Psalms 102:7 — Word Study
WLCשָׁקַ֥דְתִּי וָאֶֽהְיֶ֑ה כְּ֝צִפּ֗וֹר בּוֹדֵ֥ד עַל־ גָּֽג׃
BSAI amhâyâh■
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| שָׁקַ֥דְתִּי | I am wakeful | Verb, Qal, perfect first person common singular |
| וָאֶֽהְיֶ֑ה | and I have become | Verb, Qal, sequential imperfect first person common singular |
| כְּ֝צִפּ֗וֹר | like a bird | Preposition, noun common both singular absolute |
| בּוֹדֵ֥ד | isolated | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine singular |
| עַל־ | on | Preposition |
| גָּֽג׃ | a roof | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | I lie awake; I am like a lone bird on a housetop. |
| KJV | I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top. |
| ASV | I watch, and am become like a sparrow That is alone upon the house-top. |
| YLT | I have watched, and I am As a bird alone on the roof. |
| WEB | I watch, and have become like a sparrow that is alone on the housetop. |
| BBE | I keep watch like a bird by itself on the house-top. |
The translations agree on the key themes of wakefulness and isolation.
Two main clauses with additional phrases describing the comparison and location, emphasizing the psalmist's state of mind.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbדָּמָה
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 102:7
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Lament of Distressgenerated
Psalm 102:7 depicts the psalmist's deep anguish and sleeplessness, likening his state to that of a solitary bird on a rooftop. This imagery evokes feelings of isolation and vulnerability. The psalmist's lament continues through the surrounding verses, where he expresses his emotional turmoil and the taunts of his enemies, as seen in Psalm 102:8 and Psalm 102:9.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 22:2 | I cry out by day, O my God, but You do not answer, and by night, but I have no rest. |
| 2 | Psalm 77:4 | You have kept my eyes from closing; I am too troubled to speak. |
| 3 | Psalm 130:6 | My soul waits for the Lord more than watchmen wait for the morning— more than watchmen wait for the morning. |
| 4 | Deuteronomy 28:66–67 | So your life will hang in doubt before you, and you will be afraid night and day, never certain of survival. |
| 5 | Job 7:13–16 | When I think my bed will comfort me and my couch will ease my complaint, |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 8 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שָׁקַ֥דְתִּי, sha.Kad.tigenerated
The verb שָׁקַד (sha.qad) means to be watchful or alert, often used in contexts of sleeplessness. It conveys a sense of vigilance, suggesting that the psalmist is not merely awake but is actively watching, perhaps in a state of mourning or distress.
This word appears in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action, which emphasizes the psalmist's ongoing state of wakefulness. The imagery of being alert reflects the intensity of his suffering and the weight of his solitude.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
In this study, we reference the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), which uses the phrase lie awake.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse contains two main clauses: the finite verb שָׁקַ֥דְתִּי (I lie awake) and וָאֶֽהְיֶ֑ה (and I have become), with a simile comparing the psalmist to a bird. The structure highlights the psalmist's state of being and his comparison to the bird, emphasizing his loneliness.
The prepositional phrase עַל־ גָּֽג (on a roof) provides the setting for the simile, reinforcing the theme of isolation. The word order in Hebrew places the emphasis on the psalmist's wakefulness and his comparison to the bird.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the psalmist's wakefulness is rendered as ὡμοιώθην, which suggests a transformation into a state of being like that of a bird. This choice indicates a focus on the comparison rather than the act of lying awake.
The Greek translation captures the essence of the psalmist's feelings of solitude and vulnerability, aligning with the Hebrew imagery.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 102:7 expresses the psalmist's feelings of being awake and alone, comparing himself to a solitary bird on a roof. This imagery highlights his deep sense of isolation and distress.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The psalmist uses this imagery to convey feelings of loneliness and vigilance, suggesting he is alert to his suffering.
The comparison emphasizes his isolation and vulnerability, as birds often symbolize freedom but can also represent solitude.
The verse reflects deep sorrow, loneliness, and a sense of being watched or vigilant in distress.
The surrounding verses continue the theme of lament, describing the psalmist's anguish and the taunts of his enemies.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I experience feelings of isolation or loneliness, and how can I address them?
- How can I remain vigilant in my own struggles, as the psalmist does in this verse?
- What are some instances in my life where I have felt like a solitary bird, and how did I cope?
- How does the imagery of a bird resonate with my understanding of vulnerability and strength?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Augustine of Hippo comments on the symbolism of the bird in this verse, highlighting its significance in understanding the psalmist's lament.
...Let us not pass over what is said, or even read, of this bird, that is, the pelican; not rashly asserting anything, but yet not passing over what has been left to be read and uttered by those who have written it.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 102 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 102:7 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleI watch,.... Night after night, and take no sleep; cannot get any by reason of thoughtfulness, care, and trouble: and am as a sparrow alone upon the housetop; or, "as a bird" (o); for there is no
Read John Gill on Psalms 102 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryI watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top. I watch - (Psalms 77:4.) and am a sparrow alone upon the house-top - like the little bird sitting all alone, having lost its mate and its young,
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 102 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleA sparrow which hath lost its mate, and then is very sad and solitary, as some report; although that be uncertain and improbable. But this Hebrew word doth not only signify a sparrow, but in general any bird, as ,14,21. And so it may here design any one or more sort of birds which used to sit alone, watching and mourning upon house-tops.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 102 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 102:7 I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top.Ver. 7. I watch] I can as little sleep as eat, Psalms 102:4. That nurse of nature, and sweet parenthesis of men’ s griefs and cares, sleep, departeth from me, Nec membris dat cura soporem. And am as a sparrow] That hath lost his mate, so have I mine associates, which is a sore loss, for optimum solatium sodalitium.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 102 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(7) I watch—i.e., am sleepless,Sparrow.—See Note, Psalms 84:3. Here render, like a lonely bird. Some MSS. read, “a wandering bird.”
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 102 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 7. As a sparrow alone] צפור tsippor, seems to be often used for any small bird, such as the swallow, sparrow, or the like. Bochart supposes the screech owl is intended.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 102 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges7. I keep vigil, and am become Like a solitary bird upon the housetop. His nights are sleepless: he spends them like “the moping owl” in mournful complaints. Some solitary, nocturnal bird is clearly meant, perhaps some kind of owl, or according to Tristram (Nat. Hist. of Bible, p. 202), the Blue Thrush. Cp. Verg. Aen. iv. 462, “Solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo Visa queri, et longas in fletum ducere voces.” For am become we should perhaps read and moan (εΰδβδ for εΰδιδ). Cp. Isaiah 59:11.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 102 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleI watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house-top - That is, I am “sleepless;” trouble drives sleep from my eyes, and I am kept awake at night - a common effect of grief.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 102 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
I lie awake; I am like a lone bird on a housetop.
I watch, and have become like a sparrow that is alone on the housetop.
I lie awake; I am like a lone bird on a housetop.
I stay awake; I am like a solitary bird on a roof.
Tyndale line
I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top.
I watch, and am become like a sparrow That is alone upon the house-top.
I watch, and am become like a sparrow that is alone upon the housetop.
I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top.
I watch and am as a sparrowe alone vpon the house top.
Strictly literal
I watch, and am like a sparrow alone upon the housetop.
I have watched, and I am As a bird alone on the roof.
I have watched, and I am || As a bird alone on the roof.
(102:8) I watch, and I am become like a [night-]bird sitting alone upon the housetop.
I lie awake like a solitary bird, alone on the housetop.
From the Latin
He hath made his ways known to Moses: his wills to the children of Israel.
Simplified
I can't sleep. I'm like a lonely bird on a rooftop.
I keep watch like a bird by itself on the house-top.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text reads שָׁקַ֥דְתִּי וָאֶֽהְיֶ֑ה כְּ֝צִפּ֗וֹר בּוֹדֵ֥ד עַל־ גָּֽג׃, while the Septuagint matches five of the six words. This consistency across witnesses reinforces the central themes of sleeplessness and isolation.
שָׁקַ֥דְתִּי וָאֶֽהְיֶ֑ה כְּ֝צִפּ֗וֹר בּוֹדֵ֥ד עַל־ גָּֽג׃
5 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 102:7
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
שָׁקַד (sha.qad) means to watch or be alert, often implying a state of sleeplessness or vigilance. It encompasses keeping watch over something, being wakeful, or waking as a mourner or sufferer. The entries indicate its use in various forms, including a denominative verb, but do not provide specific verse references.
שָׁקַד vb. watch, wake
Qal
keep watch of, be wakeful over
be wakeful, wake, as mourner, sufferer
Niph. watch has been kept over my transgressions
Pu. denom. v. infra.
base
H8245 שָׁקַד watch, wake .. keep watch of, be wakeful over
. be wakeful, wake, as mourner, sufferer
. watch has been kept over my transgressions
. denom. v. infra.
8245 shaqad shaw-kad'
a primitive root; to be alert, i.e. sleepless; hence to be on
the lookout (whether for good or ill):--hasten, remain, wake,
watch (for).
שָׁקַד (sha.qad) — to watch.
1) to wake, watch, awake, be alert
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to keep watch of, be wakeful over
1a2) to be wakeful, wake (as mourner or sufferer)
HVqp1cs — Verb · Qal · perfect first person common singularHVqp1cs
The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be
Qal
Fall out, happen
occur, take place, come about, come to pass
esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass
וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
Come into being, become
abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
sq. prep.
become
sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
sq. pred. adj.
become like
sq. pred. לְ pers.
sq. לְ pred.
oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.
with עַל and לְ
sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)
exist, be in existence
abide, remain, continue
with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie
as copula, joining subj. & pred.
H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen
. occur, take place, come about, come to pass
. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
. sq. prep.
. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
. sq. pred. adj.
. become like
. sq. pred. + לְ pers.
. sq. לְ pred.
. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.
. with עַל and לְ
. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence
. abide, remain, continue
1961 hayah haw-yaw
a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,
come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or
auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,
committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,
fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit
(one-)self, require, X use.
see HEBREW for 01933
הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.
1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out
1a) (Qal)
1a1) ---
1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass
1a1b) to come about, come to pass
1a2) to come into being, become
1a2a) to arise, appear, come
1a2b) to become
1a2b1) to become
1a2b2) to become like
1a2b3) to be instituted, be established
1a3) to be
1a3a) to exist, be in existence
1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)
1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)
1a3d) to accompany, be with
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about
1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone
V-Qal-Perf-1cs — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect first person common singularHc/Vqw1cs
be-kum':
(1) Greek ginomai, used in New Testament for a change of state, corresponding to Hebrew hayah of Old Testament. Compare Mt 18:3 with De 27:9.
(2) For what is fitting, suitable, proper, in New Testament: "prepei" (Mt 3:15; Eph 5:3; 1Ti 2:10); in Old Testament, na'awah, na'ah, Ps 93:5: "Holiness becometh thy house." in this sense, the adverb "becomingly" must be interpreted: "Walk becomingly toward them that are without" (1Th 4:12), i.e. in a way that is consistent with your profession.
צִפּוֹר (tsippowr) means 'bird' and can refer to a singular bird or birds collectively. It is derived from a root meaning 'to hop' and is associated with small birds like sparrows. The Aramaic equivalent is צְפַר (tse.phar).
צִפּוֹר, צִפֹּר 40 n.f. bird
base
H6833 צִפּוֹר, צִפֹּר bird
6833 tsippowr tsip-pore'
or tsippor {tsip-pore'}; from 6852; a little bird (as
hopping):--bird, fowl, sparrow.
see HEBREW for 06852
צִפּוֹר (tsip.por) — bird.
1) bird, fowl
1a) bird (singular)
1b) birds (coll)
Aramaic equivalent: tse.phar (צְפַר "bird" H6853)
HR/Ncbsa — Preposition · noun common both singular absoluteHR/Ncbsa
Bird
Birds are divided in the Mosaic law into two classes, (1) the clean (Lev. 1:14-17; 5:7-10; 14:4-7), which were offered in sacrifice; and (2) the unclean (Lev. 11:13-20). When offered in sacrifice, they were not divided as other victims were (Gen. 15:10). They are mentioned also as an article of food (Deut. 14:11). The art of snaring wild birds is referred to (Ps. 124:7; Prov. 1:17; 7:23; Jer. 5:27). Singing birds are mentioned in Ps. 104:12;
בָּדַד (badad) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be separate or isolated. It conveys the idea of solitude or withdrawal, and can refer to a solitary state, such as an army straggler. The entries consistently highlight its reflexive nature of being alone.
[בָּדַד] vb. be separate, isolated
base
H909 [בָּדַד] be separate, isolated
909 badad baw-dad'
a primitive root; to divide, i.e. (reflex.) be
solitary:--alone.
בָּדַד (ba.dad) — be alone.
1) to withdraw, be separate, be isolated
1a) (Qal) an army straggler (part.)
1a1) of Ephraim (metaph.)
2) (TWOT) alone
HVqrmsa — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singularHVqrmsa
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
HR — PrepositionHR
On
Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…
(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…
See HELIOPOLIS.
pain; force; iniquity
גָּג (gag) means 'roof' or 'top,' often referring specifically to the roof of a house or the top of an altar. It is derived from a root that suggests a form of reduplication. The term is used in contexts related to buildings and altars, indicating both physical structures and their elevated parts.
גָּג n.m. roof, top
roof
top of altar of incense, in tabern.
base
H1406 גָּג roof, top
1406 gag gawg
probably by reduplication from 1342; a roof; by analogy, the
top of an altar:--roof (of the house), (house) top (of the
house).
see HEBREW for 01342
גָּג (gag) — roof.
1) roof, top, housetop
1a) roof (of house)
1b) top (of altar of incense)
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
roof.
See HOUSE.
[HOUSE]
See HOUSE.
→ See HOUSE, ROOF OF