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Psalms 108:9 — Word Study

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WLCמוֹאָ֤ב׀ סִ֬יר רַחְצִ֗י עַל־ אֱ֭דוֹם אַשְׁלִ֣יךְ נַעֲלִ֑י עֲלֵֽי־ פְ֝לֶ֗שֶׁת אֶתְרוֹעָֽע׃

BSAGileadGilʻâd MosesMᵉnashsheh EphraimʼEphrayim securitymâʻôwz headrôʼsh JudahYᵉhûwdâh to decreechâqaq

Word
Listen & take awayPsalms 108
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 9 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('et.ro.'A') — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Psalms 108:9quick helps
In a sentenceThe psalmist declares the dominance of Israel over its enemies using vivid imagery.
Who is speakingThe psalmist, reflecting on God's sovereignty.
Where we areThis verse is part of a larger poetic declaration of God's power and authority.
The hard wordרַחְצִי, rach.Tzi
Take awayGod's control over nations is expressed through the metaphor of a washbasin.
5 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Cambridge, Barnes & more — read them › clause subjectלְ verbוְ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Psalms 108:9

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — God's Sovereignty Over Nationsgenerated

8Gilead is Mine, and Manasseh is Mine; Ephraim is My helmet, Judah is My scepter.
9Moab is My washbasin; upon Edom I toss My sandal; over Philistia I shout in triumph.”
10Who will bring me to the fortified city? Who will lead me to Edom?
11Have You not rejected us, O God? Will You no longer march out, O God, with our armies?

Psalm 108:9 is a proclamation of Israel's authority over its adversaries, symbolized through the imagery of Moab as a washbasin and the act of throwing a sandal over Edom. This verse emphasizes God's control and triumph over these nations, reflecting the historical context of Israel's relationships with its neighbors. The psalmist uses vivid metaphors to illustrate the insignificance of these nations in comparison to God's might, as seen in other verses like Psalm 60:8-10.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 60:8–10Moab is My washbasin; upon Edom I toss My sandal; over Philistia I shout in triumph.”
22 Samuel 8:1–2Some time later, David defeated the Philistines, subdued them, and took Metheg-ammah from the hand of the Philistines.
3John 13:8–14“Never shall You wash my feet!” Peter told Him. Jesus answered, “Unless I wash you, you have no part with Me.”
4Ruth 4:7–8Now in former times in Israel, concerning the redemption or exchange of property, to make any matter legally binding a man would remove his sandal and give it to the other party, and this was a confirmation in Israel.
52 Samuel 21:15–22Once again the Philistines waged war against Israel, and David and his servants went down and fought against the Philistines; but David became exhausted.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 6 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word רַחְצִי, rach.Tzigenerated

The word רַחְצִי (rachats) means 'washing' and is derived from a root that conveys the idea of cleansing. In this context, it refers to the act of washing, suggesting that Moab serves as a washbasin for God, symbolizing the subjugation of this nation.

This usage highlights the idea that Moab is not just a physical location but represents a defeated enemy, illustrating the power dynamics between Israel and its foes. The noun form indicates a specific action of cleansing, reinforcing the metaphor of dominance.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The verse is rendered in the Berean Standard Bible as 'Moab is My washbasin; upon Edom I toss My sandal; over Philistia I shout in triumph.' The translations agree on the imagery of Moab as a washbasin.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb of the verse is אַשְׁלִ֣יךְ, I throw, which governs the imagery of the washbasin and the sandal. The structure places emphasis on God's actions towards Moab and Edom, with prepositional phrases detailing the objects of these actions.

The sentence flows from the subject מוֹאָ֤ב to the verb, then to the prepositional phrases, illustrating a clear hierarchy of power and control.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, מוֹאָב is rendered as ἐμός (my), suggesting a personal claim over Moab, reinforcing the idea of ownership and dominion. This choice emphasizes God's authority in a way that aligns with the original Hebrew intent.

The Greek translation captures the essence of the metaphorical language, maintaining the imagery of dominance while adapting it for a Greek-speaking audience.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Psalm 108:9 uses vivid imagery to express God's control over nations. Moab is depicted as a washbasin, symbolizing subjugation, while the act of tossing a sandal over Edom indicates dominance. The psalmist asserts God's triumph over these enemies, reinforcing Israel's position.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that Moab is God's washbasin?

It symbolizes Moab's subjugation and insignificance in comparison to God's power.

Why is the act of tossing a sandal significant?

In ancient cultures, throwing a sandal could signify ownership or rejection, indicating that Edom is beneath God's authority.

How does this verse reflect Israel's relationship with its enemies?

It illustrates God's sovereignty and the assurance of victory over nations that oppose Israel.

What is the significance of shouting over Philistia?

It represents a declaration of triumph and victory over a historical adversary of Israel.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways can I recognize God's sovereignty in my own life?
  2. How does understanding the context of this verse change my perception of God's power?
  3. What does the imagery of a washbasin teach me about humility and subjugation?
  4. How can I apply the themes of triumph and victory in my daily challenges?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

The early church father Gregory the Dialogist comments on the significance of sandals in this verse, highlighting their symbolic meaning in relation to Christ's incarnation.

Gregory the DialogistForty Gospel Homilies, Homily 7 c. 540–604
For who does not know that sandals are made from dead animals? But the Lord coming incarnate appeared as if shod, because in his divinity he assumed the dead flesh of our corruption.
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 108 →

Commentators on this verse — 5 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Psalms 108:9 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Over Philistia will I triumph,.... In Psalms 60:8, it is, "Philistia, triumph thou because of me"; [See comments on Psalms 60:8].

Read John Gill on Psalms 108 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe; over Philistia will I triumph. Over Philistia will I triumph. In Psalms 60:8 it is, "Philistia, triumph thou because of me" (see note there).

Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 108 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

9. The neighbouring nations are reduced to servitude. In striking contrast to the honour assigned to Ephraim and Judah is the disgrace of Moab and Edom. Moab, notorious for its pride (Isaiah 16:6), is compared to the vessel which is brought to the victorious warrior to wash his feet in when he returns from battle. The old enemy of God and His people is degraded to do menial service: in other words, it becomes a subject and a vassal. In close connexion with this metaphor the next line may be rendered, Unto Edom will I cast my shoe. Edom is like the slave to whom the warrior flings his sandals to carry or to clean. Haughty and defiant Edom (Obadiah 1:3-4) must perform the duty of the lowest…

Read Cambridge on Psalms 108 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Moab ... - This is fallen from Psalms 60:8. The only change is in the close of the verse.

Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 108 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

9. Over Philistia will I triumph—The declarative, here, instead of the imperative, as Psalms 60:8.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Psalms 108 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Moab is My washbasin; upon Edom I toss My sandal; over Philistia I shout in triumph.”

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Moab is my wash pot. I will toss my sandal on Edom. I will shout over Philistia.”

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Moab is My washbasin; upon Edom I toss My sandal; over Philistia I shout in triumph.”

NETBNew English Translation2006

Moab is my wash basin. I will make Edom serve me. I will shout in triumph over Philistia.”

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe; over Philistia will I triumph.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Moab is my washpot; Upon Edom will I cast my shoe; Over Philistia will I shout.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Moab is my washpot; upon Edom will I cast my shoe: over Philistia will I shout.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe; over Philistia will I triumph.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Moab shalbe my washpot: ouer Edom wil I cast out my shoe: vpon Palestina wil I triumph.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Moab is my wash-pot; upon Edom will I cast my sandal; over Philistia will I shout aloud.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Moab [is] a pot for my washing, Upon Edom I cast my shoe, Over Philistia I shout habitually.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Moab [is] a pot for My washing, || On Edom I cast My shoe, || Over Philistia I habitually shout.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

(108:10) Moab is my washpot; upon Edom will I cast my shoe; over Philistia will I triumph.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Moab is my washbasin; over Edom I will throw my shoe; I will shout in triumph because of Philistia.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

May his children be fatherless, and his wife a widow.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

I will treat Moab as my washbasin; I will place my sandal on Edom; I will shout in triumph over Philistia.”

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Moab is my washpot; on Edom is the resting-place of my shoe; over Philistia will I send out a glad cry.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausesubjectמוֹאָ֤בMoabnoun phrase · predicateסִ֬יר[is].the.potnoun phraseרַחְצִ֗my.washingיmyclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַלoverאֱ֭דוֹםEdomverbאַשְׁלִ֣יךְI.thrownoun phrase · objectנַעֲלִ֑sandalיmyclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalעֲלֵֽיoverפְ֝לֶ֗שֶׁתPhilistiaverbאֶתְרוֹעָֽעI.shout.in.triumph

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in this verse, with nine out of ten words matched. The differences lie in the word order and specific articles, but the core message remains consistent across both texts.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

מוֹאָ֤ב׀ סִ֬יר רַחְצִ֗י עַל־ אֱ֭דוֹם אַשְׁלִ֣יךְ נַעֲלִ֑י עֲלֵֽי־ פְ֝לֶ֗שֶׁת אֶתְרוֹעָֽע׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
מוֹאָ֤ב׀ἐμόςסִ֬ירἐστινרַחְצִ֗יγαλααδאֱ֭דוֹםμανασσηאַשְׁלִ֣יךְκαὶנַעֲלִ֑יἀντίλημψιςעֲלֵֽי־κεφαλῆςפְ֝לֶ֗שֶׁתμουאֶתְרוֹעָֽע׃ιουδας

9 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Psalms 108:9מוֹאָבMoabMoabמוֹאָבסִיר[is] [the] [is] [the] pot סִיררַ֫חַץwashing mywashing myרַ֫חַץעַלoveroverעַלאֱדוֹםEdomEdomאֱדוֹםשָׁלַךְI throwI throwשָׁלַךְנַ֫עַלsandal mysandal myנַ֫עַלעַלoveroverעַלפְּלֶ֫שֶׁתPhilistiaPhilistiaפְּלֶ֫שֶׁתרוּעַI shout in I shout in triuרוּעַרָחַץto wash: wto wash: washרָחַץעַלheightheightעַלאָדֹםredredאָדֹםנָעַלto lockto lockנָעַלפָּלַשׁto wallowto wallowפָּלַשׁאָבfatherfatherאָבכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאעֲרָבָהplainplainעֲרָבָהעַמּוֹןAmmonAmmonעַמּוֹןיָעshovelshovelיָעשָׁפַתto setto setשָׁפַתנְצִיבgarrisongarrisonנְצִיבשֵׂעִיר(Mount) Se(Mount) Seirשֵׂעִירנְבֵלָהcarcasscarcassנְבֵלָהבּוֹרpitpitבּוֹרשְׂרוֹךְthongthongשְׂרוֹךְבָּלָהto become to become oldבָּלָה
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Psalms 108:9

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
מוֹאָ֤ב׀mo.'Av Moab H4124 Noun proper
181× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Moab refers to the land and descendants of the son of Lot, who was born out of an incestuous relationship. The land of Moab is mentioned in the book of Numbers and the book of Ruth.
Tyndale gloss
(Plains of) Moab
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מוֹאָב (Moab) refers to both a person and a territory. It denotes Moab, the son of Lot by his eldest daughter, and the nation and land descended from him. The name means 'of his father,' highlighting the incestuous origins of Moab. The term appears in various contexts in the Old Testament, including references to the Moabites and their territory.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מוֹאָב, מֹאָב 180 n.pr.gent. et terr. Moab

Moab as son of Lot by his elder daughter

Moab:

= nation of which Lot’s son is represented as ancestor

= territory of Moab

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4124 מוֹאָב, מֹאָב Moab

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4124 Mow'ab mo-awb

from a prolonged form of the prepositional prefix m- and 1;

from (her (the mother's)) father; Moab, an incestuous son of

Lot; also his territory and descendants:--Moab.

see HEBREW for 01

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — Moab.

Moab = "of his father"

the nation descended from the son of Lot

Also named: mo.a.vi (מוֹאָבִי "Moab" H4125)

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — Moab.

A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.19.37;

son of: Lot (H3876) and his first daughter (H3876H);

half-brother of Ben-ammi (H1151);

§ Moab = "of his father"

1) a son of Lot by his eldest daughter

2) the nation descended from the son of Lot

3) the land inhabited by the descendants of the son of Lot

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — (Plains of) Moab.

Combined with a.ra.vah (עֲרָבָה " Plains" H6160I)

§ Moab = "of his father"

the land inhabited by the descendants of the son of Lot

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Moab

The seed of the father, or, according to others, the desirable land, the eldest son of Lot (Gen. 19:37), of incestuous birth.

(2.) Used to denote the people of Moab (Num. 22:3-14; Judg. 3:30; 2 Sam. 8:2; Jer. 48:11, 13).

(3.) The land of Moab (Jer. 48:24), called also the “country of Moab” (Ruth 1:2, 6; 2:6), on the east of Jordan and the Dead Sea, and south of the Arnon (Num. 21:13, 26). In a wider sense it included the whole region that had been occupied by…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(of his father), Mo’abites. Moab was the son of the Lot’s eldest daughter, the progenitor of the Moabites. Zoar was the cradle of the race of Lot. From this centre the brother tribes spread themselves. The Moabites first inhabited the rich highlands which crown the eastern side of the chasm of the Dead Sea, extending as far north as the mountain of Gilead, from which country they expelled the Emims, the original inhabitants, (2:11) but they themselves were afterward driven southward by the warlike Amorites, who had crossed the Jordan, and were confined to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary. (Numbers 21:13; Judges 11:18) The territory occupied by Moab at the period of its greatest extent, before the invasion of the Amorites, divided itself…

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

of his father

Nave's Topical Bible

1. Son of Lot Ge 19:37

2. Plains of

Israelites come in De 2:17,18

Military forces numbered in Nu 26:3,63

The law rehearsed in, by Moses Nu 35; 36; De 29; 30; 31; 32; 33

The Israelites renew their covenant in De 29:1

The land of promise allotted in Jos 13:32

Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
סִ֬ירsir [is] [the] pot of H5518 Noun common · feminine singular construct
34× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a thorn or a hook, something that springs up rapidly. It can also mean a pot or a pan, and is used in various contexts in the Bible, including cooking and fishing.
Tyndale gloss
pot
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

סִיר (sir) has meanings related to both cooking and nature, referring to a 'pot' or 'caldron' as well as a 'thorn' or 'hook.' It is derived from a root meaning to boil up, indicating its connection to cooking utensils. The word appears in contexts like Jeremiah 52:18, where it is used in reference to a pot.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

סִיר n.m. et f. pot

base

[סִיר] n.[m.] thorn, hook

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5518a סִיר pot H5518b סִיר thorn, hook

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5518 ciyr seer

or (feminine) ciyrah {see-raw'}; or cirah (Jeremiah 52:18)

{see-raw'}; from a primitive root meaning to boil up; a pot;

also a thorn (as springing up rapidly); by implication, a

hook:--caldron, fishhook, pan, ((wash-))pot, thorn.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

סִיר (sir) — pot.

1) pot

1a) pot (household utensil)

1b) pot (of temple)

סִיר (sir) — thorn.

1) thorn, hook, brier

1a) thorns

1b) hooks

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfsc — Noun common · feminine singular construct
HNcfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
רַחְצִ֗יrach.Tzi washing my H7366 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The word for washing or a bath, like the washing of hands before eating in Matthew 15:2. It refers to the act of cleaning oneself, often for ceremonial purposes.
Tyndale gloss
washing
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רַ֫חַץ (rachats) refers to a washing or bath, derived from a related root. The entries indicate it can be used literally or figuratively. The term appears in contexts related to cleansing, though no specific Old Testament verses are mentioned.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רַ֫חַץ] n.[m.] washing, fig.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7366 רַ֫חַץ

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7366 rachats rakh'-ats

from 7364; a bath:--wash(-pot).

see HEBREW for 07364

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רַ֫חַץ (ra.chats) — washing.

washing

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsc/Sp1bs — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp1bs
Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
עַל־'al- over H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR — Preposition
HR
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
אֱ֭דוֹם'E.dom Edom H123 Noun proper masculine
100× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Edom was the twin brother of Jacob and the region where he lived. He was the son of Isaac and Rebekah, and his story is told in Genesis 25. Edom is also another name for Esau.
Tyndale gloss
Edom
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֱדוֹם (Edom) refers to both a person and a region. It is derived from the Hebrew word for 'red' and is associated with Esau, Jacob's brother. The term encompasses the Edomites, descendants of Esau, and the land of Edom, located southeast of Palestine. It is first mentioned in Genesis 25:25.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֱדוֹם († אֱדֹם Ez 25:11) n.pr.m.

Edom

coll. Edomites, Idumeans as descend. of Esau

land of Edom, Idumaea

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H123 אֱדוֹם . Edom

. coll. Edomites, Idumeans as descend. of Esau

. land of Edom, Idumaea

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

123 'Edom ed-ome'

or (fully) oEdowm {ed-ome'}; from 122; red (see Gen. 25:25);

Edom, the elder twin-brother of Jacob; hence the region

(Idumaea) occupied by him:--Edom, Edomites, Idumea.

see HEBREW for 0122

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֱדוֹם (e.dom) — Edom.

Edom = "red"

land of Edom, Idumea-land south and south east of Palestine

אֱדוֹם (e.dom) — Edom.

A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.25.25;

son of: Isaac (H3327) and Rebekah (H7259);

brother of: Israel (H3478); married to Oholibamah (H0173), Judith (H3067), Adah (H5711H) and Mahalath (H4258);

father of: Eliphaz (H0464), Reuel (H7467), Jeush (H3266), Jalam (H3281) and Korah (H7141); also called Edom at Gen.25.30; 36.1,8,19,21; 1x,54;

Another name of e.sav (עֵשָׂו "Esau" H6215G)

§ Edom = "red"

1) Edom

2) Edomite, Idumean-descendants of Esau

3) land of Edom, Idumea-land south and south east of Palestine

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpm — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Edom

(1.) The name of Esau (q.v.), Gen. 25:30, “Feed me, I pray thee, with that same red pottage [Heb. haadom, haadom, i.e., ‘the red pottage, the red pottage’] ...Therefore was his name called Edom”, i.e., Red.

(2.) Idumea (Isa. 34:5, 6; Ezek. 35:15). “The field of Edom” (Gen. 32:3), “the land of Edom” (Gen. 36:16), was mountainous (Obad. 1:8, 9, 19, 21). It was called the land, or “the mountain of Seir,” the rough hills on the east side of the Arabah. It extended from the head of the Gulf of Akabah, the Elanitic gulf, to the foot of the Dead Sea (

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Red, a name of Esau, Isaac’s eldest son, appropriate on account of his natural complexion, but given, it would seem, from the current name of food for which he sold his birthright-"that same red," Ge 25:25,30. See ESAU and IDUMEA.

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

red, earthy; of blood

Nave's Topical Bible

→ (Signifies red)

1. A name of Esau, possibly on account of his being covered with red hair Ge 25:25,30; 36:1,8,19

2. A name of the land occupied by the descendants of Esau

It extended from the Elanitic Gulf to the Red Sea, and was also called IDUMEA Ge 32:3; 36:16,17,21; Jer 40:11

Noted for its wise men Ob 1:8

Sins of Ob 1:10-14

Prophecies concerning Jer 25:21-23; 27:1-11; Da 11:41

See EDOMITES

FIGURATIVE of the foes of Zion Isa 63:1

Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
אַשְׁלִ֣יךְ'ash.Likh I throw H7993 Verb · Hiphil · imperfect first person common singular
125× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To throw or cast away is the meaning of this Hebrew verb. It is used in various contexts, including throwing lots or casting out something unwanted. The word appears in stories like Jonah being thrown into the sea.
Tyndale gloss
to throw
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁלַךְ (shalak) is a Hebrew verb meaning to throw, cast, or fling. It can be used literally or figuratively, covering actions like throwing away or casting lots. The Hiphil form indicates an active throwing, while the Hophal form suggests being thrown or cast. The entries collectively emphasize various nuances of throwing and casting.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׁלַךְ] 125 vb. Hiph. 112 throw, fling, cast

Hoph.

be thrown, cast

be cast forth, out

be cast down

metaph., be cast

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7993 שָׁלַךְ Hiph. throw, fling, cast

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7993 shalak shaw-lak

a primitive root; to throw out, down or away (literally or

figuratively):--adventure, cast (away, down, forth, off,

out), hurl, pluck, throw.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁלַךְ (sha.lakh) — to throw.

1) to throw, cast, hurl, fling

1a) (Hiphil)

1a1) to throw, cast, throw away, cast off, shed, cast down

1a2) to cast (lots) (fig)

1b) (Hophal)

1b1) to be thrown, be cast

1b2) to be cast forth or out

1b3) to be cast down

1b4) to be cast (metaph)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVhi1cs — Verb · Hiphil · imperfect first person common singular
HVhi1cs
Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
נַעֲלִ֑יna.'a.Li sandal my H5275 Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
22× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A sandal or shoe in biblical times, as mentioned in Exodus 12:11 and Deuteronomy 25:9. It was a symbol of ownership or marriage, and removing a sandal could signify refusal or separation, as seen in Ruth 4:7-8.
Tyndale gloss
sandal
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נַ֫עַל (na`al) refers to a sandal or shoe, derived from a root meaning related to a sandal tongue. The term can also symbolize occupancy, a refusal to marry, or something of little value. It appears in contexts discussing footwear, as noted in the Brown-Driver-Briggs and Strong's entries.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נַ֫עַל n.f. sandal, shoe

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5275 נַ֫עַל sandal, shoe

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5275 na`al nah'-al

or (feminine) na;alah {nah-al-aw'}; from 5274; properly, a

sandal tongue; by extens. a sandal or slipper (sometimes as a

symbol of occupancy, a refusal to marry, or of something

valueless):--dryshod, (pair of) shoe((-latchet), -s).

see HEBREW for 05274

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נַ֫עַל (na.al) — sandal.

sandal, shoe

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfsc/Sp1bs — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
HNcfsc/Sp1bs
Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
עֲלֵֽי־'a.lei- over H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR — Preposition
HR
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
פְ֝לֶ֗שֶׁתfe.Le.shet Philistia H6429 Noun proper
8× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Philistia refers to a region in ancient Syria, also known as the land of the Philistines, where the Philistines lived. The name means land of sojourners, a place where people settled temporarily. This area is now part of Palestine.
Tyndale gloss
Philistia
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פְּלֶ֫שֶׁת (Plesheth) refers to Philistia, a region associated with the Philistines, described as a land of sojourners. The term is linked to the concept of migration and covers the territory on the west coast of Canaan, often identified with Palestine. It appears in poetic and late texts, indicating its historical and geographical significance.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פְּלֶ֫שֶׁת n.pr.terr. Philistia, poet. and late

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6429 פְּלֶ֫שֶׁת Philistia, poet. and late

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6429 Plesheth pel-eh'-sheth

from 6428; rolling, i.e. migratory; Pelesheth, a region of

Syria:--Palestina, Palestine, Philistia, Philistines.

see HEBREW for 06428

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פְּלֶ֫שֶׁת (pe.le.shet) — Philistia.

Philistia = "land of sojourners"

the general territory on the west coast of Canaan or the entire country of Palestine

Also named: pe.lish.ti (פְּלִשְׁתִּי "Philistine" H6430G)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

fi-lis'-ti-a: The country is referred to under various designations in the Old Testament: namely, pelesheth (Philistia) (Ps 60:8 (Hebrew 10); 87:4), 'erets pelishtim, "land of the Philistines" (Ge 21:32,34), geloth hapelishtim; Septuagint ge ton Phulistieim, "the regions of the Philistines" (Jos 13:2). The Egyptian monuments have Puirsatha, Pulsath (Budge), Peleset (Breasted) and Purasati (HGHL), according to the different voweling of the radicals; the Assyrian form is Palastu or Pilistu, which corresponds very closely to the Egyptian and the Hebrew. The extent of the land is indicated in Jos 13:2 as being from the Shihor, or Brook of Egypt (Revised Version), to the border…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Philistia

=Palestine (q.v.), “the land of the Philistines” (Ps. 60:8; 87:4; 108:9). The word is supposed to mean “the land of wanderers” or “of strangers.”

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(Heb. Pelesheth) (land of sojourners). The word thus translated (in) (Psalms 60:8; 87:4; 108:9) is in the original identical with that elsewhere rendered Palestine, which always means land of the Philistines. (Philistia was the plain on the southwest coast of Palestine. It was 40 miles long on the coast of the Mediterranean between Gerar and Joppa, and 10 miles wide at the northern end and 20 at the southern.--ED.) This plain has been in all ages remarkable for the extreme richness of its soil. It was also adapted to the growth of military power; for while the itself permitted. the use of war-chariots, which were the chief arm of offence, the occasional elevations which rise out of it offered secure sites for towns and strongholds. It was, moreover, a commercial country: from its position it must have been at all times the great…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ The sea coast in the west of the territories of the tribes of Dan and Simeon Ps 60:8; 87:4; 108:9

Moab [is] [the] pot of washing my over Edom I throw sandal my over Philistia I shout in triumph
אֶתְרוֹעָֽע׃'et.ro.'A' I shout in triumph H7321 Verb · Hithpael · imperfect first person common singular
44× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to shout or make a loud noise, like a war cry or a joyful sound. In Numbers 10:9, the Israelites would shout to sound the alarm for war or to signal a gathering. It is about making a loud noise to get attention.
Tyndale gloss
to shout
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רוּעַ (ruwa`) is a Hebrew verb primarily meaning to shout or raise a sound. It encompasses a range of actions, including giving a blast with a horn, shouting in alarm or joy, and even signaling for battle. The word can also imply destruction in certain contexts. The entries highlight its use in various forms, such as Hiphil and Niphal.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רוּעַ] vb. Hiph. 40 1. raise a shout. 2. give a blast with clarion or horn

Pō‛lal. a shout shall not be uttered

Hithpō‛l.

shout in triumph

shout for joy

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7321 [רוּעַ] Hiph. 1. raise a shout. 2. give a blast with clarion or horn

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7321 ruwa` roo-ah'

a primitive root; to mar (especially by breaking);

figuratively, to split the ears (with sound), i.e. shout (for

alarm or joy):--blow an alarm, cry (alarm, aloud, out),

destroy, make a joyful noise, smart, shout (for joy), sound an

alarm, triumph.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רוּעַ (ru.a) — to shout.

1) to shout, raise a sound, cry out, give a blast

1a) (Hiphil)

1a1) to shout a war-cry or alarm of battle

1a2) to sound a signal for war or march

1a3) to shout in triumph (over enemies)

1a4) to shout in applause

1a5) to shout (with religious impulse)

1a6) to cry out in distress

1b) (Polal) to utter a shout

1c) (Hithpolel)

1c1) to shout in triumph

1c2) to shout for joy

2) (Niphal) destroyed

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVti1cs — Verb · Hithpael · imperfect first person common singular
HVti1cs
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

tri'-umf (thriambeuo, "to lead in triumph"): The word is used by Paul to express an idea very familiar to antiquity, and to the churches at Corinth and Colosse: "But thanks be unto God, who always leadeth us in triumph in Christ" (2Co 2:14); "Having despoiled the principalities and the powers, he made a show of them openly, triumphing over them in it" (Col 2:15).

A triumph in Rome was a magnificent procession in honor of a victorious general, and the highest military distinction which he could obtain. It was granted by the senate only to one who had held the office of dictator, consul, or praetor, and after a decisive victory in the complete subjugation of a province. In a Roman triumph the victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses. He was crowned with…

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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