Acts 6

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1. Seven Men Appointed) TDc.BestWidthsc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 6:1 4 ) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data KG-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 a. Problem and Proposal) TDc.BestWidthsc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 6:5 7 ) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data UQ-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 b. Implementation and Result) TDc.BestWidthsc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data +’-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 6:8 15 ) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data C?-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0
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3. Seven Men Appointed) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 6:1 7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 6 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 1 And in those days, when the number of disciples continued to increase, there was a complaint from the Greek-speaking Jews against the Aramaic-speaking Jews, because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. 2 Then the Twelve called together the whole community of disciples and said, It is not right for us to stop teaching the word of God to serve at tables. 3 Brothers, select from among you seven men of good reputation, who are full of the Spirit and wisdom, whom we will appoint to this task. 4 But we will devote ourselves to prayer and the ministry of the word. ) 8 3 3 8 0 0 5 This proposal pleased the whole community. Thus, they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit; and Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolas of Antioch, who had been a convert to Judaism. 6 They introduced these men to the apostles, who prayed and placed their hands on them. ) 7 As the word of God continued to spread, the number of disciples in Jerusalem continued to increase more and more. And a great number of priests became obedient to the faith. ) Luke introduces a new phase in the development of the church. Its incessant growth creates administrative problems that affect the unity of the church. The twelve apostles are teaching the people the apostolic doctrine (2:42) and evangelizing the neighborhoods of Jerusalem. They also have the responsibility of distributing the gifts placed in their possession to alleviate the needs of the poor. Now a problem arises among the Greek-speaking Christians whose widows suffer neglect in respect to the daily distribution of food. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 a. Problem and Proposal) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 6:1 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
4. And in those days, when the number of disciples continued to increase, there was a complaint from the Greek-speaking Jews against the Aramaic-speaking Jews, because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 a. In those days. We are unable to determine the exact year or time to which Luke refers. He evidently reports about the days that followed the trial of the apostles and their concerted effort to preach and teach the gospel throughout Jerusalem. The result of this intensive activity is that the membership of the church increased by leaps and bounds. How many Christians belonged to the Jerusalem church is difficult to say.

We assume that the church doubled in size from the last figure Luke provided: five thousand men (4:4; see also 5:14). ) Population statistics for first-century Jerusalem are nothing more than estimates. Figures from ancient sources, together with estimates provided by modern scholars, are available. But these figures reflect a disparity that ranges from an estimate of three million inhabitants to another of twenty thousand.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref1 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1”

1. 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� William S. LaSor aptly concludes, Figures from ancient records, incredible as they seem, are often no more erroneous than scholarly estimates. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref2 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn2”
2. 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 3 3 8 0 0 Notice that Luke identifies the believers as disciples. In the time of Jesus ministry, the Twelve but also the seventy were known as disciples. Now these twelve apostles have become teachers and the new converts are their disciples (e.g., 6:1, 2, 7; 9:1, 10, 19). ) b. There was a complaint from the Greek-speaking Jews. From the Pentecost account we learn that devout Jews had come from the dispersion to settle in Jerusalem (2:5 11). Many of these devout Jews were elderly people who wanted to spend the rest of their lives in the holy city.

Because they had formerly resided elsewhere, their native tongue was Greek, not Aramaic or Hebrew (which was spoken by the Jews in Jerusalem). Many of these people accepted Christ s gospel and became part of the Christian church. However, each group had its own synagogue before these people became Christians, and when they became disciples the Greek-speaking and the Aramaic-speaking believers continued to have their own assemblies. Furthermore, each group used its own Bible; the Greek-speaking Jews were accustomed to the Septuagint (a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures) and the Hebraic Jews read the Old Testament in the original Hebrew. Here, then, is the beginning of a division brought about by linguistic and cultural differences. ) The term translated Greek-speaking Jews appears in the Greek text as Hellenists. This Greek term has created much discussion among scholars from early Christianity to the present.

If we discount textual variants, we find it three times in Acts. In 6:1, translators correctly give it the meaning ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Greek-speaking Jewish Christians) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . The term also occurs in 9:29, where it signifies Greek-speaking Jews who were not Christians. In 11:20, it refers to people who are neither Jew nor Christian but whose native tongue is Greek. Scholars generally conclude that the meaning of the expression ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Hellenists) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 must be determined by the context in which it is used.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref3 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn3” 3) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 c. Their widows were being overlooked. The Aramaic-speaking Christians in Jerusalem were in the majority and the Greek-speaking believers formed a minority. Although harmony and unity were the characteristics of the Christian church, linguistic and cultural differences caused inevitable separation. Especially the widows in this minority group felt alienated and forsaken. They were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food, but could no longer go to the local synagogue for financial aid. The wording of the text states only the fact that the widows of Greek-speaking Jews suffered neglect; it does not imply that the apostles were to blame for this oversight. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.18.17-2.18.26|AUTODETECT|” In view of their many responsibilities, the apostles are unable to do justice to caring for the financial needs of all the widows. The evidence shows that the apostles are too busy. Hence, the situation is reminiscent of Moses judging the people of Israel. Moses father-in-law, Jethro, advised him to choose capable men and have them serve as judges for the people 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.18.17-2.18.26|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 18:17 26) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This eased the burden on Moses. So the apostles attempt to solve the problem of taking care of the needy. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 2. Then the Twelve called together the whole community of disciples and said, It is not right for us to stop teaching the word of God to serve at tables. 3. Brothers, select from among you seven men of good reputation, who are full of the Spirit and wisdom, whom we will appoint to this task. 4. But we will devote ourselves to prayer and the ministry of the word. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 Notice these points: ) a. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Twelve.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 This is the only time in Acts that Luke uses the descriptive term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 the Twelve) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 for the apostles.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref4 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn4” 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� He employs the expression to indicate that next to the body of twelve apostles another body of seven administrators serves the needs of the growing church. Thus far the Twelve have had the full responsibility of caring for the spiritual and physical needs of the believers. But the time has come to find relief. ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 The twelve apostles call together the entire Christian community to make an important decision. We do not expect that all the believers were able to be present at one particular meeting, for then the proceedings would become unwieldy. The Twelve are in charge of the meeting and place before the believers a matter of priority: It is not right for us to stop teaching the word of God to serve at tables. Their primary task is to teach and preach the gospel of salvation. Because of their leadership role, the apostles also assumed the responsibility to care for the needy. But this secondary task should not cause them to stop preaching the word of God.

They must devote themselves to prayer and the ministry of the word (v. 4). ) The Twelve with the help of the Christian community find a solution: appointing some men to serve at tables. The meaning of the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 tables) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 relates to the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 daily distribution) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , which points to either sharing food or doling out money designated for buying food.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref5 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn5” 5) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Qualified men in the church are able to perform this duty. Therefore, the apostles propose that seven men be appointed to this task. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Seven men.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Here are a few considerations. First, the number seven represents the number of fullness. The apostles suggest the number, the church selects seven men, and the apostles ordain them. Next, in this passage Luke refrains from using the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 deacon,) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” yet he indicates that the apostles at this time ordained seven men to the special office of ministering to the poor 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8-54.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8-54.3.13|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:8 13) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.27.16-4.27.18|AUTODETECT|” ). Third, the men must meet two requirements: they must have a good reputation and they must be full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom. Of course, for the task of distributing food and money a person must have a reputation that is above reproach and a recommendation that his peers and superiors gladly provide (compare 10:22; 16:2; 22:12). Also, a person helping the needy must be full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.27.16-4.27.18|AUTODETECT|” Num. 27:16 18) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 There is no separation of sacred and secular for the Holy Spirit; he fills both the twelve apostles and the seven chosen men. In fact, Stephen and Philip not only distribute food and finances, but also preach the Word and perform miracles (vv. 8 10; 8:6). ) c. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Prayer.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 But we will devote ourselves to prayer and the ministry of the word. The work which the apostles must do is, first, to be constantly in prayer. This is exactly how Luke portrays the apostles and the church (see 1:14; 2:42; 4:24). And the second assignment is to teach and preach Christ s gospel (see especially 5:20, 42). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Practical Considerations in 6:1 and 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 1) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.42-41.12.44|AUTODETECT|” The New Testament, not to mention the Old Testament Scriptures, has much to say about the status and lot of the widow in Israel. Many widows in first-century Palestine faced poverty, even though the Jewish authorities had made provisions for their support 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.12.42-41.12.44|AUTODETECT|” Mark 12:42 44) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.27|AUTODETECT|” ). Within the church, the principle prevailed that there should not be any needy persons among the believers. Note that James categorizes caring for orphans and widows as a part of religion that is pure and undefiled 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.27|AUTODETECT|” James 1:27) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.3-54.5.16|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul also proscribes rules and regulations: for widows who really need daily support; for those who ought to be supported by children and grandchildren; for widows who are sixty years and older; for younger widows who should marry; and for Christian women who should help support widows 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.3-54.5.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:3 16) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 A century ago, pastors usually put the initials ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V. D .M.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 after their name. This is not an abbreviation of an academic degree but a description of their task. The initials are Latin for ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Verbi Domini Minister) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.19-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” , that is, minister of the Word of the Lord. A pastor, strictly speaking, is not a minister of the church, even if he is ordained by that body. He is not a minister of a local congregation, even though a church council or board supervises his work and pays his salary. A pastor is first and foremost a minister of Christ s gospel, for Jesus sends him forth to teach and preach the Good News 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.19-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:19 20) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.14|AUTODETECT|” ). The pastor, then, is a servant of God s Word. As Paul puts it, How can the people hear unless someone preaches [the Word]? 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.14|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But if the pastor is a servant of the Word, then he ought to devote himself fully to the task of proclaiming the glad gospel tidings. He ought to guard against attractions that take him away from his task. Genuine devotion to prayer and preaching will crown his work with untold blessings. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 6:1 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 1) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 ����������� together with the noun ������� (disciples) in the genitive case, here is the genitive absolute construction. ) ���� in context, the preposition means against. It connotes an indirect approach rather than the direct ��� (face to face). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 2) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 ������ the verbal adjective from the verb ����� (I please; see v. 5) with the negative particle �P� (not) signifies it is not desirable. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref6 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn6” 6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 ������������� from the directive compound verb ��������� (I leave to one side, give up), the aorist active participle denotes manner. Both the pronoun !��� (the subject of the infinitive) and the present infinitive ��������� (to serve) comprise the main verbal construction. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 �� note the two definite articles preceding the nouns �������� (prayer) and �������� (ministry). Both articles signify that the writer points to stated prayer and preaching services. ) ���������������� for an explanation of the verb, see 1:14. The pronoun !���� expresses emphasis. The position of the pronoun at the beginning of the sentence and the position of the verb at the end denote emphasis. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 b. Implementation and Result) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 6:5 7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 5. This proposal pleased the whole community. Thus, they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit; and Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolas of Antioch, who had been a convert to Judaism. 6. They introduced these men to the apostles, who prayed and placed their hands on them.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The apostles propose and the church approves their suggestion. The word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 pleased) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 denotes a basic harmony between apostles and the Christian community. The complaint has been withdrawn and the irritation concerning the financial neglect has subsided. As a result, the church enters into the work of finding seven capable men. How the people instituted and regulated the search for these men is not known. Luke says nothing about casting the lot (compare 1:26), but the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to choose) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 indicates that a selection was made based on the rules stipulated by the apostles. Incidentally, Christ chose the twelve apostles (including Matthias; see 1:24), but the church chooses the seven men whom the apostles installed. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Who are these seven men? All the names are of Greek origin. Although some native Jews had Greek names, among them the apostles Philip and Andrew,��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref7 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn7” 7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� scholars favor the explanation that all seven were Hellenistic Jews whose native tongue was Greek. The first name is Stephen, which actually means a crown. In a sense, he received the crown of righteousness when he died a martyr s death. Stephen meets the requirements the apostles set, for Luke reports that he is a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit. He is known for his faith, as he demonstrates in his teaching and preaching. Philip is next.

He is later known as the evangelist (21:8). Then follow the names of Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, and Parmenas, of whom we know nothing. The last man is Nicolas, a native of Antioch and a Gentile who had been converted first to Judaism and now to Christianity. Perhaps Luke has a special interest in Nicolas, because, according to tradition, he himself was born and reared a Gentile in, Antioch and afterward became a Christian.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref8 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn8” 8) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.6|AUTODETECT|” �� Here, then, are seven Hellenists, of whom six were of Jewish descent. The seventh is Nicolas, a Gentile who entered the church as a proselyte. Nicolas has often been identified as the father of the Nicolaitans, who are mentioned in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Revelation 2:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . The Nicolaitans certainly derived their name from some Nicolas whether from this Nicolas or another must remain uncertain. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref9 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn9” 9) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The fact that all the candidates are Hellenists undoubtedly appeases the Greek-speaking part of the Jerusalem church. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.8.10|AUTODETECT|” The church presents these seven men to the apostles, who approve the choice the church has made. Then the apostles present these men in prayer to God and seek divine approval and blessings upon the work that awaits the seven administrators. After the prayer, the apostles ordain these seven servants by placing their hands upon them. Thus, they adopt the practice that Moses inaugurated for the ordaining of the Levites for special service and for the commissioning of Joshua as Moses successor 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.8.10|AUTODETECT|” Num. 8:10) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.27.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.27.23|AUTODETECT|” 27:23) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In New Testament times, not only the apostles adhere to the rite of the laying on of hands to commission qualified persons; but also the church in Antioch obediently listens to the Holy Spirit and places hands on Barnabas and Paul (13:2 3; see also I Tim, 5:22).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref10 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn10” 10) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 7. As the word of God continued to spread, the number of disciples in Jerusalem continued to increase more and more. And a great number of priests became obedient to the faith.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Throughout his book, Luke records summaries that describe the phenomenal growth of the early church. For instance, at the conclusion of his Pentecost report he states that the Lord daily added people to the three thousand believers (2:41, 47).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref11 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn11” 11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Literally, the Greek text has the reading, the word of God continued to increase. This does not mean that the New Testament Scriptures increased with the addition of certain books, but that the gospel itself became part of the spiritual lives of the people. In other words, the effect of the proclaimed word became increasingly noticeable in the lives of the inhabitants of Jerusalem. As a direct result of the preaching and teaching of the apostles, who could now devote themselves fully to prayer and the ministry of the Word, more and more people believed and joined the church. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Luke adds one more observation to this summary. And a great number of priests became obedient to the faith. The Jewish historian Josephus relates that in his day there were four priestly tribes and that each one of them numbered some five thousand members. These officiate by rotation for a fixed period of days. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref12 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn12” 12) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� On any given day, therefore, there were some five thousand priests in Jerusalem. Obviously, a large number of priests, persuaded by the preaching of the gospel, joined the church. Note that Luke uses the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 faith) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 as synonymous with Christ s gospel (compare 13:8). This term means the objective faith embodied in doctrinal teaching and not the subjective faith of the believer. Indeed, Luke employs various expressions to describe Christianity in this formative period of the church: the Name (5:41), the Way (9:2), and the Faith (6:7). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Doctrinal Considerations in 6:5 7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Although the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 deacon) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 (one who serves) does not occur in the first six verses of this chapter, the Greek word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 diakonia) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8-54.3.13|AUTODETECT|” appears twice and is translated distribution (v. 1) and ministry (v. 4). The context discloses that the seven men are servants on behalf of Christ, that is, deacons, who help the needy. In later years Paul delineates the role of the deacon 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8-54.3.13|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:8 13) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But in Acts, both Stephen and Philip preach. In fact, Philip is called the evangelist (21:8). Both perform miracles (6:8; 8:6), and Philip even baptizes an Ethiopian (8:38). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Does the work of a deacon differ from that of teachers and preachers of the gospel? Certainly. Apart from the preaching and the healing ministry of Stephen and Philip, the fundamental reason for the appointment of these seven men is to alleviate the needs of the poor. In Acts, the men provide the Greek-speaking widows with the necessities of life and by doing so take this responsibility out of the apostles hands. In turn, the apostles devote themselves completely to the task of praying and preaching. The primary responsibility of the deacon, then, is to serve the poor on behalf of Christ. Because Paul mentions elders and deacons in the church at Philippi 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1-54.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ) and instructs Timothy about overseers and deacons 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1-54.3.13|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:1 13) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.0|AUTODETECT|” ), we know that the church at large recognizes the two offices of elder and deacon. Church fathers of the first and second centuries verify the existence of these offices and even refer to the seven men of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.0|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 as deacons. In the history of the church, the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 deacon) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 has been variously interpreted. A study of this nature, however, belongs to disciplines other than exegesis. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 2. Stephen s Arrest) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 6:8 15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 8 Now Stephen, full of grace and power, kept on doing great wonders and signs among the people. 9 Some who opposed him were members of the so-called Synagogue of the Freedmen they were Jews from Cyrene and Alexandria, and from Cilicia and Asia. These men, argued with Stephen, 10 but they were unable to stand up to his wisdom and the Spirit with which he spoke. 11 Then they secretly instigated men to say: We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses and against God. 12 They stirred up the people, the elders, and the scribes. Having apprehended Stephen, they dragged him away and brought him before the Sanhedrin. 13 They presented false witnesses who said, This man does not stop speaking things against this holy place and against the law. 14 We have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will break down this place and will change the customs which Moses has handed down to us. 15 When all those seated in the Sanhedrin were looking at him attentively, they noticed that his face was as the face of an angel. ) As is characteristic of his account, Luke enumerates incidents that bear the qualification ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 first) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . In chapters 6 and 7, he features the brief ministry of the first martyr, Stephen. As the church continues to develop among the Greek-speaking Jews, the first Hellenist preacher is Stephen. Although it is brief, Stephen s ministry is a prelude to that of Paul, who in a sense assumed the work cut short by Stephen s death. Stephen enters a local synagogue of Greek-speaking Jews and meets opposition. After his conversion and return to Jerusalem, Paul also debated with Greek-speaking Jews who tried to kill him (9:29). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 a. Opposition) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 6:8 10) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 8. Now Stephen, full of grace and power, kept on doing great wonders and signs among the people.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 We know virtually nothing about the personal history of Stephen, except that he was a Hellenist, a Jew who became a Christian. Luke describes him as a man of faith and full of the Holy Spirit. Stephen was known for his wisdom and in view of his address before the Sanhedrin he appears to be an educated person. Presumably he attended schools of the Jewish theologians in Jerusalem and Alexandria.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref13 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn13” 13) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Stephen is a man full of grace and power. With the words ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 grace) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 power,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Luke links Stephen s work of mercy, healing, teaching, and preaching to that of the apostles. In an earlier context, Luke writes that the apostles continued to proclaim Jesus resurrection with great power, and that they experienced much grace (4:33). God, then, blesses Stephen s work to the same degree as he has blessed the deeds of the apostles. To be precise, Luke seldom qualifies the miracles and wonders performed by the apostles. But in the case of Stephen, he discloses that the wonders and signs are great. In the Greek, the tense indicates that Stephen kept on doing them.

Whether he already performed miracles before the apostles ordained him is not clear, but it is probable. We infer that the great wonders and signs describe Stephen s healing ministry. Especially because of these miracles, he was a blessing to the people. And yet, his own countrymen soon afterward killed him. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 9. Some who opposed him were members of the so-called Synagogue of the Freedmen they were Jews from Cyrene and Alexandria, and from Cilicia and Asia. These men argued with Stephen, 10. but they were unable to stand up to his wisdom and the Spirit with which he spoke.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 3 3 8 0 0 Opposition comes not because of the miracles but because of Stephen s preaching. Luke says nothing about Stephen s diaconal task, but stresses his healing ministry and his debates with Greek-speaking Jews. He appears to indicate that this talented man served God in other capacities besides serving at the tables. Stephen went to the local synagogue of his compatriots. ) We make the following observations: ) a. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Synagogue.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The opposition Stephen faced came from members of the so-called Synagogue of the Freedmen. The term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 freedmen) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 relates to a group of Jewish prisoners of war whom the Romans under the command of Pompey captured in 63 b.c. In subsequent years these prisoners were released and built a colony along the Tiber River in Rome. Later, their descendants were expelled from Rome and many of them presumably found refuge in Jerusalem, where they built a synagogue.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref14 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn14” 14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Scholars are divided on the veracity of a Greek inscription, referring to this synagogue, unearthed in 1913 14 in Jerusalem.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref15 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn15” 15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Furthermore, scholars disagree on the interpretation of the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Synagogue of the Freedmen) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . Does Luke imply that the Freedmen had one synagogue, as did the other individual groups from Cyrene, Alexandria, Cilicia, and Asia? By this count, there would have been five different synagogues.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref16 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn16” 16) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Conversely, the Greek text indicates a division between the Jews from Cyrene and Alexandria (two cities in Libya and Egypt respectively) and from Cilicia and Asia (two provinces in Asia Minor). This means that there were two synagogues (the Freedmen, Cyrenians, and Alexandrians in one group and the Cilicians and Asians in the other).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref17 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn17” 17) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� This later interpretation is commendable because of the support from the Greek text. Also, the geographic, cultural, and even linguistic differences between Jews from North Africa (Cyrene, Alexandria) and from Asia Minor (Cilicia, Asia) were too great to have them agree to one meeting place. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Cities and provinces.) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.32|AUTODETECT|” The Hellenistic Jews came from various places in the Roman empire. Cyrene was the capital of the North African province of Cyrenaica (modern Libya). A seaport located in a rich agricultural area of grain and livestock, Cyrene served as a crossroads of traffic from sea and land and became known as a trade center. It developed as a Greek colony with a substantial Jewish population. From the New Testament we learn that many of these Jews became residents of Jerusalem 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.32|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:32) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.21|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:21) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.26|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:26) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref18 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn18” 18) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Alexandria was the capital of ancient Egypt and next to Rome the most important administrative center of the Mediterranean world. It had renowned cultural and literary attractions centered in a museum, library, and schools. Here thousands of Jews bad settled in the course of the centuries; many of them assumed leading positions in the army and civil government. The Alexandrian Jews spoke Greek, so that eventually they needed a Greek translation of the Old Testament Scripture (the Septuagint).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref19 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn19” 19) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Both Cilicia and Asia were Roman provinces in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), where Greek was spoken. Cilicia was located along the Mediterranean coast in the southeastern part of Asia Minor. It included Tarsus, the birthplace of Paul, among its cities. Here a considerable number of Jewish people resided, some of whom became members of Christian churches (15:41). The province of Asia, bordering the western coast of Asia Minor, had Ephesus as a leading city. The area had numerous Jewish settlements and in many places churches were founded (e.g., the seven churches of Asia [) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ]). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 c. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Debate.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 These men argued with Stephen. Even if Luke portrays Stephen as a forerunner of Paul, he gives no indication that Paul was present among the Greek-speaking Jews from Cilicia who argued with Stephen. It is possible that Paul attended the worship services in the Synagogue of the Freedmen. Further, he was present when the Jews hurled stories at Stephen and killed him (7:58). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.15|AUTODETECT|” These Jews from many places in the dispersion were unable to stand up against Stephen. Certainly they did not argue about the healing miracles and the support of the local people. They were the figurative guards on the walls of Zion and were vigilant in their defense of the law of Moses, the temple, and religious observances; therefore they debated with Stephen points of doctrine and matters of worship. Luke merely states that Stephen spoke with wisdom and the Spirit. This is sufficient for the present, for in chapter 7 Luke relates the content of Stephen s speech. Luke repeats the apostolic requirement for the seven men appointed to office: men who are full of the Spirit and wisdom (v. 3). Stephen realized the fulfillment of Jesus promise to give his followers words of wisdom so that none of their opponents would be able to refute them 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 21:15) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.20|AUTODETECT|” ; compare ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:20) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Notice also that the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 wisdom) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs only four times in Acts, twice in connection with Stephen (vv. 3, 10) and twice in his speech before the Sanhedrin (7:10, 22). With the Spirit of God and wisdom from above, Stephen was capable of debating his opponents in the Jewish synagogues. And filled with the Spirit he was able to rebut the arguments leveled against him and his interpretation of the Scriptures. If the Greek-speaking Jews had realized that they were opposing the Holy Spirit, they would have known that they were fighting a battle they could not win. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 6:8 11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 8) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 ����� the imperfect denotes continued action. This is not an inceptive imperfect, he began to do, but a progressive imperfect, he kept on doing. ) ������ this adjective with the nouns ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 wonders) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 signs) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 appears only here. It is not used to describe the miracles Jesus or the apostles performed. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 9) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 ��� ��������� the so-called. The noun ���������� (Freedmen) is followed by the conjunction ���, which in context means that is. ) ��� this definite article occurs twice in the sentence. A. T. Robertson comments, The use of ��� twice divides the synagogues into two groups (men from Cilicia and Asia on the one hand, men from Alexandria, Cyrene and Libertines (?) on the other). ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref20 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn20” 20) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verses 10 11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 The Western text has a number of additions to these two verses. Here is the translation with the expansion in italics: ) Who could not withstand the wisdom ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 that was in him) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and the ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 holy) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Spirit with which he spoke, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 because they were confuted by him with, all boldness. Being unable therefore to confront the truth,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 .& ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref21 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn21” 21) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 b. Arrest and Testimony) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 6:11 15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Satan opposes God s people by either deceit or violence. He employs both methods in the case of Stephen. First he brings false testimony against Stephen before the Sanhedrin and afterward he instigates the people to stone him to death. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 11. Then they secretly instigated men to say: We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses and against God. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Who are these insidious people who instigate men to give false testimony? Stephen s opponents are Hellenists who have come from the dispersion; perhaps they are trying to overcome what they perceive to be the stigma of Greek culture and, by extension, liberalism. In Jerusalem, they want to prove their allegiance to Jewish law and custom. Thus, they consider suspect anyone who deviates from strict rules and regulations. Why these zealots hire false witnesses (see v. 13) instead of stating their own objections to Stephen s words is not clear. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.59-40.26.66|AUTODETECT|” Stephen is a true disciple of Jesus Christ. Facing false accusations, Stephen is not above his Master, who also had to listen to charges brought against him by false witnesses 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.59-40.26.66|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:59 66) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.16|AUTODETECT|” and parallel passages). The charge against Stephen is twofold: We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses and against God. This is a serious matter, for the penalty for anyone who blasphemes the name of God is death by stoning 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.24.16|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 24:16) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.33|AUTODETECT|” ; compare ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.33|AUTODETECT|” John 10:33) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Moses) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 refers to the five books of Moses, that is, the Law. Accusations about disloyalty to the law and blaspheming God s name are effective in stirring up the people of Jerusalem. Despite all the healings performed by Stephen, the people are fickle enough to believe the false accusations and turn against him. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 12. They stirred up the people, the elders, and the scribes. Having apprehended Stephen, they dragged him away and brought him before the Sanhedrin.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 The instigators are successful in winning the support of the people, the elders of Israel, and the learned scribes. We assume that Stephen taught that believers can worship anywhere because God does not dwell in houses men have built (see 7:48 49). For the zealous Jew, this assertion is tantamount to blasphemy. With the crowds stirred up, the civil authorities (the elders) and teachers of the law (scribes) see an opportunity to bring Stephen to trial. Undoubtedly, many of these leaders are members of the Sanhedrin. ) The people no longer favor Stephen, so the members of the Sanhedrin have no fear of an uprising. Stephen is apprehended, perhaps by the captain of the temple guard and his officers, and is brought before the Sanhedrin. This is the third time that Israel s supreme court brings followers of Jesus to trial; first Peter and John, then the twelve apostles, and now Stephen. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 13. They presented false witnesses who said, This man does not stop speaking things against this holy place and against the law. 14. We have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will break down this place and will change the customs which Moses has handed down to us. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.17.6-5.17.7|AUTODETECT|” Luke presents his account in telescoped style. We must understand that the Sanhedrin needs some time for scheduling a court trial for Stephen. Also, the Hellenists need time to coach false witnesses to bring accusations that touch the heart of Israel s religion: the holy place and the law (compare 21:28). According to the law of Moses, any accusation against an individual must be supported by the combined testimony of two or three witnesses 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.17.6-5.17.7|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 17:6 7) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.60-40.26.61|AUTODETECT|” ). Therefore, at Jesus trial false witnesses could not agree and were dismissed until two of them came forward and said that Jesus claimed that he would destroy the temple and rebuild it within three days 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.60-40.26.61|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:60 61) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.40|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.40|AUTODETECT|” 27:40) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ; see also ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.19|AUTODETECT|” John 2:19) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The witnesses at Stephen s trial come with a trumped-up accusation that Stephen never stops speaking words against the law of Moses and against the temple with everything it embodies. The phrase this man does not stop speaking is an obvious exaggeration, for Stephen proclaims the Good News and accompanies it with great miracles. The witnesses, however, portray him as a revolutionary who subverts the Jewish religion. The emphatic this place refers to the temple and its services and not to the entire city of Jerusalem. The meeting place of the Sanhedrin may have been situated on the Temple Mount on the western side of the enclosing wall. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref22 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn22” 22) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.17|AUTODETECT|” �� And the charge that Stephen speaks against the Law (the Old Testament Scriptures) appears to be an overstatement. Jesus himself taught that he did not come to abolish the Law and the Prophets, but to fulfill them 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:17) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The witnesses use the same accusation against Stephen that Jesus heard during his trial and at his crucifixion. They testify that they heard Stephen say that this Jesus of Nazareth would destroy the temple and change Jewish customs that reportedly originated with Moses. First, notice that the witnesses use the pronoun ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 this) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.19|AUTODETECT|” before the name Jesus of Nazareth to express their disdain for Jesus. Next, they rely on hearsay concerning Jesus words. If they refer to Jesus challenge which he gave his opponents to break down the temple, they obviously misunderstood him. Jesus spoke about his body and added that he would rise from the grave within three days 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.19|AUTODETECT|” John 2:19) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). However, Stephen s accusers distort the words of Jesus and their meaning. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.2|AUTODETECT|” In one of his discourses, Jesus predicted the overthrow of Jerusalem and its temple 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.2|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:2) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.43-42.19.44|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.19.43-42.19.44|AUTODETECT|” Luke 19:43 44) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but he spoke prophetically about the destruction of Jerusalem which occurred in a.d. 70. It is difficult to ascertain if Stephen s accusers are referring to Jesus discourse on the last things. In that discourse Jesus merely predicts the downfall of Jerusalem. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.6|AUTODETECT|” The next accusation is that Jesus spoke against the customs Moses had handed down. The witnesses utter generalities but fail to give details. Apparently, a mere reference to changing Jewish customs is sufficient evidence to label someone a lawbreaker. Jesus opposed traditions that nullified the clear teachings of Scripture 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.6|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 15:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.21-43.4.24|AUTODETECT|” ), but he always taught the fulfillment of God s Word. Jesus revealed to the Samaritan woman that in the messianic era true worshipers did not have to go to the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim or to the temple in Jerusalem. True believers worship the Father anywhere in spirit and truth 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.21-43.4.24|AUTODETECT|” John 4:21 24) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). We expect that Stephen, too, proclaimed this good news to the people of Jerusalem to set them free from cumbersome customs and traditions (refer to 21:21). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 15. When all those seated in the Sanhedrin were looking at him attentively, they noticed that his face was as the face of an angel.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 To stand in the semicircle and face the members of the Sanhedrin seated in elevated rows would intimidate any person on trial. Not so Peter, who in his two appearances before the Sanhedrin was filled with the Holy Spirit, spoke boldly in his own defense, and in fact was in control of the entire situation (4:8 12; 5:29 32). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.34.29-2.34.30|AUTODETECT|” Now Stephen takes the stand and, as everyone who is seated in the assembly looks at him intently, a divine glow seems to envelop him. Luke writes that Stephen s face was as the face of an angel. We infer that Luke received a detailed eyewitness report from Paul, who in his address to the Jerusalem crowd freely admits his part in Stephen s death (22:20). Paul, then, was one of those who observed the transformation of Stephen s facial features. Yet in spite of the supernatural glow 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.34.29-2.34.30|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 34:29 30) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the members of the Sanhedrin are unwilling to listen to the appeal of Christ s gospel. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 6:11 15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 Q������� the compound verb consisting of Q�� (under) and ����� (I throw) has a sinister meaning: to instigate with evil motive. ) �������� the perfect active from ���� (I hear) is the perfect of frequent action (see v. 14). The verb governs the genitive case to denote the act of hearing. By contrast, the accusative case denotes the act of understanding.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref23 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn23” 23) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.10|AUTODETECT|” �0� remote meaning of this preposition is against. See this meaning also in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:10) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.18|AUTODETECT|” 15:18) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 ��������� he will destroy. Note the future tense in this verb and in ������ (he will change). This indirect statement is meant to report the actual spoken words of Jesus. According to their own beliefs, the accusers should have nothing to fear: Jesus had died and had not risen from the dead. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 ������ � ���� �P��� standing in their midst. The Western text adds this phrase as an explanatory comment. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 The Greek-speaking Jewish Christians in Jerusalem voice their complaints against the Aramaic-speaking believers, because in the daily distribution of food the widows of the first-mentioned group suffer neglect. The apostles call the believers to a congregational meeting and suggest a division of labors: seven men who are full of the Spirit and wisdom should take care of the physical needs of the poor, and the apostles, by devoting themselves to prayer and preaching, should fulfill the spiritual needs of the people. Seven men are elected and appointed. As a result, the church continues to expand; even many of the priests join the church. ) One of the seven men is Stephen, who in addition to his new responsibility performs great miracles among the people and enters the Synagogue of the Freedmen to preach God s Word. Greek-speaking Jews from North Africa (including Egypt) and Asia Minor listen to him but are unable to oppose him. However, they manage to stir up the crowd to react adversely toward Stephen, who is arrested to stand trial before the Sanhedrin.

False witnesses bring charges against him by saying that Stephen has spoken blasphemous words against the Law and God. As Stephen faces the members of the Sanhedrin his face shines like that of an angel. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn1 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1” 1 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Josephus ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 War) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 2.14.3 [280]; Joachim Jeremias, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1969), p. 84. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn2 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref2” 2 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 William S. LaSor, Jerusalem, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ISBE) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 2, p. 1014. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn3 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref3” 3 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Representative literature on this point includes H. J. Cadbury, The Hellenists, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Beginnings) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 5, pp. 59 74; E. C. Blackman, The Hellenists of Acts vi. 1, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ExpT) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 48 (1937): 524 25; C. F. D. Moule, Once More, Who Were the Hellenists, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ExpT) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 70 (1959): 100 102. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn4 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref4” 4 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.1|AUTODETECT|” In his Gospel, the term occurs six times 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.1|AUTODETECT|” 9:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.31|AUTODETECT|” 18:31) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.3|AUTODETECT|” 22:3) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.47|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.47|AUTODETECT|” 47) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn5 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref5” 5 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Kirsopp Lake, The Communism of Acts ii and iv vi and the Appointment of the Seven, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Beginnings) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 5, pp. 148 49. And see SB, vol. 2, pp. 641 47. Other interpretations for the expression ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 table) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 are the table of the moneychanger and the Lord s table. But these two meanings do not fit the context. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn6 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref6” 6 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Bauer, p. 105. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn7 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref7” 7 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Henry Alford, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Alford s Greek Testament: An Exegetical and Critical Commentary) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , 7th ed., 4 vols. (1877; Grand Rapids: Guardian, 1976), vol. 2, p. 63. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn8 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref8” 8 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult F. F. Bruce, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Book of the Acts) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , rev. ed., New International Commentary on the New Testament series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988), p. 121. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn9 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref9” 9 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Ibid. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn10 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref10” 10 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.16|AUTODETECT|” In addition to commissioning services, the practice in the New Testament also relates to the blessing of children 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.10.16|AUTODETECT|” Mark 10:16) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.41|AUTODETECT|” ), healing 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.41|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:41) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.8|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:8) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ), receiving the Holy Spirit 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8:17) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.6|AUTODETECT|” 19:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ), and spiritual gifts 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.14|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 4:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.6|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn11 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref11” 11 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 See also 4:4; 5:14; 6:1; 9:31; 12:24; 16:5; 19:20; 28:31. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn12 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref12” 12 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Josephus ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Against Apion) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=15.2.36-15.2.39|AUTODETECT|” 2.8 [108] (LCL). Also compare ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=15.2.36-15.2.39|AUTODETECT|” Ezra 2:36 39) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=16.7.39-16.7.42|AUTODETECT|” and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=16.7.39-16.7.42|AUTODETECT|” Neh. 7:39 42) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , which list 4,289 priests returning after the exile. In the centuries following the return, this number increased substantially. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn13 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref13” 13 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Richard B. Rackham, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Acts of the Apostles: An Exposition) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , Westminster Commentaries series (1901; reprint ed., Grand Rapids: Baker, 1964), p. 88. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn14 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref14” 14 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Tacitus ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Annals) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 2.85; Josephus ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Antiquities) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 18.3.5 [83]. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn15 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref15” 15 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Hermann Strathmann, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 TDNT) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 3, p. 265. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn16 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref16” 16 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Emil Sch�rer, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 b.c. a.d. 135)) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , rev. and ed. Geza Vermes and Fergus Millar, 3 vols. (Edinburgh: Clark, 1973 87), vol. 2, p. 428. And see SB, vol. 2, pp. 661 65. Rabbinic literature mentions the synagogue of the Alexandrians. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn17 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref17” 17 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 I. Howard Marshall, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction and Commentary) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , Tyndale New Testament Commentary series (Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), p. 129. But Alford puts the Freedmen separately and sees three distinct synagogues. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Alford s Greek Testament) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 2, p. 65. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn18 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref18” 18 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 William S. LaSor, Cyrene, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ISBE) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 1, pp. 844 45. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn19 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref19” 19 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult E. M. Blaiklock, Alexandria, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ZPEB) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 1, pp. 100 103. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn20 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref20” 20 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 A. T. Robertson, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 788. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn21 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref21” 21 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Bruce M. Metzger, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Textual Commentary on the Greek of the New Testament) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , 3d corrected ed. (London and New York: United Bible Societies, 1975), p. 340. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn22 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref22” 22 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Metzger, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Textual Commentary) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 341. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn23 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref23” 23 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Robertson, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Grammar) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 506. See the extensive discussion in the ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 9:7.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 )