Isaiah 27:10
Isaiah 27:10 in Multiple Translations
For the fortified city lies deserted— a homestead abandoned, a wilderness forsaken. There the calves graze, and there they lie down; they strip its branches bare.
Yet the defenced city shall be desolate, and the habitation forsaken, and left like a wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof.
For the fortified city is solitary, a habitation deserted and forsaken, like the wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof.
For the strong town is without men, an unpeopled living-place; and she has become a waste land: there the young ox will take his rest, and its branches will be food for him.
The fortified city will be abandoned, its houses as empty and lonely as a desert. Cattle will graze and rest there, stripping bare the branches of its trees.
Yet the defenced citie shalbe desolate, and the habitation shalbe forsaken, and left like a wildernes. There shall the calfe feede, and there shall he lie, and consume the branches thereof.
For the fenced city [is] alone, A habitation cast out and forsaken as a wilderness, There doth the calf delight, And there it lieth down, And hath consumed its branches.
For the fortified city is solitary, a habitation deserted and forsaken, like the wilderness. The calf will feed there, and there he will lie down, and consume its branches.
Yet the fortified city shall be desolate, and the habitation forsaken, and left like a wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume its branches.
For the strong city shall be desolate, the beautiful city shall be forsaken, and shall be left as a wilderness: there the calf shall feed, and there shall he lie down, and shall consume its branches.
The cities that have strong walls around them will be empty; like the desert, they will have no one living in them. The houses will be abandoned, and the streets will be full of weeds. Calves will eat grass there and lie down there; they will chew up all the leaves on the trees.
Berean Amplified Bible — Isaiah 27:10
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Isaiah 27:10 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
כִּ֣י
עִ֤יר
בְּצוּרָה֙
בָּדָ֔ד
נָוֶ֕ה
מְשֻׁלָּ֥ח
וְ/נֶעֱזָ֖ב
כַּ/מִּדְבָּ֑ר
שָׁ֣ם
יִרְעֶ֥ה
עֵ֛גֶל
וְ/שָׁ֥ם
יִרְבָּ֖ץ
וְ/כִלָּ֥ה
סְעִפֶֽי/הָ
כִּ֣י
kîy
H3588
for
Conj
עִ֤יר
ʻîyr
H5892
excitement
N-fs
בְּצוּרָה֙
bâtsar
H1219
to gather/restrain/fortify
Adj
בָּדָ֔ד
bâdâd
H910
isolation
N-ms
נָוֶ֕ה
nâveh
H5116
pasture
N-cs
מְשֻׁלָּ֥ח
shâlach
H7971
to send
V-Pual-Inf-c
וְ/נֶעֱזָ֖ב
ʻâzab
H5800
Forsaken
Conj | V-Niphal
כַּ/מִּדְבָּ֑ר
midbâr
H4057
mouth
Prep | N-ms
שָׁ֣ם
shâm
H8033
there
Adv
יִרְעֶ֥ה
râʻâh
H7462
House of Shepherds
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms
עֵ֛גֶל
ʻêgel
H5695
calf
N-ms
וְ/שָׁ֥ם
shâm
H8033
there
Conj | Adv
יִרְבָּ֖ץ
râbats
H7257
to stretch
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms
וְ/כִלָּ֥ה
kâlâh
H3615
to end
Conj | V-Piel-3ms
סְעִפֶֽי/הָ
çâʻîyph
H5585
cleft
N-mp | Suff
Hebrew Word Study
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Hebrew Word Reference — Isaiah 27:10
כִּ֣י
kîy
H3588
"for"
Conj
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Definition: 1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since 1a) that 1a1) yea, indeed 1b) when (of time) 1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force) 1c) because, since (causal connection) 1d) but (after negative) 1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if 1f) but rather, but 1g) except that 1h) only, nevertheless 1i) surely 1j) that is 1k) but if 1l) for though 1m) forasmuch as, for therefore
Usage: Occurs in 3910 OT verses. KJV: and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet. See also: Genesis 1:4; Genesis 26:16; Genesis 42:15.
עִ֤יר
ʻîyr
H5892
"excitement"
N-fs
In the Bible, this word refers to a city or town, often a place with a wall or a watchman. It is used to describe a settlement or encampment, like the city of Ai, which is mentioned in the book of Joshua. The word is used to identify specific locations in the Bible.
Definition: 1) excitement, anguish 1a) of terror
Usage: Occurs in 936 OT verses. KJV: Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town. See also: Genesis 4:17; Deuteronomy 3:6; Joshua 14:12.
בְּצוּרָה֙
bâtsar
H1219
"to gather/restrain/fortify"
Adj
This word means to gather or fortify, often used to describe harvesting grapes or building strong walls. It appears in the Bible to describe the gathering of crops, such as in the book of Isaiah. It can also mean to restrain or make something inaccessible.
Definition: 1) to gather, restrain, fence, fortify, make inaccessible, enclose 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to cut off 1a2) fortified, cut off, made inaccessible (pass participle) 1a3) secrets, mysteries, inaccessible things (subst) 1b) (Niphal) to be withheld 1c) (Piel) to fortify
Usage: Occurs in 38 OT verses. KJV: cut off, (de-) fenced, fortify, (grape) gather(-er), mighty things, restrain, strong, wall (up), withhold. See also: Genesis 11:6; Job 42:2; Psalms 76:13.
בָּדָ֔ד
bâdâd
H910
"isolation"
N-ms
Isolation or separation is the meaning of this Hebrew word. It can describe a place or situation that is alone or desolate. The KJV translates it as alone, desolate, or solitary.
Definition: 1) isolation, withdrawal, separation 1a) an isolated city adv 2) alone 2a) security (fig.)
Usage: Occurs in 10 OT verses. KJV: alone, desolate, only, solitary. See also: Numbers 23:9; Jeremiah 15:17; Psalms 4:9.
נָוֶ֕ה
nâveh
H5116
"pasture"
N-cs
A dwelling is a home or a pleasant place, like a sheepfold or a temple. It can describe a place where people or animals live, and is used in many Bible books, including Genesis and Isaiah.
Definition: 1) abode, habitation, abode of shepherds or flocks, pasture 1a) abode (of sheep) 1b) abode (of shepherds) 1c) meadow 1d) habitation
Usage: Occurs in 34 OT verses. KJV: comely, dwelling (place), fold, habitation, pleasant place, sheepcote, stable, tarried. See also: Exodus 15:13; Isaiah 35:7; Psalms 68:13.
מְשֻׁלָּ֥ח
shâlach
H7971
"to send"
V-Pual-Inf-c
To send or depart is the meaning of this Hebrew word, which has various applications in the Bible. It can describe sending someone or something away, or letting something go.
Definition: : depart/send 1) to send, send away, let go, stretch out 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to send 1a2) to stretch out, extend, direct 1a3) to send away 1a4) to let loose 1b) (Niphal) to be sent 1c) (Piel) 1c1) to send off or away or out or forth, dismiss, give over, cast out 1c2) to let go, set free 1c3) to shoot forth (of branches) 1c4) to let down 1c5) to shoot 1d) (Pual) to be sent off, be put away, be divorced, be impelled 1e) (Hiphil) to send
Usage: Occurs in 790 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] any wise, appoint, bring (on the way), cast (away, out), conduct, [idiom] earnestly, forsake, give (up), grow long, lay, leave, let depart (down, go, loose), push away, put (away, forth, in, out), reach forth, send (away, forth, out), set, shoot (forth, out), sow, spread, stretch forth (out). See also: Genesis 3:22; Exodus 9:27; Joshua 14:11.
וְ/נֶעֱזָ֖ב
ʻâzab
H5800
"Forsaken"
Conj | V-Niphal
Forsaken means to loosen or relinquish something, often implying abandonment. In the Bible, the word appears in Psalm 22:1, where David cries out to God, saying my God, why have you forsaken me. The term signifies a sense of desperation and isolation.
Definition: This name means to restore, repair Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
Usage: Occurs in 206 OT verses. KJV: commit self, fail, forsake, fortify, help, leave (destitute, off), refuse, [idiom] surely. See also: Genesis 2:24; Nehemiah 5:10; Psalms 9:11.
כַּ/מִּדְבָּ֑ר
midbâr
H4057
"mouth"
Prep | N-ms
The wilderness refers to a desert or open field, like the one the Israelites wandered in after leaving Egypt. It can also mean a place of solitude or a region without many people. In the Bible, it is often associated with the journey to the Promised Land.
Definition: 1) mouth 1a) mouth (as organ of speech)
Usage: Occurs in 257 OT verses. KJV: desert, south, speech, wilderness. See also: Genesis 14:6; Joshua 5:4; Psalms 29:8.
שָׁ֣ם
shâm
H8033
"there"
Adv
The Hebrew word sham means there or then, often used to describe a location or point in time. It can also mean thither or thence, indicating movement or direction. This word is used frequently in the Bible to provide context and clarify the setting of a story.
Definition: 1) there, thither 1a) there 1b) thither (after verbs of motion) 1c) from there, thence 1d) then (as an adverb of time) Aramaic equivalent: tam.mah (תַּמָּה "there" H8536)
Usage: Occurs in 732 OT verses. KJV: in it, [phrase] thence, there (-in, [phrase] of, [phrase] out), [phrase] thither, [phrase] whither. See also: Genesis 2:8; Exodus 21:33; Deuteronomy 19:4.
יִרְעֶ֥ה
râʻâh
H7462
"House of Shepherds"
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms
This verb means to care for or tend to someone or something, like a shepherd with his flock. It can also mean to rule over or associate with someone as a friend, and is sometimes used to describe a close relationship.
Definition: Ra'ah = "pasturing" perh. "binding-house of the shepherds"
Usage: Occurs in 139 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] break, companion, keep company with, devour, eat up, evil entreat, feed, use as a friend, make friendship with, herdman, keep (sheep) (-er), pastor, [phrase] shearing house, shepherd, wander, waste. See also: Genesis 4:2; Isaiah 40:11; Psalms 23:1.
עֵ֛גֶל
ʻêgel
H5695
"calf"
N-ms
In the Bible, this Hebrew word refers to a young male calf, nearly grown into a steer. It appears in the book of Exodus and Leviticus, describing animal sacrifices. The word is often translated as 'bullock' or 'calf'.
Definition: calf, bull-calf
Usage: Occurs in 35 OT verses. KJV: bullock, calf. See also: Exodus 32:4; 2 Chronicles 13:8; Psalms 29:6.
וְ/שָׁ֥ם
shâm
H8033
"there"
Conj | Adv
The Hebrew word sham means there or then, often used to describe a location or point in time. It can also mean thither or thence, indicating movement or direction. This word is used frequently in the Bible to provide context and clarify the setting of a story.
Definition: 1) there, thither 1a) there 1b) thither (after verbs of motion) 1c) from there, thence 1d) then (as an adverb of time) Aramaic equivalent: tam.mah (תַּמָּה "there" H8536)
Usage: Occurs in 732 OT verses. KJV: in it, [phrase] thence, there (-in, [phrase] of, [phrase] out), [phrase] thither, [phrase] whither. See also: Genesis 2:8; Exodus 21:33; Deuteronomy 19:4.
יִרְבָּ֖ץ
râbats
H7257
"to stretch"
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms
To stretch or lie down, like an animal, and can imply resting or lurking, as in Exodus 23:5.
Definition: 1) to stretch oneself out, lie down, lie stretched out 1a) (Qal) to lie down, lie 1b)(Hiphil) to cause to lie down 1b1) laying (stones)
Usage: Occurs in 30 OT verses. KJV: crouch (down), fall down, make a fold, lay, (cause to, make to) lie (down), make to rest, sit. See also: Genesis 4:7; Isaiah 11:7; Psalms 23:2.
וְ/כִלָּ֥ה
kâlâh
H3615
"to end"
Conj | V-Piel-3ms
This Hebrew word means to finish or end something, like completing a task or using up a resource, as seen in Genesis 2:2 where God finished creating the heavens and earth.
Definition: : finish 1) to accomplish, cease, consume, determine, end, fail, finish, be complete, be accomplished, be ended, be at an end, be finished, be spent 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to be complete, be at an end 1a2) to be completed, be finished 1a3) to be accomplished, be fulfilled 1a4) to be determined, be plotted (bad sense) 1a5) to be spent, be used up 1a6) to waste away, be exhausted, fail 1a7) to come to an end, vanish, perish, be destroyed 1b) (Piel) 1b1) to complete, bring to an end, finish 1b2) to complete (a period of time) 1b3) to finish (doing a thing) 1b4) to make an end, end 1b5) to accomplish, fulfil, bring to pass 1b6) to accomplish, determine (in thought) 1b7) to put an end to, cause to cease 1b8) to cause to fail, exhaust, use up, spend 1b9) to destroy, exterminate 1c) (Pual) to be finished, be ended, be completed
Usage: Occurs in 199 OT verses. KJV: accomplish, cease, consume (away), determine, destroy (utterly), be (when... were) done, (be an) end (of), expire, (cause to) fail, faint, finish, fulfil, [idiom] fully, [idiom] have, leave (off), long, bring to pass, wholly reap, make clean riddance, spend, quite take away, waste. See also: Genesis 2:1; 2 Chronicles 29:17; Psalms 18:38.
סְעִפֶֽי/הָ
çâʻîyph
H5585
"cleft"
N-mp | Suff
This word refers to a cleft or branch, like a split in a rock or a tree limb. It is used in the Bible to describe natural features. The KJV translates it as branch or clift.
Definition: 1) cleft, branch 1a) cleft (of a crag) 1b) branches, boughs
Usage: Occurs in 6 OT verses. KJV: (outmost) branch, clift, top. See also: Judges 15:8; Isaiah 17:6; Isaiah 2:21.
Study Notes — Isaiah 27:10
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Isaiah 27:10 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Isaiah 27:10
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Isaiah 27:10
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
- Trapp's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
- Ellicott's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
- Adam Clarke's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
- Cambridge Bible on Isaiah 27:10
- Barnes' Notes on Isaiah 27:10
- Whedon's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
- Sermons on Isaiah 27:10
Context — The LORD’s Vineyard
8By warfare and exile You contended with her and removed her with a fierce wind, as on the day the east wind blows.
9Therefore Jacob’s guilt will be atoned for, and the full fruit of the removal of his sin will be this: When he makes all the altar stones like crushed bits of chalk, no Asherah poles or incense altars will remain standing.
10For the fortified city lies deserted— a homestead abandoned, a wilderness forsaken. There the calves graze, and there they lie down; they strip its branches bare.
11When its limbs are dry, they are broken off. Women come and use them for kindling; for this is a people without understanding. Therefore their Maker has no compassion on them, and their Creator shows them no favor. 12In that day the LORD will thresh from the flowing Euphrates to the Wadi of Egypt, and you, O Israelites, will be gathered one by one.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 17:2 | The cities of Aroer are forsaken; they will be left to the flocks, which will lie down with no one to fear. |
| 2 | Jeremiah 26:18 | “Micah the Moreshite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah and told all the people of Judah that this is what the LORD of Hosts says: ‘Zion will be plowed like a field, Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble, and the temple mount a wooded ridge.’ |
| 3 | Isaiah 32:13–14 | and for the land of my people, overgrown with thorns and briers— even for every house of merriment in this city of revelry. For the palace will be forsaken, the busy city abandoned. The hill and the watchtower will become caves forever— the delight of wild donkeys and a pasture for flocks— |
| 4 | Micah 3:12 | Therefore, because of you, Zion will be plowed like a field, Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble, and the temple mount a wooded ridge. |
| 5 | Isaiah 17:9 | In that day their strong cities will be like forsaken thickets and summits, abandoned to the Israelites and to utter desolation. |
| 6 | Jeremiah 26:6 | then I will make this house like Shiloh, and I will make this city an object of cursing among all the nations of the earth.’” |
| 7 | Lamentations 1:4 | The roads to Zion mourn, because no one comes to her appointed feasts. All her gates are deserted; her priests groan, her maidens grieve, and she herself is bitter with anguish. |
| 8 | Isaiah 7:25 | For fear of the briers and thorns, you will no longer traverse the hills once tilled by the hoe; they will become places for oxen to graze and sheep to trample. |
| 9 | Ezekiel 36:4 | therefore, O mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord GOD. This is what the Lord GOD says to the mountains and hills, to the ravines and valleys, to the desolate ruins and abandoned cities, which have become a spoil and a mockery to the rest of the nations around you. |
| 10 | Isaiah 25:2 | Indeed, You have made the city a heap of rubble, the fortified town a ruin. The fortress of strangers is a city no more; it will never be rebuilt. |
Isaiah 27:10 Summary
Isaiah 27:10 describes a city that was once strong and secure, but is now empty and deserted, like a wilderness. This is a picture of what happens when we trust in our own strength and forget about God, as in Psalm 52:7. The calves grazing in the city show that even the things that were once important to us can become useless and empty when we abandon our relationship with God, but as in Isaiah 41:17-20, God can bring new life and beauty to the most desolate places. As we reflect on this verse, we can ask ourselves what 'cities' in our own lives we may be trusting in, and how we can turn back to God for our strength and security, as in Proverbs 3:5-6.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the 'fortified city' in Isaiah 27:10 represent?
The 'fortified city' likely represents a place of strength and security that has been abandoned, possibly a reference to the spiritual state of Israel, as seen in Isaiah 1:21, where the city of Jerusalem is called a 'faithful city' that has become a harlot.
Why are calves mentioned in this verse?
The calves in Isaiah 27:10 are likely a symbol of the desolation and abandonment of the city, as they are grazing and lying down in a place that was once inhabited, similar to the image in Isaiah 32:14, where the palaces are overgrown with weeds.
What is the significance of the branches being stripped bare?
The branches being stripped bare by the calves in Isaiah 27:10 may represent the complete desolation and removal of any remaining signs of life or vitality, as seen in the judgment of Ezekiel 20:47, where the fire consumes the green tree and the dry tree alike.
How does this verse relate to the overall message of Isaiah 27?
Isaiah 27:10 is part of a larger section that describes the judgment and restoration of Israel, as seen in verses like Isaiah 27:9, where the removal of sin is a prerequisite for restoration, and Isaiah 27:12, where the Lord gathers His people one by one.
Reflection Questions
- What are the 'fortified cities' in my own life that I have relied on for strength and security, and how might God be calling me to abandon them for His sake, as in Matthew 16:25?
- How can I apply the image of the calves grazing in the deserted city to my own spiritual life, and what areas of my life may be 'overgrown' with worldly pursuits, as in 2 Timothy 2:4?
- What are the 'branches' in my life that may be stripped bare by the circumstances of life, and how can I trust God to bring new life and vitality to those areas, as in John 15:2?
- In what ways can I cooperate with God's work of restoration in my own life, as described in Isaiah 27:12, and what role can I play in His plan to gather His people one by one, as in Romans 11:25?
Gill's Exposition on Isaiah 27:10
Yet the defenced city [shall be] desolate,.... Or "but", or "notwithstanding" (b); though the Lord deals mercifully with his own people, and mixes mercy with their afflictions, and causes them to
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Isaiah 27:10
Yet the defenced city shall be desolate, and the habitation forsaken, and left like a wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
Yet; yet before this glorious promise concerning the removal of Israel’ s sin and calamity be fulfilled, a dreadful and desolating judgment shall first come upon them. The defenced city; Jerusalem, and the rest of the defenced cities in the land, the singular number being put for the plural. The habitation; the most inhabited and populous places. Or, as the Hebrew word properly signifies, their pleasant habitations, whether in the city or country. Forsaken and left like a wilderness; which was fulfilled in the time of the Babylonish captivity. The calf; which is synecdochically put for all sorts of cattle, which may securely feed there, because there shall be no men left to disturb or annoy them. The branches thereof; of their pleasant habitation; of the young trees which shall grow up in that ruinated country.
Trapp's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
Isaiah 27:10 Yet the defenced city [shall be] desolate, [and] the habitation forsaken, and left like a wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof.Ver. 10. Yet, the defensed city shall be desolate.] Or, But, or therefore, shall they suffer, ut ad saniorem mentem et ad frugem calamitosi redeant, that they may be thereby bettered. See on Isaiah 27:9.
Ellicott's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
(10) The defenced city shall be desolate . . .—The key to this prediction is found in Isaiah 25:2, where the same words occur. The “defenced city” is that of the strangers, who are the enemies of God’s people, and its destruction is contrasted with the restoration of the purified Jerusalem of the preceding verse. To see in the “defenced city” which is to be laid low Jerusalem itself is at variance with the natural sequence of thought. The picture of desolation—calves feeding in what had been the busy streets of a populous city—is analogous to that of the “wild beasts of the desert,” roaring among the ruins of Babylon, in Isaiah 13:21-22.
Adam Clarke's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
Verse 10. There shall the calf feed] That is, the king of Egypt, says Kimchi.
Cambridge Bible on Isaiah 27:10
7–11. A summons to national repentance and reformation. Has Israel suffered the extremity of Divine punishment as its oppressors have done (7)? There is a ground of hope in the moderation displayed by Jehovah in His chastisement of Israel; the prospect of ultimate reconciliation is held out; and this hope will be realised when all the monuments of idolatry are erased from the land (9). At present the city lies desolate, a witness to the sinful blindness of the people and the estrangement of its Creator (10, 11). The section is full of difficulties. The words of Isa 27:8 stand in no obvious relation to the context, and are probably to be regarded (with Duhm) as a marginal gloss to Isaiah 27:10. The connexion between Isaiah 27:9 and Isaiah 27:10 is also somewhat obscure.
Barnes' Notes on Isaiah 27:10
Yet the defensed city - Gesenius supposes that this means Jerusalem. So Calvin and Piscator understand it.
Whedon's Commentary on Isaiah 27:10
10, 11. The defenced city — Which some think means Jerusalem, some Samaria, and some Babylon. Samaria, at least, may be ruled out; but the question hangs in doubt as to the other two.
Sermons on Isaiah 27:10
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
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Holy Spirit #29: The Spirit of Revival by Alan Cairns | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of prayer for revival in times of spiritual decline in the Church. He refers to Isaiah 62:6-7, where God sets watchmen on the |
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The Happy Effects of the Pouring Out of the Spirit by Samuel Davies | Samuel Davies preaches about the necessity of a general outpouring of the Holy Spirit for national reformation and individual salvation. He emphasizes the dire consequences of sin |
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The Crisis, or the Uncertain Doom of Kingdoms at Particular Times by Samuel Davies | Samuel Davies preaches about the uncertainty and anxiety faced by nations in times of crisis, using the example of Nineveh's impending doom due to sin. He emphasizes the importance |