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Psalms 62:3 — Word Study

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WLCעַד־ אָ֤נָה׀ תְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּ עַל אִישׁ֮ תְּרָצְּח֪וּ כֻ֫לְּכֶ֥ם כְּקִ֥יר נָט֑וּי גָּ֝דֵ֗ר הַדְּחוּיָֽה׃

BSAsurelyʼak he/she/ithûwʼ rocktsûwr salvationyᵉshûwʻâh high refugemisgâb notlôʼ to shakemôwṭ manyrab

Word
Listen & take awayPsalms 62
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 3 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ha.de.chu.Yah) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Psalms 62:3quick helps
In a sentenceThe psalmist questions how long he will be threatened and compares his vulnerability to a leaning wall or tottering fence.
Who is speakingThe psalmist, expressing his distress and vulnerability.
Where we areIn a lament, the psalmist reflects on his struggles against those who seek to harm him.
The hard wordתְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּ, te.ho.Tu
Take awayThe imagery highlights the fragility of human life and the threat of violence.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbצוּר The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 11 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Psalms 62:3

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — A Lament of Trustgenerated

2He alone is my rock and my salvation. He is my fortress; I will never be shaken.
3How long will you threaten a man? Will all of you throw him down like a leaning wall or a tottering fence?
4They fully intend to cast him down from his lofty perch; they delight in lies; with their mouths they bless, but inwardly they curse. Selah
5Rest in God alone, O my soul, for my hope comes from Him.

Psalm 62:3 expresses the psalmist's anguish as he faces threats from those around him. He feels as if he is being targeted, compared to a wall that is leaning or a fence that is tottering. This imagery conveys his sense of vulnerability and the precariousness of his situation, as he seeks refuge in God amidst these trials.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 4:2How long, O men, will my honor be maligned? How long will you love vanity and seek after lies ? Selah
2Psalm 82:2“How long will you judge unjustly and show partiality to the wicked? Selah
3Exodus 10:3So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and told him, “This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before Me? Let My people go, so that they may worship Me.
4Exodus 16:28Then the LORD said to Moses, “How long will you refuse to keep My commandments and instructions?
5Proverbs 1:22“How long, O simple ones, will you love your simple ways? How long will scoffers delight in their scorn and fools hate knowledge?

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 15 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word תְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּ, te.ho.Tugenerated

The verb תְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּ (te.ho.Tu) is a Piel form, indicating an action that involves plotting or imagining harm against someone. It highlights the intention behind the threats faced by the psalmist, emphasizing a deliberate act of aggression.

This verb is used only once in the Hebrew Bible, underscoring the uniqueness of the psalmist's plight. The Piel form suggests a more intensive action, which in this context refers to the plotting of evil against him.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb governing the verse is תְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּ, will you attack, which is followed by a series of phrases that describe the subject and the comparisons made. The structure emphasizes the psalmist's questioning tone and the imagery of vulnerability.

The phrase כְּקִ֥יר נָט֑וּי (like a leaning wall) serves as a simile, enhancing the emotional weight of the psalmist's lament. The order of the Hebrew words places emphasis on the threats he faces.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates תְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּ as θεός (theos), which shifts the focus from the act of plotting to a more general sense of divine oversight. This choice may imply a broader interpretation of the psalmist's situation.

The use of αὐτὸς (autos) in the LXX suggests a direct address to God, indicating the psalmist's reliance on divine protection amidst human threats.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Psalm 62:3 expresses the psalmist's feelings of being threatened by others. He compares himself to a wall that is leaning or a fence that is tottering, illustrating his vulnerability. This imagery highlights the dangers he faces and his plea for understanding.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does the psalmist mean by comparing himself to a leaning wall?

The psalmist uses this metaphor to express his fragility and the constant threat he feels from those around him.

Why does the psalmist question how long he will be threatened?

This reflects his deep distress and desire for relief from the ongoing threats he faces.

What is the significance of the imagery of a tottering fence?

A tottering fence suggests instability and vulnerability, highlighting the precariousness of the psalmist's situation.

How does this verse relate to the overall theme of trust in God?

The psalmist's lament underscores the need for trust in God as a refuge amidst the threats and challenges he faces.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways do I feel vulnerable or threatened in my own life?
  2. How can I find strength and refuge in God when facing challenges?
  3. What does it mean to trust in God during times of distress?
  4. How can I support others who may feel like they are in a precarious situation?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Augustine of Hippo comments on this verse, reflecting on the psalmist's reliance on God as a refuge amidst threats.

Augustine of HippoExposition on Psalms 62 354–430
Therefore, down from the higher place fortified and protected, he, to whom the Lord has been made a refuge, he, to whom is God Himself for a fortified place, has regard to those whom he has leaped over,
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 62 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Psalms 62:3 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

How long will ye imagine mischief against a man?.... Against a good man, as the Targum; or against any Israelite, as Kimchi; or rather he means himself, a single man, a weak man, and an innocent one;

Read John Gill on Psalms 62 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? ye shall be slain all of you: as a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering fence. How long will ye imagine mischief against a man?

Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 62 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Ye, mine enemies, to whom now he turneth his speech. Against a man, i.e. against me, a man like yourselves, whom common humanity obligeth you to pity; a single man, who is no fit match for you; a poor, contemptible, miserable, and impotent creature, as the word man is oft used, as 82:7, &c., a dead dog, or a flea, or a partridge, as upon the same account he calleth himself, 26:20, whom you cannot thus pursue without reflecting disparagement upon yourselves, as he there saith. Ye shall be slain all of you; the mischief which you design for me shall fall upon your own heads. And accordingly Saul and the generality of these men were slain, 1 Samuel 31. As a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a…

Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 62 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Psalms 62:3 How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? ye shall be slain all of you: as a bowing wall [shall ye be, and as] a tottering fence.Ver. 3. How long will ye imagine mischief against a man?] What though I am but a man, and in your eyes a mean despicable creature; yet know ye, that the Lord hath set apart him that is godly for himself, Psalms 4:3, where David bespeaketh his enemies with like sharpness as here for their malice and madness against him. The Hebrew word rendered imagine is found only here: the Septuagint and Vulgate Latin render it, How long will ye rush against a man? επιτιθεσθε, Irruitis. Austin, Quosque apponitis super hominem? sc. onera et opprobria, How long…

Read John Trapp on Psalms 62 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(3) Imagine mischief.—This is the Rabbinical rendering of a word that occurs only here. The LXX. have “fall upon”; Vulg., “rush upon,” a meaning supported by an Arabic root meaning to storm or assault, and is so far preferable to Aquila’s and Jerome’s “plot against,” and Symmachus’ “labour in vain,” or Syriac, “act foolishly.” Ye shall be slain.—The reading varies, the Tiberian school reading the verb passive, the Babylonian, active. The latter is supported by the ancient versions. The primary meaning is given to break, and we get: How long will ye assault a man? (How long) will ye try to break him down, As if he were a bowing wall, a tottering fence. The metaphor of the falling wall is…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 62 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 3. How long will ye imagine mischief] The original word, תהותתו tehothethu, has been translated variously; rush upon, rage against, stir yourselves up, thrust against: the root is התת hathath or התה hathah, to rush violently upon, to assault. It points out the disorderly riotous manner in which this rebellion was conducted. As a bowing wall - a tottering fence.] Ye are just ready to fall upon others, and destroy them; and in that fall yourselves shall be destroyed: "Ye shall be slain the whole of you."

Read AdamClarke on Psalms 62 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

3. How long] For the indignant remonstrance cp. Psalms 4:2, noting also the connexion of that verse with Psalms 62:4; Psalms 62:7; Psalms 62:9 of this Psalm. God is on his side; they cannot harm him; how long will they persist in the futile attempt? will ye imagine mischief against a man?] This rendering, adopted from Jewish authorities by the scholars upon whom Coverdale largely relied, and passing on from him to the later versions, rests upon an impossible derivation. Render with R.V., following LXX and Vulg., will ye set upon a man. The corresponding Arabic word is said to be still used in Damascus in the sense of ‘to intimidate,’ ‘to threaten with violence.’ ye shall be slain] This is…

Read Cambridge on Psalms 62 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? - The original word here rendered “imagine mischief,” from התת hâthath, occurs only in this place.

Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 62 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

How long will you threaten a man? Will all of you throw him down like a leaning wall or a tottering fence?

WEBWorld English Bible2000

How long will you assault a man? Would all of you throw him down, like a leaning wall, like a tottering fence?

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

How long will you threaten a man? Will all of you throw him down like a leaning wall or a tottering fence?

NETBNew English Translation2006

How long will you threaten a man? All of you are murderers, as dangerous as a leaning wall or an unstable fence.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? ye shall be slain all of you: as a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering fence.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

How long will ye set upon a man, That ye may slay him, all of you, Like a leaning wall, like a tottering fence?

RVARevised Version, American1894

How long will ye set upon a man, that ye may slay him, all of you, like a bowing wall, like a tottering fence?

NWBWebster's Bible1833

How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? ye shall be slain all of you: as a bowing wall shall ye be , and as a tottering fence.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

How long wil ye imagine mischiefe against a man? ye shalbe all slaine: ye shalbe as a bowed wall, or as a wall shaken.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

How long will ye assail a man; will ye [seek], all of you, to break him down as a bowing wall or a tottering fence?

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Till when do ye devise mischief against a man? Ye are destroyed all of you, As a wall inclined, a hedge that is cast down.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Until when do you devise mischief against a man? All of you are destroyed, || As a wall inclined, a hedge that is cast down.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

(62:4) How long will ye devise mischief against a man? will ye all assault him murderously, as though he were a falling wall, a tottering fence?

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

How long, all of you, will you attack a man, that you may tip him over like a leaning wall or a shaky fence?

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

In a desert land, and where there is no way, and no water: so in the sanctuary have I come before thee, to see thy power and thy glory.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

How long are you going to attack me? All of you against one man! To you I'm just a broken wall, a collapsed fence.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

How long will you go on designing evil against a man? running against him as against a broken wall, which is on the point of falling?

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַדuntilאָ֤נָהwhen?verbתְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּwill.you.attackprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַלonאִישׁ֮a.personclauseverbתְּרָצְּח֪וּyou.will.be.murderednoun phrase · subjectכֻ֫לְּof.youכֶ֥םallprepositional phrase · prepositionalכְּlikenoun phrasenoun phraseקִ֥ירa.wallנָט֑וּיbent.downnoun phraseגָּ֝דֵ֗רa.wallnoun phraseהַ(the).pushedדְּחוּיָֽהdown

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text of Psalm 62:3 shows consistency in its wording. The Septuagint aligns with the MT in meaning, though it presents a different structure and choice of words, indicating a translation that sought to convey the essence of the original Hebrew.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

עַד־ אָ֤נָה׀ תְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּ עַל אִישׁ֮ תְּרָצְּח֪וּ כֻ֫לְּכֶ֥ם כְּקִ֥יר נָט֑וּי גָּ֝דֵ֗ר הַדְּחוּיָֽה׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
אָ֤נָה׀αὐτὸςתְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּθεόςעַלμουאִישׁ֮καὶתְּרָצְּח֪וּσωτήρכֻ֫לְּכֶ֥םἀντιλήμπτωρכְּקִ֥ירοὐנָט֑וּיσαλευθῶ

8 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Psalms 62:3עַדuntiluntilעַדאָןwhen?when?אָןהוּתwill you atwill you attackהוּתעַלononעַלאִישׁa persona personאִישׁרָצַחyou will beyou will be murרָצַחכֹּלall of youall of youכֹּלקִירlike a walllike a wallקִירנָטָהbent downbent downנָטָהגָּדֵרa fencea fenceגָּדֵרדָּחָהpushed downpushed downדָּחָהגָּדַרto wall upto wall up/offגָּדַראַ֫יִןwhere?where?אַ֫יִןכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלקוּרto digto digקוּרעַדperpetuityperpetuityעַדעַלheightheightעַלאֱנוֹשׁhumanhumanאֱנוֹשׁאִשָּׁהwomanwomanאִשָּׁהמָתַיhowhowמָתַיעֶ֫רֶבeveningeveningעֶ֫רֶבדּוֹדbelovedbelovedדּוֹדכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּארֵעַneighborneighborרֵעַמִקְלָטrefugerefugeמִקְלָטנוּסto fleeto fleeנוּסעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָה
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Psalms 62:3

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
עַד־'ad- until H5704 Preposition
1,261× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means until or as far as, describing a point in time or space. It's used in the Bible to set boundaries or limits, like in Exodus when describing the Israelites' journey.
Tyndale gloss
till
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while

prep.

of space

Of time

Of degree

conj.

until

While

Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus

of space

Of time

Of degree

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

. conj. . until

. While

. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5704 `ad ad

properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or

conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,

or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,

while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,

at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),

(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,

till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.

see HEBREW for 05703

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַד (ad) — till.

prep

1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as

1a) of space

1a1) as far as, up to, even to

1b) in combination

1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)

1c) of time

1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end

1d) of degree

1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like

conj

2) until, while, to the point that, so that even

Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR — Preposition
HR
until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
אָ֤נָה׀'A.nah when? H575 Particle
41× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'where' is used to ask about location or direction, like in Genesis 3:9 and Exodus 2:13. It can also mean 'when' or 'how long'.
Tyndale gloss
where?
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָן (an) is an adverb meaning 'where?' or 'whither?'. It can also refer to time, asking 'when?' or 'how long?'. The word is derived from a root meaning to indicate place or time, and it is used in contexts that inquire about location or duration.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָן adv. where? or whither?

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H575 אָן where? or whither?

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

575 'an awn

or manah {aw-naw'}; contracted from 370; where?; hence,

whither?, when?; also hither and thither:--+ any (no)

whither, now, where, whither(-soever).

see HEBREW for 0370

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָן (an) — where?.

1) where?, whither? (of place)

2) when?, until when?, how long? (of time)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTi — Particle
HTi
until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
תְּהֽוֹתְת֣וּte.ho.Tu will you attack H2050 Verb · Piel · imperfect second person masculine plural
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to plot or imagine mischief, describing someone who is planning harm or evil, as seen in KJV translations.
Tyndale gloss
to plot
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוּת (huth) primarily means to shout at or assail. It is derived from a root that suggests breaking in upon or overwhelming, and can also imply plotting or imagining mischief. The entries indicate a range of meanings related to aggressive vocalization or action.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[הוּת] vb. shout at

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2050 הוּת shout at

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2050 hathath' haw-thath'

a primitive root; properly, to break in upon, i.e. to

assail:--imagine mischief.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוּת (ha.tat) — to plot.

(Poel) to shout at, be frantic at, assail, break in, overwhelm, imagine mischief

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVpi2mp — Verb · Piel · imperfect second person masculine plural
HVpi2mp
until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
עַל'al on H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

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Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR — Preposition
HR
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

On

Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See HELIOPOLIS.

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

pain; force; iniquity

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
אִישׁ֮'ish a person H376 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
1,664× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for man, referring to a male person or individual, is used in the Bible to describe humans in contrast to God or animals, as seen in Genesis and Psalms. It can also mean husband or servant. In the KJV, it is translated as man or male.
Tyndale gloss
man
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אִישׁ (iysh) means 'man' and can refer to an individual male, a husband, or a human being in general. It encompasses various meanings, including champion and great man, and can also imply 'whosoever' or 'each.' The word is built from a root suggesting existence and is used throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אִישׁ 2166 n.m. man (= vir)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H376 אִישׁ man (= vir)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

376 'iysh eesh

contracted for 582 (or perhaps rather from an unused root

meaning to be extant); a man as an individual or a male

person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and

in such cases frequently not expressed in

translation):--also, another, any (man), a certain, +

champion, consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-,

husband-)man, (good-, great, mighty) man, he, high (degree),

him (that is), husband, man(-kind), + none, one, people,

person, + steward, what (man) soever, whoso(-ever), worthy.

Compare 802.

see HEBREW for 0582

see HEBREW for 0802

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אִישׁ (ish) — man.

: man

1) man

1a) man, male (in contrast to woman, female)

1b) husband

1c) human being, person (in contrast to God)

1d) servant

1e) mankind

1f) champion

1g) great man

2) whosoever

3) each (adjective)

אִישׁ (ish) — man: husband.

: husband

1) man

1a) man, male (in contrast to woman, female)

1b) husband

1c) human being, person (in contrast to God)

1d) servant

1e) mankind

1f) champion

1g) great man

2) whosoever

3) each (adjective)

אִישׁ (ish) — man: anyone.

: anyone/someone

1) man

1a) man, male (in contrast to woman, female)

1b) husband

1c) human being, person (in contrast to God)

1d) servant

1e) mankind

1f) champion

1g) great man

2) whosoever

3) each (adjective)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
תְּרָצְּח֪וּte.ra.tze.Chu you will be murdered H7523 Verb · Piel · imperfect second person masculine plural
47× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to murder or kill someone, like Cain killing Abel in Genesis. It emphasizes the intentional act of taking a human life. This word is about premeditated killing.
Tyndale gloss
to murder
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָצַח (ratsach) is a Hebrew verb meaning to murder or slay, with nuances of premeditated and accidental killing. It appears in various forms, including Qal (to murder), Niphal (to be slain), and Piel (to intensively murder or assassinate). The entries emphasize the act of killing a human being, particularly in a malicious context.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָצַח vb. murder, slay

Qal murder, slay, with premeditation

Niph. I shall be slain

Pi. (intens.) murder, assassinate

Pu. ye murder

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7523 רָצַח murder, slay

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7523 ratsach raw-tsakh'

a primitive root; properly, to dash in pieces, i.e. kill (a

human being), especially to murder:--put to death, kill,

(man-)slay(-er), murder(-er).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָצַח (ra.tsach) — to murder.

1) to murder, slay, kill

1a)(Qal) to murder, slay

1a1) premeditated

1a2) accidental

1a3) as avenger

1a4) slayer (intentional) (participle)

1b) (Niphal) to be slain

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to murder, assassinate

1c2) murderer, assassin (participle) (subst)

1d) (Pual) to be killed

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVpi2mp — Verb · Piel · imperfect second person masculine plural
HVpi2mp
until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
כֻ֫לְּכֶ֥םkhu.le.Khem all of you H3605 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsc/Sp2mp — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp2mp
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
כְּקִ֥ירke.Kir like a wall H7023 Preposition · noun common masculine singular absolute
75× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means a wall, often referring to the walls of houses, chambers, or even the altar. It is used to describe structures built for protection or division. The KJV translates it as wall or side.
Tyndale gloss
wall
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קִיר (qir) means 'wall' and can refer to the walls of a house, chamber, or altar sides. It is derived from a root that is not clearly defined. The word appears in contexts such as Isaiah 22:5, where it is used to describe a wall.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קִיר 74 n.m. wall (√ unknown)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7023 קִיר wall (√ unknown)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7023 qiyr keer

or qir (Isa. 22:5) {keer}; or (feminine) qiyrah {kee-raw'};

from 6979; a wall (as built in a trench):--+ mason, side,

town, X very, wall.

see HEBREW for 06979

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קִיר (qir) — wall.

1) wall, side

1a) wall (of house or chamber)

1b) the sides (of the altar)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Ncmsa — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absolute
HR/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

wol.

See ARCHITECTURE; CITY; FORTIFICATION; HOUSE; JERUSALEM; VILLAGE.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Wall

Cities were surrounded by walls, as distinguished from “unwalled villages” (Ezek. 38:11; Lev. 25:29-34). They were made thick and strong (Num. 13:28; Deut. 3:5). Among the Jews walls were built of stone, some of those in the temple being of great size (1 Kings 6:7; 7:9-12; 20:30; Mark 13:1, 2). The term is used metaphorically of security and safety (Isa. 26:1; 60:18; Rev. 21:12-20). (See FENCE.)

until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
נָט֑וּיna.Tui bent down H5186 Verb · Qal · participle (passive) masculine singular
214× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To stretch or spread out, often used to describe physical movement, but also moral deflection, as seen in the story of Israel's decline in the book of Judges.
Tyndale gloss
to stretch
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נָטָה (natah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to stretch out, spread out, or extend. It encompasses a wide range of actions, including bending, inclining, and pitching a tent. The word can also imply moral deflection or turning aside. The entries suggest various applications, from physical actions to metaphorical uses, but do not indicate significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָטָה 215 vb. stretch out, spread out, extend, incline, bend

Qal

stretch out, extend, hand, rod

stretch line and plummet

= offer

Spread out, i.e. pitch, tent

Bend, turn, incline

Niph. be stretched out

Hiph.

rarely stretch out, hand

rarely spread out cloth on rock

usu. turn, incline

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5186 נָטָה stretch out, spread out, extend, incline, bend .. . stretch out, extend, hand, rod

. stretch line and plummet

. = offer

. Spread out, i.e. pitch, tent

. Bend, turn, incline

. be stretched out

. . rarely stretch out, hand

. rarely spread out cloth on rock

. usu. turn, incline

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5186 natah naw-taw'

a primitive root; to stretch or spread out; by implication,

to bend away (including moral deflection); used in a great

variety of application (as follows):--+ afternoon, apply, bow

(down, - ing), carry aside, decline, deliver, extend, go down,

be gone, incline, intend, lay, let down, offer, outstretched,

overthrown, pervert, pitch, prolong, put away, shew, spread

(out), stretch (forth, out), take (aside), turn (aside, away),

wrest, cause to yield.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָטָה (na.tah) — to stretch.

1) to stretch out, extend, spread out, pitch, turn, pervert, incline, bend, bow

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to stretch out, extend, stretch, offer

1a2) to spread out, pitch (tent)

1a3) to bend, turn, incline

1a3a) to turn aside, incline, decline, bend down

1a3b) to bend, bow

1a3c) to hold out, extend (fig.)

1b) (Niphal) to be stretched out

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to stretch out

1c2) to spread out

1c3) to turn, incline, influence, bend down, hold out, extend, thrust aside, thrust away

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVqsmsa — Verb · Qal · participle (passive) masculine singular
HVqsmsa
until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
גָּ֝דֵ֗רga.Der a fence H1447 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
12× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for wall or fence, used to describe a barrier or enclosure, is found in various Bible translations as fence, hedge, or wall.
Tyndale gloss
wall
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גָּדֵר (gader) means 'wall' and can also refer to a fence or hedge. It is derived from the root word for a circumvallation, indicating an enclosure. The entries consistently highlight its meaning as a physical barrier, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גָּדֵר n.m. wall

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1447 גָּדֵר wall

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1447 gader gaw-dare'

from 1443; a circumvallation; by implication, an

inclosure:--fence, hedge, wall.

see HEBREW for 01443

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גָּדֵר (ga.der) — wall.

fence, wall

Also means: ge.der (גֶּדֶר "wall" H1444)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

fens (batsar, mibhtsar):

Commonly used in the King James Version in the description of fortified places, as the translation of batsar, "to cut off," "to separate," "to fortify" (and forms) (De 3:5; 9:1; 28:52, etc.); mibhtsar, "fenced city," is a fortified place (Nu 32:17,36; Jos 10:20; 19:35, etc.); matsor, "fenced cities," means "bulwark," "citadel" (2Ch 8:5); metsurah, "fortification" (2Ch 11:23; 12:4; 14:6; 21:3); for "fenced" the American Standard Revised Version substitutes "fortified" in all these instances; in Da 11:15, mibhtsar is "a well-fortified city,"…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Fence

(Heb. gader), Num. 22:24 (R.V.). Fences were constructions of unmortared stones, to protect gardens, vineyards, sheepfolds, etc. From various causes they were apt to bulge out and fall (Ps. 62:3). In Ps. 80:12, R.V. (see Isa. 5:5), the psalmist says, “Why hast thou broken down her fences?” Serpents delight to lurk in the crevices of such fences (Eccl. 10:8; comp. Amos 5:19).

Nave's Topical Bible

→ General scriptures concerning So 4:12

→ Made of stone walls Nu 22:24; Ps 62:3; Pr 24:30,31; Isa 5:2; Mic 7:11

→ Hedge Ec 10:8; Isa 5:5; Na 3:17; Mt 21:33; Pr 15:19; Ho 2:6

until when? will you attack on a person you will be murdered all of you like a wall bent down a fence pushed down
הַדְּחוּיָֽה׃ha.de.chu.Yah pushed down H1760 Particle · verb qal participle (passive) feminine singular
8× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To thrust or push down means to force something or someone away, like chasing or driving something out. It can also mean to overthrow or make something unstable, as seen in its various translations.
Tyndale gloss
to thrust
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דָּחָה (dachah) means to push or thrust, with a range of meanings including to chase, drive away, or overthrow. It appears in various grammatical forms, such as Niph. where it indicates being thrust down. The entries also reference דָּחַח (dachach), which is a related form with a similar meaning.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

דָּחָה vb. push, thrust

Qal push

Niph. be thrust or cast down

Pu. they are thrust down

base

[דָּחַח] vb. only Niph. Impf. 3mpl. Je 23:12 they shall be thrust down

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1760a דָּחָה push, thrust H1760b דָּחַח only Niph. Impf. 3mpl. they shall be thrust down

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1760 dachah daw-khaw'

or dachach {Jer. 23:12) {daw-khakh'}; a primitive root; to

push down:--chase, drive away (on), overthrow, outcast, X

sore, thrust, totter.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דָּחָה (da.chah) — to thrust.

1) to push, thrust, chase, overflow, totter, sore, drive away or out, be outcast, be cast down

1a) (Qal) to push, push violently

1b) (Niphal) to be thrust, be cast down

1c) (Pual) to be thrust down

דָּחַח (da.chach) — to thrust.

(Niphal) to be thrust down

A grammatical form of da.chah (דָּחָה "to thrust" H1760A)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTd/Vqsfsa — Particle · verb qal participle (passive) feminine singular
HTd/Vqsfsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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