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Isaiah 33:16 — Word Study

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WLCה֚וּא מְרוֹמִ֣ים יִשְׁכֹּ֔ן מְצָד֥וֹת סְלָעִ֖ים מִשְׂגַּבּ֑וֹ לַחְמ֣וֹ נִתָּ֔ן מֵימָ֖יו נֶאֱמָנִֽים׃

BSAhehûwʼ [the righteous one] will dwellshâkan [live, reside, abide] on the heightsmârôwm [high places, mountain strongholds] the mountainçelaʻ fortressmᵉtsad [stronghold of rocks, high tower] [will be] his refugemisgâb [safe haven, high refuge] his foodlechem [bread, provision] will be providednâthan [given, supplied] [and] his watermayim [source of refreshment] assuredʼâman [faithful, certain]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 33
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 16 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ne.'e.ma.Nim) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 33:16quick helps
In a sentenceThe righteous one will find security and provision in high places.
Who is speakingThe speaker describes the righteous one, emphasizing his blessed state.
Where we areThis verse is part of a larger passage detailing the characteristics and rewards of the righteous.
The hard wordמְרוֹמִ֣ים
Take awayThe righteous will have their needs met in a secure and elevated refuge.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectהוּא verbשָׁכַן The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 33:16

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Blessings of the Righteousgenerated

15He who walks righteously and speaks with sincerity, who refuses gain from extortion, whose hand never takes a bribe, who stops his ears against murderous plots and shuts his eyes tightly against evil—
16he will dwell on the heights; the mountain fortress will be his refuge; his food will be provided and his water assured.
17Your eyes will see the King in His beauty and behold a land that stretches afar.
18Your mind will ponder the former terror: “Where is he who tallies? Where is he who weighs? Where is he who counts the towers?”

Isaiah 33:16 describes the blessings and security that come to the righteous one, who dwells in high places and is provided for by God. This verse emphasizes the protection and sustenance that the righteous can expect, contrasting their state with the chaos around them. The surrounding verses (15-18) elaborate on the character of the righteous and the assurance of God's provision, reinforcing the theme of divine care and refuge.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Isaiah 32:18Then my people will dwell in a peaceful place, in safe and secure places of rest.
2Psalm 15:1O LORD, who may abide in Your tent? Who may dwell on Your holy mountain?
3Psalm 90:1Lord, You have been our dwelling place through all generations.
4Psalm 91:1–10He who dwells in the shelter of the Most High will abide in the shadow of the Almighty.
5Psalm 107:41But He lifts the needy from affliction and increases their families like flocks.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 15 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word הוּא, hu'generated

The Hebrew word הוּא (hu') is a third-person singular pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it'. In this context, it emphasizes the subject, the righteous one, who is the focus of the verse.

This pronoun serves to clarify who is being discussed, underscoring the personal nature of God's promises to the righteous. It is a simple yet powerful way to highlight the individual who will receive these blessings.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations agree on the rendering of הוּא as 'he' across versions, including the BSB, KJV, ASV, YLT, WEB, and BBE.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb יִשְׁכֹּ֔ן (yishkon), meaning 'he will dwell', governs the structure of the sentence. It is followed by a noun phrase that describes where he will dwell and additional clauses that detail his refuge and provisions.

The sentence structure emphasizes the subject's state and the provisions surrounding him, showcasing a clear hierarchy of information.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates הוּא as οὗτος (houtos), which also means 'he' or 'this one'. This choice aligns closely with the Hebrew, maintaining the focus on the individual.

This translation choice highlights the continuity of meaning, ensuring that the emphasis on the righteous one is preserved in the Greek rendering.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 33:16 describes the blessings that come to the righteous one. He will dwell securely in high places, like a fortress, and his needs for food and water will be met. This verse assures that the righteous will find refuge and provision in God.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that the righteous one will dwell on the heights?

It signifies a place of safety and security, where the righteous are protected and provided for by God.

How does this verse relate to the character of the righteous?

The verse highlights that the righteous, who walk uprightly, will receive God's provision and protection in contrast to the wicked.

What does 'his food will be provided' imply?

It implies that God will ensure that the righteous have all they need for sustenance, both physically and spiritually.

Why is the imagery of heights and strongholds significant?

Heights and strongholds symbolize safety, strength, and divine protection, emphasizing the secure position of the righteous in God's care.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways have I experienced God's provision in my life?
  2. How can I cultivate a character that aligns with the description of the righteous in this verse?
  3. What does it mean for me to find refuge in God during difficult times?
  4. How can I support others in seeking the same security and provision from God?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

The commentary from Gregory the Dialogist draws on this verse to discuss the significance of spiritual nourishment, linking it to the teaching of perfection.

Gregory the DialogistCommentary on 1 Kings, Book 6, Chapter 3 c. 540–604
By the name of bread the teaching of perfection is shown, as Paul attests, who, rousing the weak to conversion, says: “I gave you milk to drink, not solid food.
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 33 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 33:16 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

He shall dwell on high,.... And so in safety: this is opposed to the fears of hypocrites, the grovelling life of a worldling, and the low life of many professors, and is expressive of the security of good men.

Read John Gill on Isaiah 33 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

He shall dwell on high: his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure. He shall dwell on high - heights inaccessible to the foe (Isaiah 26:1).

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 33 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

He shall dwell on high; out of the reach of danger. Bread shall be given him, his waters shall be sure; God will furnish him with all necessaries.

Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 33 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 33:16 He shall dwell on high: his place of defence [shall be] the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters [shall be] sure.Ver. 16. He shall dwell on high.] Extra iactum, out of the gunshot, the reach of evils and enemies. Or in heaven shall he dwell with God in safety who is to the wicked a consuming fire. His place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks.] Rocks within rocks; rocks beneath, above rocks; rocks so deep no pioneer can undermine them, so thick no cannon can pierce them, so high no ladder can scale them, &c. Bread shall be given him; his waters shall not fail.] He shall have all that his heart can wish, or need require.

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 33 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(15, 16) He that walketh righteously . . .—The answer to the question shows that the words point not to endless punishments, but to the infinite holiness of God. The man who is true and just in all his dealings can dwell in closest fellowship with that holiness which is to others as a consuming fire. To him it is a protection and defence, a “rock fortress,” in which he can dwell securely, where he will find all that he needs for the sustenance of soul and body, the bread and the water of life. The picture of the righteous man is in part an echo, probably a conscious echo, of Psalms 15, 24

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 33 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

16. he shall dwell on high] (lit. “inhabit heights”), i.e. in absolute security, as is said of Jehovah Himself in Isaiah 33:5. the munitions of rocks] inexpugnable rock-fortresses. bread shall be given …] The image of a siege is still kept up: the righteous inhabits a fortress that shall never be starved into surrender.

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 33 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

He shall dwell on high - See the margin. Heights, or high places, were usually places of safety, being, inaccessible to an enemy.

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 33 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

13-16. And then, as if this judgment were accomplished, the prophet turns to the sinners by whom himself, as counsellor to the pious king, has been so long baffled in Jerusalem.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Isaiah 33 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

he will dwell on the heights; the mountain fortress will be his refuge; his food will be provided and his water assured.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

he will dwell on high. His place of defense will be the fortress of rocks. His bread will be supplied. His waters will be sure.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

he will dwell on the heights; the mountain fortress will be his refuge; his food will be provided and his water assured.

NETBNew English Translation2006

This is the person who will live in a secure place; he will find safety in the rocky, mountain strongholds; he will have food and a constant supply of water.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

He shall dwell on high: his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

He shall dwell on high; his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks; his bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure.

RVARevised Version, American1894

He shall dwell on high: his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks: his bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

He shall dwell on high: his place of defense shall be the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

He shall dwell on hie: his defence shall be the munitions of rockes: bread shalbe giuen him, and his waters shalbe sure.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

he shall dwell on high, the fortresses of the rocks shall be his high retreat; bread shall be given him, his water shall be sure.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

He high places doth inhabit, Strongholds of rock [are] his high tower, His bread hath been given, his waters stedfast.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

He inhabits high places, || Strongholds of rock [are] his high tower, || His bread has been given, his waters steadfast.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

He shall dwell on high; rocky strongholds shall be his refuge: his bread shall be given him; his water shall be sure.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

this is the man who will dwell on the heights, his place of defense will be the fortress among the cliffs, his food will be given, and his water will be in steady supply.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

He shall dwell on high, the fortifications of rocks shall be his highness: bread is given him, his waters are sure.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

They will live on high; they will be protected by the mountain fortresses; they will always be provided with food and will always have water.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

He will have a place on high: he will be safely shut in by the high rocks: his bread will be given to him; his waters will be certain.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausesubjectה֚וּאheadverbialמְרוֹמִ֣יםhigh.placesverbיִשְׁכֹּ֔ןhe.will.dwellclausenoun phrase · subjectמְצָד֥וֹת[will.be].strongholdsסְלָעִ֖יםof.cliffsnoun phrase · predicateמִשְׂגַּבּ֑refugeוֹhisclausenoun phrase · subjectלַחְמ֣foodוֹhisverbנִתָּ֔ן[will.be].givenclausenoun phrase · subjectמֵימָ֖יwaterוhisverbנֶאֱמָנִֽים[will.be].reliable

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text, the Septuagint, and the Dead Sea Scrolls all agree on the wording of this verse, with the Septuagint providing a direct correspondence to the Hebrew. The Dead Sea Scrolls contain partial restorations but align closely with the Masoretic Text.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

ה֚וּא מְרוֹמִ֣ים יִשְׁכֹּ֔ן מְצָד֥וֹת סְלָעִ֖ים מִשְׂגַּבּ֑וֹ לַחְמ֣וֹ נִתָּ֔ן מֵימָ֖יו נֶאֱמָנִֽים׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
ה֚וּאοὗτοςמְרוֹמִ֣ים"{..^ὑψηλῷ}"יִשְׁכֹּ֔ןοἰκήσειמְצָד֥וֹתσπηλαίῳסְלָעִ֖יםπέτραςמִשְׂגַּבּ֑וֹἰσξυρᾶςלַחְמ֣וֹαὐτῷנִתָּ֔ןδοθήσεταιמֵימָ֖יוκαὶנֶאֱמָנִֽים׃πιστόν

10 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

הוא מרומים ישכון מצדות סלעים משגב׳ו לחמ׳ו נתן מימי׳ו נאמנים

10 words on the leather.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q55a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[הוא] [מרומים] [ישכן] [מצדות] [סלעים] [משגב׳ו] [לחמ׳ו] [נתן] [מימי׳ו] נאמנים

nothing on the leather here — 1 partly restored, 9 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q57a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

סלעים [משגב׳ו] [לחמ׳ו] [נתן] [מימי׳ו] [נאמנים]

6 words of the verse are on this fragment — 1 partly restored, 5 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 33:16הוּאheheהוּאמָרוֹםhigh placeshigh placesמָרוֹםשָׁכַןhe will dwehe will dwellשָׁכַןמְצָד[will be] s[will be] stronמְצָדסֶ֫לַעcliffscliffsסֶ֫לַעמִשְׂגָּבrefuge hisrefuge hisמִשְׂגָּבלֶ֫חֶםfood hisfood hisלֶ֫חֶםנָתַן[will be] g[will be] givenנָתַןמַיwater hiswater hisמַיאָמַן[will be] r[will be] reliaאָמַןרוּםto exaltto exaltרוּםצוּדto huntto huntצוּדשָׂגַבto exaltto exaltשָׂגַבלָחַםto fightto fightלָחַםסִכְלוּתfollyfollyסִכְלוּתשָׁכַםto riseto riseשָׁכַםיָמַןto turn rito turn rightיָמַןטָמֵאuncleanuncleanטָמֵאעֵתtimetimeעֵתסֶ֫לַעcragcragסֶ֫לַעקָדוֹשׁholyholyקָדוֹשׁבֶּ֫טַחsecuritysecurityבֶּ֫טַחבָּחַרto chooseto chooseבָּחַרעֵיןEngediEngediעֵיןמְעָרָהcavecaveמְעָרָהצְחִיחַbarebareצְחִיחַסָעִיףcleftcleftסָעִיףדַּךְcrushedcrushedדַּךְ
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 33:16

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
ה֚וּאhu' he H1931 Pronoun
1,879× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.
Amplified meaning
the righteous one
Tyndale gloss
he/she/it
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it

an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

It resumes the subj. with emph.

Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

As an emph. predicate, of God

In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

. It resumes the subj. with emph.

. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

. As an emph. predicate, of God

. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1931 huw' hoo

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a

primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or

it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also

(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;

sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally

(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),

it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,

this, those, which (is), who.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.

pron 3p s

1) he, she, it

1a) himself (with emphasis)

1b) resuming subj with emphasis

1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)

1d) (anticipating subj)

1e) (emphasising predicate)

1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron

2) that (with article)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ha: The fifth letter of the Hebrew alphabet; transliterated in this Encyclopedia as "h." It came also to be used for the number 5. For name, etc., see ALPHABET.

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
מְרוֹמִ֣יםme.ro.Mim high places H4791 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
54× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a high or elevated place, either physically or figuratively. It can describe a location, such as a mountain, or a state of being, like pride or haughtiness. It is used in various books of the Bible.
Amplified meaning
high places, mountain strongholds
Tyndale gloss
height
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָרוֹם (marowm) means 'height' and encompasses both concrete and abstract uses, referring to elevated places, elevation, and even pride. It can describe physical heights or be used figuratively for dignity and nobility. The word is poetically used in the Old Testament, with its root linked to the concept of altitude.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָרוֹם n.m. height (poet.)

height, elevation (concr.), elevated place

alone = height of heaven

adv. fig., = proudly

fig. of nobles

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4791 מָרוֹם height (poet.)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4791 marowm maw-rome'

from 7311; altitude, i.e. concretely (an elevated place),

abstractly (elevation, figuratively (elation), or adverbially

(aloft):--(far) above, dignity, haughty, height, (most, on)

high (one, place), loftily, upward.

see HEBREW for 07311

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָרוֹם (ma.rom) — height.

1) height

1a) height, elevation, elevated place

1a1) in a high place (adv)

1b) height

1c) proudly (adv)

1d) of nobles (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The ancient Canaanites, and other nations, worshipped the heavenly bodies and their idols upon hills, mountains, and artificial elevations. The Israelites were commanded to destroy these places of idol worship, De 12:2, but instead of this, they imitated the heathen, and at first worshipped Jehovah in high places, 1Sa 9:12 1Ki 3:4, and afterwards idols, 1Ki 11:7 2Ki 17:10,11. Here also they built chapels or temples, "houses of the high places," 1Ki 13:32 2Ki 17:29, and had regular priests,

→ A term used to describe places of worship Ge 12:8; 22:2,14; 31:54; 1Sa 9:12; 2Sa 24:25; 1Ki 3:2,4; 18:30,38; 1Ch 16:39; 2Ch 1:3; 33:17

→ Signify a place of idolatrous worship Nu 22:41; 1Ki 11:7; 12:31; 14:23; 15:14; 22:43; 2Ki 17:9,29; Jer 7:31

→ Licentious practices at Eze 16:24-43

Torrey's New Topical Textbook

- Used for idolatrous worship

1Ki 11:7,8

- God sometimes worshipped on

1Sa 9:12; 1Ki 3:2,4; 2Ch 33:17

- MENTIONED IN SCRIPTURE

. Gibeon

1Ki 3:4

. Arnon

Nu 21:28

. Baal

Nu 22:41

. Tophet

Jer 7:31

. Bamah

Eze 20:29

. Aven

Ho 10:8

- Adorned with tapestry

Eze 16:16

- Surrounded with groves

Thompson Chain Reference topics

(1) General References to Idolatrous. See FALSE WORSHIP

(2) Condemned

Le 26:30; Nu 33:52; 1Ki 13:32; 2Ch 14:3; Jer 7:31

(3) Sometimes used for True Worship

Ge 22:2; 31:54; Jud 6:26; 1Sa 9:12; 10:5; 1Ki 3:4; 18:19

he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
יִשְׁכֹּ֔ןyish.Kon he will dwell H7931 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
129× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to live or stay in a place, like when God dwells among his people. It appears in books like Exodus and Psalms, describing God's presence. It's about making a home or resting place.
Amplified meaning
live, reside, abide
Tyndale gloss
to dwell
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁכַן (shakan) is a Hebrew verb meaning to settle down, abide, or dwell. It encompasses various forms of residing, both literally and figuratively, and includes nuances of establishing or causing to dwell. The entries indicate its use in different grammatical forms, such as Qal, Piel, and Hiphil, which express actions related to dwelling and establishing habitation.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁכַן, שָׁכֵ֑ן 129 vb. settle down, abide, dwell

Qal

settle down to abide

abide, dwell

Pi.

make settle down, establish

make to dwell

Hiph.

lay

cause birds to settle

cause to dwell

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7931 שָׁכַן, שָׁכֵ֑ן settle down, abide, dwell

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7931 shakan shaw-kan'

a primitive root (apparently akin (by transmission) to 7901

through the idea of lodging; compare 5531, 7925); to reside or

permanently stay (literally or figuratively):--abide,

continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-er), have habitation,

inhabit, lay, place, (cause to) remain, rest, set (up).

see HEBREW for 05531

see HEBREW for 07925

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁכַן (sha.khan) — to dwell.

1) to settle down, abide, dwell, tabernacle, reside

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to settle down to abide

1a2) to abide, dwell, reside

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to make settle down, establish

1b2) to make or cause to dwell

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to lay, place, set, establish, settle, fix

1c2) to cause to dwell or abide

Aramaic equivalent: she.khan (שְׁכֵן "to dwell" H7932)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVqi3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

dwel:

(1) In the Old Testament "dwell" is a translation of 9 words, of which by far the most frequent is yashabh, "to sit down," translated "dwell" over 400 times (Ge 4:20; Jos 20:4; 1Ch 17:1,4,5, etc.); also very frequently "sit," and sometimes "abide," "inhabit," "remain." Another word often rendered "dwell" is shakhan or shakhen ("to settle down"), from which is derived the rabbinic word shekhinah (literally, "that which dwells"), the light on the mercy-seat which symbolized the Divine presence (Ex 25:8, etc.). In order to avoid appearing to localize the Divine Being, wherever God is said to "dwell" in a place, the Targum renders that He "causes His Shekinah to dwell"…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Dwell

Tents were in primitive times the common dwellings of men. Houses were afterwards built, the walls of which were frequently of mud (Job 24:16; Matt. 6:19, 20) or of sun-dried bricks.

God “dwells in light” (1 Tim. 6:16; 1 John 1:7), in heaven (Ps. 123:1), in his church (Ps. 9:11; 1 John 4:12). Christ dwelt on earth in the days of his humiliation (John 1:14). He now dwells in the hearts of his people (Eph.…

he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
מְצָד֥וֹתme.tza.Dot [will be] strongholds of H4679 Noun common · feminine plural construct
11× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A stronghold or fort, often in a mountainous area, providing a safe place for people to hide or defend themselves, like the castle of David in 2 Samuel 5:7. It represents a secure and protected location.
Amplified meaning
stronghold of rocks, high tower
Tyndale gloss
stronghold
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מְצָד (metsad) refers to a stronghold or fastness, often associated with a place of refuge or ambush. It can denote a castle or fort, and is sometimes specifically linked to mountainous areas. The term is derived from a root meaning to cover or conceal, emphasizing its defensive connotations.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מְצָד, מְצַד n.f. fastness, stronghold (prop. hunting-place ?)

mountain-fastness

more gen., stronghold

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4679 מְצָד, מְצַד fastness, stronghold (prop. hunting-place ?) . mountain-fastness

. more gen., stronghold

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4679 mtsad mets-ad'

or mtsad {mets-awd'}; or (feminine) mtsadah {mets-aw-daw'};

from 6679; a fastness (as a covert of ambush):--castle, fort,

(strong) hold, munition.

see HEBREW for 06679

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מְצָד (me.tsad) — stronghold.

1) fort, stronghold, fastness

1a) mountain-fastness

1b) stronghold

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural construct
HNcfpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
סְלָעִ֖יםse.la.'Im cliffs H5553 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
58× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means a craggy rock or cliff, a strong and secure place, like the rock of salvation in Psalm 71:3.
Tyndale gloss
crag
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

סֶ֫לַע (cela`) refers to a crag or cliff, indicating a strong, rocky formation. It can denote both a literal rock and a figurative stronghold, suggesting security and loftiness. The entries consistently emphasize its meanings related to rugged terrain and fortification, with no significant disagreements noted among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

סֶ֫לַע 61 n.m. crag, cliff

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5553 סֶ֫לַע crag, cliff

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5553 cela` seh'-lah

from an unused root meaning to be lofty; a craggy rock,

literally or figuratively (a fortress):--(ragged) rock,

stone(-ny), strong hold.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

סֶ֫לַע (se.la) — rock.

The Rock

Sela (H5554)

סֶ֫לַע (se.la) — crag.

1) crag, cliff, rock

1a) crag, cliff

1b) as stronghold of Jehovah, of security (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
מִשְׂגַּבּ֑וֹmis.ga.Bo refuge his H4869 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
17× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Misgab refers to a high place or tower that provides defense and refuge, like a fortress. It is also the name of a place in Moab, mentioned in Jeremiah 48:1. The KJV translates it as Misgab.
Amplified meaning
safe haven, high refuge
Tyndale gloss
high refuge
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׂגָּב (misgab) refers to a secure height or retreat, often understood as a refuge or stronghold. It can denote a lofty or inaccessible place, and is specifically mentioned as a location in Moab in Jeremiah 48:1. The term emphasizes both physical elevation and the concept of safety.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׂגָּב n.[m.] secure height, retreat

base

מִשְׂגָּב perh. n.pr.loc. in Moab;—Je 48:1

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4869a מִשְׂגָּב secure height, retreat H4869b מִשְׂגָּב in Moab

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4869 misgab mis-gawb'

from 7682; properly, a cliff (or other lofty or inaccessible

place); abstractly, altitude; figuratively, a refuge:--

defence, high fort (tower), refuge, Misgab, a place in

Moab:--Misgab.

see HEBREW for 07682

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׂגָּב (mis.gav) — high refuge.

1) high place, refuge, secure height, retreat

1a) stronghold

1b) refuge (of God)

מִשְׂגָּב (mis.gav) — Misgab.

Word sometimes translated as a name, only mentioned at Jer.48.1

§ Misgab = "height"

a place in Moab

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hiz: Used often in the King James Version with reference to a neuter or inanimate thing, or to a lower animal (Ge 1:11, "after his kind"; Le 1:16, "pluck away his crop"; Ac 12:10, "of his own accord"; 1Co 15:38, "his own body"), etc. the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "its."

he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
לַחְמ֣וֹlach.Mo food his H3899 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
298× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to food, especially bread or grain. It's used throughout the Bible to describe meals, sacrifices, and daily life, highlighting the importance of food in ancient Israelite culture.
Amplified meaning
bread, provision
Tyndale gloss
food
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֶ֫חֶם (lechem) means bread or food, encompassing items like grain and provisions for both humans and animals. It is derived from a related root and is used in various contexts, particularly in the Old Testament. The entries consistently emphasize its primary association with bread, though they also acknowledge its broader meaning as food.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֶ֫חֶם 296 n.m. and (rarely) f. bread, food

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3899 לֶ֫חֶם bread, food

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3899 lechem lekh'-em

from 3898; food (for man or beast), especially bread, or

grain (for making it):--((shew-))bread, X eat, food, fruit,

loaf, meat, victuals. See also 1036.

see HEBREW for 03898

see HEBREW for 01036

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֶ֫חֶם (le.chem) — food.

: food(eating)

1) bread, food, grain

1a) bread

1a1) bread

1a2) bread-corn

1b) food (in general)

לֶ֫חֶם (le.chem) — food: bread.

: bread/loaf

1) bread, food, grain

1a) bread

1a1) bread

1a2) bread-corn

1b) food (in general)

לֶ֫חֶם (le.chem) — food: allowance.

: allowance

1) bread, food, grain

1a) bread

1a1) bread

1a2) bread-corn

1b) food (in general)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hiz: Used often in the King James Version with reference to a neuter or inanimate thing, or to a lower animal (Ge 1:11, "after his kind"; Le 1:16, "pluck away his crop"; Ac 12:10, "of his own accord"; 1Co 15:38, "his own body"), etc. the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "its."

he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
נִתָּ֔ןni.Tan [will be] given H5414 Verb · Niphal · participle (active) masculine singular
2,011× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to give, put, or set something, with a wide range of applications. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, describing God's actions and human interactions. The word is used to convey giving, selling, or exchanging something.
Amplified meaning
given, supplied
Tyndale gloss
to give: give
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נָתַן (natan) means 'to give' and encompasses a wide range of applications such as putting, setting, and making. It can also indicate actions like bestowing, delivering, and assigning. The entries describe its use in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hophal, but do not present any significant disagreements among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָתַן 2007 vb. give, put, set

Qal 1917

give

Put, set

Make, constitute

Niph.

82be given

Be put, set

Hoph.

be given, bestowed

= be given to one for wife

be put upon

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5414 נָתַן give, put, set .. give

. Put, set

. Make, constitute

. . be given

. Be put, set

. . . be given, bestowed

. = be given to one for wife

. be put upon

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5414 nathan naw-than'

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of

application (put, make, etc.):--add, apply, appoint, ascribe,

assign, X avenge, X be ((healed)), bestow, bring (forth,

hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, +

cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, X doubtless, X

without fail, fasten, frame, X get, give (forth, over, up),

grant, hang (up), X have, X indeed, lay (unto charge, up),

(give) leave, lend, let (out), + lie, lift up, make, + O that,

occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, X

pull , put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send

(out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), + sing, + slander,

strike, (sub-)mit, suffer, X surely, X take, thrust, trade,

turn, utter, + weep, + willingly, + withdraw, + would (to)

God, yield.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: give.

: give/deliver/send/produce

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to give, bestow, grant, permit, ascribe, employ, devote, consecrate, dedicate, pay wages, sell, exchange, lend, commit, entrust, give over, deliver up, yield produce, occasion, produce, requite to, report, mention, utter, stretch out, extend

1a2) to put, set, put on, put upon, set, appoint, assign, designate

1a3) to make, constitute

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be given, be bestowed, be provided, be entrusted to, be granted to, be permitted, be issued, be published, be uttered, be assigned

1b2) to be set, be put, be made, be inflicted

1c) (Hophal)

1c1) to be given, be bestowed, be given up, be delivered up

1c2) to be put upon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: put.

: put/set/apppoint

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal — Verb · Niphal · participle (active) masculine singular
HVNrmsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
מֵימָ֖יוmei.Mav water his H4325 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
581× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means water, referring to a liquid or a source of refreshment. It appears in the Bible as a literal and figurative term, including references to wasting or urine. The word is used in various contexts, such as in Genesis and Leviticus.
Amplified meaning
source of refreshment
Tyndale gloss
Water (Gate)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַי (mayim) is a Hebrew word meaning 'water' and is used in the plural form. It encompasses various meanings, including literal water, urine, and metaphorical uses related to refreshment or danger. The entries indicate it is derived from a primitive noun and is primarily referenced in contexts involving water.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מַי] 580 n.m. only pl. מַ֫יִם waters, water

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4325 מַי only pl. מַ֫יִם waters, water

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4325 mayim mah'-yim

dual of a primitive noun (but used in a singular sense);

water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen:--+

piss, wasting, water(-ing, (-course, -flood, -spring)).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַי (ma.yim) — water.

1) water, waters

1a) water

1b) water of the feet, urine

1c) of danger, violence, transitory things, refreshment (fig.)

מַי (ma.yim) — Water (Gate).

This name means water, refreshment

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hiz: Used often in the King James Version with reference to a neuter or inanimate thing, or to a lower animal (Ge 1:11, "after his kind"; Le 1:16, "pluck away his crop"; Ac 12:10, "of his own accord"; 1Co 15:38, "his own body"), etc. the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "its."

he high places he will dwell [will be] strongholds of cliffs refuge his food his [will be] given water his [will be] reliable
נֶאֱמָנִֽים׃ne.'e.ma.Nim [will be] reliable H539 Verb · Niphal · participle (active) masculine plural
106× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to be faithful or trustworthy, as seen in the KJV translations. It can also mean to support or confirm something, and is used in passages like Psalm 37:3 to describe trusting in God. The concept of faithfulness is central to the book of Proverbs.
Amplified meaning
faithful, certain
Tyndale gloss
be faithful
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָמַן (aman) is a Hebrew root meaning to support or confirm, with applications ranging from nurturing (as a foster parent or nurse) to establishing trust and reliability. It encompasses concepts of faithfulness, permanence, and assurance. The entries highlight its use in various forms, including verbs and nouns, but do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[אָמַן] vb. confirm, support

Qal

as vb. support, nourish

as subst. foster-father

foster-mother, nurse

pillars, supporters of the door

Niph.

carried by nurse

made firm, sure, lasting

confirmed, established, sure

verified, confirmed

reliable, faithful, trusty

Hiph.

stand firm

trust, believe

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H539 אָמַן confirm, support .. as vb. support, nourish

. as subst. foster-father

. foster-mother, nurse

. pillars, supporters of the door

. . carried by nurse

. made firm, sure, lasting

. confirmed, established, sure

. verified, confirmed

. reliable, faithful, trusty

. . stand firm

. trust, believe

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

539 'aman aw-man'

a primitive root; properly, to build up or support; to foster

as a parent or nurse; figuratively to render (or be) firm or

faithful, to trust or believe, to be permanent or quiet;

morally to be true or certain; once (Isa. 30:21;

interchangeable with 541) to go to the right hand:--hence,

assurance, believe, bring up, establish, + fail, be faithful

(of long continuance, stedfast, sure, surely, trusty,

verified), nurse, (-ing father), (put), trust, turn to the

right.

see HEBREW for 0541

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָמַן (a.man) — be faithful.

1) to support, confirm, be faithful

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to support, confirm, be faithful, uphold, nourish

1a1a) foster-father (subst.)

1a1b) foster-mother, nurse

1a1c) pillars, supporters of the door

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be established, be faithful, be carried, make firm

1b1a) to be carried by a nurse

1b1b) made firm, sure, lasting

1b1c) confirmed, established, sure

1b1d) verified, confirmed

1b1e) reliable, faithful, trusty

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to stand firm, to trust, to be certain, to believe in

1c1a) stand firm

1c1b) trust, believe

Aramaic equivalent: a.man (אֲמַן "to trust" H0540)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal — Verb · Niphal · participle (active) masculine plural
HVNrmpa
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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