2 Chronicles 8:5 — Word Study
WLCוַיִּ֜בֶן אֶת־ בֵּ֤ית חוֹרוֹן֙ הָֽעֶלְי֔וֹן וְאֶת־ בֵּ֥ית חוֹר֖וֹן הַתַּחְתּ֑וֹן עָרֵ֣י מָצ֔וֹר חוֹמ֖וֹת דְּלָתַ֥יִם וּבְרִֽיחַ׃
BSAHe rebuiltbânâh▸ [restored, fortified] Upperʻelyôwn [the higher, uppermost] and Lowertachtôwn [nether] Beth-horonBêyth Chôwrôwn [house of hollowness] as fortifiedmâtsôwr [strongly defended, walled] citiesʻîyr [towns, populated areas] with wallschôwmâh [barriers, defenses] gatesdeleth [entrances, doorways] and barsbᵉrîyach [bolts, locks]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וַיִּ֜בֶן | and he built | Verb, Qal, sequential imperfect third person masculine singular |
| אֶת־ | the object marker | Particle |
| בֵּ֤ית | Beth | Noun proper |
| חוֹרוֹן֙ | Horon | Noun proper |
| הָֽעֶלְי֔וֹן | upper | Particle |
| וְאֶת־ | and the object marker | Conjunction, particle |
| בֵּ֥ית | Beth | Noun proper |
| חוֹר֖וֹן | Horon | Noun proper |
| הַתַּחְתּ֑וֹן | lower | Particle |
| עָרֵ֣י | cities of | Noun common, masculine plural construct |
| מָצ֔וֹר | fortification | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| חוֹמ֖וֹת | walls | Noun common, feminine plural absolute |
| דְּלָתַ֥יִם | doors | Noun common, feminine dual absolute |
| וּבְרִֽיחַ׃ | and bar[s] | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | He rebuilt Upper and Lower Beth-horon as fortified cities with walls, gates, and bars, |
| KJV | Also he built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the nether, fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars; |
| ASV | Also he built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the nether, fortified cities, with walls, gates, and bars; |
| YLT | And he buildeth Beth-Horon the upper, and Beth-Horon the lower — cities of defence, with walls, two-leaved doors, and bar — |
| WEB | Also he built Beth Horon the upper and Beth Horon the lower, fortified cities with walls, gates, and bars; |
| BBE | And of Beth-horon the higher and the lower, walled towns with walls and doorways and locks; |
Where they part company is מָצוֹר — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence is structured around a main verb with additional phrases providing detail about the cities and their fortifications.
6 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them ›
clause
verbבָּנָה
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — 2 Chronicles 8:5
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Building Projects of Solomongenerated
2 Chronicles 8:5 recounts Solomon's extensive building projects, including the fortification of Upper and Lower Beth-horon. These cities were strategically important and needed to be well-defended. Solomon's efforts reflect his commitment to strengthening his kingdom and ensuring the safety of its inhabitants. This verse fits within a larger narrative that highlights Solomon's achievements and the prosperity of his reign, as seen in the surrounding verses.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joshua 16:3–5 | Then it descended westward to the border of the Japhletites as far as the border of Lower Beth-horon and on to Gezer, and it ended at the Sea. |
| 2 | 1 Chronicles 7:24 | His daughter was Sheerah, who built Lower and Upper Beth-horon, as well as Uzzen-sheerah. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 2 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — בָּנָה, vai.Yi.vengenerated
The verb בָּנָה (banah) means "to build" and encompasses various forms such as rebuilding and establishing. It can refer to physical construction, like building a city or restoring a home. In this context, it indicates Solomon's active role in fortifying cities to enhance their defenses.
The parsing indicates a sequential imperfect form, meaning the action is ongoing or repeated. This suggests that Solomon was engaged in a continuous effort to strengthen his kingdom through construction.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb is יִּ֜בֶן, he built, which governs the entire sentence. The structure includes a noun phrase indicating the object of the verb, followed by additional noun phrases that specify the cities and their attributes.
The Hebrew word order places the verb at the beginning, emphasizing Solomon's active role in the construction. The subsequent phrases detail the specific cities and their fortifications, creating a clear picture of the building project.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates בָּנָה as ᾠκοδόμησεν (oikodomēsen), which means 'he built' or 'he constructed.' This choice reflects a straightforward rendering of the Hebrew verb, focusing on the act of building.
This translation does not introduce any interpretive elements, maintaining the original meaning of fortification and construction as presented in the Hebrew text.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
2 Chronicles 8:5 tells us that Solomon rebuilt Upper and Lower Beth-horon as fortified cities. These cities were strengthened with walls, gates, and bars to protect the people living there. This effort reflects Solomon's dedication to ensuring the safety and security of his kingdom.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Rebuilding these cities indicates Solomon's focus on strengthening his kingdom's defenses and improving infrastructure for his people.
Walls, gates, and bars provide protection against enemies and help maintain order within the city, ensuring the safety of its inhabitants.
The names indicate the geographical location of these cities, with Upper Beth-horon being situated at a higher elevation than Lower Beth-horon, which is important for strategic defense.
This verse highlights Solomon's achievements in building and fortifying cities, reflecting the prosperity and strength of his reign.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What are some ways we can strengthen our own communities today?
- How can we learn from Solomon's dedication to building and fortifying his kingdom?
- What role does safety and security play in our lives and communities?
- In what ways can we contribute to the well-being of those around us, similar to how Solomon fortified his cities?
Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on 2 Chronicles 8:5 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAlso he built Bethhoron the upper, and Bethhoron the nether,.... Only mention is made of the latter in 1 Kings 9:17, fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars; fortified cities in the tribe of Ephraim.
Read John Gill on 2 Chronicles 8 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd he built Tadmor in the wilderness, and all the store cities, which he built in Hamath. No JFB commentary on these verses.
Read Robert Jamieson on 2 Chronicles 8 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments2 Chronicles 8:5 Also he built Bethhoron the upper, and Bethhoron the nether, fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars;Ver. 5. Fenced cities.] To prevent and frighten an enemy.
Read John Trapp on 2 Chronicles 8 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(5) Also.—And. 1 Kings 9:17, “And Solomon built Gezer, and Beth-horon the nether.” Built—i.e., fortified, as the rest of the verse explains. (See 1 Chronicles 7:24.) He built them as (or into) fenced cities, viz., walls, doors, and bar (Micah 7:12; Deuteronomy 3:5). This description is wanting in Kings.
Read Charles John Ellicott on 2 Chronicles 8 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges5. Beth-horon the upper] Not mentioned in the parallel passage (1 Kings 9:17).
Read Cambridge on 2 Chronicles 8 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleBuilt - “Rebuilt,” or “repaired” (as in 2 Chronicles 8:2). The two Beth-borons were both ancient cities (see Joshua 10:10 note).
Read Albert Barnes on 2 Chronicles 8 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
He rebuilt Upper and Lower Beth-horon as fortified cities with walls, gates, and bars,
Also he built Beth Horon the upper and Beth Horon the lower, fortified cities with walls, gates, and bars;
He rebuilt Upper and Lower Beth-horon as fortified cities with walls, gates, and bars,
He made upper Beth Horon and lower Beth Horon fortified cities with walls and barred gates,
Tyndale line
Also he built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the nether, fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars;
Also he built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the nether, fortified cities, with walls, gates, and bars;
Also he built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the nether, fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars;
Also he built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the nether, fortified cities, with walls, gates, and bars;
And he built Beth-horon the vpper, and Beth-horon the nether, cities defensed with walles, gates and barres:
Strictly literal
And he built upper Beth-Horon and lower Beth-Horon, fortified cities, with walls, gates, and bars;
And he buildeth Beth-Horon the upper, and Beth-Horon the lower — cities of defence, with walls, two-leaved doors, and bar —
And he builds Beth-Horon the upper, and Beth-Horon the lower—cities of defense, with walls, double gates, and bar—
And he built the upper Beth-choron, and the lower Beth-choron, fortified cities, with walls, gates, and bars;
Also he built Beth Horon the Upper and Beth Horon the Lower, cities fortified with walls, gates, and bars.
From the Latin
And he built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the nether, walled cities with Rates and bars and locks.
Simplified
He rebuilt Upper and Lower Beth-horon, fortified cities with walls and barred gates,
And of Beth-horon the higher and the lower, walled towns with walls and doorways and locks;
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint generally agree on the content of this verse, with nine of the fourteen words matching. The Septuagint's word order differs, but it retains the essential elements of Solomon's construction efforts.
וַיִּ֜בֶן אֶת־ בֵּ֤ית חוֹרוֹן֙ הָֽעֶלְי֔וֹן וְאֶת־ בֵּ֥ית חוֹר֖וֹן הַתַּחְתּ֑וֹן עָרֵ֣י מָצ֔וֹר חוֹמ֖וֹת דְּלָתַ֥יִם וּבְרִֽיחַ׃
9 of the 14 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in 2 Chronicles 8:5
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word בָּנָה (banah) means "to build" and encompasses various forms such as rebuilding, establishing, and making permanent. It can refer to physical construction, like building a house or family, as well as metaphorical uses, such as the establishment of restored exiles. The entries indicate that it can also imply being built up, particularly in the context of a childless wife becoming a mother.
בָּנָה 373 vb. build
Qal build
Niph.
be built
be rebuilt
(fig.) of restored exiles, = established
established, made permanent
base
H1129 בָּנָה build .build
.. . be built
. be rebuilt
. . (fig.) of restored exiles, = established
. established, made permanent
1129 banah baw-naw'
a primitive root; to build (literally and
figuratively):--(begin to) build(-er), obtain children, make,
repair, set (up), X surely.
בָּנָה (ba.nah) — to build.
1) to build, rebuild, establish, cause to continue
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to build, rebuild
1a2) to build a house (ie, establish a family)
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be built
1b2) to be rebuilt
1b3) established (of restored exiles) (fig.)
1b4) established (made permanent)
1b5) to be built up (of childless wife becoming the mother of a family through the children of a concubine)
Aramaic equivalent: be.nah (בְּנָה "to build" H1124)
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine singularHc/Vqw3ms
אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).
אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
base
H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
853 'eth ayth
apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of
entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more
definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or
namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).
see HEBREW for 0226
אֵת (et) — [Obj.].
sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative
Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
HTo — ParticleHTo
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (Beyth Chowrown) means "house of hollowness" and refers to two towns in the Ephraim region of Palestine: Upper Beth-horon and Lower Beth-horon. The Upper town is situated on the mountains, while the Lower town is located 800 feet lower. The name may suggest a geographical feature, possibly a wady between the two towns.
בֵּית חוֹרֹן n.pr.loc. two cities in Ephraim, lower & upper B.H. (place of a hole or hollow (?), perh. fr. a wady betw. the two, or near by);—cf. הַחֹרֹנִי adj.gent. only of Sanballat
base
H1032 בֵּית חוֹרֹן
1032 Beyth Chowrown bayth kho-rone'
from 1004 and 2356; house of hollowness; Beth-Choron, the
name of two adjoining places in Palestine:--Beth- horon.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 02356
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — Beth-horon.
§ Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
two towns in Ephraim
1a) Upper Beth-horon-town on the mountains of Ephraim
1b) Lower Beth-horon-town located 800 feet (245 m) lower than Upper Beth-horon
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — (Upper) Beth-horon.
Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
Upper Beth-horon-town on the mountains of Ephraim
Combined with el.yon (עֶלְיוֹן ", Upper" H5945)
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — (Lower) Beth-horon.
Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
Lower Beth-horon-town located 800 feet (245 m) lower than Upper Beth-horon on the mountains of Ephraim
Combined with bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן "Beth-horon" H1032)
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
Beth
Occurs frequently as the appellation for a house, or dwelling-place, in such compounds as the words immediately following:
the most general word for a house or habitation. It has the special meaning of a temple or house of worship Beth is more frequently employed in compound names of places than any other word.
House, forms a part of many compounds names of places, and sometimes means the place or dwelling; and at others the temple. This word becomes Beit in modern Arabic.
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (Beyth Chowrown) means "house of hollowness" and refers to two towns in the Ephraim region of Palestine: Upper Beth-horon and Lower Beth-horon. The Upper town is situated on the mountains, while the Lower town is located 800 feet lower. The name may suggest a geographical feature, possibly a wady between the two towns.
בֵּית חוֹרֹן n.pr.loc. two cities in Ephraim, lower & upper B.H. (place of a hole or hollow (?), perh. fr. a wady betw. the two, or near by);—cf. הַחֹרֹנִי adj.gent. only of Sanballat
base
H1032 בֵּית חוֹרֹן
1032 Beyth Chowrown bayth kho-rone'
from 1004 and 2356; house of hollowness; Beth-Choron, the
name of two adjoining places in Palestine:--Beth- horon.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 02356
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — Beth-horon.
§ Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
two towns in Ephraim
1a) Upper Beth-horon-town on the mountains of Ephraim
1b) Lower Beth-horon-town located 800 feet (245 m) lower than Upper Beth-horon
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — (Upper) Beth-horon.
Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
Upper Beth-horon-town on the mountains of Ephraim
Combined with el.yon (עֶלְיוֹן ", Upper" H5945)
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — (Lower) Beth-horon.
Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
Lower Beth-horon-town located 800 feet (245 m) lower than Upper Beth-horon on the mountains of Ephraim
Combined with bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן "Beth-horon" H1032)
HNpl — Noun properHNpl
עֶלְיוֹן (elyown) means 'high' or 'upper,' and is used to describe both physical elevations, such as the upper part of Bethhoron, and metaphorical heights, referring to God as the 'Most High.' It can also denote rulers, including monarchs and angelic beings. The term is derived from a root meaning elevation.
עֶלְיוֹן 22 adj.
high
upper Bethhoron, the upper (opp. lower) of house
base
עֶלְיוֹן n.m. Highest, Most High
name of God
of rulers, either monarchs or angel-princes
base
H5945a עֶלְיוֹן . high
. upper Bethhoron, the upper (opp. lower) of house
H5945b עֶלְיוֹן Highest, Most High . name of God
. of rulers, either monarchs or angel-princes
5945 'elyown el-yone'
from 5927; an elevation, i.e. (adj.) lofty (compar.); as
title, the Supreme:--(Most, on) high(-er, -est),
upper(-most).
see HEBREW for 05927
עֶלְיוֹן (el.yon) — high.
adj
1) high, upper
1a) of Davidic king exalted above monarchs
עֶלְיוֹן (el.yon) — Most High.
Another name of ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068G)
עֶלְיוֹן (el.yon) — Upper (Beth Horon).
Combined with bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן " Beth-horon" H1032H)
§
עֶלְיוֹן (el.yon) — (LORD) Most High.
Combined with ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068)
Art | Adj — ParticleHTd/Aamsa
אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).
אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
base
H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
853 'eth ayth
apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of
entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more
definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or
namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).
see HEBREW for 0226
אֵת (et) — [Obj.].
sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative
Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
HC/To — Conjunction · particleHC/To
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (Beyth Chowrown) means "house of hollowness" and refers to two towns in the Ephraim region of Palestine: Upper Beth-horon and Lower Beth-horon. The Upper town is situated on the mountains, while the Lower town is located 800 feet lower. The name may suggest a geographical feature, possibly a wady between the two towns.
בֵּית חוֹרֹן n.pr.loc. two cities in Ephraim, lower & upper B.H. (place of a hole or hollow (?), perh. fr. a wady betw. the two, or near by);—cf. הַחֹרֹנִי adj.gent. only of Sanballat
base
H1032 בֵּית חוֹרֹן
1032 Beyth Chowrown bayth kho-rone'
from 1004 and 2356; house of hollowness; Beth-Choron, the
name of two adjoining places in Palestine:--Beth- horon.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 02356
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — Beth-horon.
§ Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
two towns in Ephraim
1a) Upper Beth-horon-town on the mountains of Ephraim
1b) Lower Beth-horon-town located 800 feet (245 m) lower than Upper Beth-horon
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — (Upper) Beth-horon.
Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
Upper Beth-horon-town on the mountains of Ephraim
Combined with el.yon (עֶלְיוֹן ", Upper" H5945)
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — (Lower) Beth-horon.
Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
Lower Beth-horon-town located 800 feet (245 m) lower than Upper Beth-horon on the mountains of Ephraim
Combined with bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן "Beth-horon" H1032)
HNpl — Noun properHNpl
Beth
Occurs frequently as the appellation for a house, or dwelling-place, in such compounds as the words immediately following:
the most general word for a house or habitation. It has the special meaning of a temple or house of worship Beth is more frequently employed in compound names of places than any other word.
House, forms a part of many compounds names of places, and sometimes means the place or dwelling; and at others the temple. This word becomes Beit in modern Arabic.
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (Beyth Chowrown) means "house of hollowness" and refers to two towns in the Ephraim region of Palestine: Upper Beth-horon and Lower Beth-horon. The Upper town is situated on the mountains, while the Lower town is located 800 feet lower. The name may suggest a geographical feature, possibly a wady between the two towns.
בֵּית חוֹרֹן n.pr.loc. two cities in Ephraim, lower & upper B.H. (place of a hole or hollow (?), perh. fr. a wady betw. the two, or near by);—cf. הַחֹרֹנִי adj.gent. only of Sanballat
base
H1032 בֵּית חוֹרֹן
1032 Beyth Chowrown bayth kho-rone'
from 1004 and 2356; house of hollowness; Beth-Choron, the
name of two adjoining places in Palestine:--Beth- horon.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 02356
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — Beth-horon.
§ Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
two towns in Ephraim
1a) Upper Beth-horon-town on the mountains of Ephraim
1b) Lower Beth-horon-town located 800 feet (245 m) lower than Upper Beth-horon
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — (Upper) Beth-horon.
Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
Upper Beth-horon-town on the mountains of Ephraim
Combined with el.yon (עֶלְיוֹן ", Upper" H5945)
בֵּית חוֹרֹן (bet cho.ron) — (Lower) Beth-horon.
Beth-horon = "house of hollowness"
Lower Beth-horon-town located 800 feet (245 m) lower than Upper Beth-horon on the mountains of Ephraim
Combined with bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן "Beth-horon" H1032)
HNpl — Noun properHNpl
תַּחְתּוֹן (tachtown) means 'lower' or 'lowest,' derived from a root that signifies 'bottommost.' It is used in contexts referring to something that is beneath or at a lower level, including a specific reference to Beth Horon. The entries consistently emphasize its meaning related to position and depth.
תַּחְתּוֹן adj. lower, lowest
base
H8481 תַּחְתּוֹן lower, lowest
8481 tachtown takh-tone'
or tachton {takh-tone'}; from 8478;
bottommost:--lower(-est), nether(-most).
see HEBREW for 08478
תַּחְתּוֹן (tach.ton) — Lower (Beth Horon).
Combined with bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן "Beth-horon" H1032)
§ lower, lowest, nether
Another name of bet cho.ron (בֵּית חוֹרֹן "Beth-horon" H1032G)
תַּחְתּוֹן (tach.ton) — lower.
lower, lowest, nether
Art | Adj — ParticleHTd/Aamsa
The Hebrew word עִיר (*'iyr*) has meanings related to both excitement and city. It can denote excitement, particularly of terror or rage, as well as refer to a city or town, indicating a place that is guarded or inhabited. The entries suggest a broad application, from fortified cities to simple encampments. There is a specific mention of a man named Ir in 1 Chronicles 4:12.
עִיר n.[m.] excitement;—of terror; of rage
base
עִיר 1092 n.f. city, town
city, town, abode of men
of fortress in a city
appar. fortified place, of any size
base
H5892a עִיר excitement;—of terror; of rage H5892b עִיר city, town . city, town, abode of men
. of fortress in a city
. appar. fortified place, of any size
5892 `iyr eer
or (in the plural) par {awr}; or ayar (Judges 10:4)
{aw-yar'}; from 5782 a city (a place guarded by waking or a
watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or
post):--Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town.
see HEBREW for 05782
עִיר (ir) — excitement.
1) excitement, anguish
1a) of terror
עִיר (ir) — city.
1) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)
1a) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)
1a) city, town
עִיר (ir) — City (of On).
Combined with on (אֹן "On" H0204)
This name means city, town
Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)
עִיר (ir) — Ir-.
#A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.12;
son of: Tehinnah (H8468)
N-fp — Noun common · masculine plural constructHNcmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
מָצוֹר (matsowr) refers to a siege or an enclosure used during a siege, such as a rampart or fortification. It can denote both the physical structures associated with besieging and the abstract concept of distress. The word is built from a root meaning to hem in, indicating confinement or defense.
מָצוֹר n.[m.] siege-enclosure, siege, entrenchment
base
H4692 מָצוֹר siege-enclosure, siege, entrenchment
4692 matsowr maw-tsore'
or matsuwr {maw-tsoor'}; from 6696; something hemming in,
i.e. (objectively) a mound (of besiegers), (abstractly) a
siege, (figuratively) distress; or (subjectively) a
fastness:--besieged, bulwark, defence, fenced, fortress,
siege, strong (hold), tower.
see HEBREW for 06696
מָצוֹר (ma.tsor) — siege.
1) siege-enclosure, siege, entrenchment, siege works
1a) siege
1b) enclosure, siege-works, rampart
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
חוֹמָה (chowmah) refers to a wall, typically understood as a protective barrier. It is derived from a root meaning to join, and is often used to describe city walls or the walls of buildings. The term can also be applied figuratively, such as in reference to the waters of the Red Sea.
חוֹמָה 133 n.f. wall (as protection)
usu. term for wall of city
wall of a building
fig. of waters of Red Sea
base
H2346 חוֹמָה wall (as protection)
2346 chowmah kho-maw'
feminine active participle of an unused root apparently
meaning to join; a wall of protection:--wall, walled.
חוֹמָה (cho.mah) — wall.
wall
חוֹמָה (cho.mah) — (Broad) Wall.
wall
Combined with ra.chav (רָחָב "Broad" H7342)
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural absoluteHNcfpa
Only a few points need be noticed. The practice common in Palestine of carrying foundations down to the solid rock, as in the case of the temple, with structures intended to be permanent. (Luke 6:48) A feature of some parts of Solomon’s buildings, as described by Josephus, corresponds remarkably to the method adopted at Nineveh of incrusting or veneering a wall of brick or stone with slabs of a more costly material, as marble or alabaster. Another use of walls in Palestine is to support mountain roads Or terraces formed on the sides of hills for purposes of cultivation. The "path of the vineyards," (Numbers 22:24) is a pathway through vineyards, with walls on each side.
The walls of dwellings in the East were of very different materials, from mere clay, or clay and pebbles, to durable hewn stone. See the latter part of the article HOUSE. As to the city walls, see BABYLON, CITY, and JERUSALEM.
The accompanying cut shows a portion of the western wall of the sacred area, Haram-es-Sherif, at Jerusalem. The huge stones in its lower part are believed by the Jews, and with good reason, to have formed a part of the substructions of their ancient temple, and to be near the site of the Holy of Holies. Hence they assemble here every Friday, and more or less on other days, to weep and wail with every token of the sorest grief, and to pray for the coming of the Messiah. In former years they had to pay a large price for this melancholy privilege. A little beyond this spot, towards the south, is the fragment of an immense arch of forty-one feet span, one of five or…
דָּל (dal), דָּלָה (da.lah), and דֶּ֫לֶת (de.let) all refer to a 'door' or 'gate' in Hebrew. The entries indicate various uses, including literal doors and figurative meanings, such as a door of a chamber or even metaphorical doors in poetry. Notably, dal is mentioned in Psalm 141:3.
[דָּל] n.[m.] door only fig.: ψ 141:3.
ref
[דָּלָה] n.f. door, Is 26:20 fig., door of chamber in which people (personified) hides
ref
דֶּ֫לֶת n.f. door
door of house
door of room
gates of city
in other senses
base
H1817a דָּל door H1817b דָּלָה door H1817c דֶּ֫לֶת door
1817 deleth deh'-leth
from 1802; something swinging, i.e. the valve of a
door:--door (two-leaved), gate, leaf, lid. (In Psa. 141:3,
dal, irreg.).
see HEBREW for 01802
דָּל (dal) — door.
door (fig.)
דָּלָה (da.lah) — door.
door (fig., door of chamber in which people (personified) hide)
דֶּ֫לֶת (de.let) — door.
1) door, gate
1a) a door
1b) a gate
1c) (fig.)
1c1) of chest lid
1c2) of crocodile jaws
1c3) of doors of the heavens
1c4) of an easily-accessible woman
N-fd — Noun common · feminine dual absoluteHNcfda
Doors
Moved on pivots of wood fastened in sockets above and below (Prov. 26:14). They were fastened by a lock (Judg. 3:23, 25; Cant. 5:5) or by a bar (Judg. 16:3; Job 38:10). In the interior of Oriental houses, curtains were frequently used instead of doors.
The entrances of the tabernacle had curtains (Ex. 26:31-33, 36). The “valley of Achor” is called a “door of hope,” because immediately after the execution of Achan the Lord said to Joshua, “Fear not,” and from that time Joshua went forward in a career of uninterrupted conquest. Paul speaks of a “door opened” for…
[GATE]
בְּרִיחַ (briyach) refers to a bar, particularly one made of wood, often associated with city gates. It can also metaphorically denote tribulation or a fortress, suggesting confinement or protection. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to bolt' or 'secure'.
בְּרִיחַ n.m. bar
base
H1280 בְּרִיחַ bar
1280 briyach ber-ee'-akh
from 1272; a bolt:--bar, fugitive.
see HEBREW for 01272
בְּרִיחַ (be.ri.ach) — bar.
1) bar
1a) of wood
1b) of city gates
2) of tribulation, a fortress, of the earth as a prison (fig.)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa