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Isaiah 32:14 — Word Study

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WLCכִּֽי־ אַרְמ֣וֹן נֻטָּ֔שׁ הֲמ֥וֹן עִ֖יר עֻזָּ֑ב עֹ֣פֶל וָבַ֜חַן הָיָ֨ה בְעַ֤ד מְעָרוֹת֙ עַד־ עוֹלָ֔ם מְשׂ֥וֹשׂ פְּרָאִ֖ים מִרְעֵ֥ה עֲדָרִֽים׃

BSAForkîy the palaceʼarmôwn [citadel, high fortress] will be forsakennâṭash [abandoned, left] the busyhâmôwn [crowded, noisy] cityʻîyr [town, settlement] abandonedʻâzab [deserted, left] The hillʻôphel [mound, stronghold] and the watchtowerbachan [high structure, observation point] will becomehâyâh cavesmᵉʻârâh [dens, hidden places] foreverʻad [always, eternally] the delightmâsôws [joy, rejoicing] of wild donkeyspereʼ [onagers, fierce animals] and a pasturemirʻeh [feeding ground, grazing place] for flocksʻêder [herds, groups of animals]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 32
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 14 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('a.da.Rim) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 32:14quick helps
In a sentenceThe verse describes the desolation of a once-bustling city and its strongholds, now left to wild donkeys and flocks.
Who is speakingThe prophet Isaiah speaks, conveying a vision of abandonment and desolation.
Where we areThis passage reflects a prophetic lament about the fate of a city, contrasting its former glory with its current desolation.
The hard wordנֻטָּשׁ
Take awayThe palace and city are forsaken, left to nature and wild animals.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectאַרְמוֹן verbנָטַשׁ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 17 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 32:14

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Lament over the Citygenerated

13and for the land of my people, overgrown with thorns and briers— even for every house of merriment in this city of revelry.
14For the palace will be forsaken, the busy city abandoned. The hill and the watchtower will become caves forever— the delight of wild donkeys and a pasture for flocks—
15until the Spirit is poured out upon us from on high. Then the desert will be an orchard, and the orchard will seem like a forest.
16Then justice will inhabit the wilderness, and righteousness will dwell in the fertile field.

Isaiah 32:14 portrays a stark image of a once-thriving city now in ruins, emphasizing the consequences of abandonment. The palace and city, symbols of strength and life, are left desolate, while nature reclaims the land. This reflects a broader theme in Isaiah of judgment and the eventual restoration that follows desolation, as seen in the surrounding verses.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Isaiah 5:9I heard the LORD of Hosts declare: “Surely many houses will become desolate, great mansions left unoccupied.
2Isaiah 24:1–3Behold, the LORD lays waste the earth and leaves it in ruins. He will twist its surface and scatter its inhabitants—
3Isaiah 25:2Indeed, You have made the city a heap of rubble, the fortified town a ruin. The fortress of strangers is a city no more; it will never be rebuilt.
4Isaiah 27:10For the fortified city lies deserted— a homestead abandoned, a wilderness forsaken. There the calves graze, and there they lie down; they strip its branches bare.
52 Kings 25:9He burned down the house of the LORD, the royal palace, and all the houses of Jerusalem—every significant building.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word נֻטָּשׁ, nu.Tashgenerated

The verb נָטַשׁ (natash) is in the Pual form, indicating a passive action — it means 'to forsake' or 'to abandon.' This word conveys a sense of leaving something behind, often with a connotation of neglect or desertion.

In this context, it describes the forsaking of the palace, highlighting the abandonment of what was once a place of power and significance. The use of this verb emphasizes the severity of the situation, as the city and its strongholds are left to decay.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

In the Berean Standard Bible, the word is rendered as forsaken, which aligns with the KJV and ASV.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The verse contains multiple clauses, with the main action centered around the verbs נֻטָּשׁ (it will be forsaken) and עֻזָּב (it will be abandoned). These verbs govern the subjects of the palace and city, establishing a clear structure of abandonment.

The Hebrew word order emphasizes the subjects (the palace and the city) at the beginning, followed by the actions of forsaking and abandoning, which highlights the gravity of the situation.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates נֻטָּשׁ as ἐγκαταλελειμμένοι, meaning 'left behind' or 'abandoned.' This choice reflects a similar sense of neglect and desolation as the Hebrew.

The Greek rendering captures the essence of the Hebrew term while also broadening its implications, suggesting a complete forsaking of the structures and their former significance.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 32:14 speaks of a forsaken palace and an abandoned city, illustrating a scene where once-thriving places are now left to wild donkeys and flocks. This reflects a significant judgment, showing the consequences of neglect and the return of nature.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that the palace will be forsaken?

It indicates that a place of power and authority has been abandoned, symbolizing a loss of strength and stability.

Why is the city described as busy and then abandoned?

This contrast highlights the dramatic change from life and activity to desolation, emphasizing the consequences of judgment.

What do the wild donkeys and flocks represent?

They symbolize a return to a natural state, where the land reclaims what was once dominated by human structures.

How does this verse relate to the overall message of Isaiah?

It reflects the themes of judgment and restoration, illustrating the consequences of turning away from God and the hope for future renewal.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What does the abandonment of the palace and city tell us about the consequences of neglecting our responsibilities?
  2. How can we apply the themes of desolation and restoration in our own lives?
  3. In what ways do we see nature reclaiming spaces that were once busy with human activity?
  4. How does understanding this verse deepen our comprehension of God's judgment and mercy?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 32:14 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Because the palaces shall be forsaken,.... The palaces of the princes and nobles shall be forsaken by them, they being obliged to flee from the enemy, or being taken, and either slain, or carried captive.

Read John Gill on Isaiah 32 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Because the palaces shall be forsaken; the multitude of the city shall be left; the forts and towers shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks; Because the palaces - most

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 32 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

The palaces, Heb. the palace; the king’ s house, and other magnificent buildings in the city. Shall be left; or rather, shall be forsaken, to wit, of God, and given up into their enemies’ hands. And the verb in the foregoing clause may be rendered, shall be left. A joy of wild asses; desolate places, in which wild asses delight to be, ,6 Jeremiah 2:24.

Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 32 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 32:14 Because the palaces shall be forsaken; the multitude of the city shall be left; the forts and towers shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks;Ver. 14. The multitude of the city shall be left.] For the city shall be left of its multitude. The forts and towers.] Heb, Ophel and Bachan. The Hebrews tell us that these were two high towers in Jerusalem; now they were to be dismantled and lie waste.

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 32 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(14) The palaces shall be forsaken.—With a bold pencil and rapid strokes the picture of desolation is sketched in outline. The forts are those of Ophel (so in Heb.), the fortified south-eastern slope of the Temple mountain; the towers, probably such as “the tower of the flock,” mentioned in conjunction with Ophel in Micah 4:8. These would serve as dens for the wild asses, which commonly roved in the open country.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 32 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 14. The palaces shall be forsaken] The house of the sanctuary (the temple) shall be destroyed. - Targum. The forts - "Ophel"] It was a part of Mount Zion, rising higher than the rest, at the eastern extremity, near to the temple, a little to the south of it; called by Micah, Micah 4:8, "Ophel of the daughter of Zion." It was naturally strong by its situation; and had a wall of its own, by which it was separated from the rest of Zion.

Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 32 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

14. Render: For the palace is forsaken, the tumult of the city is a solitude (as in ch. Isaiah 6:12), &c. The tenses are prophetic perfects. the forts and towers] Better as in R.V.: the hill and the watch tower. The first word is ‘Ophel, the name of the southern projection of the hill on which the temple stood (Nehemiah 3:26 f., Nehemiah 11:21; 2 Chronicles 27:3; 2 Chronicles 33:14), and is doubtless mentioned as the aristocratic quarter of the city, near the royal palace. The word translated “watch tower” occurs nowhere else, and is of uncertain significance; probably, like Ophel, it denotes a particular locality in the capital. The phrase for ever must be understood in a relative sense…

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 32 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Because the palaces shall be forsaken - That is, the palaces in the cities and towns which Sennacherib would lay waste.

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 32 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

For the palace will be forsaken, the busy city abandoned. The hill and the watchtower will become caves forever— the delight of wild donkeys and a pasture for flocks—

WEBWorld English Bible2000

For the palace will be forsaken. The populous city will be deserted. The hill and the watchtower will be for dens forever, a delight for wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks,

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

For the palace will be forsaken, the busy city abandoned. The hill and the watchtower will become caves forever—the delight of wild donkeys and a pasture for flocks—

NETBNew English Translation2006

For the fortress is neglected; the once-crowded city is abandoned. Hill and watchtower are permanently uninhabited. Wild donkeys love to go there, and flocks graze there.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Because the palaces shall be forsaken; the multitude of the city shall be left; the forts and towers shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks;

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

For the palace shall be forsaken; the populous city shall be deserted; the hill and the watch-tower shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks;

RVARevised Version, American1894

For the palace shall be forsaken; the populous city shall be deserted; the hill and the watch-tower shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks;

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Because the palaces shall be forsaken; the multitude of the city shall be left; the forts and towers shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks;

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Because the palace shalbe forsaken, and the noise of the citie shalbe left: the towre and fortresse shalbe dennes for euer, and the delite of wilde asses, and a pasture for flockes,

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

For the palace shall be deserted, the multitude of the city shall be forsaken; hill and watchtower shall be caves for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks;

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Surely the palace hath been left, The multitude of the city forsaken, Fort and watch-tower hath been for dens unto the age, A joy of wild asses — a pasture of herds;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

The palace has been left, || The multitude of the city forsaken, || Fort and watchtower have been for dens for all time, || A joy of wild donkeys—a pasture of herds;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Because the palace is abandoned, the tumult of the city is forsaken; the hill and watch-tower are become dens for a long time, a joyous haunt for wild asses, a pasture for flocks.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

For the palace will be forsaken, the crowded city will be deserted; the hill and the watchtower will become caves forever, a joy of wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks;

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

For the house is forsaken, the multitude of the city is left, darkness and obscurity are come upon its dens for ever. A joy of wild asses, the pastures of flocks,

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

The palace is abandoned, the crowded town is deserted. Castles and watch towers will forever become homes loved by wild donkeys, and places where sheep graze,

BBEBible in Basic English1949

For the fair houses will have no man living in them; the town which was full of noise will become a waste; the hill and the watchtower will be unpeopled for ever, a joy for the asses of the woods, a place of food for the flocks;

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

כִּֽי(dm)clausesubjectאַרְמ֣וֹן[the].palaceverbנֻטָּ֔שׁit.will.be.forsakenclausenoun phrase · subjectהֲמ֥וֹן[the].tumultעִ֖ירof.[the].cityverbעֻזָּ֑בit.will.be.abandonedclausenoun phrase · subjectעֹ֣פֶל[the].hillוָand.[the]בַ֜חַןwatchtowerverbהָיָ֨הit.will.becomeprepositional phrase · prepositionalבְעַ֤דbehindמְעָרוֹת֙cavesprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַדuntilעוֹלָ֔םperpetuitynoun phrase · objectnoun phraseמְשׂ֥וֹשׂa.joyפְּרָאִ֖יםof.wild.donkeysnoun phraseמִרְעֵ֥הa.pastureעֲדָרִֽיםof.flocks

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaa agree closely, with 17 words matching. Both texts convey the same themes of abandonment and desolation, though the Septuagint presents a different word order and structure.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

כִּֽי־ אַרְמ֣וֹן נֻטָּ֔שׁ הֲמ֥וֹן עִ֖יר עֻזָּ֑ב עֹ֣פֶל וָבַ֜חַן הָיָ֨ה בְעַ֤ד מְעָרוֹת֙ עַד־ עוֹלָ֔ם מְשׂ֥וֹשׂ פְּרָאִ֖ים מִרְעֵ֥ה עֲדָרִֽים׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
אַרְמ֣וֹןοἶκοιנֻטָּ֔שׁἐγκαταλελειμμένοιהֲמ֥וֹןπλοῦτονעִ֖ירπόλεωςוָבַ֜חַןἐπιθυμητοὺςמְעָרוֹת֙σπήλαιαעַד־ἕωςעוֹלָ֔םαἰῶνοςמְשׂ֥וֹשׂεὐφροσύνηמִרְעֵ֥הβοσκήματαעֲדָרִֽים׃ποιμένων

11 of the 17 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

כי ארמון נטש המון עיר עזב עופל ובחן היה בעד מערות עד עולם משוש פראים מרעה לעדרים

17 words on the leather.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 32:14כִּיforforכִּיאַרְמוֹן[the] palac[the] palaceאַרְמוֹןנָטַשׁit will be it will be forsנָטַשׁהָמוֹן[the] tumul[the] tumult ofהָמוֹןעִיר[the] city[the] cityעִירעָזַבit will be it will be abanעָזַבעֹ֫פֶל[the] hill[the] hillעֹ֫פֶלבַּ֫חַןand [the] wand [the] watchבַּ֫חַןהָיָהit will becit will becomeהָיָהבַּ֫עַדbehindbehindבַּ֫עַדמְעָרָהcavescavesמְעָרָהעַדuntiluntilעַדעוֹלָםperpetuityperpetuityעוֹלָםמָשׂוֹשׂa joy ofa joy ofמָשׂוֹשׂפֶּ֫רֶאwild donkeywild donkeysפֶּ֫רֶאמִרְעֶהa pasture oa pasture ofמִרְעֶהעֵ֫דֶרflocksflocksעֵ֫דֶרהָמָהto roarto roarהָמָהעוּרto rouseto rouseעוּרעָפַלto swellto swellעָפַלבָּחַןto testto testבָּחַןעַדtilltillעַדעוּרעוּרעַדperpetuityperpetuityעַדעָלַםto concealto concealעָלַםשׂוּשׂto rejoiceto rejoiceשׂוּשׂפָּרָהbe fruitfube fruitfulפָּרָהבֵּית־עֵ֫קֶדHouse of SHouse of Shepheבֵּית־עֵ֫קֶדעָדַרto helpto helpעָדַרהַרְמוֹןHarmonHarmonהַרְמוֹןהָוָאto fallto fallהָוָאיָדַעto knowto knowיָדַעבֶּן־הֲדַדBen-hadadBen-hadadבֶּן־הֲדַדחוֹמָהwallwallחוֹמָהשְׁבִיעִיseventhseventhשְׁבִיעִי
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 32:14

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
כִּֽי־ki- for H3588 Particle
4,483× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Tyndale gloss
for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי conj. that, for, when

that

Of time, when, of the past

elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

Because, since

base

כִּי אם־

each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:

that if

for if

(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—

limiting the prec. clause, except

the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

after an oath, surely

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that

. . Of time, when, of the past

. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

. Because, since

H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if

. for if

. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except

. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

. after an oath, surely

H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3588 kiy kee

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional

prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent

or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative

conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by

other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,

where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,

even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +

nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,

therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,

whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כִּי (ki) — for.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if

1f) but rather, but

1g) except that

1h) only, nevertheless

1i) surely

1j) that is

1k) but if

1l) for though

1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.

1) except if

1a) but if

1b) even though

כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj — Particle
HTc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.

In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
אַרְמ֣וֹן'ar.Mon [the] palace H759 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
32× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for a high palace or fortress, like a citadel, appears in the Bible as a place of strength and power. It is often translated as castle or palace in the KJV. This word is used to describe the strongholds of kings and rulers.
Amplified meaning
citadel, high fortress
Tyndale gloss
citadel: palace
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אַרְמוֹן (armown) refers to a citadel, castle, or palace, indicating a structure that is elevated or fortified. This term is primarily found in the prophetic books of the Old Testament, particularly in Amos and Jeremiah, and it is noted that it was not used before the royal period. The entries consistently emphasize its meanings related to fortifications and royal residences.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אַרְמוֹן n.m. citadel—citadel, castle, palace, not used before royal period, mostly in prophets, esp. common in Am & Je

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H759 אַרְמוֹן citadel—citadel, castle, palace, not used before royal period, mostly in prophets, esp. common in Am & Je

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

759 'armown ar-mone'

from an unused root (meaning to be elevated); a citadel (from

its height):--castle, palace. Compare 2038.

see HEBREW for 02038

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אַרְמוֹן (ar.mon) — citadel: palace.

: palace

citadel, palace, fortress

Also means: ar.mon (אַרְמוֹן ": fortress" H0759H)

אַרְמוֹן (ar.mon) — citadel: fortress.

: palace

citadel, palace, fortress

A sub-meaning of ar.mon (אַרְמוֹן ": palace" H0759)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

pal'-as: In Hebrew chiefly 'armon, in the Revised Version (British and American) text translated "castle" in 1Ki 16:18; 2Ki 15:25; birah, hekhal, the same word often rendered "temple"; in Greek aule, in the Revised Version (British and American) translated "court" (Mt 26:3,18,69; Mr 14:54,66; Lu 11:21; Joh 18:15). On the other hand, "palace" takes the place in the Revised Version (British and American) of the King James Version "common hall" or "judgment hall" (praitorion, Mt 27:27;

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Palace in the Bible, in the singular and plural, is the rendering of several words of diverse meaning. (1 Chronicles 29:1; Ezra 4:14; Amos 4:3) etc. It often designates the royal residence, and usually suggests a fortress or battlemented house. The word occasionally included the whole city as in (Esther 9:12) and again, as in (1 Kings 16:18) it is restricted to a part of the royal apartments. It is applied, as in (1 Chronicles 29:1) to the temple in Jerusalem. The site of the palace of Solomon was almost certainly in the city itself on the brow opposite to the temple…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ For kings 1Ki 21:1; 2Ki 15:25; Jer 49:27; Am 1:12; Na 2:6

→ Of David 2Sa 7:2

→ Of Solomon 1Ki 7:1-12

→ At Babylon Da 4:29; 5:5; 6:18

→ At Shushan Ne 1:1; Es 1:2; 7:7; Da 8:2

→ Archives kept in Ezr 6:2

for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
נֻטָּ֔שׁnu.Tash it will be forsaken H5203 Verb · Pual · perfect third person masculine singular
40× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To leave or forsake something, like God forsaking his people in the book of Isaiah. It can also mean to permit or let something happen. In the Bible, it is often used to describe God's relationship with his people.
Amplified meaning
abandoned, left
Tyndale gloss
to leave
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נָטַשׁ (*natash*) is built from a primitive root meaning to pound or smite, which implies dispersing or thrusting off. It covers a range of meanings including to leave, forsake, permit, and abandon. The word can also refer to being forsaken or loosened, and is used in contexts such as deserted palaces.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָטַשׁ vb. leave, forsake, permit

Qal

leave, let alone

usu. forsake, abandon

permit

Niph.

be forsaken

be loosened or loose (prop. be let alone, left to hang down) of ship’s tackle

be let go, spread abroad

Pu. palaces are abandoned, deserted

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5203 נָטַשׁ leave, forsake, permit .. leave, let alone

. usu. forsake, abandon

. permit

. . be forsaken

. be loosened or loose (prop. be let alone, left to hang down) of ship’s tackle

. be let go, spread abroad

. palaces are abandoned, deserted

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5203 natash naw-tash'

a primitive root; properly, to pound, i.e. smite; by

implication (as if beating out, and thus expanding) to

disperse; also, to thrust off, down, out or upon (inclusively,

reject, let alone, permit, remit, etc.):--cast off, drawn, let

fall, forsake, join (battle), leave (off), lie still, loose,

spread (self) abroad, stretch out, suffer.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָטַשׁ (na.tash) — to leave.

1) to leave, permit, forsake, cast off or away, reject, suffer, join, spread out or abroad, be loosed, cease, abandon, quit, hang loose, cast down, make a raid, lie fallow, let fall, forgo, draw

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to leave, let alone, lie fallow, entrust to

1a2) to forsake, abandon

1a3) to permit

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be forsaken

1b2) to be loosened, be loose

1b3) to be let go, spread abroad

1c) (Pual) to be abandoned, be deserted

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Pual-Perf-3ms — Verb · Pual · perfect third person masculine singular
HVPp3ms
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
הֲמ֥וֹןha.Mon [the] tumult of H1995 Noun common · masculine singular construct
83× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Being in a state of turmoil or having a lot of noise is what this Hebrew word means. It can also refer to a large crowd or abundance of something, like in the book of Proverbs where it describes a multitude of people.
Amplified meaning
crowded, noisy
Tyndale gloss
crowd
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הָמוֹן (hamown) refers to a sound or noise, encompassing meanings like murmur, roar, tumult, and crowd. It also conveys concepts of abundance and wealth. The verb form הָמַן (haman) means to rage or be turbulent. The entries highlight a range of uses, from describing a multitude to expressing confusion or disquiet.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָמוֹן n.m. sound, murmur, roar, crowd, abundance

sound, murmur, rush, roar

tumult, confusion (as occasioning a roar)

crowd, multitude

great number, abundance (late)

abundance, wealth

base

[הָמַן] vb. rage, be turbulent

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1995a הָמוֹן sound, murmur, roar, crowd, abundance H1995b הָמַן rage, be turbulent

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1995 hamown haw-mone'

or hamon (Ezek. 5:7) {haw-mone'}; from 1993; a noise, tumult,

crowd; also disquietude, wealth:--abundance, company, many,

multitude, multiply, noise, riches, rumbling, sounding, store,

tumult.

see HEBREW for 01993

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָמוֹן (ha.mon) — crowd.

1) murmur, roar, crowd, abundance, tumult, sound

1a) sound, murmur, rush, roar

1b) tumult, confusion

1c) crowd, multitude

1d) great number, abundance

1e) abundance, wealth

הָמַן (ha.man) — be turbulent.

to rage, be turbulent

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
עִ֖יר'ir [the] city H5892 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
1,090× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word refers to a city or town, often a place with a wall or a watchman. It is used to describe a settlement or encampment, like the city of Ai, which is mentioned in the book of Joshua. The word is used to identify specific locations in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
town, settlement
Tyndale gloss
excitement
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עִיר (*'iyr*) has meanings related to both excitement and city. It can denote excitement, particularly of terror or rage, as well as refer to a city or town, indicating a place that is guarded or inhabited. The entries suggest a broad application, from fortified cities to simple encampments. There is a specific mention of a man named Ir in 1 Chronicles 4:12.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עִיר n.[m.] excitement;—of terror; of rage

base

עִיר 1092 n.f. city, town

city, town, abode of men

of fortress in a city

appar. fortified place, of any size

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5892a עִיר excitement;—of terror; of rage H5892b עִיר city, town . city, town, abode of men

. of fortress in a city

. appar. fortified place, of any size

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5892 `iyr eer

or (in the plural) par {awr}; or ayar (Judges 10:4)

{aw-yar'}; from 5782 a city (a place guarded by waking or a

watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or

post):--Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town.

see HEBREW for 05782

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עִיר (ir) — excitement.

1) excitement, anguish

1a) of terror

עִיר (ir) — city.

1) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)

1a) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)

1a) city, town

עִיר (ir) — City (of On).

Combined with on (אֹן "On" H0204)

This name means city, town

Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)

עִיר (ir) — Ir-.

#A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.12;

son of: Tehinnah (H8468)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sit'-i (`ir, qiryah; polis):

I. THE CANAANITE CITY

1. Origin

2. Extent

3. Villages

4. Sites

5. External Appearance

6. General

II. THE CITY OF THE JEWISH OCCUPATION

1. Tower or Stronghold

2. High Place

3. Broad Place

4. Streets

5. General Characteristics

III. STORE CITIES

IV. LEVITICAL CITIES

LITERATURE

I. The Canaanite City.

1. Origin:

The development of the Canaanite city has been traced by Macalister in his report on the excavation at Gezer (Palestine Exploration Fund Statement, 1904, 108 ff). It originated on the slopes of a bare rocky spur, in which the Neolithic Troglodytes quarried their habitations out of the solid rock, the stones therefrom being used to form a casing to the earthen ramparts, with which the site was afterwards surrounded and which served as a protection against the intrusion of enemies. Later Semitic intruders occupied the site, stone houses were built, and high stone defense…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

City

The earliest mention of city-building is that of Enoch, which was built by Cain (Gen. 4:17). After the confusion of tongues, the descendants of Nimrod founded several cities (10:10-12). Next, we have a record of the cities of the Canaanites, Sidon, Gaza, Sodom, etc. (10:12, 19; 11:3, 9; 36:31-39). The earliest description of a city is that of Sodom (19:1-22). Damascus is said to be the oldest existing city in the world. Before the time of Abraham there were cities in Egypt (Num. 13:22). The Israelites in Egypt were employed in building the “treasure cities” of Pithom and Raamses (Ex. 1:11); but it does not seem that they had any cities of their own in Goshen (Gen.…

for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
עֻזָּ֑ב'u.Zav it will be abandoned H5800 Verb · Pual · perfect third person masculine singular
215× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Forsaken means to loosen or relinquish something, often implying abandonment. In the Bible, the word appears in Psalm 22:1, where David cries out to God, saying my God, why have you forsaken me. The term signifies a sense of desperation and isolation.
Amplified meaning
deserted, left
Tyndale gloss
Forsaken
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עָזַב (azab) is a Hebrew verb meaning to leave, forsake, or let loose. It encompasses a range of actions from abandoning or neglecting to setting free. The entries suggest it can also imply restoration or repair, though this aspect is less emphasized. Notably, the term can describe both active and passive states, such as being forsaken or deserted.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָזַב 213 vb. leave, forsake, loose

Qal

leave, c. acc.

leave, abandon, forsake

let loose, set free, let go

Niph.

be left to

be forsaken, of house of God

Pu. (or Qal pass.) be deserted, of city

base

[עָזַב] vb. restore, repair (?);—Qal Ne 3:8

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5800a עָזַב leave, forsake, loose .. leave, c. acc.

. leave, abandon, forsake

. let loose, set free, let go

. . be left to

. be forsaken, of house of God

. (or Qal pass.) be deserted, of city

H5800b עָזַב restore, repair(?)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5800 `azab aw-zab'

a primitive root; to loosen, i.e. relinquish, permit,

etc.:--commit self, fail, forsake, fortify, help, leave

(destitute, off), refuse, X surely.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָזַב (a.zav) — to leave: forsake.

1) to leave, loose, forsake

1a) (Qal) to leave

1a1) to depart from, leave behind, leave, let alone

1a2) to leave, abandon, forsake, neglect, apostatise

1a3) to let loose, set free, let go, free

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be left to

1b2) to be forsaken

1c) (Pual) to be deserted

עָזַב (a.zav) — to restore.

1) to restore, repair

1a) (Qal) to repair

עָזַב (a.zav) — to leave: release.

1) to leave, loose, forsake

1a) (Qal) to leave

1a1) to depart from, leave behind, leave, let alone

1a2) to leave, abandon, forsake, neglect, apostatise

1a3) to let loose, set free, let go, free

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be left to

1b2) to be forsaken

1c) (Pual) to be deserted

עָזַב (a.zav) — Forsaken.

This name means to restore, repair

Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)

עָזַב (a.zav) — to leave: neglect.

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Pual-Perf-3ms — Verb · Pual · perfect third person masculine singular
HVPp3ms
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
עֹ֣פֶל'O.fel [the] hill H6076 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word can mean a tumor or a mound, like a fortress or strong hold. In the Bible, it is used to describe both physical and geographical features.
Amplified meaning
mound, stronghold
Tyndale gloss
hill
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֹ֫פֶל (ophel) refers to both a physical structure and a medical condition. It can mean a mound or hill, often associated with fortifications, as well as a tumor or hemorrhoid. The word is built from a root that suggests a connection to both elevation and swelling, but the lexicons do not indicate any disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֹ֫פֶל n.[m.] mound, hill, only as acropolis

base

[עֹ֫פֶל] n.m. tumour;—only pl. Kt

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6076a עֹ֫פֶל mound, hill H6076b עֹ֫פֶל tumour

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6076 `ophel o'-fel

from 6075; a tumor; also a mound, i.e. fortress:--emerod,

fort, strong hold, tower.

see HEBREW for 06075

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֹ֫פֶל (o.phel) — hill.

hill, mound, fort, stronghold, Ophel

עֹ֫פֶל (o.phel) — tumor.

tumour, hemorrhoid

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Hill

(1.) Heb. gib’eah, a curved or rounded hill, such as are common to Palestine (Ps. 65:12; 72:3; 114:4, 6).

(2.) Heb. har, properly a mountain range rather than an individual eminence (Ex. 24:4, 12, 13, 18; Num. 14:40, 44, 45). In Deut. 1:7, Josh. 9:1; 10:40; 11:16, it denotes the elevated district of Judah, Benjamin, and Ephraim, which forms the watershed between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

(3.) Heb. ma’aleh in 1 Sam. 9:11. Authorized Version “hill” is correctly rendered in the Revised Version “ascent.”

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
וָבַ֜חַןva.Va.chan and [the] watchtower H975 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word refers to a watchtower, a high structure used for observation. It appears in the book of 2 Kings. The KJV translates it as 'tower'.
Amplified meaning
high structure, observation point
Tyndale gloss
watchtower
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בַּ֫חַן (bachan) means 'watch-tower' and is derived from a root meaning to keep a look-out. It is used in the context of a tower for observation, specifically noted in Isaiah 32:14. The entries consistently define it as a watchtower without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בַּ֫חַן n.[m.] watch-tower, Is 32:14.

done

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H975 בַּ֫חַן watch-tower

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

975 bachan bakh'-an

from 974 (in the sense of keeping a look-out); a

watch-tower:--tower.

see HEBREW for 0974

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בַּ֫חַן (ba.chan) — watchtower.

watchtower

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
HC/Ncmsa
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
הָיָ֨הha.Yah it will become H1961 Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
3,562× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Tyndale gloss
to be
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be

Qal

Fall out, happen

occur, take place, come about, come to pass

esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass

וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

Come into being, become

abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

sq. prep.

become

sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

sq. pred. adj.

become like

sq. pred. לְ pers.

sq. לְ pred.

oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.

with עַל and לְ

sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)

exist, be in existence

abide, remain, continue

with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie

as copula, joining subj. & pred.

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen

. occur, take place, come about, come to pass

. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

. sq. prep.

. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

. sq. pred. adj.

. become like

. sq. pred. + לְ pers.

. sq. לְ pred.

. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.

. with עַל and לְ

. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence

. abide, remain, continue

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1961 hayah haw-yaw

a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,

come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or

auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,

committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,

fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit

(one-)self, require, X use.

see HEBREW for 01933

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.

1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) ---

1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass

1a1b) to come about, come to pass

1a2) to come into being, become

1a2a) to arise, appear, come

1a2b) to become

1a2b1) to become

1a2b2) to become like

1a2b3) to be instituted, be established

1a3) to be

1a3a) to exist, be in existence

1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)

1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)

1a3d) to accompany, be with

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about

1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVqp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

be-kum':

(1) Greek ginomai, used in New Testament for a change of state, corresponding to Hebrew hayah of Old Testament. Compare Mt 18:3 with De 27:9.

(2) For what is fitting, suitable, proper, in New Testament: "prepei" (Mt 3:15; Eph 5:3; 1Ti 2:10); in Old Testament, na'awah, na'ah, Ps 93:5: "Holiness becometh thy house." in this sense, the adverb "becomingly" must be interpreted: "Walk becomingly toward them that are without" (1Th 4:12), i.e. in a way that is consistent with your profession.

for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
בְעַ֤דve.'Ad behind H1157
105× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means about, through, or for something, often used to describe location or action. It can be translated as 'about', 'at', 'by', or 'through', depending on the context in which it is used.
Tyndale gloss
about/through/for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בַּ֫עַד (ba'ad) is a Hebrew word that functions as a preposition and noun, indicating separation or position, such as 'away from,' 'behind,' 'about,' or 'on behalf of.' It is derived from a root meaning to separate and covers a range of spatial and metaphorical uses. The lexicons agree on its meanings, with variations in emphasis on specific usages.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בַּ֫עַד subst. prop. separation, with a gen., in separation from, in usage a prep. away from, behind, about, on behalf of

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1157 בַּ֫עַד subst. prop. separation, with a gen., in separation from, in usage a prep. away from, behind, about, on behalf of

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1157 b`ad beh-ad'

from 5704 with prepositional prefix; in up to or over

against; generally at, beside, among, behind, for,

etc.:--about, at by (means of), for, over, through, up (-on),

within.

see HEBREW for 05704

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בַּ֫עַד (be.ad) — about/through/for.

1) behind, through, round about, on behalf of, away from, about

1a) through (of action)

1b) behind (with verbs of shutting)

1c) about (with verbs of fencing)

1d) on behalf of (metaph. especially with Hithpael)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HAcbsc
HAcbsc
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
מְעָרוֹת֙me.'a.rOt caves H4631 Noun common · feminine plural absolute
39× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for a cave or den, often used to describe a dark or hidden place. It can also refer to a hole or a hollowed-out space. In the Bible, it is used to describe natural landscapes and places of refuge or hiding.
Amplified meaning
dens, hidden places
Tyndale gloss
cave
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מְעָרָה (me'arah) means 'cave' and is derived from a root meaning 'to be dark.' It refers to a cavern or hole, often associated with darkness. The entries consistently define it as a cave, den, or hole, without significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מְעָרָה 40 n.f. cave

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4631 מְעָרָה, מְעָרָה cave

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4631 m`arah meh-aw-raw'

from 5783; a cavern (as dark):--cave, den, hole.

see HEBREW for 05783

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מְעָרָה (me.a.rah) — cave.

cave, den, hole

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural absolute
HNcfpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Torrey's New Topical Textbook

- Natural

Heb 11:38

- Artificial

Jud 6:2

- FOUND IN THE

. Open fields

Ge 23:20

. Rocks

Isa 2:19

- WERE USED AS

. Dwelling-places

Ge 19:30

. Places of concealment

1Sa 13:6; 14:11; 1Ki 18:4; Heb 11:38

. Resting places

1Sa 24:3; 1Ki 19:9

. Burial places

Thompson Chain Reference topics

--SEE Adullam, ADULLAM

Machpelah, MACHPELAH

for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
עַד־'ad- until H5704 Preposition
1,261× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means until or as far as, describing a point in time or space. It's used in the Bible to set boundaries or limits, like in Exodus when describing the Israelites' journey.
Amplified meaning
always, eternally
Tyndale gloss
till
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while

prep.

of space

Of time

Of degree

conj.

until

While

Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus

of space

Of time

Of degree

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

. conj. . until

. While

. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5704 `ad ad

properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or

conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,

or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,

while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,

at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),

(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,

till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.

see HEBREW for 05703

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַד (ad) — till.

prep

1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as

1a) of space

1a1) as far as, up to, even to

1b) in combination

1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)

1c) of time

1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end

1d) of degree

1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like

conj

2) until, while, to the point that, so that even

Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
עוֹלָ֔םo.Lam perpetuity H5769 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
438× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means forever or always, describing something that lasts an eternity. It is used in the Bible to describe God's eternal nature and his lasting promises.
Tyndale gloss
forever: antiquity
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עוֹלָם (owlam) refers to concepts of long duration, antiquity, and futurity, encompassing meanings like eternity and perpetual existence. It is derived from a root meaning 'concealed' or 'the vanishing point.' The term is used to describe both ancient times and an indefinite future, indicating continuity and everlastingness.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עוֹלָם 439 n.m. long duration, antiquity, futurity

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5769 עוֹלָם long duration, antiquity, futurity

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5769 `owlam o-lawm'

or lolam {o-lawm'}; from 5956; properly, concealed, i.e. the

vanishing point; generally, time out of mind (past or future),

i.e. (practically) eternity; frequentatively, adverbial

(especially with prepositional prefix) always:--alway(-s),

ancient (time), any more, continuance, eternal, (for,

(n-))ever(-lasting, -more, of old), lasting, long (time), (of)

old (time), perpetual, at any time, (beginning of the) world

(+ without end). Compare 5331, 5703.

see HEBREW for 05956

see HEBREW for 05331

see HEBREW for 05703

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עוֹלָם (o.lam) — forever: enduring.

: enduring/eternal

1) long duration, antiquity, futurity, for ever, ever, everlasting, evermore, perpetual, old, ancient, world

1a) ancient time, long time (of past)

1b) (of future)

1b1) for ever, always

1b2) continuous existence, perpetual

1b3) everlasting, indefinite or unending future, eternity

עוֹלָם (o.lam) — Everlasting.

This name means long duration, everlasting, perpetual

Another name of ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068G)

עוֹלָם (o.lam) — forever: any time.

: any_time

1) long duration, antiquity, futurity, for ever, ever, everlasting, evermore, perpetual, old, ancient, world

1a) ancient time, long time (of past)

1b) (of future)

1b1) for ever, always

1b2) continuous existence, perpetual

1b3) everlasting, indefinite or unending future, eternity

עוֹלָם (o.lam) — forever: antiquity.

: old/ancient

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
מְשׂ֥וֹשׂme.Sos a joy of H4885 Noun common · masculine singular construct
17× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means a feeling of great joy or delight, like the rejoicing in Psalm 16:11. It's about being happy and celebrating something good. In the Bible, it often describes a positive emotional state.
Amplified meaning
joy, rejoicing
Tyndale gloss
rejoicing
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָשׂוֹשׂ (masows) refers to exultation or joy, encompassing both the feeling of delight and its causes. It is derived from the root word for joy, שָׂשׂוֹן (shason). The term is used in contexts related to rejoicing and mirth.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָשׂוֹשׂ n.m. id. [שָׂשׂוֹן];—exultation

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4885 מָשׂוֹשׂ id. [שָׂשׂוֹן];—exultation

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4885 masows maw-soce'

from 7797; delight, concretely (the cause or object) or

abstractly (the feeling):--joy, mirth, rejoice.

see HEBREW for 07797

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָשׂוֹשׂ (ma.s.vo.s) — rejoicing.

exultation, joy, rejoicing

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
פְּרָאִ֖יםpe.ra.'Im wild donkeys H6501 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
10× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a wild donkey or onager, a strong and fierce animal. It is used in the Bible to describe the wilderness and the animals that live there. The wild donkey is a symbol of freedom and untamed nature.
Amplified meaning
onagers, fierce animals
Tyndale gloss
wild donkey
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פֶּ֫רֶא (pere') refers to a wild ass or wild donkey. It is derived from a root meaning to run wild, indicating its untamed nature. This term appears in the context of the Old Testament, specifically noted in Jeremiah 2:24.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פֶּ֫רֶא n.m. wild ass

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6501 פֶּ֫רֶא wild ass

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6501 pere' peh'-reh

or pereh (Jeremiah 2:24) {peh'-reh}; from 6500 in the

secondary sense of running wild; the onager:--wild (ass).

see HEBREW for 06500

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פֶּ֫רֶא (pe.re) — wild donkey.

wild ass

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
מִרְעֵ֥הmir.'Eh a pasture of H4829 Noun common · masculine singular construct
13× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Pasture refers to a place where animals graze, like a feeding ground. It can also describe the act of grazing itself. In the Bible, pasture is often used to describe the care of sheep by a shepherd.
Amplified meaning
feeding ground, grazing place
Tyndale gloss
pasture
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִרְעֶה (mir'eh) refers to pasture or pasturage, indicating both the place where animals feed and the act of feeding itself. It is derived from a root meaning to feed and can also denote a haunt for wild animals. The term captures the concept of a feeding area in agricultural contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִרְעֶה n.m. pasturage, pasture

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4829 מִרְעֶה pasturage, pasture

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4829 mir`eh meer-eh'

from 7462 in the sense of feeding; pasture (the place or the

act); also the haunt of wild animals:--feeding place,

pasture.

see HEBREW for 07462

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִרְעֶה (mir.eh) — pasture.

pasture, pasturage

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

for [the] palace it will be forsaken [the] tumult of [the] city it will be abandoned [the] hill and [the] watchtower it will become behind caves until perpetuity a joy of wild donkeys a pasture of flocks
עֲדָרִֽים׃'a.da.Rim flocks H5739 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
38× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A flock refers to a group of animals, like sheep or cattle, that are herded together. In the Bible, it can also mean a herd or a drove of animals. This term is used to describe various scenes in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
herds, groups of animals
Tyndale gloss
flock
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֵ֫דֶר (eder) refers to a flock or herd of animals. It is derived from a root meaning to arrange or muster, indicating a gathering of livestock. The term encompasses both flocks and herds, highlighting its use in contexts related to groups of animals.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֵ֫דֶר n.m. flock, herd

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5739 עֵ֫דֶר flock, herd

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5739 `eder ay'-der

from 5737; an arrangement, i.e. muster (of animals):--drove,

flock, herd.

see HEBREW for 05737

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֵ֫דֶר (e.der) — flock.

1) flock, herd

1a) flock

1b) herds, flocks and herds

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See SHEEP.

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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