Psalms 139:11 — Word Study
WLCוָ֭אֹמַר אַךְ־ חֹ֣שֶׁךְ יְשׁוּפֵ֑נִי וְ֝לַ֗יְלָה א֣וֹר בַּעֲדֵֽנִי׃
BSAIf I sayʼâmar▸ [declare, speak my mind] Surelyʼak [certainly, without a doubt] the darknesschôshek [physical and spiritual, misery or wickedness] will hide meshûwph▸ [cover, overwhelm] and the lightʼôwr [natural and spiritual, happiness or prosperity] become nightlayil [be transformed into, a time of adversity, hardship] around mebᵉʻad [about, surrounding]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וָ֭אֹמַר | and I said | Verb, Qal, sequential imperfect first person common singular |
| אַךְ־ | surely | Adverb |
| חֹ֣שֶׁךְ | darkness | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| יְשׁוּפֵ֑נִי | it will crush me | Verb qal imperfect third person masculine singular, suffix |
| וְ֝לַ֗יְלָה | and [will be] night | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| א֣וֹר | [the] light | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| בַּעֲדֵֽנִי׃ | behind me | Suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | If I say, “Surely the darkness will hide me, and the light become night around me”— |
| KJV | If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me. |
| ASV | If I say, Surely the darkness shall overwhelm me, And the light about me shall be night; |
| YLT | And I say, 'Surely darkness bruiseth me, Then night [is] light to me. |
| WEB | If I say, “Surely the darkness will overwhelm me. The light around me will be night,” |
| BBE | If I say, Only let me be covered by the dark, and the light about me be night; |
Where they part company is in the interpretation of the phrase regarding darkness — see How Translations Differ.
The verse consists of a conditional statement followed by a consequence, emphasizing the speaker's thoughts about darkness and light.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbאָמַר
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 139:11
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — God's Omnipresencegenerated
Psalm 139:11 is part of a larger reflection on God's presence and knowledge. The psalmist acknowledges that no matter where he goes, even in the darkest places, he cannot escape from God's sight. This theme of God's omnipresence runs throughout the psalm, emphasizing that light and darkness are both the same to God, as seen in verse 12.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 10:11–13 | He says to himself, “God has forgotten; He hides His face and never sees.” |
| 2 | Psalm 94:7 | They say, “The LORD does not see; the God of Jacob pays no heed.” |
| 3 | Job 22:12–14 | Is not God as high as the heavens? Look at the highest stars, how lofty they are! |
| 4 | Isaiah 29:15 | Woe to those who dig deep to hide their plans from the LORD. In darkness they do their works and say, “Who sees us, and who will know?” |
| 5 | Jeremiah 23:24 | “Can a man hide in secret places where I cannot see him?” declares the LORD. “Do I not fill the heavens and the earth?” declares the LORD. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 6 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — יְשׁוּפֵ֑נִי, ye.shu.Fe.nigenerated
The verb שׁוּף (shuwph) means to bruise or crush, suggesting an overwhelming force. The form here indicates that the darkness will act upon the psalmist, implying a sense of being engulfed or overwhelmed.
This word conveys a powerful image of the darkness as not just hiding, but actively crushing the psalmist, reflecting a deep emotional state. The use of the third person masculine singular with a suffix indicates that the subject is the darkness, which will have this effect on the speaker.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
All translations agree on the rendering of the key phrase in this verse, with a consistent emphasis on the themes of darkness and light.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb in this verse is אֹמַר, I said, which introduces the speaker's declaration. The structure includes a conditional clause that sets up the scenario of the speaker's thoughts about darkness and light.
Following the main clause, the sentence includes a noun phrase that identifies the subject (darkness) and two clauses that describe the action (hiding and becoming night). This arrangement emphasizes the speaker's contemplation of his situation.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates יְשׁוּפֵ֑נִי as με (me), indicating a direct reference to the speaker. This choice highlights the personal nature of the psalmist's experience with darkness.
The Greek term σκότος is used for darkness, which aligns with the Hebrew word, maintaining the thematic connection to obscurity and concealment.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 139:11 expresses the psalmist's thought that even if he believes darkness can hide him, it cannot escape God's notice. He acknowledges that light and darkness are the same to God, emphasizing that he is never truly hidden.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The psalmist is expressing a feeling of despair, thinking that darkness might conceal him from God, but he later affirms that even darkness is not dark to God.
This verse highlights the belief that God's presence is inescapable, even in the darkest situations, reinforcing the idea that nothing can separate us from Him.
Light symbolizes God's presence and goodness, while darkness represents despair or separation. The psalmist's assertion emphasizes that both are under God's control.
The imagery serves to illustrate the contrast between human perception of safety and vulnerability, and the reality of God's omnipresence.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I try to hide from God in my own life?
- How can I remind myself of God's presence during difficult times?
- What does it mean to me that light and darkness are the same to God?
- How can I trust in God's guidance when I feel overwhelmed by darkness?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
A quote from Sahdona the Syrian reflects on the call for vigilance in faith, using the themes present in this verse.
Likewise we Christians who are Christ’s servants should truly stand valiantly in wakefulness like “good and faithful servants” who are eager to do honor to their master.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 139 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 139:11 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleIf I say, surely the darkness shall cover me,.... The darkness of a cloud or of the night, so that my actions shall not be seen; that is, if I entertain such a thought in my mind, that what I do in
Read John Gill on Psalms 139 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryIf I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me. If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 139 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleShall be as clear and manifest to God as the light itself.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 139 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 139:11 If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me.Ver. 11. The darkness shall cover me] The Hebrew phrase is taken from beasts that lie a-squat, saith Diodati, Nocte latent mendae, sed non Deum. The guilty conscience sharketh up and down for comfort, but getteth none.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 139 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(11) If I say . . .—Rather, I say only let darkness crush me, And light become night around me. Commentators have mostly been frightened by the metaphor in the first line, though it has been preserved both by the LXX. and Vulg., and can only be avoided either by forcing the meaning of the verb from what it bears in Genesis 3:15, Job 9:17, or altering the text. Yet the Latins could speak even in prose of a region “oppressed by darkness” (Sen. Ep. 82); and when night was used as figurative of death, nocte premi was a common poetical figure. Indeed, the word rendered darkness here is actually, in Psalms 88:6, used of death, and if we understood this figure here we might render the word…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 139 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 11. Surely the darkness shall cover me] Should I suppose that this would serve to screen me, immediately this darkness is turned into light.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 139 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges7–12. God is everywhere present: man cannot escape or hide himself.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 139 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleIf I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me - If I seek to find refuge in the darkness of the night so that God would not see me.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 139 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
If I say, “Surely the darkness will hide me, and the light become night around me”—
If I say, “Surely the darkness will overwhelm me. The light around me will be night,”
If I say, “Surely the darkness will hide me, and the light become night around me”—
If I were to say, “Certainly the darkness will cover me, and the light will turn to night all around me,”
Tyndale line
If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me.
If I say, Surely the darkness shall overwhelm me, And the light about me shall be night;
If I say, Surely the darkness shall overwhelm me, and the light about me shall be night;
If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me.
If I say, Yet the darkenes shall hide me, euen the night shalbe light about me.
Strictly literal
And if I say, Surely darkness shall cover me, and the light about me be night;
And I say, 'Surely darkness bruiseth me, Then night [is] light to me.
And I say, “Surely darkness bruises me,” || Then night [is] light to me.
If I said, Surely darkness shall enshroud me, and into night [be turned] the light about me:
If I said, “Surely the darkness will cover me, and the light will become night around me,”
From the Latin
Burning coals shall fall upon them; thou wilt cast them down into the fire: in miseries they shall not be able to stand.
Simplified
If I asked the darkness to hide me, and light to become night around me,
If I say, Only let me be covered by the dark, and the light about me be night;
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree in their wording for this verse, demonstrating consistency in the translation of the concepts of darkness and light. The Dead Sea Scrolls also align closely with the Masoretic Text, confirming the integrity of the text across these witnesses.
וָ֭אֹמַר אַךְ־ חֹ֣שֶׁךְ יְשׁוּפֵ֑נִי וְ֝לַ֗יְלָה א֣וֹר בַּעֲדֵֽנִי׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
ואומרה אך חושך ישופ׳ני ולילה אזור בעד׳י
7 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 139:11
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
אָמַר (amar) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to say' or 'to utter,' with a broad range of uses including to promise, command, or even boast. It appears in various forms, such as in the Qal (to say), Niphal (to be told), and Hiphil (to avow). The entries highlight its versatility in both spoken and internal contexts, though no specific verse is noted.
אָמַר 5287 vb. utter, say
Qal
Say
Say in the heart (= think)
Promise
Command (esp. late)
Niph. be said, told
Hiph. avow, avouch (lit. cause to declare)
Hithp. act proudly, boast
base
H559 אָמַר utter, say .. Say
. Say in the heart (= think)
. Promise
. Command (esp. late)
. be said, told
. avow, avouch (lit. cause to declare)
. act proudly, boast
559 'amar aw-mar'
a primitive root; to say (used with great
latitude):--answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call,
certify, challenge, charge, + (at the, give) command(-ment),
commune, consider, declare, demand, X desire, determine, X
expressly, X indeed, X intend, name, X plainly, promise,
publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), X still, X
suppose, talk, tell, term, X that is, X think, use (speech),
utter, X verily, X yet.
אָמַר (a.mar) — to say.
1) to say, speak, utter
1a) (Qal) to say, to answer, to say in one's heart, to think, to command, to promise, to intend
1b) (Niphal) to be told, to be said, to be called
1c) (Hithpael) to boast, to act proudly
1d) (Hiphil) to avow, to avouch
Aramaic equivalent: a.mar (אֲמַר "to say" H0560)
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-1cs — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect first person common singularHc/Vqw1cs
אַךְ (ak) is an adverb meaning 'surely' or 'indeed,' often used to emphasize what follows. It can also carry a restrictive sense, translating to 'only' or 'but.' The entries indicate its use in various contexts, but do not provide specific verse references.
אַךְ 159 adv. 1. surely. 2. with a restrictive force, emphasizing what follows
base
H389 אַךְ 1. surely. 2. with a restrictive force, emphasizing what follows
389 'ak ak
akin to 403; a particle of affirmation, surely; hence (by
limitation) only:--also, in any wise, at least, but,
certainly, even, howbeit, nevertheless, notwithstanding, only,
save, surely, of a surety, truly, verily, + wherefore, yet
(but).
see HEBREW for 0403
אַךְ (akh) — surely.
1) indeed, surely (emphatic)
2) howbeit, only, but, yet (restrictive)
DirObjM — AdverbHD
חֹ֫שֶׁךְ (choshek) refers to darkness or obscurity, both in a literal sense and in various figurative contexts such as distress, ignorance, and evil. It can also denote secret or hiding places. The word is built from a root meaning 'dark' and encompasses a range of meanings related to judgment and confusion.
חֹ֫שֶׁךְ n.m. darkness, obscurity
darkness (opp. אוֹר)
= secret place(s); = hiding-place
fig.
= distress
= dread, terror, symbol. of judgment
= mourning
= perplexity; confusion
= ignorance
= evil, sin
= obscurity
base
H2822 חֹ֫שֶׁךְ darkness, obscurity . darkness (opp. אוֹר)
. = secret place(s); = hiding-place
. fig. . = distress
. = dread, terror, symbol. of judgment
. = mourning
. = perplexity; confusion
. = ignorance
. = evil, sin
. = obscurity
2822 choshek kho-shek'
from 2821; the dark; hence (literally) darkness;
figuratively, misery, destruction, death, ignorance, sorrow,
wickedness:--dark(-ness), night, obscurity.
see HEBREW for 02821
חֹ֫שֶׁךְ (cho.shekh) — darkness.
1) darkness, obscurity
1a) darkness
1b) secret place
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
Darkness
The plague (the ninth) of darkness in Egypt (Ex. 10:21) is described as darkness “which may be felt.” It covered “all the land of Egypt,” so that “they saw not one another.” It did not extend to the land of Goshen (ver. 23).
When Jesus hung upon the cross (Matt. 27:45; Luke 23:44), from the “sixth hour there was darkness over all the land unto the ninth hour.”
is spoken of as encompassing the actual presence of God, as that out of which he speaks, --the envelope, as it were, of divine glory. (Exodus 20:21; 1 Kings 8:12) The plague of darkness in Egypt was miraculous. The darkness "over all the land," (Matthew 27:45) attending the crucifixion has been attributed to an eclipse, but was undoubtedly miraculous, as no eclipse of the sun could have taken place at that time, the moon being at the full at the time of the passover. Darkness is also, as in the expression "land of darkness," used for the state of the dead, (Job 10:21,22) and frequently, figuratively, for ignorance and unbelief, as the privation of spiritual light. (
The absence of natural light, Ge 1:2, and hence figuratively a state of misery and adversity, Job 18:6 Ps 107:10 Isa 8:22 9:1; also the absence of the sun and stars, and hence the fall of chief men and national convulsions, Isa 13:10 Ac 2:20. "Works of darkness," are the impure mysteries practiced in heathen worship, Eph 5:11. "Outer darkness" illustrates the gloom of those on whom the gates of heaven are closed, Mt 8:12. The darkness in Egypt,
שׁוּף (shuwph) is a Hebrew verb primarily meaning 'to bruise' or 'to crush.' It can also imply actions like snapping at or overwhelming. The entries suggest a range of meanings, including to fall upon or strike out, but the primary focus remains on the concept of bruising.
[שׁוּף] vb. bruise
base
H7779 שׁוּף bruise
7779 shuwph shoof
a primitive root; properly, to gape, i.e. snap at;
figuratively, to overwhelm:--break, bruise, cover.
שׁוּף (shuph) — to bruise.
1) to bruise, crush, gape upon, desire?, seize?, strike out?
1a) (Qal) to fall upon, bruise
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms | Suff — Verb qal imperfect third person masculine singular · suffixHVqi3ms/Sp1bs
לַ֫יְלָה (layil) means 'night' and is derived from a root that suggests a twist away from light. It encompasses the literal sense of night as opposed to day, as well as figurative uses related to gloom or adversity. The term appears in contexts like Isaiah 21:11.
לַ֫יְלָה, לַ֫יִל 242 n.m. night
base
H3915 לַ֫יְלָה, לַ֫יִל night
3915 layil lah'-yil
or (Isa. 21:11) leyl {lale}; also laylah {lah'- yel-aw}; from
the same as 3883; properly, a twist (away of the light), i.e.
night; figuratively, adversity:--((mid-))night (season).
see HEBREW for 03883
לַ֫יְלָה (lay.lah) — night.
1) night
1a) night (as opposed to day)
1b) of gloom, protective shadow (fig.)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
nit.
See DAY AND NIGHT for the natural usage and the various terms.
1. In the Old Testament:
Figurative uses: The word "night" (laylah or layil is sometimes used figuratively in the Old Testament. Thus, Moses compares the brevity of time, the lapse of a thousand years, to "a watch in the night" (Ps 90:4). Adversity is depicted by it in such places as Job 35:10; compare Isa 8:20; Jer 15:9. Disappointment and despair are apparently depicted by it in the "burden of Dumah" (Isa 21:11,12); and spiritual blindness, coming upon the false prophets (Mic 3:6); again sudden and…
[DAY]
The ancient Hebrews began their artificial day at evening, and ended it the next evening, so that the night proceeded the day. This usage may probably be traced to the terms employed in describing the creation, Ge 1:5,8,13, etc., "The evening and the morning were the first day." The Hebrews allowed twelve to the day; but these hours were not equal, except at the equinox. At other times, when the hours of the night were long, those of the day were short, as in winter; and when the hours of night were short, as at midsummer, the hours of the day were long in proportion. See HOURS.
The nights are sometimes extremely cold in Syria, when the days are very hot; and travelers in the deserts and among the mountains near Palestine refer to their own sufferings from these opposite extremes, in illustration of Jacob’s words in
אוֹר (or) means 'light' and encompasses various forms of illumination, including daylight, dawn, and the light of heavenly bodies like the sun and stars. It can also refer to metaphorical concepts such as the light of life, prosperity, and instruction, as well as Yahweh as a source of light.
אוֹר 121 n.m. light
light as diffused in nature, light of day
morning light, dawn
light of the heavenly luminaries
daylight
lightning
light of lamp
light of life
light of prosperity
light of instruction
light of face
Yahweh
base
H216 אוֹר light . light as diffused in nature, light of day
. morning light, dawn
. light of the heavenly luminaries
. daylight
. lightning
. light of lamp
. light of life
. light of prosperity
. light of instruction
. light of face
. Yahweh
216 'owr ore
from 215; illumination or (concrete) luminary (in every
sense, including lightning, happiness, etc.):--bright, clear,
+ day, light (-ning), morning, sun.
see HEBREW for 0215
אוֹר (or) — light.
1) light
1a) light of day
1b) light of heavenly luminaries (moon, sun, stars)
1c) day-break, dawn, morning light
1d) daylight
1e) lightning
1f) light of lamp
1g) light of life
1h) light of prosperity
1i) light of instruction
1j) light of face (fig.)
1k) Jehovah as Israel's light
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
lit ('or, ma'or; phos; many other words):
1. Origin of Light
2. A Comprehensive Term
(1) Natural Light
(2) Artificial Light
(3) Miraculous Light
(4) Mental, Moral, Spiritual Light
3. An Attribute of Holiness
(1) God
(2) Christ
(3) Christians
(4) The Church
4. Symbolism
5. Expressive Terms
1. Origin of Light:
The creation of light was the initial step in the creation of life. "Let there be light" (Ge 1:3) was the first word of God spoken after His creative Spirit "moved" upon the primary material out of which He created the heavens and the earth, and which lay, until the utterance of that word, in the chaos of darkness and desolation. Something akin, possibly, to the all-pervasive electro-magnetic activity of the aurora borealis penetrated the chaotic night of the world. The ultimate focusing of light (on the 4th day of creation,
Light
The offspring of the divine command (Gen. 1:3). “All the more joyous emotions of the mind, all the pleasing sensations of the frame, all the happy hours of domestic intercourse were habitually described among the Hebrews under imagery derived from light” (1 Kings 11:36; Isa. 58:8; Esther 8:16; Ps. 97:11). Light came also naturally to typify true religion and the felicity it imparts (Ps. 119:105; Isa. 8:20; Matt. 4:16, etc.), and the glorious inheritance…
One of the most wonderful, cheering, and useful of all the works of God; called into being on the first of the six days of creation, by his voice: "Let there be light;" and there was light. No object better illustrates whatever is pure, glorious, spiritual, joyful, and beneficent. Hence the beauty and force of the expressions, "God is light," 1Jo 1:5, and "the Father of lights," Jas 1:17; Christ is the "Sun of righteousness," and "the light of the world," Joh 1:9 8:12. So also the word of God is "a light," Ps 119:105; truth and Christians are lights, Joh 3:19 12:36; prosperity is "light," Es 8:16; and heaven is full of…
בַּ֫עַד (ba'ad) is a Hebrew word that functions as a preposition and noun, indicating separation or position, such as 'away from,' 'behind,' 'about,' or 'on behalf of.' It is derived from a root meaning to separate and covers a range of spatial and metaphorical uses. The lexicons agree on its meanings, with variations in emphasis on specific usages.
בַּ֫עַד subst. prop. separation, with a gen., in separation from, in usage a prep. away from, behind, about, on behalf of
base
H1157 בַּ֫עַד subst. prop. separation, with a gen., in separation from, in usage a prep. away from, behind, about, on behalf of
1157 b`ad beh-ad'
from 5704 with prepositional prefix; in up to or over
against; generally at, beside, among, behind, for,
etc.:--about, at by (means of), for, over, through, up (-on),
within.
see HEBREW for 05704
בַּ֫עַד (be.ad) — about/through/for.
1) behind, through, round about, on behalf of, away from, about
1a) through (of action)
1b) behind (with verbs of shutting)
1c) about (with verbs of fencing)
1d) on behalf of (metaph. especially with Hithpael)
Prep | Suff — SuffixHAcbsc/Sp1bs