1 Chronicles 1:31 — Word Study
WLCיְט֥וּר נָפִ֖ישׁ וָקֵ֑דְמָה אֵ֥לֶּה הֵ֖ם בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׁמָעֵֽאל׃ ס
BSAJeturYᵉṭûwr [a son enclosed] NaphishNâphîysh [refreshment, a brother] and KedemahQêdᵉmâh [toward the east] Theseʼêl-leh [specific sons] werehêm the sonsbên [descendants, offspring] of IshmaelYishmâʻêʼl [God will hear, a son of Abraham]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| יְט֥וּר | Jetur | Noun proper masculine |
| נָפִ֖ישׁ | Naphish | Noun proper masculine |
| וָקֵ֑דְמָה | and Kedemah | Conjunction, noun proper masculine |
| אֵ֥לֶּה | these | Particle |
| הֵ֖ם | they | Pronoun |
| בְּנֵ֥י | [were] [the] sons of | Noun common, masculine plural construct |
| יִשְׁמָעֵֽאל׃ ס | Ishmael | Noun proper masculine |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These were the sons of Ishmael. |
| KJV | Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael. |
| ASV | Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael. |
| YLT | Jetur, Naphish, and Kedema. These are sons of Ishmael. |
| WEB | Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael. |
| BBE | Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael. |
Where they part company is in the rendering of the names, which remain consistent across translations.
The sentence has a main clause followed by a list of names, which is typical in genealogical records.
3 commentators on this verse
Jamieson, Ellicott, Cambridge & more — read them ›
clause
subjectהֵם
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — 1 Chronicles 1:31
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Sons of Ishmaelgenerated
1 Chronicles 1:31 lists the sons of Ishmael, highlighting the descendants of Abraham through Hagar. This genealogy serves to establish the lineage and heritage of the Arabian tribes, which is significant in the context of Israel's history and interactions with these groups.
Cross References
The Key Word — יְט֥וּר, ye.Turgenerated
The name יְט֥וּר (ye.Tur) means 'enclosed' and refers to one of the sons of Ishmael. The root of the name suggests a sense of being surrounded or contained, which may reflect the geographical or social context of his descendants who lived east of the Jordan.
Jetur is mentioned in the genealogies of the Bible, specifically in Genesis 25:15, where his lineage is noted. The name is linked to conflicts with Israel, indicating a historical significance in the narrative of the Israelites.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main clause is structured around the verb 'were' implied in the phrase: אֵ֥לֶּה these הֵ֖ם they בְּנֵ֥י [were] the sons of יִשְׁמָעֵֽאל Ishmael. The sentence lists the sons of Ishmael as a noun phrase, emphasizing their identity.
The structure is straightforward, presenting the names of the sons in a list format, which is typical in genealogical records, allowing for clarity and ease of reference.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates יְט֥וּר as ιεττουρ, maintaining the name's identity. This choice reflects a consistent approach to transliterating proper names from Hebrew to Greek.
The translation choices in the Septuagint indicate a direct correspondence with the Hebrew text, preserving the names and their significance in the genealogical context.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
1 Chronicles 1:31 lists Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah as the sons of Ishmael. This verse is part of a genealogy that traces the descendants of Abraham through his son Ishmael, highlighting their significance in the broader narrative of the Israelites.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The sons of Ishmael mentioned are Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah.
The name Jetur means 'enclosed'.
The genealogy of Ishmael is significant as it traces the lineage of the Arabian tribes, which played a role in the history of Israel.
This verse connects to the broader narrative by establishing the descendants of Ishmael, highlighting the relationships and conflicts between the Israelites and their neighbors.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What can we learn about the importance of genealogy in the Bible from this verse?
- How do the names of Ishmael's sons reflect their identities or roles?
- In what ways do the descendants of Ishmael interact with the Israelites throughout the biblical narrative?
- Why do you think the chronicler included this genealogy in the narrative?
Commentators on this verse — 3 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on 1 Chronicles 1:31 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryJetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael. No JFB commentary on this verse.
Read Robert Jamieson on 1 Chronicles 1 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(31) Jetur.—The Itureans beyond Jordan (Luke 3:1). The other names are obscure.
Read Charles John Ellicott on 1 Chronicles 1 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges31. Jetur, Naphish] 1 Chronicles 5:18-22.
Read Cambridge on 1 Chronicles 1 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These were the sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These were the sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These were the sons of Ishmael.
Tyndale line
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael.
Ietur, Naphish and Kedemah: these are the sonnes of Ishmael.
Strictly literal
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedmah: those are the sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedema. These are sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedema. These are sons of Ishmael.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishma'el.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These were Ishmael's sons.
From the Latin
Jetur, Naphis, Cedma: these are the sons of Ismahel.
Simplified
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These were Ishmael's sons.
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of this verse, with all seven words matched in the Hebrew and Greek texts. This shows a strong consistency in the transmission of this genealogical record.
יְט֥וּר נָפִ֖ישׁ וָקֵ֑דְמָה אֵ֥לֶּה הֵ֖ם בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׁמָעֵֽאל׃ ס
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in 1 Chronicles 1:31
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
יְטוּר (Ytuwr) refers to Jetur, a son of Ishmael, whose descendants are noted for their conflicts with Israel. The name is associated with the meaning 'enclosed' and is linked to various other sons of Ishmael. Jetur is first mentioned in Genesis 25:15 and is also referred to as 'Ituraea'.
יְטוּר n.pr.m. and gent. a ‘son’ of Ishmael
base
H3195 יְטוּר a ‘son’ of Ishmael
3195 Ytuwr yet-oor'
probably from the same as 2905; encircled (i.e. inclosed);
Jetur, a son of Ishmael:--Jetur.
see HEBREW for 02905
יְטוּר (ye.tur) — Jetur.
A man of the Arabs living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.25.15;
son of: Ishmael (H3458);
brother of: Nebaioth (H5032), Kedar (H6938), Adbeel (H0110), Mibsam (H4017), Mishma (H4927), Dumah (H1746), Massa (H4854), Hadad (H2301), Tema (H8485), Naphish (H5305), Kedemah (H6929) and Mahalath (H4258)
§ Jetur = "enclosed"
1) a son of Ishmael whose descendants warred with Israel east of the Jordan
1a) also called 'Ituraea'
יְטוּר (ye.tur) — Jetur.
§ Jetur = "enclosed"
a son of Ishmael whose descendants warred with Israel east of the Jordan
1a) also called 'Ituraea'
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
Jetur
An enclosure, one of the twelve sons of Ishmael (Gen. 25:15).
(an enclosure). (Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:31; 5:19) [ITURAEA]
order; succession; mountainous
נָפִישׁ (Naphiysh) refers to a son of Ishmael and is associated with the meaning of 'refreshment.' He is mentioned in Genesis 25:15 and is noted as one of the Arabian tribes descended from Ishmael, alongside several brothers. The entries consistently identify Naphish as a figure from the time of the Patriarchs.
נָפִישׁ n.pr.m. son of Ishmael
base
H5305 נָפִישׁ son of Ishmael
5305 Naphiysh naw-feesh'
from 5314; refreshed; Naphish, a son of Ishmael, and his
posterity:--Naphish.
see HEBREW for 05314
נָפִישׁ (na.phish) — Naphish.
A man of the Arabs living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.25.15;
son of: Ishmael (H3458);
brother of: Nebaioth (H5032), Kedar (H6938), Adbeel (H0110), Mibsam (H4017), Mishma (H4927), Dumah (H1746), Massa (H4854), Hadad (H2301), Tema (H8485), Jetur (H3195), Kedemah (H6929) and Mahalath (H4258)
§ Naphish or Nephish = "refreshment"
1) the next to last son of Ishmael
2) an Arabian tribe
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
na'-fish (naphish; Naphes, D, Napheth): A son of Ishmael (Ge 25:15; 1Ch 1:31). Naphish, along with other Hagrite clans, was overwhelmingly defeated by the Israelite tribes on the East of the Jordan (1Ch 5:19, the King James Version "Nephish"). Their descendants are mentioned among the Nethinim by the name "Nephisim," the King James Version and the Revised Version margin "Nephusim" (Ezr 2:50); "Nephushesim," the King James Version and the Revised Version margin "Nephishesim" (Ne 7:52); "Naphisi" (1 Esdras 5:31).
Naphish
Refresher, one of the sons of Ishmael (Gen. 25:15; 1 Chr. 1:31). He was the father of an Arab tribe.
(refreshment), the last but one of the sons of Ishmael. (Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:31)
the soul; he that rests, refreshes himself, or respires
The Hebrew word קֵ֑דְמָה (*Qedmah*) refers to Kedemah, a son of Ishmael. It is derived from the root meaning 'precedence' and is noted as the youngest son of Ishmael, mentioned in Genesis 25:15. He is also identified as Nodab in 1 Chronicles 5:19 and is related to several other sons of Ishmael.
קֵ֑דְמָה n.pr.m. son of Ishmael
base
H6929 קֵ֑דְמָה son of Ishmael
6929 Qedmah kayd'-maw
from 6923; precedence; Kedemah, a son of Ishmael:--Kedemah.
see HEBREW for 06923
קֵ֑דְמָה (qe.de.mah) — Kedemah.
A man of the Arabs living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.25.15;
son of: Ishmael (H3458);
brother of: Nebaioth (H5032), Kedar (H6938), Adbeel (H0110), Mibsam (H4017), Mishma (H4927), Dumah (H1746), Massa (H4854), Hadad (H2301), Tema (H8485), Jetur (H3195), Naphish (H5305) and Mahalath (H4258); also called Nodab at 1Ch.5.19;
Also named: no.dav (נוֹדָ֑ב "Nodab" H5114)
§ Kedemah = "original"
the youngest son of Ishmael
Conj | N-proper — Conjunction · noun proper masculineHC/Npm
Kedemah
Eastward, the last-named of the sons of Ishmael (Gen. 25:15).
(eastward), the youngest of the sons of Ishmael. (Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:31)
oriental; ancient; first
אֵ֫לֶּה (el-leh) means 'these' and is used in various grammatical contexts, often in apposition to a noun with a pronoun suffix. It can appear with or without the definite article and is sometimes paired with other terms like וְאֵלֶּה (and these). The word conveys a sense of proximity or specification, referring to particular items or people.
אֵ֫לֶּה pr.pl.m. & f. these
in appos. to a subst. with a pron. suff. (always without the article)
repeated, אלה … ואלה, these … those
with the art. (but only after a subst. determined likewise by the art.)
with preps.
base
H428 אֵ֫לֶּה these . in appos. to a subst. with a pron. suff. (always without the article)
. repeated, אלה … ואלה, these … those
. with the art. (but only after a subst. determined likewise by the art.)
. with preps.
428 'el-leh ale'-leh
prolonged from 411; these or those:--an- (the) other; one
sort, so, some, such, them, these (same), they, this, those,
thus, which, who(-m).
see HEBREW for 0411
אֵ֫לֶּה (el.leh) — these.
1) these
1a) used before antecedent
1b) used following antecedent
Aramaic equivalent: el.leh (אֵלֶּה "these" H0429)
Pron — ParticleHTm
הֵ֫מָּה (hemmah) is a masculine plural pronoun meaning 'they.' The entries indicate that it can also mean 'these,' 'the same,' or refer to people in an emphatic context. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its usage.
הֵ֫מָּה and הֵם (without appreciable distinction in usage, except prob. in so far as the longer or shorter form was better adapted to the rhythm of particular sentences) pron. 3 pl. masc. they
base
H1992 הֵ֫מָּה, הֵם (without appreciable distinction in usage, except prob. in so far as the longer or shorter form was better adapted to the rhythm of particular sentences) they
1992 hem haym
or (prolonged) hemmah {haym'-maw}; masculine plural from
1981; they (only used when emphatic):--it, like, X (how, so)
many (soever, more as) they (be), (the) same, X so, X such,
their, them, these, they, those, which, who, whom, withal, ye.
see HEBREW for 01981
הֵ֫מָּה (hem.mah) — they(masc.).
they, these, the same, who
Pron — PronounHPp3mp
בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'male child' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including descendants, young animals, and even figurative uses like sparks or arrows. It can refer to members of a tribe or class and is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, such as in 1 Chronicles 24:26. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to build' and implies a connection to family or lineage.
בֵּן 4870 n.m. son
son, male child, born of a woman
children (male and female)
youth, young men
the young of animals
of plant shoots
fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows
member of a guild, order or class
of animals son of (the) herd
ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.
n. relat. of age
base
בְּנוֹ 1 Ch 24:26, 27 as n.pr.m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son, cf. VB & Be Öt.
done
H1121a בֵּן son . son, male child, born of a woman
. children (male and female)
. youth, young men
. the young of animals
. of plant shoots
. fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows
. . member of a guild, order or class
. of animals son of (the) herd
. ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.
. n. relat. of age
H1121b בְּנוֹ as n. pr. m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son
1121 ben bane
from 1129; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the
widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship,
including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition,
etc., (like 1, 251, etc.)):--+ afflicted, age, (Ahoh-)
(Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-)ite, (anoint-)ed one, appointed to,
(+) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-)ian, one born,
bough, branch, breed, + (young) bullock, + (young) calf, X
came up in, child, colt, X common, X corn, daughter, X of
first, + firstborn, foal, + very fruitful, + postage, X in, +
kid, + lamb, (+) man, meet, + mighty, + nephew, old, (+)
people, + rebel, + robber, X servant born, X soldier, son, +
spark, + steward, + stranger, X surely, them of, + tumultuous
one, + valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.
see HEBREW for 01129
see HEBREW for 01
see HEBREW for 0251
בֵּן (ben) — son: child.
: child/son
בְּנוֹ (be.no) — Beno.
A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ch.24.26;
son of: Jaaziah (H3269);
brother of: Shoham (H7719), Zaccur (H2139I) and Ibri (H5681)
§ Beno = "his son"
the sons of Jaaziah and the sons of Merari by Jaahziah (his son)
בֵּן (ben) — son: descendant/people.
: descendant, people, tribe, nation
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : child/son
בֵּן (ben) — son: young animal.
: calf/lamb/young(ANIMAL)
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : descendant
בֵּן (ben) — son: type of.
: rebel/son(Belial)
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
§ : people/men/nation/tribe
בֵּן (ben) — son.
: [inheriting]son/heir
A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)
בֵּן (ben) — son: warrior.
: warrior/son(strong)
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural constructHNcmpc
See SON, SONS.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
The Hebrew word יִשְׁמָעֵאל (*Yishma'el*) means 'God will hear' and refers primarily to Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar. The entries detail various individuals named Ishmael, including a murderer of Gedaliah and several figures from the tribes of Benjamin and Judah. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings or references.
יִשְׁמָעֵאל 48 n.pr.m. (Ēl heareth)
son of Abraham and Hagar
murderer of Gedaliah
in Benj.
in Judah
Jew with foreign wife
base
H3458 יִשְׁמָעֵאל . son of Abraham and Hagar
. murderer of Gedaliah
. in Benj.
. in Judah
. Jew with foreign wife
3458 Yishma`e'l yish-maw-ale'
from 8085 and 410; God will hear; Jishmael, the name of
Abraham's oldest son, and of five Israelites:--Ishmael.
see HEBREW for 08085
see HEBREW for 0410
יִשְׁמָעֵאל (yish.ma.el) — Ishmael.
A man of Arabia living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.16.11;
son of: Abraham (H0085) and Hagar (H1904);
half-brother of: Isaac (H3327), Zimran (H2175), Jokshan (H3370), Medan (H4091), Midian (H4080), Ishbak (H3435) and Shuah (H7744);
father of: Nebaioth (H5032), Kedar (H6938), Adbeel (H0110), Mibsam (H4017), Mishma (H4927), Dumah (H1746), Massa (H4854), Hadad (H2301), Tema (H8485), Jetur (H3195), Naphish (H5305), Kedemah (H6929) and Mahalath (H4258)
§ Ishmael = "God will hear"
1) son of Abraham and Sarah's handmaid Hagar and the progenitor of the Arabian peoples
2) son of Nethaniah and the murderer of Gedaliah
3) a Benjamite, one of the sons of Azel a descendant of Saul through Meribbaal or Mephibosheth
4) a Judaite, father of Zebadiah
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
Ishmael
God hears. (1.) Abraham’s eldest son, by Hagar the concubine (Gen. 16:15; 17:23). He was born at Mamre, when Abraham was eighty-six years of age, eleven years after his arrival in Canaan (16:3; 21:5). At the age of thirteen he was circumcised (17:25). He grew up a true child of the desert, wild and wayward. On the occasion of the weaning of Isaac his rude and wayward spirit broke out in expressions of insult and mockery (21:9, 10); and Sarah, discovering this, said to Abraham, “Expel this slave and her son.” Influenced by a divine admonition, Abraham dismissed Hagar and her son with no more than a skin of water and some bread. The narrative describing this act is one of the most beautiful and touching incidents of patriarchal life (Gen. 21:14-16). (See HAGAR.)
(whom God hears). The son of Abraham by Hagar the Egyptian his concubine; born when Abraham was fourscore and six years old. (Genesis 16:15,16) (B.C. 1910.) Ishmael was the first-born of his father. He was born in Abraham’s house when he dwelt in the plain of Mamre; and on the institution of the covenant of circumcision, was circumcised, he being then thirteen years old (Genesis 17:26) With the institution of the covenant, God renewed his promise respecting Ishmael. He does not again appear in the narrative until the weaning of Isaac. At the great feast made in celebration of the weaning, "Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had borne unto Abraham, mocking," and urged Abraham to cast him and his mother out. Comforted by the renewal of God’s promise to make of…
1. Ge 16:1-16 21:1-34, son of Abraham and Hagar, B. C. 1910. He was at first regarded as "the son of the promise;" but after the birth and weaning of Isaac he was driven from his father’s house, at the age of about seventeen, and took with his mother the way to Egypt her native land. Overcome with heat and thirst, and then miraculously relieved, he remained in the wilderness of Paran, took a wife from Egypt, and was the father of twelve sons, heads of Arab tribes. He seems to have become on friendly terms with Isaac, and to have attended at the bedside of their dying father. At his own death, he was one hundred and thirty-seven years old, Ge 25:9,17.
God that hears