Psalms 58:2 — Word Study
WLCאַף־ בְּלֵב֮ עוֹלֹ֪ת תִּפְעָ֫ל֥וּן בָּאָ֡רֶץ חֲמַ֥ס יְ֝דֵיכֶ֗ם תְּפַלֵּֽסֽוּן׃
BSAtrulyʼumnâm silenceʼêlem△ Righteousnesstsedeq to speakdâbar uprightnessmêyshâr to judgeshâphaṭ sonbên the man (Adam)ʼâdâm
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אַף־ | also | Particle |
| בְּלֵב֮ | in [the] heart | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| עוֹלֹ֪ת | injustice | Noun common, feminine plural absolute |
| תִּפְעָ֫ל֥וּן | you do ! | Verb qal imperfect second person masculine plural, suffix |
| בָּאָ֡רֶץ | in the land | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| חֲמַ֥ס | [the] violence of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| יְ֝דֵיכֶ֗ם | hands your | Noun common both dual construct, suffix |
| תְּפַלֵּֽסֽוּן׃ | you weigh out ! | Verb piel imperfect second person masculine plural, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | No, in your hearts you devise injustice; with your hands you mete out violence on the earth. |
| KJV | Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth. |
| ASV | Nay, in heart ye work wickedness; Ye weigh out the violence of your hands in the earth. |
| YLT | Even in heart ye work iniquities, In the land the violence of your hands ye ponder. |
| WEB | No, in your heart you plot injustice. You measure out the violence of your hands in the earth. |
| BBE | The purposes of your hearts are evil; your hands are full of cruel doings on the earth. |
The translations agree on the overall meaning of the verse, particularly regarding the concept of injustice.
The verse presents a main clause followed by two prepositional phrases that describe the context and means of the rulers' actions.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 58:2
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Condemnation of the Wicked Rulersgenerated
Psalm 58:2 reveals the psalmist's denunciation of corrupt leaders who plot evil in their hearts and carry out acts of violence. This verse highlights the disconnect between their inner thoughts and their outward actions, emphasizing the moral decay present among those in power. The context of the psalm serves as a warning against injustice and a call for accountability among rulers, echoing themes found in other biblical texts that address the behavior of leaders, such as in Isaiah 59:4–6.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 21:11 | Though they intend You harm, the schemes they devise will not prevail. |
| 2 | Ecclesiastes 3:16 | Furthermore, I saw under the sun that in the place of judgment there is wickedness, and in the place of righteousness there is wickedness. |
| 3 | Isaiah 59:4–6 | No one calls for justice; no one pleads his case honestly. They rely on empty pleas; they tell lies; they conceive mischief and give birth to iniquity. |
| 4 | Jeremiah 22:16–17 | He took up the cause of the poor and needy, and so it went well with him. Is this not what it means to know Me?” declares the LORD. |
| 5 | Ezekiel 22:12–27 | In you they take bribes to shed blood. You engage in usury, take excess interest, and extort your neighbors. But Me you have forgotten, declares the Lord GOD. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 10 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — עוֹלֹ֪ת, 'o.Lotgenerated
The Hebrew word עָ֫וֶל (*evel*) translates to 'injustice' and represents moral evil, including violent acts and wrongful speech. It is a feminine noun in the plural form, suggesting a collective nature of wrongdoing.
In this verse, it highlights the leaders' deliberate planning of injustice, contrasting their inner intentions with their outward actions. The use of this word underscores the severity of their moral failings.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse consists of two main clauses connected by the conjunction אַף־, af-, which introduces the contrast between the inner thoughts and outer actions of the rulers. The first clause describes their plotting of injustice, while the second clause details their execution of violence.
The structure emphasizes the contrast between the internal and external, with the finite verb תִּפְעָ֫ל֥וּן, tif'alun, governing the actions described in the second clause.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the Hebrew word עוֹלֹ֪ת is translated as δικαιοσύνην, which means 'righteousness' or 'justice.' This choice indicates a possible interpretive shift, suggesting a contrast between the intended meaning of injustice and the ideal of justice.
The translation reflects the translators' understanding of the moral implications of the rulers' actions, framing their deeds in the context of righteousness.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 58:2 shows that the rulers are not just speaking unjustly; they are actively planning wrongdoing in their hearts and carrying out acts of violence with their hands. This verse highlights the serious moral failures of those in power.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
To devise injustice means to plan or plot wrongdoing intentionally, indicating a premeditated approach to evil actions.
The actions of the rulers reflect their inner thoughts and intentions, showing that their outward behavior is a direct result of their corrupt hearts.
Violence is significant because it illustrates the severity of the rulers' actions and their impact on society, emphasizing the need for justice.
This verse teaches that true leadership requires integrity and justice, as leaders are accountable for both their thoughts and actions.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see injustice being devised in today's world?
- How can I ensure that my actions align with my values and beliefs?
- What steps can leaders take to promote justice and righteousness?
- How does this verse challenge my understanding of accountability in leadership?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Augustine of Hippo references this verse to highlight the moral failings of those who lead unjustly, using it to argue for accountability in leadership.
But now ye do what? Why these things to you do I speak? "Because in heart iniquities ye work on earth" [Psalms 58:2].Early Church Fathers on Psalms 58 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 58:2 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleYea, in heart ye work wickedness,.... So far were they from speaking righteousness, and judging uprightly.
Read John Gill on Psalms 58 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryYea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth. Yea, in heart ye work wickedness - Hebrew 'wickednesses.' "Yea," or also.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 58 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleIn heart; or, with your heart; with free choice and consent, and not only by constraint, and out of compliance with Saul. Ye weigh the violence of your hands; or, you weigh violence or injustice with your hands. The phrase of weighing hath respect to their office, which was to administer justice, which is usually expressed by a pair of balances. So he intimates that they did great wrong under the pretence and with the formalities of justice; and whilst they scented exactly to weigh and consider the true and fit proportion between the actions and the recompences allotted to them, they turned the scale; and partly to curry favour with Saul, and partly from their own malice against David…
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 58 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 58:2 Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth.Ver. 2. Yea, in heart ye work wickedness] These the devil worketh it as in a forge; ye are always plotting and ploughing mischief, and that not so much for fear of Saul, or to please him, as out of the naughtiness of your own hearts; and all this you know in your consciences to be true. Kimchi saith, that the word Aph, or yea, importeth, that their hearts were made for a better purpose; and therefore their sin was the greater. Corruptio optimi pessima. Ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth] i.e. Your bribes, saith Kimchi; these we weigh or poise, quasi essent recta, as if there were no…
Read John Trapp on Psalms 58 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(2) In heart . . . in the earth (or, better, in the land).—These in the text are in antithesis. The mischief conceived in the heart is weighed out, instead of justice, by these unjust magistrates. The balance of justice is thus turned into a means of wrong-doing. But, perhaps, we should rather arrange as follows: Nay! with your heart ye work wickedness in the land, With your hands you weigh out violence.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 58 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 2. Yea, in heart ye work wickedness] With their tongues they had spoken maliciously, and given evil counsel. In their hearts they meditated nothing but wickedness. And though in their hands they held the scales of justice, yet in their use of them they were balances of injustice and violence. This is the fact to which the psalmist alludes, and the figure which he uses is that of justice with her scales or balances, which, though it might be the emblem of the court, yet it did not prevail in the practice of these magistrates and counsellors.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 58 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges2. Yea] Or, Nay, for the particle implies a negative answer, and an additional accusation. Far from judging equitably, you are yourselves the greatest offenders. in heart] Inwardly they are ever contriving some scheme of injustice, like the nobles against whom Micah inveighs (Psalms 2:1), as “working evil upon their beds.” ye weigh] R.V., ye weigh out. There is a bitter irony in the use of a word strictly applicable to justice only. For the metaphor of the ‘scales of justice’ cp. Job 31:6. in the earth] Or, in the land; publicly and openly, carrying into execution the schemes they contrive in their hearts. Cp. Micah 2:1.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 58 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleYea, in heart ye work wickedness - Whatever might be the outward appearances, whatever pretences they might make to just judgment, yet in fact their hearts were set on wickedness, and they were conscious of doing wrong.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 58 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
No, in your hearts you devise injustice; with your hands you mete out violence on the earth.
No, in your heart you plot injustice. You measure out the violence of your hands in the earth.
No, in your hearts you devise injustice; with your hands you mete out violence on the earth.
No! You plan how to do what is unjust; you deal out violence in the earth.
Tyndale line
Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth.
Nay, in heart ye work wickedness; Ye weigh out the violence of your hands in the earth.
Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh out the violence of your hands in the earth.
Yes, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth.
Yea, rather ye imagine mischiefe in your heart: your hands execute crueltie vpon the earth.
Strictly literal
Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh out the violence of your hands in the earth.
Even in heart ye work iniquities, In the land the violence of your hands ye ponder.
Even in heart you work iniquities, || In the land you ponder the violence of your hands.
(58:3) Even in [your] heart ye work injustice: on the earth do ye weigh out the violence of your hands.
No, you commit wickedness in your heart; you distribute violence throughout the land with your hands.
From the Latin
Deliver me from my enemies, O my God; and defend me from them that rise up against me.
Simplified
No, for in your minds you plan evil. You cause violence everywhere!
The purposes of your hearts are evil; your hands are full of cruel doings on the earth.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the overall structure and meaning of the verse, with six of the eight words matching directly. This correspondence indicates a consistent understanding of the rulers' wickedness across these texts.
אַף־ בְּלֵב֮ עוֹלֹ֪ת תִּפְעָ֫ל֥וּן בָּאָ֡רֶץ חֲמַ֥ס יְ֝דֵיכֶ֗ם תְּפַלֵּֽסֽוּן׃
6 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 58:2
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word אַף (aph) is a conjunction that indicates addition, often implying something greater. It can mean 'also,' 'yea,' or 'though,' and is used to connect ideas in a sentence. The entries highlight its use as both an adverb and conjunction, with a focus on its additive nature.
אַף conj. denoting addition, esp. of something greater, also, yea
base
H637 אַף conj. denoting addition, esp. of something greater, also, yea
637 'aph af
a primitive particle; meaning accession (used as an adverb or
conjunction); also or yea; adversatively though:--also, +
although, and (furthermore, yet), but, even, + how much less
(more, rather than), moreover, with, yea.
אַף (aph) — also.
conj (denoting addition, esp of something greater)
1) also, yea, though, so much the more
adv
2) furthermore, indeed
Aramaic equivalent: aph (אַף "also" H0638)
HTj — ParticleHTj
ol'-so: In the Greek kai, when it is equivalent to "also" or "even," is always placed before the word or phrase which it is intended to emphasize (e.g. Ac 12:3; 1 Joh 4:21). Mt 6:14 should therefore read, "Your heavenly Father will forgive you also"; Lu 6:13, "Whom also he named apostles"; Heb 8:6, "The mediator of a better covenant also"; and 1Th 4:14, `If we believe that Jesus died and rose again, so also (we believe that) those who are fallen asleep in Jesus, God will bring with Him.'
The Hebrew word לֵב (lev) means 'heart' and encompasses the inner man, mind, will, and emotions. It refers to the center of feelings, intellect, and moral character, as well as the seat of appetites and courage. The entries suggest a broad range of meanings related to human experience and thought, with a specific mention of its use in Jeremiah 51:1.
לֵב 599 n.m. (f.) inner man, mind, will, heart
seldom of things in the midst of the sea
elsewhere of men
the inner man in contrast with the outer
the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will
specific reference to mind
spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will
spec. ref. to conscience
[various]
for the man himself
as seat of appetites
as seat of emotions and passions
seat of courage
base
לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash Je 51:1.
ref
H3820a לֵב inner man, mind, will, heart . seldom of things in the midst of the sea
. elsewhere of men . the inner man in contrast with the outer
. the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will
. specific reference to mind
. spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will
. spec. ref. to conscience
. [various]
. for the man himself
. as seat of appetites
. as seat of emotions and passions
. seat of courage
H3820b לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash
3820 leb labe
a form of 3824; the heart; also used (figuratively) very
widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect;
likewise for the centre of anything:--+ care for, comfortably,
consent, X considered, courag(-eous), friend(-ly), ((broken-),
(hard-), (merry-), (stiff-), (stout-), double) heart((-ed)), X
heed, X I, kindly, midst, mind(-ed), X regard((-ed)), X
themselves, X unawares, understanding, X well, willingly,
wisdom.
see HEBREW for 03824
לֵב (lev) — heart.
1) inner man, mind, will, heart, understanding
1a) inner part, midst
1a1) midst (of things)
1a2) heart (of man)
1a3) soul, heart (of man)
1a4) mind, knowledge, thinking, reflection, memory
1a5) inclination, resolution, determination (of will)
1a6) conscience
1a7) heart (of moral character)
1a8) as seat of appetites
1a9) as seat of emotions and passions 1a10) as seat of courage
לֵב (lev) — Leb.
§ Leb- = "heart of"
(probably a cryptic name for Babylon by Atbash)
HR/Ncmsa — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
hart (lebh, lebhabh; kardia): The different senses in which the word occurs in the Old Testament and the New Testament may be grouped under the following heads:
1. Various Meanings:
It represents in the first place the bodily organ, and by easy transition those experiences which affect or are affected by the body. Fear, love, courage, anger, Joy, sorrow, hatred are always ascribed to the heart--especially in the Old Testament; thus courage for which usually ruach is used (Ps 27:14); joy (Ps 4:7); anger (De 19:6, "while his heart is hot," lebhabh); fear (1Sa 25:37); sorrow (Ps 13:2), etc.
Heart
According to the Bible, the heart is the centre not only of spiritual activity, but of all the operations of human life. “Heart” and “soul” are often used interchangeably (Deut. 6:5; 26:16; comp. Matt. 22:37; Mark 12:30, 33), but this is not generally the case.
The heart is the “home of the personal life,” and hence a man is designated, according to his heart, wise (1 Kings 3:12, etc.), pure (Ps. 24:4; Matt. 5:8, etc.), upright and righteous (Gen. 20:5, 6;
The Hebrew word עָ֫וֶל (*evel*) and its variant עַוְלָה (*avlah*) both denote concepts of injustice and unrighteousness. They encompass moral evil, including violent deeds and wrongful speech. The entries highlight their usage as nouns, with no significant disagreement among lexicons.
עָ֫וֶל n.m. injustice, unrighteousness
base
עַוְלָה n.f. injustice, unrighteousness, wrong
base
H5766a עָ֫וֶל injustice, unrighteousness H5766b עַוְלָה injustice, unrighteousness, wrong
5766 `evel eh'-vel
or lavel {aw'-vel}; and (feminine) lavlah {av-law'}; or owlah
{o-law'}; or .olah {o-law'}; from 5765; (moral)
evil:--iniquity, perverseness, unjust(-ly),
unrighteousness(-ly); wicked(-ness).
see HEBREW for 05765
עָ֫וֶל (e.vel) — injustice.
injustice, unrighteousness
Another spelling of av.lah (עַוְלָה "injustice" H5766B)
עַוְלָה (av.lah) — injustice.
1) injustice, unrighteousness, wrong
1a) violent deeds of injustice
1b) injustice (of speech)
1c) injustice (generally)
HNcfpa — Noun common · feminine plural absoluteHNcfpa
פָּעַל (pa'al) is a Hebrew verb meaning to do or make, often used in a systematic or habitual sense. It encompasses actions like committing, ordaining, and working, with a poetic nuance compared to the more common verb for 'to do' (עָשָׂה). The entries consistently highlight its usage in the Qal stem, emphasizing its foundational role in expressing action.
פָּעַל 67 vb. do, make (poet. for עָשָׂה)
Qal
do
make
base
H6466 פָּעַל do, make (poet. for עָשָׂה)
6466 pa`al paw-al'
a primitive root; to do or make (systematically and
habitually), especially to practise:--commit, (evil-)
do(-er), make(-r), ordain, work(-er).
פָּעַל (pa.al) — to work.
1) to do, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to do
1a2) to make
HVqi2mp/Sn — Verb qal imperfect second person masculine plural · suffixHVqi2mp/Sn
אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.
אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land
earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
earth, opp. to heaven, sky
earth = inhabitants of earth
land =
country, territory
district, region
trial territory
piece of ground
specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
= inhabitants of land
used even of Shᵉʼôl
ground, surface of ground
soil, as productive
אֶרֶץ in phrases
people of the land
in measurements of distance
the country of the plain, level or plain country
land of the living
end(s) of the earth
pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
base
H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
. earth, opp. to heaven, sky
. earth = inhabitants of earth
. land = . country, territory
. district, region
. trial territory
. piece of ground
. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
. = inhabitants of land
. used even of Shᵉʼôl
. . ground, surface of ground
. soil, as productive
. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land
. in measurements of distance
. the country of the plain, level or plain country
. land of the living
. end(s) of the earth
. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
776 'erets eh'-rets
from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth
(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,
field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.
: country/field
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
1b2) district, region
1b3) tribal territory
1b4) piece of ground
1b5) land of Canaan, Israel
1b6) inhabitants of land
1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world
1b8) city (-state)
1c) ground, surface of the earth
1c1) ground
1c2) soil
1d) (in phrases)
1d1) people of the land
1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)
1d3) level or plain country
1d4) land of the living
1d5) end(s) of the earth
1e) (almost wholly late in usage)
1e1) lands, countries
1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.
: soil
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
HRd/Ncfsa — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHRd/Ncfsa
((1) 'erets;
(2) 'adhamah;
(3) sadheh,
"a piece of land";
(4) ge, "earth";
(5) agros, "field";
(6) chora, "region";
(7) chorion, diminutive of chora;
(8) xeros, "dry land";
(9) 'ezrach, "native" the King James Version "born in the land," "born among you," the Revised Version (British and American) "home-born" (Le 19:34; 14:16; Nu 15:30); "like a green tree in its native soil" (Ps 37:35)):
→ Appeared on the third creative day Ge 1:9
→ Original title to, from God Ge 13:14-17; 15:7; Ex 23:31; Le 25:23
→ Bought and sold Ge 23:3-18; 33:19; Ac 4:34; 5:1-8
→ Sale and redemption of, laws concerning Le 25:15,16,23-33; 27:17-24; Nu 36:4; Jer 32:7-16,25,44; Eze 46:18
חָמָס (chamac) refers to concepts of violence and wrongdoing. It encompasses terms like cruelty, injustice, and unjust gain. The word is built from a root that implies violent actions or dealings. The entries consistently highlight its negative connotations without significant disagreement.
חָמָס n.m. violence, wrong
base
H2555 חָמָס violence, wrong
2555 chamac khaw-mawce'
from 2554; violence; by implication, wrong; by meton. unjust
gain:--cruel(-ty), damage, false, injustice, X oppressor,
unrighteous, violence (against, done), violent (dealing),
wrong.
see HEBREW for 02554
חָמָס (cha.mas) — violence.
violence, wrong, cruelty, injustice
HNcmsc — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
יָד (yad) means 'hand' and can also refer to strength or power in a figurative sense. It encompasses various technical uses, such as a sign or monument, parts or shares, and even specific components in construction, like axle-trees and supports for the laver. The word is versatile, appearing in both literal and metaphorical contexts.
יָד 1604 n.f. hand
hand
Fig. = strength, power
Fig. = side
יָד is used in various special, technical senses:—
sign, monument
part, fractional part or share
time, repetition
axle-trees
stays, supports for laver
tenons on sides of boards of tabernacle
a (beckoning) hand
יַד with prep.
base
H3027 יָד hand . hand
. Fig. = strength, power
. Fig. = side
. יָד is used in various special, technical senses:— . sign, monument
. part, fractional part or share
. time, repetition
. axle-trees
. stays, supports for laver
. tenons on sides of boards of tabernacle
. a (beckoning) hand
. יַד with prep.
3027 yad yawd
a primitive word; a hand (the open one (indicating power,
means, direction, etc.), in distinction from 3709, the closed
one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of
applications, both literally and figuratively, both proximate
and remote (as follows):--(+ be) able, X about, + armholes,
at, axletree, because of, beside, border, X bounty, + broad,
(broken-)handed, X by, charge, coast, + consecrate, +
creditor, custody, debt, dominion, X enough, + fellowship,
force, X from, hand(-staves, -y work), X he, himself, X in,
labour, + large, ledge, (left-)handed, means, X mine,
ministry, near, X of, X order, ordinance, X our, parts, pain,
power, X presumptuously, service, side, sore, state, stay,
draw with strength, stroke, + swear, terror, X thee, X by
them, X themselves, X thine own, X thou, through, X throwing,
+ thumb, times, X to, X under, X us, X wait on, (way-)side,
יָד (yad) — hand.
: hand/arm[anatomy]
1) hand
1a) hand (of man)
1b) strength, power (fig.)
1c) side (of land), part, portion (metaph.) (fig.)
1d) (various special, technical senses)
1d1) sign, monument
1d2) part, fractional part, share
1d3) time, repetition
1d4) axle-trees, axle
1d5) stays, support (for laver)
1d6) tenons (in tabernacle)
1d7) a phallus, a hand (meaning unsure)
1d8) wrists
יָד (yad) — hand: power.
: hand/arm[anatomy]
1) hand
1a) hand (of man)
1b) strength, power (fig.)
1c) side (of land), part, portion (metaph.) (fig.)
1d) (various special, technical senses)
1d1) sign, monument
1d2) part, fractional part, share
1d3) time, repetition
1d4) axle-trees, axle
1d5) stays, support (for laver)
1d6) tenons (in tabernacle)
1d7) a phallus, a hand (meaning unsure)
1d8) wrists
יָד (yad) — hand: themselves.
: hand/arm[anatomy]
1) hand
1a) hand (of man)
1b) strength, power (fig.)
HNcbdc/Sp2mp — Noun common both dual construct · suffixHNcbdc/Sp2mp
פָּלַס (palas) is a verb that primarily means to weigh or make level. It can also imply preparing a road by rolling it flat or mentally weighing options. The entries highlight its use in the Piel form, emphasizing actions like weighing out or smoothing surfaces.
[פָּלַס] vb. Pi. denom. weigh, make level
base
H6424 פָּלַס vb. Pi. denom. weigh, make level
6424 palac paw-las'
a primitive root; properly, to roll flat, i.e. prepare (a
road); also to revolve, i.e. weigh (mentally):--make, ponder,
weigh.
פָּלַס (pa.las) — to envy.
1) (Piel) to weigh, make level, balance
1a) to weigh out
1b) to make level or smooth
HVpi2mp/Sn — Verb piel imperfect second person masculine plural · suffixHVpi2mp/Sn