Proverbs 3:1 — Word Study
WLCבְּ֭נִי תּוֹרָתִ֣י אַל־ תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח וּ֝מִצְוֹתַ֗י יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽךָ׃
BSAMy sonbên [beloved, descendant, child of God] do notʼal [by no means] forgetshâkach▸ [be oblivious to, mislay] my teachingtôwrâh [instruction, law] but let your heartlêb [inner being, mind and spirit] keepnâtsar▸ [watch, guard, treasure] my commandmentsmitsvâh [laws, divine rules, precepts]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| בְּ֭נִי | O son my | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| תּוֹרָתִ֣י | instruction my | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| אַל־ | may not | Particle |
| תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח | you forget | Verb, Qal, jussive second person masculine singular |
| וּ֝מִצְוֹתַ֗י | and commandments my | Conjunction, noun common feminine plural construct, suffix |
| יִצֹּ֥ר | let it keep | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| לִבֶּֽךָ׃ | heart your | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | My son, do not forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments; |
| KJV | My son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my commandments: |
| ASV | My son, forget not my law; But let thy heart keep my commandments: |
| YLT | My son! my law forget not, And my commands let thy heart keep, |
| WEB | My son, don’t forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments, |
| BBE | My son, keep my teaching in your memory, and my rules in your heart: |
Where they part company is in the rendering of 'do not forget' — see How Translations Differ.
The verse has a main clause followed by a subordinate clause, indicating a direct command followed by an instruction.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbשָׁכַח
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Proverbs 3:1
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Wisdom Literature: Instruction from a Fathergenerated
Proverbs 3:1 presents a fatherly exhortation to a son, stressing the importance of remembering his teachings and keeping his commandments. This instruction is part of a larger discourse on wisdom and the benefits of adhering to divine guidance, which continues through the following verses, including promises of long life and favor from God and man.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Proverbs 1:8 | Listen, my son, to your father’s instruction, and do not forsake the teaching of your mother. |
| 2 | Proverbs 4:5 | Get wisdom, get understanding; do not forget my words or turn from them. |
| 3 | Proverbs 31:5 | lest they drink and forget what is decreed, depriving all the oppressed of justice. |
| 4 | Deuteronomy 4:23 | Be careful that you do not forget the covenant of the LORD your God that He made with you; do not make an idol for yourselves in the form of anything He has forbidden you. |
| 5 | Psalm 119:93–153 | I will never forget Your precepts, for by them You have revived me. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 14 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — בֵּן, Be.nigenerated
The word בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'child' and encompasses a range of meanings including descendants and figurative uses. It is derived from a root meaning 'to build', indicating family connections and inheritance.
In this verse, the father addresses his son affectionately, emphasizing the relational nature of the teaching. The use of 'son' signifies not just biological lineage but also a deeper spiritual connection.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
All translations agree on the rendering of בֵּן as 'son' and תּוֹרָתִי as 'my teaching'.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse consists of a main clause and two subordinate clauses. The main verb is תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח, you forget, which governs the action of the sentence.
The structure emphasizes the imperative nature of the instruction, with the father urging his son not to forget and to keep the commandments, showing a clear cause-and-effect relationship.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, בֵּן is rendered as υἱέ (huios), which also means 'son' and carries similar familial connotations.
The choice of ἐμῶν for תּוֹרָתִי indicates a personal connection to the teachings, reinforcing the importance of the father's instruction.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Proverbs 3:1 advises a son to remember his father's teachings and to keep his commandments close to his heart. This guidance is part of a broader message about the value of wisdom and the rewards of following divine instruction.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The father's instruction serves to guide the son in living a life aligned with wisdom and divine principles.
This verse encapsulates the theme of Proverbs, which emphasizes the pursuit of wisdom and the importance of adhering to God's teachings.
To 'keep' the commandments means to guard, treasure, and actively follow the laws and teachings provided.
The heart represents the inner being, indicating that true adherence to commandments must come from a place of genuine commitment and understanding.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What teachings from my parents or mentors have I found most valuable, and how do I apply them in my life?
- In what ways can I ensure that I remember and keep the teachings I receive?
- How can I cultivate a heart that treasures wisdom and guidance?
- What are some practical steps I can take to incorporate divine commandments into my daily actions?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
The early Church Fathers referenced this verse to discuss the importance of remembering and following God's law. Their insights highlight the enduring relevance of these teachings.
Those who forget the law are the ones who violate it; yet those who remember the law are the ones who live in accordance with the law.Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 3 →
What of this fact, that God in so many passages commands that all his precepts be kept and carried out? How can he command if there is no free choice? And what of that “blessed man” about whom the psalmist says that “his will has been…Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 3 →
My son, do not forget my law, etc. Here he teaches that works of mercy should be insisted upon, and that we should not trust in our own strength, but seek help from God.Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 3 →
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Proverbs 3:1 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleMy son, forget not my law,.... Or, "doctrine" (e); the doctrine of Christ, the Gospel, and the several truths of it; which, being of the utmost moment and importance, should be kept in memory, and
Read John Gill on Proverbs 3 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryMy son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my commandments: Proverbs 3:1-35.-The youth is admonished to keep God's law, which brings to the obedient long life and peace; not to forsake mercy
Read Robert Jamieson on Proverbs 3 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleCHAPTER 3 Solomon exhorteth his son to obedience, . To faith, ,6, and trust in God; the benefits that they shall receive thereby, ,8. To honour God with our estates, . The advantage in so doing, . To patience under God’ s chastisements, . A reason for it, . The happiness of him that findeth wisdom, . Wisdom set out, with the benefits that attend her, . The effects, ,20. Another exhortation to perform our duty, . To charitableness, . To avoid strife, ,30. Against envy, . The misery of the wicked, and blessings of the just, . My law; my doctrine or counsel; or the law of God, which might be called his law, as the gospel is called Paul’ s gospel, , because delivered by him. Keep my…
Read Matthew Poole on Proverbs 3 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsProverbs 3:1 My son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my commandments:Ver. 1. My son, forget not.] We should be able to say to wisdom, as Coenis did to her Lady Antonia, Frustra, domina, iussisti: haec enim atque caetera omnia quae mihi imperas, ira semper in memoria habeo ut ex ea deleri non possint. You need not, madam, bid me do your business, for I so remember your commands, as I need never be minded of them. Iussa sequi tam velle mihi, quam posse, necesse est, I am ready, to my power, to do your pleasure. But let thine heart keep.] As the ark kept the two tables; as the pot kept the hidden manna. Dio, in Respons.
Read John Trapp on Proverbs 3 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleCHAPTER III An exhortation to obedience, 1-4; trust in God's providence, 5, 6; to humility, 7, 8; to charity, 9, 10; to submission to God's chastening, 11, 12. The profitableness of wisdom in all the concerns of life, 13-26. No act of duty should be deferred beyond the time in which it should be done, 27, 28. Brotherly love and forbearance should he exercised, 29, 30. We should not envy the wicked, 31, 32. The curse of God is in the house of the wicked; but the humble and wise shall prosper, 33-35. NOTES ON CHAP. III Verse 1. My son] The preceptor continues to deliver his lessons. Forget not my law] Remember what thou hast heard, and practise what thou dost remember; and let all obedience…
Read AdamClarke on Proverbs 3 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and CollegesFourth Address. Chap. Proverbs 3:1-10 Be obedient to my instruction, so shalt thou live long and prosper (Proverbs 3:1-4). Trust, not in thyself, but in God (Proverbs 3:5). Seek His direction (Proverbs 3:5-8): render Him His due (Proverbs 3:9-10): and (see Proverbs 3:12, note) submit to His fatherly correction (Proverbs 3:11-12).
Read Cambridge on Proverbs 3 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the BibleTO AND THE OF GOD, Proverbs 3:1-26.This chapter is a continuation of the moral teachings of the preceding ones. It is rich in precepts, counsels, and admonitions on various topics, all of grave importance.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Proverbs 3 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
My son, do not forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments;
My son, don’t forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments,
My son, do not forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments;
My child, do not forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments,
Tyndale line
My son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my commandments:
My son, forget not my law; But let thy heart keep my commandments:
My son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my commandments:
My son, forget not my law; but let thy heart keep my commandments;
My sonne, forget not thou my Lawe, but let thine heart keepe my commandements.
Strictly literal
My son, forget not my teaching, and let thy heart observe my commandments;
My son! my law forget not, And my commands let thy heart keep,
My son! Do not forget my law, || And let your heart keep my commands,
My son, forget not my teaching, and let thy heart keep my commandments;
My son, do not forget my commands and keep my teachings in your heart,
From the Latin
My son, forget not my law, and let thy heart keep my commandments.
Simplified
My son, don't forget my instructions. Always keep my commands in mind.
My son, keep my teaching in your memory, and my rules in your heart:
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely, with all seven words matched in the Hebrew and Greek versions, indicating a strong consistency in the transmission of this verse.
בְּ֭נִי תּוֹרָתִ֣י אַל־ תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח וּ֝מִצְוֹתַ֗י יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽךָ׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Proverbs 3:1
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'male child' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including descendants, young animals, and even figurative uses like sparks or arrows. It can refer to members of a tribe or class and is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, such as in 1 Chronicles 24:26. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to build' and implies a connection to family or lineage.
בֵּן 4870 n.m. son
son, male child, born of a woman
children (male and female)
youth, young men
the young of animals
of plant shoots
fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows
member of a guild, order or class
of animals son of (the) herd
ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.
n. relat. of age
base
בְּנוֹ 1 Ch 24:26, 27 as n.pr.m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son, cf. VB & Be Öt.
done
H1121a בֵּן son . son, male child, born of a woman
. children (male and female)
. youth, young men
. the young of animals
. of plant shoots
. fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows
. . member of a guild, order or class
. of animals son of (the) herd
. ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.
. n. relat. of age
H1121b בְּנוֹ as n. pr. m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son
1121 ben bane
from 1129; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the
widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship,
including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition,
etc., (like 1, 251, etc.)):--+ afflicted, age, (Ahoh-)
(Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-)ite, (anoint-)ed one, appointed to,
(+) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-)ian, one born,
bough, branch, breed, + (young) bullock, + (young) calf, X
came up in, child, colt, X common, X corn, daughter, X of
first, + firstborn, foal, + very fruitful, + postage, X in, +
kid, + lamb, (+) man, meet, + mighty, + nephew, old, (+)
people, + rebel, + robber, X servant born, X soldier, son, +
spark, + steward, + stranger, X surely, them of, + tumultuous
one, + valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.
see HEBREW for 01129
see HEBREW for 01
see HEBREW for 0251
בֵּן (ben) — son: child.
: child/son
בְּנוֹ (be.no) — Beno.
A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ch.24.26;
son of: Jaaziah (H3269);
brother of: Shoham (H7719), Zaccur (H2139I) and Ibri (H5681)
§ Beno = "his son"
the sons of Jaaziah and the sons of Merari by Jaahziah (his son)
בֵּן (ben) — son: descendant/people.
: descendant, people, tribe, nation
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : child/son
בֵּן (ben) — son: young animal.
: calf/lamb/young(ANIMAL)
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : descendant
בֵּן (ben) — son: type of.
: rebel/son(Belial)
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : people/men/nation/tribe
בֵּן (ben) — son.
: [inheriting]son/heir
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
בֵּן (ben) — son: warrior.
: warrior/son(strong)
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp1bs
תּוֹרָה (towrah) encompasses concepts of direction, instruction, and law, particularly relating to divine or human guidance. It refers to legal directives, customs, and teachings, including the Decalogue and the Pentateuch. The entries highlight its use in various contexts, such as prophetic and priestly instruction, but do not present significant disagreement among lexicons.
תּוֹרָה n.f. direction, instruction, law
instruction
law (prop. direction)
custom, manner
base
H8451 תּוֹרָה direction, instruction, law . instruction
. law (prop. direction)
. custom, manner
8451 towrah to-raw'
or torah {to-raw'}; from 3384; a precept or statute,
especially the Decalogue or Pentateuch:--law.
see HEBREW for 03384
תּוֹרָה (to.rah) — instruction.
1) law, direction, instruction
1a) instruction, direction (human or divine)
1a1) body of prophetic teaching
1a2) instruction in Messianic age
1a3) body of priestly direction or instruction
1a4) body of legal directives
1b) law
1b1) law of the burnt offering
1b2) of special law, codes of law
1c) custom, manner
1d) the Deuteronomic or Mosaic Law
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp1bs
אַל (al) is a negative particle meaning 'not' or 'no,' often used to express a wish or prohibition rather than an objective fact. It can also function as a noun meaning 'nothing.' The lexicons highlight its use in various contexts, including deprecative forms, but do not show significant disagreement.
אַל adv. of negation, denying however, not objectively as a fact, but subjectively as a wish, expressing therefore a deprecation or prohibition
base
H408 אַל adv. of negation, denying however, not objectively as a fact, but subjectively as a wish, expressing therefore a deprecation or prohibition
408 'al al
a negative particle (akin to 3808); not (the qualified
negation, used as a deprecative); once (Job 24:25) as a noun,
nothing:--nay, neither, + never, no ,nor, not, nothing
(worth), rather than.
see HEBREW for 03808
אַל (al) — not.
1) not, no, nor, neither, nothing (as wish or preference)
1a) do not, let not (with a verb)
1b) let there not be (with a verb understood)
1c) not, no (with substantive)
1d) nothing (as substantive)
Aramaic equivalent: al (אַל "not" H0409)
Part — ParticleHTn
The Hebrew word שָׁכַח (shakach) means 'to forget' and encompasses various nuances such as ignoring or ceasing to care. It can appear in different forms, including Qal (to forget), Niphal (to be forgotten), and Hiphil (to cause to forget). The entries highlight its primitive root nature and its usage in contexts where memory or attention is lacking.
שָׁכַח 102 vb. forget
Qal 86 forget
Niph. be forgotten
Pi. י׳ hath caused to forget
Hiph. to make my people forget my name
Hithp. they were forgotten in the city.
base
H7911 שָׁכַח forget
7911 shakach shaw-kakh'
or shakeach {shaw-kay'-akh}; a primitive root; to mislay,
i.e. to be oblivious of, from want of memory or attention:--X
at all, (cause to) forget.
שָׁכַח (sha.khach) — to forget.
1) to forget, ignore, wither
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to forget
1a2) to cease to care
1b) (Niphal) to be forgotten
1c) (Piel) to cause to forget
1d) (Hiphil) to make or cause to forget
1e) (Hithpael) to be forgotten
Aramaic equivalent: she.khach (שְׁכַח "to find" H7912)
V-Qal-Juss-2ms — Verb · Qal · jussive second person masculine singularHVqj2ms
מִצְוָה (mitsvah) means 'commandment' and can refer to commands from both humans and God. It encompasses laws, ordinances, and precepts, indicating a range of directives within religious and moral contexts. The term is derived from a root meaning to command, linking it to the broader framework of divine law.
מִצְוָה 181 n.f. commandment
base
H4687 מִצְוָה commandment
4687 mitsvah mits-vaw'
from 6680; a command, whether human or divine (collectively,
the Law):--(which was) commanded(-ment), law, ordinance,
precept.
see HEBREW for 06680
מִצְוָה (mits.vah) — commandment.
1) commandment
1a) commandment (of man)
1b) the commandment (of God)
1c) commandment (of code of wisdom)
Conj | N-fp | Suff — Conjunction · noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHC/Ncfpc/Sp1bs
נָצַר (natsar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to watch, guard, or keep. It encompasses a range of actions including protecting, preserving, and observing, as well as concealing or keeping secret. The entries suggest both positive and negative connotations, such as guarding from danger or hiding something. The term can also refer to a watchman.
[נָצַר] vb. watch, guard, keep;—Qal
Watch, guard, keep
Guard from dangers, preserve
Guard with fidelity, keep, observe
Guard, keep secret
Keep close, blockaded
base
H5341 נָצַר watch, guard, keep . Watch, guard, keep
. Guard from dangers, preserve
. Guard with fidelity, keep, observe
. Guard, keep secret
. Keep close, blockaded
5341 natsar naw-tsar'
a primitive root; to guard, in a good sense (to protect,
maintain, obey, etc.) or a bad one (to conceal, etc.):--
besieged, hidden thing, keep(-er, -ing), monument, observe,
preserve(-r), subtil, watcher(-man).
נָצַר (na.tsar) — to watch.
1) to guard, watch, watch over, keep
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to watch, guard, keep
1a2) to preserve, guard from dangers
1a3) to keep, observe, guard with fidelity
1a4) to guard, keep secret
1a5) to be kept close, be blockaded
1a6) watchman (participle)
V-Qal-Juss-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singularHVqi3ms
The Hebrew word לֵב (lev) means 'heart' and encompasses the inner man, mind, will, and emotions. It refers to the center of feelings, intellect, and moral character, as well as the seat of appetites and courage. The entries suggest a broad range of meanings related to human experience and thought, with a specific mention of its use in Jeremiah 51:1.
לֵב 599 n.m. (f.) inner man, mind, will, heart
seldom of things in the midst of the sea
elsewhere of men
the inner man in contrast with the outer
the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will
specific reference to mind
spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will
spec. ref. to conscience
[various]
for the man himself
as seat of appetites
as seat of emotions and passions
seat of courage
base
לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash Je 51:1.
ref
H3820a לֵב inner man, mind, will, heart . seldom of things in the midst of the sea
. elsewhere of men . the inner man in contrast with the outer
. the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will
. specific reference to mind
. spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will
. spec. ref. to conscience
. [various]
. for the man himself
. as seat of appetites
. as seat of emotions and passions
. seat of courage
H3820b לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash
3820 leb labe
a form of 3824; the heart; also used (figuratively) very
widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect;
likewise for the centre of anything:--+ care for, comfortably,
consent, X considered, courag(-eous), friend(-ly), ((broken-),
(hard-), (merry-), (stiff-), (stout-), double) heart((-ed)), X
heed, X I, kindly, midst, mind(-ed), X regard((-ed)), X
themselves, X unawares, understanding, X well, willingly,
wisdom.
see HEBREW for 03824
לֵב (lev) — heart.
1) inner man, mind, will, heart, understanding
1a) inner part, midst
1a1) midst (of things)
1a2) heart (of man)
1a3) soul, heart (of man)
1a4) mind, knowledge, thinking, reflection, memory
1a5) inclination, resolution, determination (of will)
1a6) conscience
1a7) heart (of moral character)
1a8) as seat of appetites
1a9) as seat of emotions and passions 1a10) as seat of courage
לֵב (lev) — Leb.
§ Leb- = "heart of"
(probably a cryptic name for Babylon by Atbash)
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp2ms