Isaiah 5:11 — Word Study
WLCה֛וֹי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר שֵׁכָ֣ר יִרְדֹּ֑פוּ מְאַחֲרֵ֣י בַנֶּ֔שֶׁף יַ֖יִן יַדְלִיקֵֽם׃
BSAWoehôwy [a cry of sorrow, a lament] to those who rise earlyshâkam [at the break of day] in the morningbôqer [the time of new beginnings] in pursuit ofrâdaph▸ [to chase after, to follow] ◂strong drinkshêkâr [intoxicating liquor] who lingerʼâchar [to delay, to tarry] into the eveningnesheph [until night] to be inflameddâlaq▸ [to burn, to be heated] ◂by wineyayin [fermented wine]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| ה֛וֹי | woe to! | Particle |
| מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י | [those who] rise early | Verb, Hiphil, participle (active) masculine plural common |
| בַבֹּ֖קֶר | in the morning | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| שֵׁכָ֣ר | strong drink | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| יִרְדֹּ֑פוּ | they pursue | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine plural |
| מְאַחֲרֵ֣י | [those who] delay | Verb, Piel, participle (active) masculine plural common |
| בַנֶּ֔שֶׁף | in the twilight | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| יַ֖יִן | wine | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| יַדְלִיקֵֽם׃ | it inflames them | Verb hiphil imperfect third person masculine singular, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Woe to those who rise early in the morning in pursuit of strong drink, who linger into the evening, to be inflamed by wine. |
| KJV | ¶ Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflame them! |
| ASV | Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that tarry late into the night, till wine inflame them! |
| YLT | Woe [to] those rising early in the morning, Strong drink they pursue! Tarrying in twilight, wine inflameth them! |
| WEB | Woe to those who rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink, who stay late into the night, until wine inflames them! |
| BBE | Cursed are those who get up early in the morning to give themselves up to strong drink; who keep on drinking far into the night till they are heated with wine! |
Where they part company is in the interpretation of שֵׁכָר — see How Translations Differ.
The main clause introduces the warning, followed by descriptive phrases that detail the actions and consequences of the subjects.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectיַיִן
verbשָׁכַם
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 5:11
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Warnings Against Excessgenerated
Isaiah 5:11 issues a warning to those who rise early to pursue strong drink, highlighting the dangers of excessive drinking and its consequences. This verse is part of a broader context where Isaiah condemns the moral and spiritual decline of the people, as seen in the surrounding verses. The prophet emphasizes the folly of prioritizing intoxication over the awareness of God's actions and the impending judgment due to their negligence.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 5:22 | Woe to those who are heroes in drinking wine and champions in mixing beer, |
| 2 | Isaiah 28:1 | Woe to the majestic crown of Ephraim’s drunkards, to the fading flower of his glorious splendor, set on the summit above the fertile valley, the pride of those overcome by wine. |
| 3 | Proverbs 23:29–30 | Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has contentions? Who has complaints? Who has needless wounds? Who has bloodshot eyes? |
| 4 | Ecclesiastes 10:16–17 | Woe to you, O land whose king is a youth, and whose princes feast in the morning. |
| 5 | Hosea 7:5–6 | The princes are inflamed with wine on the day of our king; so he joins hands with those who mock him. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 14 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שֵׁכָר, she.Khargenerated
The noun שֵׁכָר (shekar) refers to strong drink or intoxicating liquor. It describes an intensely alcoholic beverage that can lead to drunkenness, as illustrated in contexts like Proverbs 31:6. The term is associated with the act of drinking and the consequences that follow.
In this verse, שֵׁכָר indicates what the people are pursuing early in the morning, suggesting a lifestyle characterized by addiction and neglect of spiritual matters. The use of this word underscores the warning against the dangers of overindulgence.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The verse is rendered in the Berean Standard Bible as well as the KJV, ASV, YLT, WEB, and BBE, all agreeing on the translation of שֵׁכָר as 'strong drink.'
There are no significant differences among these translations regarding the wording of this verse.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The structure of this verse features multiple clauses, with the finite verb יִרְדֹּ֑פוּ (they pursue) serving as the main action. The verse unfolds with participial phrases describing the subjects and their actions, emphasizing their early rising and pursuit of strong drink.
The syntax highlights a sequence of actions: rising early, pursuing strong drink, lingering into the evening, and ultimately being inflamed by wine. This structure illustrates a progression of behavior leading to negative consequences.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates שֵׁכָר as σῖτος, which typically refers to food or grain but can imply sustenance. This choice may reflect a broader understanding of the consumption context, indicating a lifestyle centered around indulgence.
The translation choice shows a potential widening of meaning, as it connects the idea of strong drink to a more general pursuit of physical gratification.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 5:11 warns about those who wake up early to drink strong alcohol and continue drinking into the evening. This pursuit leads to negative consequences, as they become inflamed by wine and ignore the actions of the Lord.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
'Woe' expresses a strong emotion of sorrow or lament, indicating a warning about the consequences of the actions described.
Isaiah highlights the foolishness of prioritizing strong drink over spiritual awareness, showing how it leads to moral decay.
Pursuing strong drink leads to neglect of important spiritual matters and ultimately results in judgment.
This verse fits within a series of warnings about the moral decline of the people, emphasizing the need for awareness of God's actions.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see the pursuit of pleasure overshadowing more important aspects of life?
- How can I be more aware of my choices and their consequences in my daily life?
- What are some practical steps I can take to avoid the pitfalls of excessive indulgence?
- How does this warning apply to modern contexts of consumption and lifestyle choices?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Jerome comments on this verse, noting the dangers of early rising to pursue drunkenness and the consequences of such behavior.
Woe to those who rise early in the morning to pursue drunkenness, and continue drinking until evening, so that they are inflamed with wine.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 5 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 5:11 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleWoe unto them that rise up early in the morning,.... To rise up early in the morning is healthful, and to rise to do business is commendable; but to spend the day in drunkenness and intemperance is
Read John Gill on Isaiah 5 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryWoe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflame them!
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 5 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThat rise up early in the morning; which was unusual, and scandalous in that case, . They made drinking their daily trade and business. That continue until night; thereby wasting both precious time, and God’ s good creatures, and the health of their bodies, as well as of their souls. He useth this word partly to show their folly and misery, because the wine was so far from quenching and satisfying their appetites, that it did indeed inflame and increase them; and partly to prevent the vain excuse of them, who thought themselves innocent because they did not drink to drunkenness, although they cast themselves into an intemperate heat through their excess.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 5 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 5:11 Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, [that] they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, [till] wine inflame them!Ver. 11. Woe unto them that rise up early.] Heb., The early risers, but for an ill purpose. O intolerandum flagitium, saith one, homines inertiae, somnique plenissimos, &c.; O intolerable wickedness, that men so lazy, and more sleepy than dormice, should be up and at it so very early - they rise early to corrupt their actions, saith another prophet - and should have their brains crowing before day. Neither are they so soon up alone, but they call up others (as the Hebrew word here signifieth) to serve them, and sit with them on their ale…
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 5 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(11) Woe unto them that rise up early.—The same class as in Isaiah 5:8 meets us under another aspect. In Judah, as elsewhere, the oppressors were conspicuous for their luxury (Amos 6:5-6). They shocked public feeling by morning banquets (Ecclesiastes 10:16-17; Acts 2:14). Not wine only, but the “strong drink” made from honey and from dates and other fruits (possibly including, as a generic term, the beer for which Egypt was famous) was seen on their tables. The morning feast was followed, perhaps with hardly a break, by an evening revel. (Comp. Isaiah 22:13; Isaiah 28:7.)
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 5 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 11. Wo unto them that rise up early] There is a likeness between this and the following passage of the prophet Amos, Amos 6:3-6, who probably wrote before Isaiah. If the latter be the copier, he seems hardly to have equalled the elegance of the original: - "Ye that put far away the evil day And affect the seat of violence; Who lie upon beds of ivory, And stretch yourselves upon your couches; And eat the lambs from the flock, And calves from the midst of the stall; Who chant to the sound of the viol, And like David invent for yourselves instruments of music; Who quaff wine in large bowls, And are anointed with the choicest ointments: But are not grieved for the affliction of Joseph."…
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 5 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges8–24. Denunciation of the Social Evils which call down God’s Judgment on the NationThe indictment contains six counts, each introduced by the word “Woe,” and is addressed exclusively to the upper classes, although the punishment of their sin falls on the nation as a whole. The prophet sets before us a vivid picture of a debased aristocracy, in whom public virtue has been eaten out by avarice and sensuality; and he traces with remarkable insight the effect of these sins in the religious insensibility and perversion of the moral sentiments which characterised the nobles of Judah at this time.
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 5 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWo unto them - The prophet, having denounced “avarice,” proceeds now to another vice - that of “intemperance, or dissipation.” That rise up early ... - That rise “for this purpose,” when nothing else would rouse them.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 5 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Woe to those who rise early in the morning in pursuit of strong drink, who linger into the evening, to be inflamed by wine.
Woe to those who rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink, who stay late into the night, until wine inflames them!
Woe to those who rise early in the morning in pursuit of strong drink, who linger into the evening, to be inflamed by wine.
Those who get up early to drink beer are as good as dead, those who keep drinking long after dark until they are intoxicated with wine.
Tyndale line
¶ Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflame them!
Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that tarry late into the night, till wine inflame them!
Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that tarry late into the night, till wine inflame them!
Woe to them that rise early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflameth them!
Wo vnto them, that rise vp early to follow drunkennes, and to them that continue vntill night, till the wine doe inflame them.
Strictly literal
Woe unto them that, rising early in the morning, run after strong drink; that linger till twilight, [till] wine inflameth them!
Woe [to] those rising early in the morning, Strong drink they pursue! Tarrying in twilight, wine inflameth them!
Woe [to] those rising early in the morning, || They pursue strong drink! Lingering in twilight, wine inflames them!
Woe unto those that rise up early in the morning, that they may run after strong drink; that continue until late in the twilight, till wine inflame them!
Woe to those who rise up early in the morning to obtain strong drink, those who linger late into the night until wine inflames them.
From the Latin
Woe to you that rise up early in the morning to follow drunkenness, and to drink till the evening, to be inflamed with wine.
Simplified
Tragedy is coming to you who get up early in the morning wanting a drink, and who stay up late drinking wine until you're drunk.
Cursed are those who get up early in the morning to give themselves up to strong drink; who keep on drinking far into the night till they are heated with wine!
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with eight of the nine words matched. The Dead Sea Scrolls present a similar text, though one word is partly restored and one is supplied by an editor, indicating some textual variation.
ה֛וֹי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר שֵׁכָ֣ר יִרְדֹּ֑פוּ מְאַחֲרֵ֣י בַנֶּ֔שֶׁף יַ֖יִן יַדְלִיקֵֽם׃
8 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
הוי [משכימי] בבקר שכר ירדופו מאחזי בנשף יין ידליק׳ם
7 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 1 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 5:11
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
הוֹי (hoy) is an interjection expressing dissatisfaction and pain, often translated as 'ah,' 'alas,' or 'woe.' It is used in lamentations and conveys a sense of sorrow or distress. The word is a prolonged form of another Hebrew term, indicating its emotional weight.
הוֹי 81 interj. expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations
base
H1945 הוֹי expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations
1945 howy hoh'ee
a prolonged form of 1930 (akin to 188); oh!:--ah, alas, ho,
O, woe.
see HEBREW for 01930
see HEBREW for 0188
הוֹי (hoy) — woe!.
ah!, alas!, ha!, ho!, O!, woe!
Part — ParticleHTj
Is sometimes used in our Bibles where a softer expression would be at least equally proper: "Woe to such a one!" is in our language a threat or imprecation of some calamity, natural or judicial, to befall a person; but this is not always the meaning of the word in Scripture. We find the expression, "Woe is me!" that is, Alas for my sufferings! And, "Woe to the women with child, and those who give suck!" that is, Alas for their redoubled sufferings in times of distress! If in the denunciatory language of Christ, we should read, "Alas for thee, Chorazin! Alas for thee, Bethsaida!" we should do not injustice to the general sentiments of the passage.
Yet in many cases the word woe is used in a fuller and more awful sense, expressing an inspired denunciation and foreshadowing of God’s wrath upon sinners; as when we read, "Woe to those who build houses by unrighteousness, and cities by blood;"…
שָׁכַם (shakam) is a verb that means to rise or start early. It is a denominative form derived from a root meaning to incline or load up. The entries indicate its use primarily in the Hiphil form, suggesting actions like getting up early or making an early start.
[שָׁכַם] 65 vb. Hiph. denom. start, rise, early
base
H7925 שָׁכַם vb. Hiph. denom. start, rise, early
7925 shakam shaw-kam'
a primitive root; properly, to incline (the shoulder to a
burden); but used only as denominative from 7926; literally,
to load up (on the back of man or beast), i.e. to start early
in the morning:--(arise, be up, get (oneself) up, rise up)
early (betimes), morning.
see HEBREW for 07926
שָׁכַם (sha.kham) — to rise.
1) to rise or start early
1a) (Hiphil)
1a1) to rise early, make an early start
1a2) early (as adverb)
V-Hiphil — Verb · Hiphil · participle (active) masculine plural commonHVhrmpc
ur'-li (orthros, and related words; proi):
The word generally refers to the day, and means the hour of dawn or soon after (Ge 19:2; 2Ch 36:15; Ho 6:4; Lu 24:22). Sometimes it refers to the beginning of the season, eg. the early rain (Ps 84:6; Jas 5:7; see RAIN). It may also have the sense of "speedily" (Ps 46:5). The early morning is frequently commended as the hour for prayer. See examples of Jesus (Mr 1:35; Lu…
בֹּ֫קֶר (boqer) means 'morning' and is derived from the root word for 'dawn.' It encompasses the time of day when light begins to appear, marking the end of night and the start of a new day. The term can also refer to the next day or morning after a specific point in time. It is associated with brightness and joy following periods of distress.
בֹּ֫קֶר 214 n.m. morning
morning (of point of time, time at which, never during which, Eng. morning = forenoon
morrow, next day
base
H1242 בֹּ֫קֶר morning . morning (of point of time, time at which, never during which, Eng. morning = forenoon
. morrow, next day
1242 boqer bo'-ker
from 1239; properly, dawn (as the break of day); generally,
morning:--(+) day, early, morning, morrow.
see HEBREW for 01239
בֹּ֫קֶר (bo.qer) — morning.
1) morning, break of day
1a) morning
1a1) of end of night
1a2) of coming of daylight
1a3) of coming of sunrise
1a4) of beginning of day
1a5) of bright joy after night of distress (fig.)
1b) morrow, next day, next morning
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
mor'-ning: There are several Hebrew and Greek words which are rendered "morning," the most common in Hebrew being boqer, which occurs 180 times. It properly means "the breaking forth of the light," "the dawn," as in Ge 19:27; Jud 19:8,25,27. Another word with the same meaning is shachar (Ge 19:15; Ne 4:21; Isa 58:8). mishchar ("womb of the morning," Ps 110:3) is a poetical term derived from. the same root. See HIND OF THE MORNING. noghah, naghha' (Da 6:19 (Hebrew 20)), mean "brightness." hashkem, comes from…
- The second part of the day at the creation
Ge 1:5,8,13,19,23,31
- The first part of the natural day
- Ordained by God
- Began with first dawn
שֵׁכָר (shekar) refers to an intoxicating or strong drink, often associated with alcoholic beverages. It is derived from a root meaning to be drunk and encompasses intensely alcoholic liquor. The term appears in contexts discussing strong drink and drunkenness.
שֵׁכָר n.[m.] intoxicating drink, strong drink
base
H7941 שֵׁכָר intoxicating dring, strong drink
7941 shekar shay-kawr'
from 7937; an intoxicant, i.e. intensely alcoholic
liquor:--strong drink, + drunkard, strong wine.
see HEBREW for 07937
שֵׁכָר (she.khar) — strong drink.
strong drink, intoxicating drink, fermented or intoxicating liquor
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
See WINE.
רָדַף (radaph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to pursue, chase, or persecute. It conveys the idea of running after something, often with hostile intent, and can also figuratively refer to following time or securing something. The word has various forms, including Qal, Niphal, Piel, Pual, and Hiphil, each indicating different nuances of pursuit or being pursued.
רָדַף 141 vb. pursue, chase, persecute
Qal 128
pursue
lit. put to flight, chase
lit., the pursuers
chase, hunt
pursue
fig. persecute, harass
pursue, dog
fig. follow after, aim to secure
Niph. upon the neck (i.e. closely) we are pursued
Pi. pursue ardently
Pu. it shall be chased away like chaff of the mountains
Hiph. usu. they chased him
base
H7291 רָדַף pursue, chase, persecute
7291 radaph raw-daf'
a primitive root; to run after (usually with hostile intent;
figuratively (of time) gone by):--chase, put to flight,
follow (after, on), hunt, (be under) persecute(-ion, -or),
pursue(-r).
רָדַף (ra.daph) — to pursue.
1) to be behind, follow after, pursue, persecute, run after
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to pursue, put to flight, chase, dog, attend closely upon
1a2) to persecute, harass (fig)
1a3) to follow after, aim to secure (fig)
1a4) to run after (a bribe) (fig)
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be pursued
1b2) one pursued (participle)
1c) (Piel) to pursue ardently, aim eagerly to secure, pursue
1d) (Pual) to be pursued, be chased away
1e) (Hiphil) to pursue, chase
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine pluralHVqi3mp
The Hebrew word אָחַר (achar) is a primitive root meaning to delay, tarry, or remain behind. It covers actions like procrastination and hindering others. The entries indicate its use in both Qal and Piel forms, with the Piel form emphasizing causing delay. There is a mention of a verse where it is used, but no specific reference is provided.
אָחַר vb. to remain behind, delay, tarry
Qal and I have tarried until now
Pi.
intensive, delay, tarry
causat. of Qal, cause one to delay, hinder; keep back (= bring late)
base
H309 אָחַר to remain behind, delay, tarry .and I have tarried until now
. . intensive, delay, tarry
. causat. of Qal, cause one to delay, hinder; keep back (= bring late)
309 'achar aw-khar'
a primitive root; to loiter (i.e. be behind); by implication
to procrastinate:--continue, defer, delay, hinder, be late
(slack), stay (there), tarry (longer).
אָחַר (a.char) — to delay.
1) to delay, hesitate, tarry, defer, remain behind
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to delay, tarry (intensive)
1a2) to cause one to delay, hinder, keep back
1b) (Piel) to delay, wait, stay behind (but not in hope)
Also means: ya.char (יָחַר "to delay" H3186)
V-Piel — Verb · Piel · participle (active) masculine plural commonHVprmpc
de-la': The noun "delay" (Ac 25:17, "I made no delay"; the King James Version "without any delay") means "procrastination." The verb "to delay" (Ex 22:29; 'achar) involves the idea "to stop for a time," the people being admonished not to discontinue a custom. The Pil. perfect of bush (Ex 32:1), "Moses delayed to come," expresses not only the fact that he tarried, but also the disappointment on the part of the people, being under the impression that he possibly was put to shame and had failed in his mission, which also better explains the consequent action of the people. "To delay" (chronizo) is used transitively in Mt 24:48 (the Revised Version (British and American) "My…
נֶ֫שֶׁף (nesheph) refers to twilight, specifically the time of day when the evening breeze is felt. It encompasses both evening and morning twilight, indicating a transition period between day and night. The word is derived from a root that means 'breeze,' highlighting its connection to the atmospheric changes during these times.
נֶ֫שֶׁף n.m. twilight (prop. twilight-breeze)
evening twilight
morning twilight
base
H5399 נֶ֫שֶׁף twilight (prop. twilight-breeze) . evening twilight
. morning twilight
5399 nesheph neh'-shef
from 5398; properly, a breeze, i.e. (by implication) dusk
(when the evening breeze prevails):--dark, dawning of the day
(morning), night, twilight.
see HEBREW for 05398
נֶ֫שֶׁף (ne.sheph) — twilight.
1) twilight
1a) evening twilight
1b) morning twilight
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
twi'-lit (nesheph): The twilight of Palestine is of short duration, owing to the low latitude, there being scarcely more than an hour between sunset and complete darkness. It is a distinct boundary between daytime and the darkness. The people of Palestine still give the time of an event as so many hours before or after sunrise or sunset: "David smote them from the twilight even unto the evening of the next day" (1Sa 30:17), and "They rose up in the twilight to go" (2Ki 7:5). The word is evidenly used in the sense of darkness in "the stars of twilight" (Job 3:9) and "The adulterer waiteth for the twilight" (Job 24:15). the King James Version has "twilight" in
יַ֫יִן (yayin) means 'wine' and is associated with fermentation and intoxication. It appears in various contexts, including banqueting. The word is derived from an unused root that suggests the idea of effervescence.
יַ֫יִן 141 n.m. wine
base
H3196 יַ֫יִן wine
3196 yayin yah'-yin
from an unused root meaning to effervesce; wine (as
fermented); by implication, intoxication:--banqueting, wine,
wine(-bibber).
יַ֫יִן (ya.yin) — wine.
wine
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
Wine
The common Hebrew word for wine is yayin, from a root meaning “to boil up,” “to be in a ferment.” Others derive it from a root meaning “to tread out,” and hence the juice of the grape trodden out. The Greek word for wine is oinos_, and the Latin _vinun. But besides this common Hebrew word, there are several others which are thus rendered.
(1.) Ashishah (2 Sam. 6:19; 1 Chr. 16:3; Cant. 2:5; Hos. 3:1), which, however, rather denotes a solid cake of pressed grapes, or, as in the Revised Version, a cake of raisins.
(2.) ‘Asis, “sweet wine,” or “new wine,” the product of the same year (Cant. 8:2;
The manufacture of wine is carried back in the Bible to the age of Noah, (Genesis 9:20,21) to whom the discovery of the process is apparently, though not explicitly, attributed. The natural history and culture of the vine are described under a separate head. [VINE] The only other plant whose fruit is noticed as having been converted into wine was the pomegranate. (Solomon 8:2) In Palestine the vintage takes place in September, and is celebrated with great rejoicing. The ripe fruit was gathered in baskets, (Jeremiah 6:9) as represented in Egyptian paintings, and was carried to the wine-press. It was then placed in the upper one of the two vats or receptacles of which the winepress was formed, and was subjected to the process of "treading," which has prevailed in all ages in Oriental…
The vine being natural to the soil of Canaan and its vicinity, wine was much used as a beverage, especially at festivals, Es 1:7 5:6 Da 5:1-4 Joh 2:3. As one of the staple products of the Holy Land, it was employed for drink-offerings in the temple service, Ex 20:26 Nu 15:4-10; it was included among the "first-fruits," De 18:4, and was used in the celebration of the Passover, and subsequently of the Lord’s supper, Mt 26:27-29. Together with corn and oil it denoted all temporal supplies,
דָּלַק (dalaq) is a Hebrew verb meaning to burn or to hotly pursue. It encompasses actions like burning, kindling, and inflaming, as well as the idea of chasing something fervently. The entries indicate its use in both literal and figurative contexts, but do not provide specific Old Testament references.
[דָּלַק] vb. burn (intrans.), hotly pursue
Qal
burn
hotly pursue
Hiph. inflame
base
H1814 [דָּלַק] burn (intrans.), hotly pursue
1814 dalaq daw-lak'
a primitive root; to flame (literally or
figuratively):--burning, chase, inflame, kindle,
persecute(-or), pursue hotly.
דָּלַק (da.laq) — to burn/pursue.
1) to burn, hotly pursue
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to burn
1a2) to hotly pursue
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to kindle
1b2) to inflame
Aramaic equivalent: de.laq (דְּלַק "to burn" H1815)
V-Hiphil-Imperf-3ms | Suff — Verb hiphil imperfect third person masculine singular · suffixHVhi3ms/Sp3mp