Psalms 148:8 — Word Study
WLCאֵ֣שׁ וּ֭בָרָד שֶׁ֣לֶג וְקִיט֑וֹר ר֥וּחַ סְ֝עָרָ֗ה עֹשָׂ֥ה דְבָרֽוֹ׃
BSAlightningʼêsh [fire] and hailbârâd [a sign of God's judgment] snowsheleg [white and pure] and cloudsqîyṭôwr [vapors, smoke] powerfulçaʻar [stormy, tempestuous] windrûwach fulfillingʻâsâh [doing, obeying] His worddâbâr [command, decree]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אֵ֣שׁ | O fire | Noun common, both singular absolute |
| וּ֭בָרָד | and hail | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| שֶׁ֣לֶג | snow | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| וְקִיט֑וֹר | and smoke | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| ר֥וּחַ | wind of | Noun common, feminine singular construct |
| סְ֝עָרָ֗ה | storm | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| עֹשָׂ֥ה | [which] does | Verb, Qal, participle (active) feminine singular |
| דְבָרֽוֹ׃ | word his | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | lightning and hail, snow and clouds, powerful wind fulfilling His word, |
| KJV | Fire, and hail; snow, and vapour; stormy wind fulfilling his word: |
| ASV | Fire and hail, snow and vapor; Stormy wind, fulfilling his word; |
| YLT | Fire and hail, snow and vapour, Whirlwind doing His word; |
| WEB | lightning and hail, snow and clouds, stormy wind, fulfilling his word, |
| BBE | Fire and rain of ice, snow and mists; storm-wind, doing his word: |
The translations agree on the meaning of nature fulfilling God's commands.
The main clause lists the elements of nature that are fulfilling God's word, with a clear structure emphasizing the subjects and their action.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbעָשָׂה
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 148:8
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Call to Praise from Creationgenerated
Psalm 148:8 presents a vivid image of nature responding to God's commands. The psalmist calls on various elements of creation, including lightning, hail, snow, and wind, to praise the Lord, highlighting their role in fulfilling His word. This passage emphasizes the interconnectedness of creation and divine authority, as seen in the broader context of Psalm 148, where all aspects of nature are invited to join in worship.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 147:15–18 | He sends forth His command to the earth; His word runs swiftly. |
| 2 | Genesis 19:24 | Then the LORD rained down sulfur and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah—from the LORD out of the heavens. |
| 3 | Exodus 9:23–25 | So Moses stretched out his staff toward heaven, and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and lightning struck the earth. So the LORD rained down hail upon the land of Egypt. |
| 4 | Leviticus 10:2 | So fire came out from the presence of the LORD and consumed them, and they died in the presence of the LORD. |
| 5 | Numbers 16:35 | And fire came forth from the LORD and consumed the 250 men who were offering the incense. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 18 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — עֹשָׂ֥ה, 'o.Sahgenerated
The verb עָשָׂה (asah) means 'to do' or 'to make' and is a fundamental action word in Hebrew, used over 2,600 times in the Bible. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including creating, producing, and executing tasks. In this context, it indicates that the elements of nature actively carry out God's commands.
The parsing as a participle in the feminine singular suggests that the action of fulfilling is ongoing and relates to the feminine nouns preceding it, such as רוּחַ (ruach) and סְעָרָה (se'arah), emphasizing the dynamic role of these elements in the fulfillment of God's will.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The translations generally agree on the meaning of the verse, with all versions reflecting the idea of nature obeying God's word.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The structure of the verse revolves around the finite verb עֹשָׂ֥ה, does, which governs the various elements listed before it: lightning, hail, snow, and smoke. Each of these elements is presented as a noun phrase, indicating their role as subjects fulfilling God's word.
The order places emphasis on the natural elements, showcasing their obedience to God's commands, with the verb at the center of the action.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates עֹשָׂ֥ה as ποιοῦντα (poiounta), meaning 'doing' or 'making.' This choice aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning, emphasizing the active role of nature in executing God's will.
The use of ποιοῦντα in the Septuagint reinforces the interpretation that the elements are not merely passive but are engaged in fulfilling God's commands.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 148:8 describes how elements of nature, like lightning, hail, snow, and wind, act in accordance with God's commands. This verse is part of a larger call for all creation to praise the Lord, showing that everything in nature serves His will.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It means that elements like lightning, hail, and wind are seen as agents that carry out God's commands, reflecting His authority over creation.
Hail is often associated with God's judgment in the Bible, as seen in instances like the plagues in Egypt, where it served as a destructive force.
The elements of nature praise God by fulfilling their roles and functions as created beings, demonstrating His power and sovereignty.
The term 'stormy' emphasizes the powerful and tumultuous nature of the wind, indicating that even the fierce forces of nature are under God's control.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see God's authority reflected in nature around me?
- How can I recognize and appreciate the beauty of God's creation in my daily life?
- What does it mean for me to fulfill God's word in my own actions?
- How can I encourage others to see the connection between creation and the Creator?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early church fathers like Augustine of Hippo referenced this verse to discuss the obedience of creation to God's commands, illustrating the relationship between divine authority and natural elements.
"Fire, hail, snow, ice, wind of storms, which do His word" [Psalms 148:8].Early Church Fathers on Psalms 148 →
There follows the seventh commandment: "You shall not steal," and the seventh plague: hail on the crops. What you steal from the commandment, you lose from your account in heaven. No one makes an unjust gain without suffering a just loss.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 148 →
I am, therefore, leaving out those things that are done corporeally in a quite ordinary period of time, such as the rising and the setting of the stars, the births and the deaths of animals, the innumerable diversities of seeds and buds,Early Church Fathers on Psalms 148 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 148:8 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleFire, and hail,.... These, and what follow in this verse, are in the air, but are what are exhaled or drawn up from the earth or water; "fire" is lightning, which is very swift in its motion, and
Read John Gill on Psalms 148 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryFire, and hail; snow, and vapour; stormy wind fulfilling his word: Fire - lightning. Vapour - the result of fire and water together.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 148 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleFire; lightnings and other fire-works of the air. Vapours, or fumes; hot exhalations, as the word properly signifies, as cold exhalations are comprehended under the title of snow. And both of them, arising from the earth, are here fitly mentioned as belonging to it. Fulfilling his word; executing his commands, either for the comfort and refreshment, or for the punishment, of the inhabitants of the earth.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 148 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 148:8 Fire, and hail; snow, and vapour; stormy wind fulfilling his word: Ver 8. Fire, and hail; snow, and vapours] This latter is the matter of those former meteors which he purposely mingleth with those forementioned miracles of land and waters, the more to set forth the power of God, because these seem to have no settledness of subsistence, and yet in them he is made visible. Stormy wind fuelling his word] The winds blow not at random, but by a Divine decree; and God hath ordered that whether north or south blow they shall blow good to his people, Son 4:16. He saith to all his creatures, as David did to his captains concerning Absalom, Handle them gently for my sake.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 148 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(8) Fire.—Lightning, as in Psalms 18:12; Psalms 105:32. where it is also found with “hail.” Vapours.—The same Hebrew word in Genesis 19:28 and Psalms 119:83 is rendered “smoke,” and from the use of the cognate verb is certainly connected with “burning.” Hence we probably have here the figure chiasmus (fire and hail, snow and smoke), the smoke answering to the fire, as the snow to the hail. On the other hand, from Psalms 18:8; Psalms 144:5, it is plain that the driving mists of a storm were regarded as smoke. (Comp. “The smoky mountain tops.”—.) This invocation of the powers of the air is a fine poetic touch, and shows the freedom of lyric treatment of the story of Creation, which in Genesis…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 148 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 8. Fire, and hail; snow, and vapours] All kinds of meteors, water, and fire, in all their forms and combinations. And air, whether in the gentle breeze, the gale, the whirlwind, the tempest, or the tornado; each accomplishing an especial purpose, and fulfilling a particular will of the Most High.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 148 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges8. Fire, and hail] Lightning and hail are naturally coupled, as hail most commonly falls in thunderstorms. Cp. Psalms 18:12 ff. vapour] The word elsewhere means smoke (Genesis 19:28; Psalms 119:83); but must here mean the mists, which drift like smoke over the mountains.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 148 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleFire, and hail - Fire, when accompanied by hail; that is, the lightning. See Psalms 18:12. Snow, and vapors - Snow and clouds. It was not unnatural that these should be combined, or suggested together to the mind.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 148 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
lightning and hail, snow and clouds, powerful wind fulfilling His word,
lightning and hail, snow and clouds, stormy wind, fulfilling his word,
lightning and hail, snow and clouds, powerful wind fulfilling His word,
O fire and hail, snow and clouds, O stormy wind that carries out his orders,
Tyndale line
Fire, and hail; snow, and vapour; stormy wind fulfilling his word:
Fire and hail, snow and vapor; Stormy wind, fulfilling his word;
Fire and hail, snow and vapour; stormy wind, fulfilling his word:
Fire, and hail; snow, and vapors; stormy wind fulfilling his word:
Fire and hayle, snowe and vapours, stormie winde, which execute his worde:
Strictly literal
Fire and hail, snow and vapour, stormy wind fulfilling his word;
Fire and hail, snow and vapour, Whirlwind doing His word;
Fire and hail, snow and vapor, || Whirlwind doing His word;
Fire, and hail, snow, and vapor; thou storm-wind that fulfillest his word;
fire and hail, snow and clouds, stormy wind fulfilling his word.
From the Latin
Fire, hail, snow, ice, stormy winds which fulfill his word:
Simplified
lightning and hail, snow and clouds, and stormy wind—everything that does as he commands.
Fire and rain of ice, snow and mists; storm-wind, doing his word:
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text aligns with the Septuagint, as all eight words match in meaning and structure. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some restoration, but the core message remains intact, affirming the obedience of nature to God's word.
אֵ֣שׁ וּ֭בָרָד שֶׁ֣לֶג וְקִיט֑וֹר ר֥וּחַ סְ֝עָרָ֗ה עֹשָׂ֥ה דְבָרֽוֹ׃
8 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
אש וברד שלג וקיטור [רוח] [סערה] עושה דבר׳ו
5 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 2 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 148:8
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
אֵשׁ (esh) means 'fire' and encompasses various types, including natural fire, supernatural fire associated with divine appearances, and fire used for cooking or on altars. It can also figuratively represent God's anger. The entries consistently highlight its literal and metaphorical uses, with no significant disagreement among lexicons.
אֵשׁ 377 n.f. fire
fire, of conflagration
of supernatural fire
fire for cooking, roasting, parching
esp. of altar fire
fig. of Yahweh's anger
in various combinations
base
H784 אֵשׁ fire . fire, of conflagration
. of supernatural fire
. fire for cooking, roasting, parching
. esp. of altar fire
. fig. of Yahweh's anger
. in various combinations
784 'esh aysh
a primitive word; fire (literally or figuratively):--
burning, fiery, fire, flaming, hot.
אֵשׁ (esh) — fire.
1) fire
1a) fire, flames
1b) supernatural fire (accompanying theophany)
1c) fire (for cooking, roasting, parching)
1d) altar-fire
1e) God's anger (fig.)
Aramaic equivalent: esh (אֶשָּׁא "fire" H0785)
N-cs — Noun common · both singular absoluteHNcbsa
fir ('esh; pur):
These are the common words for fire, occurring very frequently. 'Ur, "light" (Isa 24:15 the King James Version; compare the Revised Version (British and American); Isa 31:9, and see FIRES), nur (Aramaic) (Da 3:22 ff) are found a few times, also 'eshshah (Jer 6:29), and be`erah (Ex 22:6), once each. Ac 28:2,3 has pura, "pyre," and Mr 14:54; Lu 22:56, phos, "light," the Revised Version (British and American) "in the light (of the fire)." "To set…
Fire
(1.) For sacred purposes. The sacrifices were consumed by fire (Gen. 8:20). The ever-burning fire on the altar was first kindled from heaven (Lev. 6:9, 13; 9:24), and afterwards rekindled at the dedication of Solomon’s temple (2 Chr. 7:1, 3). The expressions “fire from heaven” and “fire of the Lord” generally denote lightning, but sometimes also the fire of the altar was so called (Ex. 29:18; Lev. 1:9; 2:3; 3:5, 9).
Fire for a sacred purpose obtained otherwise than from the altar was called “strange fire” (Lev. 10:1, 2;
is represented as the symbol of Jehovah’s presence and the instrument of his power, in the way either of approval or of destruction. (Exodus 3:2; 14:19) etc. There could not be a better symbol for Jehovah than this of fire, it being immaterial, mysterious, but visible, warming, cheering, comforting, but also terrible and consuming. Parallel with this application of fire and with its symbolical meaning are to be noted the similar use for sacrificial purposes and the respect paid to it, or to the heavenly bodies as symbols of deity, which prevailed among so many nations of antiquity, and of which the traces are not even now extinct; e.g. the Sabean and Magian systems of worship. (Isaiah 27:9) Fire for sacred purposes obtained elsewhere than from the altar was called "strange fire," and for the use of such Nadab and Abihu were punished…
In Scripture, is often connected with the presence of Jehovah; as in the burning bush, and on Mount Sinai, Ex 3:2 19:18 Ps 18:1-50 Hab 1:1-3:19. The second coming of Christ will be "in flaming fire," 2Th 1:8. In the New Testament it illustrates the enlightening, cheering, and purifying agency of the Holy Spirit, Mt 3:11 Ac 2:3. By sending fire from heaven to consume sacrifices, God often signified his acceptance of them: as in the case of Abel, Ge 4:4; Abraham, Ge…
בָּרָד (barad) means hail, specifically referring to hailstones. It is derived from the root word associated with H1258. The term is noted in the context of God's judgment in a figurative sense.
בָּרָד n.m. hail
base
H1259 בָּרָד hail
1259 barad baw-rawd'
from 1258; hail -hail ((stones)).
see HEBREW for 01258
בָּרָד (ba.rad) — hail.
1) hail
1a) of God's judgment (fig.)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
Hail!
A salutation expressive of a wish for the welfare of the person addressed; the translation of the Greek Chaire, “Rejoice” (Luke 1:8). Used in mockery in Matt. 27:29.
A salutation, importing a wish for the welfare of the person addressed. It is now seldom used among us; but was customary among our Saxon ancestors, and imported "joy to you," or "health to you," including in the term health all kind of prosperity.
שֶׁ֫לֶג (sheleg) means 'snow' and is derived from the root word for whiteness. It is consistently defined across entries as snow, with a reference to its Aramaic equivalent, תְּלַג (te.lag). The term appears in contexts related to snow in the Old Testament.
שֶׁ֫לֶג n.m. snow
base
H7950 שֶׁ֫לֶג snow
7950 sheleg sheh'-leg
from 7949; snow (probably from its whiteness):--snow(-y).
see HEBREW for 07949
שֶׁ֫לֶג (she.leg) — snow.
snow
Aramaic equivalent: te.lag (תְּלַג "snow" H8517)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
sno (shelegh, telagh (Da 7:9); chion):
(1) Snow is not uncommon in the winter in Jerusalem, but it never reaches any depth and in many winters it is not seen at all. It usually disappears, for the most part, as soon as the sun appears, though it may "hide itself" for a time in the gorge cut by a stream (Job 6:16). On lower levels than Jerusalem there is never sufficient to cover the ground, though often there are some flakes seen in the air. Even at sea-level there is occasionally a sufficient fall of hail to cover the ground. A very exceptional snowfall is related in 1 Macc 13:22 at Adora (near Hebron). It was heavy enough to prevent the movement of troops.
Snow
Common in Palestine in winter (Ps. 147:16). The snow on the tops of the Lebanon range is almost always within view throughout the whole year. The word is frequently used figuratively by the sacred writers (Job 24:19; Ps. 51:7; 68:14; Isa. 1:18). It is mentioned only once in the historical books (2 Sam. 23:20). It was “carried to Tyre, Sidon, and Damascus as a luxury, and labourers sweltering in the hot harvest-fields used it for the purpose of cooling the water which they drank (Prov. 25:13; Jer. 18:14).…
This historical books of the Bible contain only two notices of snow actually falling -- (2 Samuel 23:20) 1Macc 13:22; but the allusions in the poetical books are so numerous that there can be no doubt as to its being an ordinary occurrence in the winter months. (Psalms 147:16; 148:8) The snow lies deep in the ravines of the highest ridge of Lebanon until the summer is far advanced and indeed never wholly disappears; the summit of Hermon also perpetually glistens with frozen snow. From these sources probably the Jews obtained their supplies of ice for the purpose of cooling their beverages in summer. (Proverbs 25:13) The liability to snow must of course vary considerably in a country of such varying altitude as Palestine. At…
Is often alluded to in Scripture, for its whiteness, Ex 4:6; Nu 12:10; 2Ki 5:27; Ps 51:7; Isa 1:18, and for its cleansing qualities, Job 9:30. The expression in Pr 25:13, "as the cold of snow in the time of harvest," alludes to its use in preparing cool drinks for the reapers; while on the other hand, in Pr 26:1, "snow in summer," that is, a fall of snow, being unseasonable and unnatural, is compared to honors inappropriately lavished on a fool. Snow from…
קִיטוֹר (qiytowr) refers to thick smoke or fume, derived from the root meaning 'to smoke.' The entries consistently describe it as a type of cloud or vapor, emphasizing its density. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meaning.
קִיטוֹר n.m. thick smoke
base
H7008 קִיטוֹר thick smoke
7008 qiytowr kee-tore'
or qiytor {kee-tore'}; from 6999; a fume, i.e.
cloud:--smoke, vapour.
see HEBREW for 06999
קִיטוֹר (qi.tor) — smoke.
thick smoke, smoke
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
רוּחַ (ruach) means breath, wind, or spirit. It encompasses various meanings, including the breath of life, emotional disposition, and the spirit of God. The term can refer to both physical phenomena, like wind, and abstract concepts, such as moral character or mental acts. Notably, it is used frequently in the context of divine inspiration and the Holy Spirit.
רוּחַ 378 n.f. (less oft. m.) breath, wind, spirit
breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)
wind (117 t.)
spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)
spirit of the living, breathing being
spirit as seat of emotion
occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts
rarely of the will
רוּחַ esp. of moral character
spirit of God (94 t.)
base
H7307 רוּחַ breath, wind, spirit . breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)
. wind (117 t.)
. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)
. spirit of the living, breathing being
. spirit as seat of emotion
. occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts
. rarely of the will
. רוּחַ esp. of moral character
. spirit of God (94 t.)
7307 ruwach roo'-akh
from 7306; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or
even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger,
unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by
resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including
its expression and functions):--air, anger, blast, breath, X
cool, courage, mind, X quarter, X side, spirit((-ual)),
tempest, X vain, ((whirl-))wind(-y).
see HEBREW for 07306
רוּחַ (ru.ach) — spirit.
: spirit
1) wind, breath, mind, spirit
1a) breath
1b) wind
1b1) of heaven
1b2) quarter (of wind), side
1b3) breath of air
1b4) air, gas
1b5) vain, empty thing
1c) spirit (as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation)
1c1) spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour
1c2) courage
1c3) temper, anger
1c4) impatience, patience
1c5) spirit, disposition (as troubled, bitter, discontented)
1c6) disposition (of various kinds), unaccountable or uncontrollable impulse
1c7) prophetic spirit
1d) spirit (of the living, breathing being in man and animals)
1d1) as gift, preserved by God, God's spirit, departing at death, disembodied being
1e) spirit (as seat of emotion)
1e1) desire
1e2) sorrow, trouble
1f) spirit
1f1) as seat or organ of mental acts
1f2) rarely of the will
1f3) as seat especially of moral character
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular constructHNcfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
סַ֫עַר (sa'ar) refers to a tempest or storm, while סְעָרָה (se'arah) is a feminine form that also means tempest or storm-wind. The entries indicate that both forms are related and cover similar meanings, including hurricane and whirlwind.
סַ֫עַר n.m. tempest
base
סְעָרָה n.f. tempest, storm-wind
base
H5591a סַ֫עַר tempest H5591b סְעָרָה tempest, storm-wind
5591 ca`ar sah'-ar
or (feminine) ctarah {seh-aw-raw'}; from 5590; a
hurricane:--storm(-y), tempest, whirlwind.
see HEBREW for 05590
סַ֫עַר (sa.ar) — tempest.
tempest
Another spelling of se.a.rah (סְעָרָה "tempest" H5591B)
סְעָרָה (se.a.rah) — tempest.
tempest, storm, whirlwind
Also means: sa.ar (סַ֫עַר "tempest" H5591A)
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
עָשָׂה (asah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to do or make, encompassing a wide range of actions such as producing, preparing, and observing. It can refer to both concrete and abstract activities, including making offerings and attending to tasks. The verb also has forms indicating passive meanings, such as being made or offered. Notably, the Piel form refers to pressing or squeezing.
עָשָׂה 2622 vb. do, make
Qal 2524
do (1560 t.)
deal with
oft. in phr. do kindness with
abs. act, act with effect
make (670 t.)
produce, yield
prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food
make offering
attend to, put in order
observe, celebrate, religious festival
acquire property of various kinds
appoint priests
bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance
use
spend, pass, days of life
Niph.
97be done
be made, of concr. things
be produced from vine
be prepared, of food
be offered
be observed, passover
be used
Pu. I was made
base
[עָשָׂה] vb. Pi. press, squeeze
base
H6213a עָשָׂה do, make .. . do (1560 + t.)
. deal with
. oft. in phr. do kindness with
. abs. act, act with effect
. . make (670 + t.)
. produce, yield
. prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food
. make offering
. attend to, put in order
. observe, celebrate, religious festival
. acquire property of various kinds
. appoint priests
. bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance
. use
. spend, pass, days of life
. . be done
. . be made, of concr. things
. be produced from vine
. be prepared, of food
. be offered
. be observed, passover
. be used
. I was made
H6213b עָשָׂה Pi. press, squeeze
6213 `asah aw-saw'
a primitive root; to do or make, in the broadest sense and
widest application (as follows):--accomplish, advance,
appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow, bring forth,
bruise, be busy, X certainly, have the charge of, commit, deal
(with), deck, + displease, do, (ready) dress(-ed), (put in)
execute(-ion), exercise, fashion, + feast, (fight-)ing man, +
finish, fit, fly, follow, fulfill, furnish, gather, get, go
about, govern, grant, great, + hinder, hold ((a feast)), X
indeed, + be industrious, + journey, keep, labour, maintain,
make, be meet, observe, be occupied, offer, + officer, pare,
bring (come) to pass, perform, pracise, prepare, procure,
provide, put, requite, X sacrifice, serve, set, shew, X sin,
spend, X surely, take, X thoroughly, trim, X very, + vex, be
(warr-)ior, work(-man), yield, use.
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make: do.
: do/perform
1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to do, work, make, produce
1a1a) to do
1a1b) to work
1a1c) to deal (with)
1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect
1a2) to make
1a2a) to make
1a2b) to produce
1a2c) to prepare
1a2d) to make (an offering)
1a2e) to attend to, put in order
1a2f) to observe, celebrate
1a2g) to acquire (property)
1a2h) to appoint, ordain, institute
1a2i) to bring about
1a2j) to use
1a2k) to spend, pass
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be done
1b2) to be made
1b3) to be produced
1b4) to be offered
1b5) to be observed
1b6) to be used
1c) (Pual) to be made
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to press.
(Piel) to press, squeeze
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make.
: make(OBJECT)
1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to do, work, make, produce
1a1a) to do
1a1b) to work
1a1c) to deal (with)
1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect
1a2) to make
1a2a) to make
1a2b) to produce
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) feminine singularHVqrfsa
דָּבָר (dabar) means 'word' or 'speech' and encompasses a range of meanings including discourse, saying, and matter. It can refer to anything spoken or a topic of discussion, extending to concepts like business or affairs. The entries consistently highlight its use in various contexts, but do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicographers.
דָּבָר 1439 n.m. speech, word
sg. speech, discourse, saying, word, as the sum of that which is spoken
sg. saying, utterance, sentence, as a section of a discourse
sg. a word, words
sg. matter, affair, thing about which one speaks
base
H1697 דָּבָר speech, word . sg. speech, discourse, saying, word, as the sum of that which is spoken
. sg. saying, utterance, sentence, as a section of a discourse
. sg. a word, words
. sg. matter, affair, thing about which one speaks
1697 dabar daw-baw'
from 1696; a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or
thing; adverbially, a cause:--act, advice, affair, answer, X
any such (thing), because of, book, business, care, case,
cause, certain rate, + chronicles, commandment, X
commune(-ication), + concern(-ing), + confer, counsel, +
dearth, decree, deed, X disease, due, duty, effect, +
eloquent, errand, (evil favoured-)ness, + glory, + harm, hurt,
+ iniquity, + judgment, language, + lying, manner, matter,
message, (no) thing, oracle, X ought, X parts, + pertaining, +
please, portion, + power, promise, provision, purpose,
question, rate, reason, report, request, X (as hast) said,
sake, saying, sentence, + sign, + so, some (uncleanness),
somewhat to say, + song, speech, X spoken, talk, task, + that,
X there done, thing (concerning), thought, + thus, tidings,
what(-soever), + wherewith, which, word, work.
see HEBREW for 01696
דָּבָר (da.var) — word.
: word/speech/command
1) speech, word, speaking, thing
1a) speech
1b) saying, utterance
1c) word, words
1d) business, occupation, acts, matter, case, something, manner (by extension)
דָּבָר (da.var) — word: speaking.
: speaking
1) speech, word, speaking, thing
1a) speech
1b) saying, utterance
1c) word, words
1d) business, occupation, acts, matter, case, something, manner (by extension)
דָּבָר (da.var) — word: thing.
: thing/matter
1) speech, word, speaking, thing
1a) speech
1b) saying, utterance
1c) word, words
1d) business, occupation, acts, matter, case, something, manner (by extension)
דָּבָר (da.var) — word: promised.
: promised/duty
1) speech, word, speaking, thing
1a) speech
1b) saying, utterance
1c) word, words
1d) business, occupation, acts, matter, case, something, manner (by extension)
דָּבָר (da.var) — word: deed.
: deed
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3ms