֤ה, make, which governs the entire command. The structure consists of a series of phrases detailing what is to be made and their purpose.

The sentence is constructed with prepositional phrases that clarify the garments' purpose and the body parts they are meant to cover, emphasizing the importance of modesty in the priestly attire.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates מִכְנְסֵי as περισκελῆ, which refers to a type of garment that covers the lower body. This choice reflects a focus on the modesty aspect of the undergarments.

The translation indicates a consistent understanding of the need for priests to wear appropriate clothing, aligning with the Hebrew text's emphasis on covering nakedness.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Exodus 28:42 instructs that linen undergarments are to be made for the priests to cover their nakedness, extending from the waist to the thighs. This emphasizes the need for modesty in their service to God.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What is the significance of the linen undergarments?

The linen undergarments are meant to ensure modesty for the priests while they perform their sacred duties, as a means of honoring God.

Why is modesty emphasized in the priestly garments?

Modesty is emphasized to maintain a sense of reverence and purity in the presence of God, reflecting the holiness required in worship.

What do the terms 'waist' and 'thigh' refer to in this context?

The terms refer to specific anatomical areas that the undergarments must cover, ensuring that the priests are properly attired during their service.

How does this instruction relate to the overall theme of holiness in the priesthood?

This instruction highlights the importance of being set apart and maintaining a standard of holiness in all aspects of the priests' lives, including their attire.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What does modesty mean to me, and how can I apply it in my life?
  2. In what ways can I honor God in my appearance and conduct?
  3. How can understanding the significance of these garments enhance my appreciation for the priestly role?
  4. What steps can I take to ensure that I am living in a way that reflects the holiness God desires?

Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Exodus 28:42 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their nakedness,.... Or "the flesh of nakedness" (q), that part of the body which ought not to be naked and exposed to view, and which, when it is,

Read John Gill on Exodus 28 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach: Linen breeches - drawers, which encompassed the loins, and reached haft-way down the thighs.

Read Robert Jamieson on Exodus 28 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(42) Thou shalt make them linen breeches.—Rather, linen drawers. Drawers reaching from the waist to a little above the knee were the sole garment of many in Egypt, a necessary garment of all. Their object was as here stated.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Exodus 28 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 42. Linen breeches] This command had in view the necessity of purity and decency in every part of the Divine worship, in opposition to the shocking indecency of the pagan worship in general, in which the priests often ministered naked, as in the sacrifices to Bacchus, c. ON the garments of the high priest some general reflections have already been made see Exodus 28:2: See Clarke on Exodus 28:2. and to what is there said it may be just necessary to add, that there can be no doubt of their being all emblematical of spiritual things; but of which, and in what way, no man can positively say. Many commentators have entered largely into this subject, and have made many edifying and useful…

Read AdamClarke on Exodus 28 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

42, 43. The linen drawers, to be worn by the priests during their ministrations in the Tent of meeting or at the altar. A dictate of reverence and modesty. The layman was forbidden to go up by steps to the altar, lest he should expose his person upon it (Exodus 20:26): for the priests, who did go up upon the altar (see on Exodus 27:5), and were otherwise frequently engaged in or near the Tent of meeting, special garments were provided, in order to prevent the same unseemliness. Among the Romans the Flamen Dialis similarly (Gell. x. 15), ‘tunicam intimam nisi in locis tectis non exuit, ne sub caelo tanquam sub oculis Jovis nudus sit’ (cited by Kn.). breeches] Only in this connexion (Exodus…

Read Cambridge on Exodus 28 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

42. Linen breeches — The Hebrew is from a root which means to conceal.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Exodus 28 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Make linen undergarments to cover their bare flesh, extending from waist to thigh.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

You shall make them linen pants to cover their naked flesh. They shall reach from the waist even to the thighs.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Make linen undergarments to cover their bare flesh, extending from waist to thigh.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Make for them linen undergarments to cover their naked bodies; they must cover from the waist to the thighs.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach:

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover the flesh of their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach:

RVARevised Version, American1894

And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover the flesh of their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach:

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their nakedness: from the loins even to the thighs they shall reach:

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Thou shalt also make them linen breeches to couer their priuities: from the loynes vnto the thighs shall they reache.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And thou shalt make them linen trousers to cover the flesh of nakedness; from the loins even to the hips shall they reach.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

'And make thou for them linen trousers to cover the naked flesh: they are from the loins even unto the thighs;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

And make linen trousers for them to cover the naked flesh; they are from the loins even to the thighs;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs shall they reach.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

You must make for them linen undergarments to cover their naked flesh, that will cover them from the waist to the thighs.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Thou shalt make also linen breeches, to cover the flesh of their nakedness from the reins to the thighs:

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Make linen undershorts to cover their bare bodies, reaching from waist to thigh.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And you are to make them linen trousers, covering their bodies from the middle to the knee;

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וַandclauseverbעֲשֵׂ֤הmakeprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָforהֶם֙themnoun phrase · objectמִכְנְסֵיundergarmentsבָ֔דof.linenprepositional phrase · prepositionalלְtoclauseverbכַסּ֖וֹתcovernoun phrase · objectבְּשַׂ֣ר[the].fleshעֶרְוָ֑הof.nakednessclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalprepositional phraseמִfrom.[the]מָּתְנַ֥יִםhipsוְandprepositional phraseעַדtoיְרֵכַ֖יִם[the].thighsverbיִהְיֽוּthey.will.be

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text is supported by the Samaritan Pentateuch, which agrees word for word. The Septuagint matches closely, with only slight variations in word order. The Dead Sea Scrolls present partial restorations, indicating some textual damage but retaining the essential instruction.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וַעֲשֵׂ֤ה לָהֶם֙ מִכְנְסֵי־ בָ֔ד לְכַסּ֖וֹת בְּשַׂ֣ר עֶרְוָ֑ה מִמָּתְנַ֥יִם וְעַד־ יְרֵכַ֖יִם יִהְיֽוּ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וַעֲשֵׂ֤הποιήσειςלָהֶם֙αὐτοῖςמִכְנְסֵי־περισκελῆבָ֔דλινᾶלְכַסּ֖וֹתκαλύψαιעֶרְוָ֑הἀσξημοσύνηνמִמָּתְנַ֥יִםὀσφύοςוְעַד־ἕωςיְרֵכַ֖יִםμηρῶνיִהְיֽוּ׃ἔσται

10 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

ועשׂה להם מכנסי בד לכסות בשׂר ערוה ממתנים ועד ירכים יהיו

Agrees with the Masoretic Text here, word for word.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q11a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[ועשה] ל׳הם מכנסי [בד] [לכסות] [בשר] [ערוה] [ממתנים] [ועד] [ירכים] [יהיו]

1 word on the leather — 1 partly restored, 9 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q22a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[ועשה] [ל׳הם] [מכנסי] [בד] [לכסות] [בשר] [ערוה] [ממתנים] [ועד] [ירכים] [יהיו]

nothing on the leather here — 11 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Exodus 28:42עָשָׂהand makeand makeעָשָׂההֶםfor themfor themהֶםמִכְנָסundergarmenundergarments oמִכְנָסבַּדlinenlinenבַּדכָּסָהto coverto coverכָּסָהבָּשָׂר[the] flesh[the] flesh ofבָּשָׂרעֶרְוָהnakednessnakednessעֶרְוָהמַתְנַ֫יִםfrom [the] from [the] hipsמַתְנַ֫יִםעַדand toand toעַדיָרֵךְ[the] thigh[the] thighsיָרֵךְהָיָהthey will bthey will beהָיָהכָּמַסto store uto store upכָּמַסבָּדַדbe alonebe aloneבָּדַדבָּשַׂרto bear tito bear tidingsבָּשַׂרעָרָהto uncoverto uncoverעָרָהכָּשָׂהbe satedbe satedכָּשָׂהעַדperpetuityperpetuityעַדהָוָאto fallto fallהָוָאמְלָאכָהworkworkמְלָאכָהתּוֹעֵבַהabominatioabominationתּוֹעֵבַהבַּדlinenlinenבַּדשֵׁשׁalabasteralabasterשֵׁשׁמִכְנָסundergarmeundergarmentמִכְנָסשַׂקsackclothsackclothשַׂקעָנָןcloudcloudעָנָןעוֹרskinskinעוֹרעֶ֫צֶםboneboneעֶ֫צֶםגָּלָהto reveal:to reveal: reveגָּלָהאָחוֹתsistersisterאָחוֹת
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Exodus 28:42

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
וַעֲשֵׂ֤הva.'a.Seh and make H6213 Conjunction · verb qal imperative second person masculine singular
2,629× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to make or do something, and is used over 2,600 times in the Bible. It is first used in Genesis 1:7 to describe God's creation of the world and is also used in Exodus 31:5 to describe the work of skilled craftsmen.
Amplified meaning
linen breeches, undershorts
Tyndale gloss
to make
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עָשָׂה (asah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to do or make, encompassing a wide range of actions such as producing, preparing, and observing. It can refer to both concrete and abstract activities, including making offerings and attending to tasks. The verb also has forms indicating passive meanings, such as being made or offered. Notably, the Piel form refers to pressing or squeezing.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָשָׂה 2622 vb. do, make

Qal 2524

do (1560 t.)

deal with

oft. in phr. do kindness with

abs. act, act with effect

make (670 t.)

produce, yield

prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food

make offering

attend to, put in order

observe, celebrate, religious festival

acquire property of various kinds

appoint priests

bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance

use

spend, pass, days of life

Niph.

97be done

be made, of concr. things

be produced from vine

be prepared, of food

be offered

be observed, passover

be used

Pu. I was made

base

[עָשָׂה] vb. Pi. press, squeeze

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6213a עָשָׂה do, make .. . do (1560 + t.)

. deal with

. oft. in phr. do kindness with

. abs. act, act with effect

. . make (670 + t.)

. produce, yield

. prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food

. make offering

. attend to, put in order

. observe, celebrate, religious festival

. acquire property of various kinds

. appoint priests

. bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance

. use

. spend, pass, days of life

. . be done

. . be made, of concr. things

. be produced from vine

. be prepared, of food

. be offered

. be observed, passover

. be used

. I was made

H6213b עָשָׂה Pi. press, squeeze

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6213 `asah aw-saw'

a primitive root; to do or make, in the broadest sense and

widest application (as follows):--accomplish, advance,

appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow, bring forth,

bruise, be busy, X certainly, have the charge of, commit, deal

(with), deck, + displease, do, (ready) dress(-ed), (put in)

execute(-ion), exercise, fashion, + feast, (fight-)ing man, +

finish, fit, fly, follow, fulfill, furnish, gather, get, go

about, govern, grant, great, + hinder, hold ((a feast)), X

indeed, + be industrious, + journey, keep, labour, maintain,

make, be meet, observe, be occupied, offer, + officer, pare,

bring (come) to pass, perform, pracise, prepare, procure,

provide, put, requite, X sacrifice, serve, set, shew, X sin,

spend, X surely, take, X thoroughly, trim, X very, + vex, be

(warr-)ior, work(-man), yield, use.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make: do.

: do/perform

1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to do, work, make, produce

1a1a) to do

1a1b) to work

1a1c) to deal (with)

1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect

1a2) to make

1a2a) to make

1a2b) to produce

1a2c) to prepare

1a2d) to make (an offering)

1a2e) to attend to, put in order

1a2f) to observe, celebrate

1a2g) to acquire (property)

1a2h) to appoint, ordain, institute

1a2i) to bring about

1a2j) to use

1a2k) to spend, pass

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be done

1b2) to be made

1b3) to be produced

1b4) to be offered

1b5) to be observed

1b6) to be used

1c) (Pual) to be made

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to press.

(Piel) to press, squeeze

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make.

: make(OBJECT)

1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to do, work, make, produce

1a1a) to do

1a1b) to work

1a1c) to deal (with)

1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect

1a2) to make

1a2a) to make

1a2b) to produce

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-Impv-2ms — Conjunction · verb qal imperative second person masculine singular
HC/Vqv2ms
and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
לָהֶם֙la.Hem for them H9038 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הֶם (hem) — them.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HRd/Sp3mp — Preposition · suffix
HRd/Sp3mp
and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
מִכְנְסֵי־mikh.ne.sei- undergarments of H4370 Noun common · masculine plural construct
5× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A 'miknas' was a type of undergarment, including priestly linen underwear, designed to conceal private parts for modesty.
Amplified meaning
to conceal private parts, for modesty
Tyndale gloss
undergarment
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִכְנָס (miknac) refers to drawers or undergarments, specifically a type of priestly undergarment made of linen, as noted in Ezekiel 44:18. The term is derived from a root meaning to hide, indicating its function in concealing private parts. It appears only in the dual form, suggesting a pair.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מִכְנָס] n.m. Ez 44:18 only du. (or pl.) drawers

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4370 [מִכְנָס] n.m. Ez 44:18 only du. (or pl.) drawers

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4370 miknac mik-nawce'

from 3647 in the sense of hiding; (only in dual) drawers

(from concealing the private parts):--breeches.

see HEBREW for 03647

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִכְנָס (mikh.nas) — undergarment.

1) underwear, drawers, trousers

1a) a priestly undergarment of linen

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural construct
HNcmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
בָ֔דVad linen H906 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
23× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word 'bad' can also refer to linen, a type of fabric made from flax, or a garment made from it, as seen in the Bible's descriptions of priestly clothing.
Tyndale gloss
linen
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בַּד (bad) refers to white linen, with its derivation remaining uncertain. It is described as flaxen thread or yarn, which is used to make linen garments. The entries do not provide significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בַּד, בָּ֑ד n.[m.] white linen (deriv. unknown)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H906 בַּד, בָּ֑ד n.[m.] white linen (deriv. unknown)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

906 bad bad

perhaps from 909 (in the sense of divided fibres); flaxen

thread or yarn; hence, a linen garment:--linen.

see HEBREW for 0909

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בַּד (bad) — linen.

linen, white linen

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

lin'-en (badh, "white linen," used chiefly for priestly robes, buts, "byssus," a fine white Egyptian linen, called in the earlier writings shesh; pesheth, "flax," cadhin; bussos, othonion, linon, sindon): Thread or cloth made of flax.

1. History:

Ancient Egypt was noted for its fine linen (Ge 41:42; Isa 19:9). From it a large export trade was carried on with surrounding nations, including the Hebrews, who early learned the art of spinning from the Egyptians (Ex 35:25) and continued to rely on them for the finest linen (Pr 7:16; Eze 27:7). The culture of flax in Palestine probably antedated the conquest, for in

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Linen

(1.) Heb., pishet, pishtah, denotes “flax,” of which linen is made (Isa. 19:9); wrought flax, i.e., “linen cloth”, Lev. 13:47, 48, 52, 59; Deut. 22:11.

Flax was early cultivated in Egypt (Ex. 9:31), and also in Palestine (Josh. 2:6; Hos. 2:9). Various articles were made of it: garments (2 Sam. 6:14), girdles (Jer. 13:1), ropes and thread (Ezek. 40:3), napkins (

As is well known, is made of the fine fibers of flax, and was much used by the ancients. Four different words in Hebrew are translated in our Bible, "Linen," "fine linen," and "silk:" PISHTAH, Jud 15:14 Eze 44:17,18; BAD, worn by the priests, Ex 28:42 39:28, and by king David, etc., 2Sa 6:14; SHESH, worn by Joseph when governor of Egypt, Ge 41:42, and by the virtuous woman in Pr 31:22, (see SILK;) and BUTZ, of which the veil of the temple and David’s outer mantle were made,

and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
לְכַסּ֖וֹתle.kha.Sot to cover H3680 Preposition · verb piel infinitive construct common
152× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To cover something means to fill up hollows or hide something from view, as seen in many biblical stories. This verb is used in various forms throughout the Bible, such as to cover oneself with clothing or to conceal something for protection. It can also mean to overwhelm or spread over something.
Amplified meaning
hide from view, conceal
Tyndale gloss
to cover
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word כָּסָה (*kacah*) primarily means to cover or conceal. It encompasses a range of meanings, including to clothe, hide, or overwhelm. The entries describe various forms of the verb, such as being covered or covering oneself, and its use in contexts like protection or sin. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[כָּסָה] vb. cover

Qal

conceal

pass. (cstr.) covered in respect of sin (by God, which he thus puts out of sight)

Niph. covered

Pi.

cover, clothe

cover, conceal blood

cover (with covering of protection)

cover, spread over

cover, overwhelm

cover over

Pual.

be covered

be clothed

Hithp. cover, clothe oneself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3680 כָּסָה cover .. conceal

. pass. (cstr.) covered in respect of sin (by God, which he thus puts out of sight)

. covered

. . cover, clothe

. cover, conceal blood

. cover (with covering of protection)

. cover, spread over

. cover, overwhelm

. cover over

. . be covered

. be clothed

. cover, clothe oneself

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3680 kacah kaw-saw'

a primitive root; properly, to plump, i.e. fill up hollows;

by implication, to cover (for clothing or secrecy):--clad

self, close, clothe, conceal, cover (self), (flee to) hide,

overwhelm. Compare 3780.

see HEBREW for 03780

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כָּסָה (ka.sah) — to cover.

1) to cover, conceal, hide

1a) (Qal) conceal, covered (participle)

1b) (Niphal) to be covered

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to cover, clothe

1c2) to cover, conceal

1c3) to cover (for protection)

1c4) to cover over, spread over

1c5) to cover, overwhelm

1d) (Pual)

1d1) to be covered

1d2) to be clothed

1e) (Hithpael) to cover oneself, clothe oneself

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | V-Piel-Inf-a — Preposition · verb piel infinitive construct common
HR/Vpcc
and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
בְּשַׂ֣רbe.Sar [the] flesh of H1320 Noun common · masculine singular construct
270× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for flesh refers to the body or a person, and can also describe living things or animals. In the Bible, it is used to describe humans and animals, as in Genesis and Leviticus.
Amplified meaning
body, physical form
Tyndale gloss
flesh
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בָּשָׂר (basar) means 'flesh' and encompasses various meanings, including the physical body, kinship, and a euphemism for male genitalia. It can refer to humans, animals, and all living things, highlighting the frailty of man in relation to God. The entries consistently emphasize its bodily and relational aspects.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בָּשָׂר 266 n.m. flesh

of the body

flesh for the body itself

male organ of generation (euphemism)

flesh for kindred, blood-relations

man over against God as frail or erring

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1320 בָּשָׂר flesh . of the body

. flesh for the body itself

. male organ of generation (euphemism)

. flesh for kindred, blood-relations

. man over against God as frail or erring

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1320 basar baw-sawr'

from 1319; flesh (from its freshness); by extension, body,

person; also (by euphem.) the pudenda of a man:--body, (fat,

lean) flesh(-ed), kin, (man-)kind, + nakedness, self, skin.

see HEBREW for 01319

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בָּשָׂר (ba.sar) — flesh.

1) flesh

1a) of the body

1a1) of humans

1a2) of animals

1b) the body itself

1c) male organ of generation (euphemism)

1d) kindred, blood-relations

1e) flesh as frail or erring (man against God)

1f) all living things

1g) animals

1h) mankind

Aramaic equivalent: be.shar (בְּשַׁר "flesh" H1321)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
עֶרְוָ֑ה'er.Vah nakedness H6172 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
54× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for nakedness, implying shame or exposure. It appears in Genesis 9:22 and Leviticus 18:6, often warning against improper behavior. This concept is also mentioned in Deuteronomy 23:14.
Amplified meaning
naked, exposed
Tyndale gloss
nakedness
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֶרְוָה (ervah) refers to nakedness or nudity, particularly emphasizing the pudenda. It can also denote shame, disgrace, or improper behavior. The term has a figurative use, suggesting exposure or vulnerability. The Aramaic equivalent is עַרְוָה (arvah), meaning dishonor.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֶרְוָה 54 n.f. nakedness, pudenda

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6172 עֶרְוָה nakedness, pudenda

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6172 `ervah er-vaw'

from 6168; nudity, literally (especially the pudenda) or

figuratively (disgrace, blemish):--nakedness, shame,

unclean(-ness).

see HEBREW for 06168

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֶרְוָה (er.vah) — nakedness.

1) nakedness, nudity, shame, pudenda

1a) pudenda (implying shameful exposure)

1b) nakedness of a thing, indecency, improper behaviour

1c) exposed, undefended (fig.)

Aramaic equivalent: ar.vah (עַרְוָה "dishonor" H6173)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
מִמָּתְנַ֥יִםmi.ma.te.Na.yim from [the] hips H4975 Preposition · noun common masculine dual absolute
47× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Refers to the waist or small of the back, often translated as loins or hips, as seen in Proverbs 30:31. It can also describe the sides of an animal. The word is only used in plural form.
Amplified meaning
loins, small of the back
Tyndale gloss
loin
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַתְנַ֫יִם (matanim) refers to the loins or hips, derived from a root meaning to be slender. It appears in the plural form and is associated with the term for a greyhound in Proverbs 30:31. The word captures the anatomical region of the waist or small of the back.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מַתְנַ֫יִם n.m.du. loins

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4975 מַתְנַ֫יִם loins

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4975 mothen mo'-then

from an unused root meaning to be slender; properly, the

waist or small of the back; only in plural the loins:--+

greyhound, loins, side.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מׇתְנַ֫יִם (mo.ten) — loin.

1) loins, hips

1a) used with zar.zir (זַרְזִיר "greyhound" H2223) in Pr 30:31; perhaps an extinct animal, exact meaning unknown

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-md — Preposition · noun common masculine dual absolute
HR/Ncmda
and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
וְעַד־ve.'ad- and to H5704 Conjunction · preposition
1,261× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means until or as far as, describing a point in time or space. It's used in the Bible to set boundaries or limits, like in Exodus when describing the Israelites' journey.
Tyndale gloss
till
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while

prep.

of space

Of time

Of degree

conj.

until

While

Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus

of space

Of time

Of degree

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

. conj. . until

. While

. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5704 `ad ad

properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or

conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,

or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,

while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,

at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),

(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,

till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.

see HEBREW for 05703

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַד (ad) — till.

prep

1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as

1a) of space

1a1) as far as, up to, even to

1b) in combination

1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)

1c) of time

1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end

1d) of degree

1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like

conj

2) until, while, to the point that, so that even

Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Prep — Conjunction · preposition
HC/R
and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
יְרֵכַ֖יִםye.re.Kha.yim [the] thighs H3409 Noun common · feminine dual absolute
34× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word refers to the thigh or the side of something, and can also symbolize strength or power. It is used to describe where a sword is worn, and also represents the loins as the seat of procreative power.
Amplified meaning
side, area of strength
Tyndale gloss
thigh
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָרֵךְ (yarek) refers to the thigh, loin, side, or base of an object. It is derived from a root meaning to be soft, highlighting the fleshy nature of the thigh. The term can also euphemistically refer to generative parts and is used in various contexts, including the outside of the thigh where a sword is worn.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָרֵךְ n.f. thigh, loin, side, base

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3409 יָרֵךְ thigh, loin, side, base

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3409 yarek yaw-rake'

from an unused root meaning to be soft; the thigh (from its

fleshy softness); by euphem. the generative parts;

figuratively, a shank, flank, side:--X body, loins, shaft,

side, thigh.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָרֵךְ (ya.rekh) — thigh.

1) thigh, side, loin, base

1a) thigh

1a1) outside of thigh (where sword was worn)

1a2) loins (as the seat of procreative power)

1b) side (flank) (of object)

1c) base

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fd — Noun common · feminine dual absolute
HNcfda
and make for them undergarments of linen to cover [the] flesh of nakedness from [the] hips and to [the] thighs they will be
יִהְיֽוּ׃yih.Yu they will be H1961 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
3,562× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Amplified meaning
reaching, going
Tyndale gloss
to be
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be

Qal

Fall out, happen

occur, take place, come about, come to pass

esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass

וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

Come into being, become

abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

sq. prep.

become

sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

sq. pred. adj.

become like

sq. pred. לְ pers.

sq. לְ pred.

oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.

with עַל and לְ

sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)

exist, be in existence

abide, remain, continue

with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie

as copula, joining subj. & pred.

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen

. occur, take place, come about, come to pass

. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

. sq. prep.

. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

. sq. pred. adj.

. become like

. sq. pred. + לְ pers.

. sq. לְ pred.

. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.

. with עַל and לְ

. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence

. abide, remain, continue

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1961 hayah haw-yaw

a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,

come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or

auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,

committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,

fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit

(one-)self, require, X use.

see HEBREW for 01933

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.

1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) ---

1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass

1a1b) to come about, come to pass

1a2) to come into being, become

1a2a) to arise, appear, come

1a2b) to become

1a2b1) to become

1a2b2) to become like

1a2b3) to be instituted, be established

1a3) to be

1a3a) to exist, be in existence

1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)

1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)

1a3d) to accompany, be with

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about

1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVqi3mp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See TESTAMENT.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ THE MENTAL FACULTY

Freedom of, recognized by God Ge 4:6-10; De 5:29; 1Ki 20:42; Isa 1:18-20; 43:26; Jer 36:3,7; Joh 7:17

See BLESSINGS, CONTINGENT UPON OBEDIENCE

See CHOICE

See CONTINGENCY

→ OF GOD, THE SUPREME RULE OF DUTY Mt 6:10; 12:50; 26:39,42; Mr 3:35; 14:36; Lu 11:2; 22:42; Joh 4:34; 5:30; 6:38-40; Ac…

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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