Deuteronomy 4:43 — Word Study
WLCאֶת־ בֶּ֧צֶר בַּמִּדְבָּ֛ר בְּאֶ֥רֶץ הַמִּישֹׁ֖ר לָרֻֽאוּבֵנִ֑י וְאֶת־ רָאמֹ֤ת בַּגִּלְעָד֙ לַגָּדִ֔י וְאֶת־ גּוֹלָ֥ן בַּבָּשָׁ֖ן לַֽמְנַשִּֽׁי׃
BSABezerBetser [a remote fortress, gold ore] in the wildernessmidbâr [a desert or open field] on the plateaumîyshôwr [a level or plain area, uprightness] belonging to the ReubenitesRᵉʼûwbênîy [descendants of Reuben, son of Israel] RamothRâʼmôwth [heights, a place of elevation] in GileadGilʻâd [a rocky region, a mountainous area] belonging to the GaditesGâdîy [a tribe living during the time of Moses] or GolanGôwlân [a fertile region, a place of refuge] in BashanBâshân [a fruitful land, a region east of the Jordan River] belonging to the ManassitesMᵉnashshîy [a tribe living during the time of Moses, descendants of Manasseh]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אֶת־ | the object marker | Particle |
| בֶּ֧צֶר | Bezer | Noun proper |
| בַּמִּדְבָּ֛ר | in the wilderness | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| בְּאֶ֥רֶץ | in [the] land of | Preposition, noun common feminine singular construct |
| הַמִּישֹׁ֖ר | the plain | Particle, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| לָרֻֽאוּבֵנִ֑י | for the Reubenite[s] | Preposition, noun gentilic masculine singular absolute |
| וְאֶת־ | and the object marker | Conjunction, particle |
| רָאמֹ֤ת | Ramoth | Noun proper |
| בַּגִּלְעָד֙ | in Gilead | Preposition, noun proper |
| לַגָּדִ֔י | for the Gadite[s] | Preposition, noun gentilic masculine singular absolute |
| וְאֶת־ | and the object marker | Conjunction, particle |
| גּוֹלָ֥ן | Golan | Noun proper |
| בַּבָּשָׁ֖ן | in Bashan | Preposition, noun proper |
| לַֽמְנַשִּֽׁי׃ | for the Manassite[s] | Preposition, noun gentilic masculine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Bezer in the wilderness on the plateau belonging to the Reubenites, Ramoth in Gilead belonging to the Gadites, or Golan in Bashan belonging to the Manassites. |
| KJV | Namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites. |
| ASV | namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, for the Manassites. |
| YLT | Bezer, in the wilderness, in the land of the plain, of the Reubenite; and Ramoth, in Gilead, of the Gadite; and Golan, in Bashan, of the Manassahite. |
| WEB | Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan for the Manassites. |
| BBE | The names of the towns were Bezer in the waste land, in the table-land, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan for Manasseh. |
The translations agree on the identification of the cities and their respective tribal associations.
The verse consists of three main clauses, each detailing a city of refuge and its tribal association.
6 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Ellicott, AdamClarke & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Deuteronomy 4:43
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Cities of Refugegenerated
Deuteronomy 4:43 identifies cities of refuge, which were established for individuals who unintentionally caused harm, allowing them to escape retribution. This verse specifically names Bezer, Ramoth, and Golan, indicating their tribal affiliations and geographical significance. These cities provided protection and were a crucial part of the legal system in ancient Israel, reflecting God's provision for justice and mercy.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joshua 20:8 | And beyond the Jordan, east of Jericho, they designated Bezer on the wilderness plateau from the tribe of Reuben, Ramoth in Gilead from the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan from the tribe of Manasseh. |
| 2 | Joshua 21:38 | And from the tribe of Gad they were given Ramoth in Gilead, a city of refuge for the manslayer, Mahanaim, |
| 3 | 1 Kings 4:13 | Ben-geber in Ramoth-gilead (the villages of Jair son of Manasseh in Gilead belonged to him, as well as the region of Argob in Bashan with its sixty great cities with walls and bronze bars); |
| 4 | 1 Kings 22:3–4 | who said to his servants, “Do you not know that Ramoth-gilead is ours, but we have failed to take it from the hand of the king of Aram?” |
| 5 | 1 Chronicles 6:80 | And from the tribe of Gad they were given Ramoth in Gilead, Mahanaim, |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 7 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — בֶּצֶר, Be.tzergenerated
The noun בֶּצֶר (Be.tzer) refers to a specific city of refuge associated with the tribe of Reuben. The name may mean 'gold ore' or 'remote fortress', indicating its geographical or economic significance.
As a city of refuge, Bezer provided a safe haven for those who accidentally committed manslaughter, allowing them to seek asylum from avengers until a fair trial could be conducted.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb is implied in the context of the verse, with a series of noun phrases and prepositional phrases that detail the cities and their locations. The structure emphasizes the listing of cities, each associated with a specific tribe.
The order of the names reflects a geographical progression from Bezer to Ramoth and Golan, highlighting their significance as cities of refuge across different regions.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates בֶּצֶר as βοσορ, which indicates a consistent understanding of Bezer as a city of refuge, though the Greek rendering may not carry the same connotations as the Hebrew.
This choice reflects a direct correspondence in the identification of the city, affirming its role in the legal and social structures of ancient Israel.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Deuteronomy 4:43 lists three cities of refuge: Bezer, Ramoth, and Golan, each associated with different tribes of Israel. These cities were meant to provide safety for individuals who accidentally harmed others, allowing them to escape retribution.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
These cities were designated as safe havens for individuals who committed unintentional manslaughter, allowing them to avoid revenge from the victim's family.
Each city of refuge was allocated to a specific tribe, ensuring that the cities were accessible to all Israelites regardless of their location.
Bezer can mean 'gold ore' or 'remote fortress', reflecting its significance as a place of safety and possibly its economic resources.
This verse is part of a larger legal framework established by Moses, outlining the provisions for justice and mercy within the Israelite community.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How can we apply the concept of refuge in our own lives today?
- What does the establishment of cities of refuge tell us about God's justice and mercy?
- In what ways can we create safe spaces for those in need within our communities?
- How does understanding the historical context of these cities enhance our reading of the text?
Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Deuteronomy 4:43 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible[Namely], Bezer in the wilderness,.... In Joshua 20:8, it is added "upon the plain"; this perhaps was the wilderness of Moab, in the plains of it, the same with Bozrah, see Jeremiah 48:24 and in the
Read John Gill on Deuteronomy 4 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThen Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the sunrising; Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan - (see the notes at Numbers 35:6-8; Joshua 20:7-8).
Read Robert Jamieson on Deuteronomy 4 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English ReadersTHE OF THREE CITIES OF REFUGE.(41) Then Moses severed.—The word “then” appears to be a note of time. It would seem that the appointment of the three cities of refuge on the eastern side of Jordan actually followed this discourse. On this side Jordan.—Heb., b’ ’êber hay-yardên. The expression is here defined by the words that follow, “toward the sun-rising,” and it need not, therefore, be taken to fix the writer’s point of view. By itself, the expression would naturally mean, on the other side of Jordan. (43) Bezer is as yet unidentified. Ramoth in Gilead, though famous in the history of Israel as the scene of Ahab’s death and of the anointing of Jehu (1 Kings 21 and 2 Kings 9), is also as…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Deuteronomy 4 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 43. Bezer in the wilderness] As the cities of refuge are generally understood to be types of the salvation provided by Christ for sinners; so their names have been thought to express some attribute of the Redeemer of mankind. See them explained Joshua 20:7-8. I SUPPOSE the last nine verses of this chapter to have been added by either Joshua or Ezra.
Read AdamClarke on Deuteronomy 4 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges43. Bezer] Beṣ ?er; described, as here, in Joshua 20:8; and in Joshua 21:36 along with Yahaṣ ?, Ḳ ?edemoth, and Mepha‘ath. The name also occurs on the Moabite stone, line 27. No modern equivalent has been recovered. The meaning of the name is the general one of wall or fence. Ramoth in Gilead] Joshua 20:8; Joshua 21:38 (with Maḥ ?anaim), Ramoth of Gilead, 1 Kings 4:13, etc. It has been variously identified with Es-Salṭ ? (because of the military and administrative importance of this site, and the statement of Eusebius and Jerome that Ramoth Gilead lay 15 Roman miles W. of Philadelphia = Rabbath-‘Ammon), and with the ruins called el-Jal‘ϋd, 6 miles N. of es-Salṭ ?. The Biblical data…
Read Cambridge on Deuteronomy 4 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible43. Bezer — This city is mentioned in Joshua 20:8; Joshua 21:36, and 1 Chronicles 6:63. By some it is thought to be the same as Bosor. 1Ma 5:36. It may possibly be the modern Berza of Robinson.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Deuteronomy 4 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Bezer in the wilderness on the plateau belonging to the Reubenites, Ramoth in Gilead belonging to the Gadites, or Golan in Bashan belonging to the Manassites.
Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan for the Manassites.
Bezer in the wilderness on the plateau belonging to the Reubenites, Ramoth in Gilead belonging to the Gadites, or Golan in Bashan belonging to the Manassites.
These cities are Bezer, in the desert plateau, for the Reubenites; Ramoth in Gilead for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan for the Manassehites.
Tyndale line
Namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.
namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, for the Manassites.
namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, for the Manassites.
Namely , Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.
That is, Bezer in the wildernesse, in the plaine countrey of the Reubenites: and Ramoth in Gilead among the Gadites: and Golan in Bashan among them of Manasseh.
Strictly literal
Bezer in the wilderness, in the plateau, of the Reubenites, and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites, and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.
Bezer, in the wilderness, in the land of the plain, of the Reubenite; and Ramoth, in Gilead, of the Gadite; and Golan, in Bashan, of the Manassahite.
Bezer in the wilderness, in the land of the plain, for the Reubenite; and Ramoth in Gilead for the Gadite; and Golan in Bashan for the Manassite.
Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gil'ad for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan for the Menassites.
They were: Bezer in the wilderness, the plain country, for the Reubenites; Ramoth in Gilead, for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, for the Manassites.
From the Latin
Bosor in the wilderness, which is situate in the plains of the tribe of Ruben: and Ramoth in Galaad, which is in the tribe of Gad: and Golan in Basan, which is in the tribe of Manasses.
Simplified
Bezer in the desert plain belonging to the tribe of Reuben; Ramoth in Gilead belonging to the tribe of Gad, or Golan in Bashan belonging to the tribe of Manasseh.
The names of the towns were Bezer in the waste land, in the table-land, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan for Manasseh.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text lists the cities as Bezer, Ramoth, and Golan, while the Samaritan Pentateuch differs slightly, using בוצר (Butzer) for Bezer and רמות (Ramoth) for Ramoth. The Dead Sea Scrolls fragment confirms some of the names but is incomplete.
אֶת־ בֶּ֧צֶר בַּמִּדְבָּ֛ר בְּאֶ֥רֶץ הַמִּישֹׁ֖ר לָרֻֽאוּבֵנִ֑י וְאֶת־ רָאמֹ֤ת בַּגִּלְעָד֙ לַגָּדִ֔י וְאֶת־ גּוֹלָ֥ן בַּבָּשָׁ֖ן לַֽמְנַשִּֽׁי׃
12 of the 14 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
את בוצר במדבר בארץ המישׁור לראובני ואת רמות בגלעד לגדי ואת גולן בבשׁן למנשׁה
4 words differ from the Masoretic Text: בוצר (
[את] [בצר] [במדבר] בארץ [המישור] [לראובני]
6 words of the verse are on this fragment — 5 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Deuteronomy 4:43
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).
אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
base
H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
853 'eth ayth
apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of
entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more
definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or
namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).
see HEBREW for 0226
אֵת (et) — [Obj.].
sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative
Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
HTo — ParticleHTo
בֶּ֫צֶר (Betser) refers to both a city of refuge located in Reuben, east of the Jordan, and a man from the tribe of Asher, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 7:37. The name may mean 'gold ore' or 'remote fortress.' It is linked to the Hebrew word for an inaccessible spot.
בֶּ֫צֶר (fortress)
n. pr. loc. city in Reuben
n. pr. m. a descendant of Asher
base
H1221 בֶּ֫צֶר (fortress) . n. pr. loc. city in Reuben
. n. pr. m. a descendant of Asher
1221 Betser beh'-tser
the same as 1220, an inaccessible spot; Betser, a place in
Palestine; also an Israelite:--Bezer.
see HEBREW for 01220
בֶּ֫צֶר (be.tser) — Bezer.
Bezer = "gold ore" or "remote fortress"
a city of refuge in Reuben in the downs on the east of the Jordan
Also named: bots.rah (בׇּצְרָה "Bozrah" H1224H)
בֶּ֫צֶר (be.tser) — Bezer.
A man of the tribe of Asher living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.7.37;
son of: Zophah (H6690);
brother of: Suah (H5477), Harnepher (H2774), Shual (H7777B), Beri (H1275), Imrah (H3236), Hod (H1936), Shamma (H8037H), Shilshah (H8030), Ithran (H3506H) and Beera (H0878)
§ Bezer = "gold ore" or "remote fortress"
1) son of Zophah, one of the heads of the houses of Asher
2) a city of refuge in Reuben in the downs on the east of the Jordan
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
be'-zer (betser; Bosor, "strong"):
(1) A city of refuge, set apart by Moses for the Reubenites and located in the "plain country" (or table-land, Mishor) East of the Jordan, later assigned to this tribe by Joshua (De 4:43; Jos 20:8). The same city was assigned by lot as place of residence to the children of Merari of the Levite tribe (Jos 21:36; 1Ch 6:63,78). Driver, HDB, suggests the identity of Bezer with Bozrah (Septuagint, Bosor) (Jer 48:24). Besheir has been suggested as the present site. According to the manuscript it was forti fied by Mesha.
Bezer
Ore of gold or silver. (1.) A city of the Reubenites; one of the three cities of refuge on the east of Jordan (Deut. 4: 43; Josh. 20:8). It has been identified with the modern ruined village of Burazin, some 12 miles north of Heshbon; also with Kasur-el-Besheir, 2 miles south-west of Dibon.
(2.) A descendant of Asher (1 Chr. 7:37).
(gold ore), son of Zophah, one of the heads of the houses of Asher. (1 Chronicles 7:37)
מִדְבָּר (midbar) primarily means 'mouth' in the sense of an organ of speech, but it also refers to 'wilderness' or 'desert.' The word is derived from a root meaning to drive, suggesting open fields for pasturing cattle. It encompasses various forms of uninhabited land and is notably used in contexts related to the wilderness, such as the Wilderness of Sinai.
[מִדְבָּר] n.m. mouth, as organ of speech, Ct 4:3
ref
מִדְבָר 270 n.m. wilderness
tracts of land, used for the pasturage of flocks and herds
uninhabited land
large tracts of such land bearing various names, in certain districts of which there might be towns and cities
fig.
base
H4057a מִדְבָּר mouth, as organ of speech H4057b מִדְבָר wilderness
4057 midbar mid-bawr'
from 1696 in the sense of driving; a pasture (i.e. open
field, whither cattle are driven); by implication, a desert;
also speech (including its organs):--desert, south, speech,
wilderness.
see HEBREW for 01696
מִדְבָּר (mid.bar) — mouth.
1) mouth
1a) mouth (as organ of speech)
מִדְבָּר (mid.bar) — wilderness.
1) wilderness
1a) pasture
1b) uninhabited land, wilderness
1c) large tracts of wilderness (around cities)
1d) wilderness (fig.)
מִדְבָּר (mid.bar) — Wilderness (of Sinai).
This name means wilderness, uninhabited land
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
wil'-der-nes.
See DESERT; JUDAEA, WILDERNESS OF; WANDERINGS OF ISRAEL.
Wilderness
(1.) Heb. midhbar, denoting not a barren desert but a district or region suitable for pasturing sheep and cattle (Ps. 65:12; Isa. 42:11; Jer. 23:10; Joel 1:19; 2:22); an uncultivated place. This word is used of the wilderness of Beersheba (Gen. 21:14), on the southern border of Palestine; the wilderness of the Red Sea (Ex. 13:18); of Shur (15:22), a portion of the Sinaitic peninsula; of Sin (17:1), Sinai (Lev. 7:38), Moab (Deut. 2:8), Judah (
See DESERT.
אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.
אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land
earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
earth, opp. to heaven, sky
earth = inhabitants of earth
land =
country, territory
district, region
trial territory
piece of ground
specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
= inhabitants of land
used even of Shᵉʼôl
ground, surface of ground
soil, as productive
אֶרֶץ in phrases
people of the land
in measurements of distance
the country of the plain, level or plain country
land of the living
end(s) of the earth
pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
base
H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
. earth, opp. to heaven, sky
. earth = inhabitants of earth
. land = . country, territory
. district, region
. trial territory
. piece of ground
. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
. = inhabitants of land
. used even of Shᵉʼôl
. . ground, surface of ground
. soil, as productive
. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land
. in measurements of distance
. the country of the plain, level or plain country
. land of the living
. end(s) of the earth
. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
776 'erets eh'-rets
from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth
(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,
field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.
: country/field
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
1b2) district, region
1b3) tribal territory
1b4) piece of ground
1b5) land of Canaan, Israel
1b6) inhabitants of land
1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world
1b8) city (-state)
1c) ground, surface of the earth
1c1) ground
1c2) soil
1d) (in phrases)
1d1) people of the land
1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)
1d3) level or plain country
1d4) land of the living
1d5) end(s) of the earth
1e) (almost wholly late in usage)
1e1) lands, countries
1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.
: soil
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
HR/Ncfsc — Preposition · noun common feminine singular constructHR/Ncfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
מִישׁוֹר (miyshowr) refers to a level place or plain, often associated with uprightness and justice. It can denote a physical flat area, like a table-land, or be used figuratively to mean equity and righteousness. The word is derived from a root meaning to be straight, emphasizing its connections to fairness and moral integrity.
מִישׁוֹר n.m. level place, uprightness
base
H4334 מִישׁוֹר level-place, uprightness
4334 miyshowr mee-shore'
or miyshor {mee-shore'}; from 3474; a level, i.e. a plain
(often used (with the article prefix) as a properly, name of
certain districts); figuratively, concord; also straightness,
i.e. (figuratively) justice (sometimes adverbially,
justly):--equity, even place, plain, right(-eously), (made)
straight, uprightness.
see HEBREW for 03474
מִישׁוֹר (mi.shor) — plain.
1) level place, uprightness
1a) level country, table-land, plain
1b) level place
1c) uprightness
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ncmsa
plan
(1) kikkar, "circle" "talent," or "round loaf";
(2) mishor, from yashar, "to be level"; compare Arabic maisur, "that which is easy";
(3) biqah; compare Arabic baq`at, "a plot of ground" or "a wet meadow";
(4) `arabhah;
(5) shephelah;
(6) topos pedinos (Lu 6:17);
(7) 'elon; compare elah, and 'allon "oak" (Ge 35:4,8, etc.); also 'elah, "Elah" (1Sa 17:2);
Plain
(1.) Heb. ‘abel (Judg. 11:33), a “grassy plain” or “meadow.” Instead of “plains of the vineyards,” as in the Authorized Version, the Revised Version has “Abel-cheramim” (q.v.), comp. Judg. 11:22; 2 Chr. 16:4.
(2.) Heb. ‘elon (Gen. 12:6; 13:18; 14:13; 18:1; Deut. 11:30; Judg. 9:6), more correctly “oak,” as in the Revised Version; margin, “terebinth.”
See CANAAN, and OAK.
רְאוּבֵנִי (R'uwbeniy) refers to a Reubenite, meaning a descendant of Reuben, the son of Jacob. The term is derived from רְאוּבֵן (Reuben) and is used to describe individuals from the tribe of Reuben, first mentioned in Genesis 29:32. It highlights familial connections, including Reuben's brothers and descendants.
רְאוּבֵנִי adj.gent. of foreg. [רְאוּבֵן]
base
H7206 רְאוּבֵנִי of foreg. [רְאוּבֵן]
7206 R'uwbeniy reh-oob-ay-nee'
patronymic from 7205; a Reubenite or descendant of
Reuben:--children of Reuben, Reubenites.
see HEBREW for 07205
רְאוּבֵנִי (re.u.ve.ni) — Reubenite.
Someone from the tribe of Reuben living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.29.32;
son of: Israel (H3478) and Leah (H3812);
brother of: Simeon (H8095), Levi (H3878), Judah (H3063), Issachar (H3485), Zebulun (H2074) and Dinah (H1783);
half-brother of: Dan (H1835H), Naphtali (H5321), Gad (H1410), Asher (H0836), Joseph (H3130) and Benjamin (H1144);
father of: Hanoch (H2585J), Pallu (H6396), Hezron (H2696) and Carmi (H3756)
Group of re.u.ven (רְאוּבֵן "Reuben" H7205)
§ Reubenite, of Reuben "behold a son"
a descendant of Reuben the son of Jacob
Prep | Ngmsa — Preposition · noun gentilic masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ngmsa
אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).
אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
base
H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
853 'eth ayth
apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of
entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more
definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or
namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).
see HEBREW for 0226
אֵת (et) — [Obj.].
sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative
Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
HC/To — Conjunction · particleHC/To
רָאמוֹת (Ra'mowth) means "heights" and refers to two locations in Palestine, specifically a Levitical city in Issachar. The word is a plural form of רָמֹת (Ramoth), which is also noted in the context of Gilead. The entries consistently identify it as a geographic name.
רָ(א)מוֹת 26 n.pr.
loc. Heights, Ramôth;
in Gilead
1 S 30:27
Levit. city in Issachar
m. Ezr 10:29 Qr
base
H7216 רָ(א)מוֹת n. pr. . loc. Heights, Ramôth
. m. Qr
7216 Ra'mowth raw-moth'
or Ramoth {raw-moth'}; plural of 7215; heights; Ramoth, the
name of two places in Palestine:--Ramoth.
see HEBREW for 07215
רָאמוֹת (ra.mot) — Ramoth.
§ Ramoth = "heights"
a place in Issachar
רָאמוֹת (ra.mot) — Ramoth.
Ramoth = "heights"
a Levitical city in Issachar
Another spelling of ra.mot gi.l.ad (רָמֹת "Ramoth" H7433)
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
Ramoth
Heights. A Levitical city in the tribe of Issachar (1 Sam. 30:27; 1 Chr. 6:73), the same as Jarmuth (Josh. 21:29) and Remeth (q.v.), 19:21.
A famous city in the mountains of Gilead; often called RamothGilead, and sometimes Ramath-Mizpeh, or the Watchtower, Jos 13:26. It belonged to Gad, was assigned to the Levites, and became one of the cities of refuge beyond Jordan, De 4:43 Jos 20:8 21:38. It was famous during the reigns of the later kings of Israel, and was the occasion of several wars between these princes and the kings of Damascus, who had conquered it, and from whom the kings of Israel endeavored to regain it. Here Ahad died, Joram was wounded, and Jehu was anointed king of Israel, 1Ki 22:1-53 2Ki 8:28,29 9:1-14
eminences; high places
גִּלְעָד (Gil'ad) refers to a mountainous region east of the Jordan River, known as 'rocky region'. It encompasses both a land area and a city, often divided into northern and southern Gilead. The term also identifies several individuals from the tribe of Manasseh, including a notable figure, Jephthah. The lexicons agree on its geographical significance and historical references.
גִּלְעָד n.pr.loc. of mountain-range or hill-country, land & city, E. of Jordan territory S. of Jabboḳ
Northern Gilead
more generally, of all Gilead
name of a city
of Israelites living E. of Jordan (as a whole)
treated as n.pr.m.
base
H1568 גִּלְעָד of mountain-range or hill-country, land & city, E. of Jordan
1568 Gil`ad ghil-awd'
probably from 1567; Gilad, a region East of the Jordan; also
the name of three Israelites:--Gilead, Gileadite.
see HEBREW for 01567
גִּלְעָד (gil.ad) — Gilead.
Gilead = "rocky region"
a mountainous region bounded on the west by the Jordan, on the north by Bashan, on the east by the Arabian plateau, and on the south by Moab and Ammon; sometimes called 'Mount Gilead' or the 'land of Gilead' or just 'Gilead'. Divided into north and south Gilead
Also named: gil.a.di (גִּלְעָדִי "Gileadite" H1569)
גִּלְעָד (gil.ad) — Gilead.
A man of the tribe of Manasseh living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Num.26.29;
son of: Machir (H4353);
brother of: daughter_of_Machir (H4353I), Peresh (H6570), Sheresh (H8329) and Hammolecheth (H4447);
father of: Abiezer (H0044I), Helek (H2507), Asriel (H0844), Shechem (H7928), Shemida (H8061) and Hepher (H2660A)
§ Gilead = "rocky region"
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun properHRd/Npl
Gilead
Hill of testimony, (Gen. 31:21), a mountainous region east of Jordan. From its mountainous character it is called “the mount of Gilead” (Gen. 31:25). It is called also “the land of Gilead” (Num. 32:1), and sometimes simply “Gilead” (Ps. 60:7; Gen. 37:25). It comprised the possessions of the tribes of Gad and Reuben and the south part of Manasseh (Deut. 3:13; Num. 32:40). It was bounded on the north by Bashan, and on the south by Moab and Ammon (Gen.…
(rocky region). A mountainous region bounded on the west by the Jordan, on the north by Bashan, on the east by the Arabian plateau, and on the south by Moab and Ammon. (Genesis 31:21; 3:12-17) It is sometimes called "Mount Gilead," (Genesis 31:25) sometimes "the land of Gilead," (Numbers 32:1) and sometimes simply "Gilead." (Psalms 60:7; Genesis 37:25) The name Gilead, as is usual in Palestine, describes the physical aspect of the country: it signifies "a hard rocky region." The mountains of Gilead, including Pisgah, Abarim and Peor, have a real elevation of from 2000 to 3000 feet; but their apparent elevation on the…
the heap or mass of testimony
1. A region east of the Jordan River allotted to the tribes of Reuben and Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh Nu 32:1-30; De 3:13; 34:1; 2Ki 10:33
Reubenites expel the Hagarites from 1Ch 5:9,10,18-22
Ammonites make war against; defeated by Jephthah Jud 11
גָּדִי (Gadiy) refers to a member of the tribe of Gad, one of the tribes of Israel. The term is derived from the name Gad, who was a son of Jacob and Zilpah, and it encompasses the descendants of Gad. The word is associated with meanings like 'invader' or 'troop.' It is first mentioned in Genesis 30:11.
גָּדִי adj.gent. Gadite
base
H1425 גָּדִי Gadite
1425 Gadiy gaw-dee'
patronymically from 1410; a Gadite (collectively) or
descendants of Gad:--Gadites, children of Gad.
see HEBREW for 01410
גָּדִי (ga.di) — Gad.
Spomeone from the tribe of Gad living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.30.11;
son of: Israel (H3478) and Zilpah (H2153);
brother of: Asher (H0836);
half-brother of: Reuben (H7205), Simeon (H8095), Levi (H3878), Judah (H3063), Dan (H1835H), Naphtali (H5321), Issachar (H3485), Zebulun (H2074), Dinah (H1783), Joseph (H3130) and Benjamin (H1144);
father of: Ziphion (H6837), Haggi (H2291), Shuni (H7764), Ezbon (H0675), Eri (H6179), Arod (H0720) and Areli (H0692)
Another name of gad (גָּד "Gad" H1410G)
§ Gadite = "an invader: a troop: fortune"
one of the tribe descended from Gad
Prep | Ngmsa — Preposition · noun gentilic masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ngmsa
אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).
אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
base
H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
853 'eth ayth
apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of
entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more
definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or
namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).
see HEBREW for 0226
אֵת (et) — [Obj.].
sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative
Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
HC/To — Conjunction · particleHC/To
גּוֹלָן (Gowlan) refers to a city of Manasseh located in Bashan, east of the Jordan River, and designated as a city of refuge. The name is derived from a root meaning 'captive.' The entries consistently identify Golan as a geographical location without significant disagreement.
גּוֹלָן n.pr.loc. city of Manasseh in Bashan, named as a city of refuge
base
H1474 גּוֹלָן city of Manasseh in Bashan, named as a city of refuge
1474 Gowlan go-lawn'
from 1473; captive; Golan, a place east of the
Jordan:--Golan.
see HEBREW for 01473
גּוֹלָן (go.lan) — Golan.
§ Golan = "their captivity: their rejoicing"
a town of Manasseh in the heights of Bashan east of the Jordan; a city of refuge
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
Golan
Exile, a city of Bashan (Deut. 4:43), one of the three cities of refuge east of Jordan, about 12 miles north-east of the Sea of Galilee (Josh. 20:8). There are no further notices of it in Scripture. It became the head of the province of Gaulanitis, one of the four provinces into which Bashan was divided after the Babylonish captivity, and almost identical with the modern Jaulan, in Western Hauran, about 39 miles in length and 18 in breath.
(circle), a city of Bashan, (4:43) allotted out of the half tribe of Manasseh to the Levites, (Joshua 21:27) and one of the three cities of refuge east of the Jordan. ch (Joshua 20:8) Its very site is now unknown. It gave its name to the province of Gaulanitis. It lay east of Galilee and north of Gadaritis [GADARA], and corresponds to the modern province of Jaulan .
A Levitical city of refuge, in the northwest portion of Bashan. It lay east or northeast of the Sea of Galilee, but its site is now lost. See GAULAN.
passage; revolution
בָּשָׁן (Bashan) refers to a fertile region east of the Jordan River, first noted as the kingdom of Og. It extends from the Jabboḳ stream to Mount Hermon, and is associated with smooth and fruitful land, significant for the half-tribe of Manasseh.
בָּשָׁן 60 n.pr.terr.m. (smooth (& fertile) land) Bashan, first mentioned as kingdom of Og, E. of Jordan, stretching from stream Jabboḳ (thus including northern Gilead) northward to Hermon, between Gennesaret (W) and mts of Hauran (E)
base
H1316 בָּשָׁן Bashan, first mentioned as kingdom of Og, E. of Jordan, stretching from stream Jabboḳ (thus including northern Gilead) northward to Hermon, between Gennesaret (W) and mts of Hauran (E)
1316 Bashan baw-shawn'
of uncertain derivation; Bashan (often with the article), a
region East of the Jordan:--Bashan.
בָּשָׁן (ba.shan) — Bashan.
§ Bashan = "fruitful"
a district east of the Jordan known for its fertility which was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun properHRd/Npl
ba'-shan (ha-bashan, "the Bashan"; Basan): This name is probably the same in meaning as the cognate Arabic bathneh, "soft, fertile land," or bathaniyeh (batanaea), "this land sown with wheat" ("wheatland").
1. Boundaries:
It often occurs with the article, "the Bashan," to describe the kingdom of Og, the most northerly part of the land East of the Jordan. It stretched from the border of Gilead in the South to the slopes of Hermen in the North. Hermon itself is never definitely included in Bashan, although Og is said to have ruled in that mountain (Jos 12:5; 13:11). In De 3:10 Salecah and Edrei seem to indicate the East and West limits respectively. This would agree with Jos 12:5; 13:11, which seem to make Geshur and Maacath the…
Bashan
Light soil, first mentioned in Gen. 14:5, where it is said that Chedorlaomer and his confederates “smote the Rephaim in Ashteroth,” where Og the king of Bashan had his residence. At the time of Israel’s entrance into the Promised Land, Og came out against them, but was utterly routed (Num. 21:33-35; Deut. 3:1-7). This country extended from Gilead in the south to Hermon in the north, and from the Jordan on the west to Salcah on the east. Along with the half of Gilead it was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh (Josh. 13:29-31). Golan, one of its cities, became a “city of refuge” (Josh. 21:27). Argob, in Bashan, was…
(fruitful), a district on the east of Jordan. It is sometimes spoken of as the "land of Bashan," (1 Chronicles 5:11) and comp. Numb 21:33; 32:33 And sometimes as "all Bashan." (3:10,13; Joshua 12:5; 13:12,30) It was taken by the children of Israel after their conquest of the land of Sihon from Arnon to Jabbok. The limits of Bashan are very strictly defined. It extended from the "border of Gilead" on the south to Mount Hermon on the north, (3:3,10,14; Joshua 12:5; 1 Chronicles 5:23) and from the Arabah or Jordan valley on the west to Salchah (Sulkhad) and the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites on the east. (Joshua…
Fat, fruitful, Nu 21:33, a rich hilly district lying east of the Jordan, and between the mountains of Hermon on the north, and those of Gilead and Ammon on the south. The country takes its name from its soft and sandy soil. It is celebrated in Scripture for its rich pasturage: "Rams, of the breed of Bashan," De 32:14; "Rams, bulls, goats, all of them fatlings of Bashan," Eze 39:18. The oaks of Bashan are mentioned in connection with the cedars of Lebanon, Isa 2:13. Modern travelers describe the country as still abounding with verdant and fertile meadows, valleys traversed by refreshing streams, hills crowned with forests, and pastures offering an abundance to the flocks…
מְנַשִּׁי (Mnashshiy) refers to a Manassite, a descendant of Manasseh, who was the son of Joseph and Asenath. The term specifically denotes those from the tribe of Manasseh who lived east of the Jordan River. It is derived from the root word for Manasseh (מְנַשֶׁה, H4519), which means 'causing to forget,' and is first mentioned in Genesis 41:51.
מְנַשִּׁי adj.gent.; only c. art. as n. coll., of tribe E. of Jordan
base
H4520 מְנַשִּׁי as n. coll., of tribe E. of Jordan
4520 Mnashshiy men-ash-shee'
from 4519; a Menashshite or descendant of Menashsheh:--of
Manasseh, Manassites.
see HEBREW for 04519
מְנַשִּׁי (me.nash.shi) — Manassite.
Someone from the tribe of Manasseh living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.41.51;
son of: Joseph (H3130) and Asenath (H0621);
brother of: Ephraim (H0669); married to Aramitess (H0761);
father of: Machir (H4353) and Asriel (H0844H)
Group of me.nash.sheh (מְנַשֶּׁה "Manasseh" H4519)
§ Manassites = Manasseh "causing to forget"
1) descendants of Manasseh, son of Joseph and grandson of Jacob
1a) specifically used only of that half that lived east of the Jordan
Prep | Ngmsa — Preposition · noun gentilic masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ngmsa