Psalms 120:6 — Word Study
WLCרַ֭בַּת שָֽׁכְנָה־ לָּ֣הּ נַפְשִׁ֑י עִ֝֗ם שׂוֹנֵ֥א שָׁלֽוֹם׃
BSA◂Too longrab [exceedingly, my soul hath long] have Inephesh dweltshâkan■ [lived, resided] amongʻim those who hatesânêʼ [with him that, in the company of, intensely dislike, are hostile towards] peaceshâlôwm [shalom, completeness and wellness]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| רַ֭בַּת | much | Adj |
| שָֽׁכְנָה־ | it has dwelt | Verb, Qal, perfect third person feminine singular |
| לָּ֣הּ | itself | Preposition, suffix |
| נַפְשִׁ֑י | self my | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| עִ֝֗ם | with | Preposition |
| שׂוֹנֵ֥א | [one who] hates | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine singular common |
| שָׁלֽוֹם׃ | peace | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Too long have I dwelt among those who hate peace. |
| KJV | My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace. |
| ASV | My soul hath long had her dwelling With him that hateth peace. |
| YLT | Too much hath my soul dwelt with him who is hating peace. |
| WEB | My soul has had her dwelling too long with him who hates peace. |
| BBE | My soul has long been living with the haters of peace. |
Where they part company is רַ֭בַּת — see How Translations Differ.
One main verb with two phrases providing context about the psalmist's dwelling and the nature of those around him.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, AdamClarke & more — read them ›
clause
verbשָׁכַן
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 120:6
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Lament in Hostile Surroundingsgenerated
Psalm 120:6 expresses the psalmist's feelings of distress and isolation as he dwells among those who oppose peace. This verse highlights the tension between the desire for peace and the reality of living among adversaries. The surrounding verses emphasize the psalmist's plight, as he feels the weight of hostility against his longing for harmony.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 57:4 | My soul is among the lions; I lie down with ravenous beasts— with men whose teeth are spears and arrows, whose tongues are sharp swords. |
| 2 | 1 Samuel 20:30–33 | Then Saul’s anger burned against Jonathan, and he said to him, “You son of a perverse and rebellious woman! Do I not know that you have chosen the son of Jesse to your own shame and to the disgrace of the mother who bore you? |
| 3 | Ezekiel 2:6 | But you, son of man, do not be afraid of them or their words. Do not be afraid, though briers and thorns surround you, and you dwell among scorpions. Do not be afraid of their words or dismayed by their presence, though they are a rebellious house. |
| 4 | Matthew 10:16–36 | Behold, I am sending you out like sheep among wolves; therefore be as shrewd as snakes and as innocent as doves. |
| 5 | Titus 3:3 | For at one time we too were foolish, disobedient, misled, and enslaved to all sorts of desires and pleasures—living in malice and envy, being hated and hating one another. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — רַ֭בַּת, Ra.batgenerated
The word רַב (rav) means much or many and conveys a sense of abundance or intensity. In this context, it emphasizes the prolonged duration of the psalmist's suffering, indicating that his soul has been in distress for a significant time.
As an adjective, it enhances the emotional weight of the statement, suggesting that the psalmist's experience is not just long but exceedingly burdensome. The use of רַבַּת underlines the depth of his lament.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against. The BSB has Too long, which is also reflected in the KJV and ASV: all three convey the sense of prolonged duration.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb שָֽׁכְנָה, it has dwelt, governs the structure of the verse, indicating the psalmist's state of being. The subject is the psalmist's soul, and the prepositional phrases provide context about the environment he is in.
The phrase עִ֝֗ם (with) introduces the company the psalmist keeps, emphasizing the relationship between his dwelling and those who oppose peace.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates רַ֭בַּת as πολλὰ (pollà), meaning 'much' or 'many.' This choice retains the sense of abundance but shifts the emphasis slightly away from the personal aspect of the psalmist's soul's condition.
The Greek word παρῴκησεν (parōkēsen) for שָֽׁכְנָה also indicates dwelling but may imply a more transient state, reflecting a different nuance in the psalmist's experience.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 120:6 expresses the psalmist's long struggle living among those who hate peace. He feels trapped in a hostile environment, longing for harmony but surrounded by enemies. This verse captures the tension between his desire for peace and the reality of his situation.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The phrase indicates a prolonged period of distress and discomfort, suggesting that the psalmist has been in this situation for an extended time.
They represent individuals or groups who oppose harmony and promote conflict, creating a hostile environment for the psalmist.
To dwell implies a sense of permanence or long-term residence, highlighting the psalmist's ongoing struggle in a hostile environment.
This verse encapsulates the psalmist's lament about living in a world filled with conflict, setting the tone for the cries for help and deliverance that follow.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I experience conflict in my own life, and how do I respond to it?
- How can I seek peace in my relationships with others, especially those who oppose it?
- What does it mean for me to dwell among those who do not value peace?
- How can I find comfort and strength in God during times of distress?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
The early church fathers, such as Augustine of Hippo, referenced this verse to discuss the soul's journey and its longing for peace amid turmoil.
"My soul has wandered much" [Psalms 120:6]. Lest you should understand bodily wandering, he has said that the soul wandered.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 120 →
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 120:6 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleMy soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace. The God of peace, against whom their carnal minds are enmity itself; Christ, the Prince of peace, the Man, the Peace, who has made peace by the
Read John Gill on Psalms 120 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryMy soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace. My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace. "Long" - i:e., too long. It expresses weariness of a long-continued trial.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 120 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 120:6 My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace.Ver. 6. My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace] With Saul, that implacable tyrant, and with other barbarous and brutish persons, skilful to destroy. The very society of such (be they never so tame and civil) is tedious and unsavoury to a good soul; like the slime and filth that is congealed when many toads and other vermin join together. Long, therefore, and too long seemeth it to a saint to sojourn with such. Lord (said a certain good woman upon her death bed, and doubting of her salvation), send me not to hell among the wicked, for thou knowest I never loved their company all my life long.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 120 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 6. My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace.] A restless, barbarous, warlike, and marauding people.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 120 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges6. Too long hath my soul had her dwelling With the haters of peace. The sensitive ‘soul’ feels the inhumanity of their conduct.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 120 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleMy soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace - This trouble is no new thing. It has been long continued, and has become intolerable. Who this was that thus gave him trouble is, of course, now unknown.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 120 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible6. My soul hath long dwelt—Literally, Much has dwelt my soul with herself, with, or near, him that hateth peace.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Psalms 120 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Too long have I dwelt among those who hate peace.
My soul has had her dwelling too long with him who hates peace.
Too long have I dwelt among those who hate peace.
For too long I have had to reside with those who hate peace.
Tyndale line
My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace.
My soul hath long had her dwelling With him that hateth peace.
My soul hath long had her dwelling with him that hateth peace.
My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace.
My soule hath too long dwelt with him that hateth peace.
Strictly literal
My soul hath long dwelt with them that hate peace.
Too much hath my soul dwelt with him who is hating peace.
My soul has dwelt too much with him who is hating peace.
Too long for herself hath my soul dwelt with him that hateth peace.
For too long I have lived with those who hate peace.
From the Latin
The sun shall not burn thee by day: nor the moon by night.
Simplified
I have lived for far too long among people who hate peace.
My soul has long been living with the haters of peace.
Word by word, the decisions they made
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text reads, "רַ֭בַּת שָֽׁכְנָה־ לָּ֣הּ נַפְשִׁ֑י עִ֝֗ם שׂוֹנֵ֥א שָׁלֽוֹם׃" which translates to "Too long have I dwelt among those who hate peace." The Septuagint, while not providing the exact text, matches six out of seven words with the Masoretic Text, indicating a strong agreement in content. The Dead Sea Scrolls fragment 4Q87 contains six words from the verse, but two are partly restored and three are supplied by an editor, suggesting some textual variation but overall alignment with the Masoretic Text. Thus, the primary witnesses largely agree with the Masoretic Text, with minor textual differences noted in the Dead Sea Scrolls.
רַ֭בַּת שָֽׁכְנָה־ לָּ֣הּ נַפְשִׁ֑י עִ֝֗ם שׂוֹנֵ֥א שָׁלֽוֹם׃
6 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
רבת שכנה לנפש׳י [עם] [שונא] [שלום]
6 words of the verse are on this fragment — 2 partly restored, 3 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 120:6
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
רַב (rav) means much, many, or great, often used in contrast to מְעַט (me'at). It can describe abundance in quantity or rank and is also used as a noun for chief or captain. The word conveys a range of meanings from numerous to exceedingly, and it can function as both an adjective and a noun.
רַב 429 adj. much, many, great
(oft. opp. מְעַט)
much: of substances
esp. of collectives, numerous
pl. many
רַב as subst. coll. pers.
cstr. = abounding in
מִן comp. = more numerous than
רַב = abundant, enough
as adv. much, exceedingly
less oft. great
base
רַב 49 n.m. chief
base
H7227a רַב much, many, great . (oft. opp. מְעַט) . . much: of substances
. esp. of collectives, numerous
. pl. many
. רַב as subst. coll. pers.
. cstr. = abounding in
. + מִן comp. = more numerous than
. רַב = abundant, enough
. as adv. much, exceedingly
. less oft. great
H7227b רַב chief
7227 rab rab
by contracted from 7231; abundant (in quantity, size, age,
number, rank, quality):--(in) abound(-undance, -ant, -antly),
captain, elder, enough, exceedingly, full, great(-ly, man,
one), increase, long (enough, (time)), (do, have) many(-ifold,
things, a time), ((ship-))master, mighty, more, (too, very)
much, multiply(-tude), officer, often(-times), plenteous,
populous, prince, process (of time), suffice(-lent).
see HEBREW for 07231
רַב (rav) — many.
adj
1) much, many, great
1a) much
1b) many
1c) abounding in
1d) more numerous than
1e) abundant, enough
1f) great
1g) strong
1h) greater than
adv
1i) much, exceedingly
רַב (rav) — chief.
captain, chief
Aramaic equivalent: rav.re.van (רַבְרְבָן "noble" H7261)
רַב (rav) — (Sidon) the Great.
Combined with tsi.don (צִידוֹן "Sidon" H6721H)
§ captain, chief
Adj — AdjHAafsc
שָׁכַן (shakan) is a Hebrew verb meaning to settle down, abide, or dwell. It encompasses various forms of residing, both literally and figuratively, and includes nuances of establishing or causing to dwell. The entries indicate its use in different grammatical forms, such as Qal, Piel, and Hiphil, which express actions related to dwelling and establishing habitation.
שָׁכַן, שָׁכֵ֑ן 129 vb. settle down, abide, dwell
Qal
settle down to abide
abide, dwell
Pi.
make settle down, establish
make to dwell
Hiph.
lay
cause birds to settle
cause to dwell
base
H7931 שָׁכַן, שָׁכֵ֑ן settle down, abide, dwell
7931 shakan shaw-kan'
a primitive root (apparently akin (by transmission) to 7901
through the idea of lodging; compare 5531, 7925); to reside or
permanently stay (literally or figuratively):--abide,
continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-er), have habitation,
inhabit, lay, place, (cause to) remain, rest, set (up).
see HEBREW for 05531
see HEBREW for 07925
שָׁכַן (sha.khan) — to dwell.
1) to settle down, abide, dwell, tabernacle, reside
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to settle down to abide
1a2) to abide, dwell, reside
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to make settle down, establish
1b2) to make or cause to dwell
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to lay, place, set, establish, settle, fix
1c2) to cause to dwell or abide
Aramaic equivalent: she.khan (שְׁכֵן "to dwell" H7932)
V-Qal-Perf-3fs — Verb · Qal · perfect third person feminine singularHVqp3fs
הָ (ha) — her.
Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person feminine singular
HR/Sp3fs — Preposition · suffixHR/Sp3fs
The Hebrew word נֶ֫פֶשׁ (*nephesh*) broadly means 'soul' or 'living being,' encompassing concepts like life, self, person, desire, and emotion. It is derived from the root meaning 'to breathe' and signifies both physical and mental aspects of existence. The lexicons note its use in various contexts, including as the seat of appetites and emotions, though its application to will and character is uncertain.
נֶ֫פֶשׁ 756 n.f. soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion
= that which breathes, the breathing substance or being
The נפשׁ becomes a living being
The נפשׁ is specif.
The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself
נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)
נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions
נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts
נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.
נפשׁ = character is still more dub.
נ׳ in D
base
H5315 נֶ֫פֶשׁ soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion . = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being
. The נפשׁ becomes a living being
. The נפשׁ is specif.
. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself
. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)
. נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions
. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts
. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.
. נפשׁ = character is still more dub.
. נ׳ in D
5315 nephesh neh'-fesh
from 5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of
(abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal,
accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental):--any,
appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead(-ly), desire,
X (dis-)contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart(-y),
(hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me,
mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-,
thy-)self, them (your)-selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they,
thing, (X she) will, X would have it.
see HEBREW for 05314
נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul.
1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion
1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man
1b) living being
1c) living being (with life in the blood)
1d) the man himself, self, person or individual
1e) seat of the appetites
1f) seat of emotions and passions
1g) activity of mind
1g1) uncertain
1h) activity of the will
1h1) uncertain
1i) activity of the character
1i1) uncertain
נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul: life.
1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion
1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man
1b) living being
1c) living being (with life in the blood)
1d) the man himself, self, person or individual
1e) seat of the appetites
1f) seat of emotions and passions
1g) activity of mind
N-cs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp1bs
עִם (im) is a preposition meaning 'with' and covers a range of relationships, including companionship, locality, and possession. It can imply actions done jointly, equality, or even opposition in contexts like combat. The related form מֵעִם (me.im) means 'from with' or 'beside.' The entries reflect various nuances but do not present significant disagreement.
עִם prep. with
of fellowship and companionship
of aid
Of actions done jointly with another
If the common action be of the nature of a contest or combat, with in the sense of against
Of dealing with a person, or of the relation in which one stands with, or towards, another
Of a common lot together with the wicked
Of equality or resemblance generally aid
Of time, as long as
Of a locality, close to, beside
Of persons, עִם is spec.
in the house or family or service of
In possession of
In the custody or care of
Beside = except
With = friendly with
Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one
Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding
base
מֵעִם 72 from with or beside
base
H5973a עִם with . of fellowship and companionship
. Of a locality, close to, beside
. Of persons, עִם is spec. . in the house or family or service of
. In possession of
. In the custody or care of
. Beside = except
. With = friendly with
. Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one
. Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding
H5973b מֵעִם from with, beside
5973 `im eem
from 6004; adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction
with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with;
often with prepositional prefix (and then usually
unrepresented in English):--accompanying, against, and, as (X
long as), before, beside, by (reason of), for all, from
(among, between), in, like, more than, of, (un-)to,
with(-al).
see HEBREW for 06004
עִם (im) — with.
1) with
1a) with
1b) against
1c) toward
1d) as long as
מֵעִם (me.im) — from with.
1a) beside, except
1b) in spite of
Prep — PrepositionHR
שָׂנֵא (sane') is a primitive root meaning 'to hate.' It covers various forms of hatred, including personal animosity and enmity, and can refer to both humans and God. The word appears in different grammatical forms, with uses in Qal, Niphal, and Piel, indicating actions of hating or being hated. Its Aramaic equivalent is שְׂנָא.
שָׂנֵא 145 vb. hate
Qal 128 hate
Niph. is hated
Pi. enemy
base
H8130 שָׂנֵא hate
8130 sane' saw-nay'
a primitive root; to hate (personally):--enemy, foe, (be)
hate(-ful, -r), odious, X utterly.
שָׂנֵא (sa.ne) — to hate.
1) to hate, be hateful
1a) (Qal) to hate
1a1) of man
1a2) of God
1a3) hater, one hating, enemy (participle) (subst)
1b) (Niphal) to be hated
1c) (Piel) hater (participle)
1c1) of persons, nations, God, wisdom
Aramaic equivalent: se.ne (שְׂנָא "to hate" H8131)
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular commonHVqrmsc
שָׁלוֹם (shalom) conveys a range of meanings including completeness, soundness, welfare, and peace. It can refer to physical safety and health, as well as emotional states like tranquility and friendship, particularly in human relationships and with God. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to be complete' and is used in various contexts, including greetings.
שָׁלוֹם 237 n.m. completeness, soundness, welfare, peace
completeness in no.
safety, soundness, in body
welfare, health, prosperity
peace, quiet, tranquility, contentment
peace, friendship
peace from war
as adj. those at peace with him
base
H7965 שָׁלוֹם completeness, soundness, welfare, peace
7965 shalowm shaw-lome'
or shalom {shaw-lome'}; from 7999; safe, i.e. (figuratively)
well, happy, friendly; also (abstractly) welfare, i.e. health,
prosperity, peace:--X do, familiar, X fare, favour, + friend,
X great, (good) health, (X perfect, such as be at)
peace(-able, -ably), prosper(-ity, -ous), rest, safe(-ty),
salute, welfare, (X all is, be) well, X wholly.
see HEBREW for 07999
שָׁלוֹם (sha.lom) — peace.
: peace
1) completeness, soundness, welfare, peace
1a) completeness (in number)
1b) safety, soundness (in body)
1c) welfare, health, prosperity
1d) peace, quiet, tranquillity, contentment
1e) peace, friendship
1e1) of human relationships
1e2) with God especially in covenant relationship
1f) peace (from war)
1g) peace (as adjective)
שָׁלוֹם (ye.ho.vah sha.lom) — Peace.
This name means completeness, peace
Another name of ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068G)
שָׁלוֹם (sha.lom) — peace: well-being.
: well-being
1) completeness, soundness, welfare, peace
1a) completeness (in number)
1b) safety, soundness (in body)
1c) welfare, health, prosperity
1d) peace, quiet, tranquillity, contentment
1e) peace, friendship
1e1) of human relationships
1e2) with God especially in covenant relationship
1f) peace (from war)
1g) peace (as adjective)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
pes (shalom; eirene):
1. In the Old Testament:
Is a condition of freedom from disturbance, whether outwardly, as of a nation from war or enemies, or inwardly, within the soul. The Hebrew word is shalom (both adjective and substantive), meaning, primarily, "soundness," "health," but coming also to signify "prosperity," well-being in general, all good in relation to both man and God. In early times, to a people harassed by foes, peace was the primary blessing. In Ps 122:7, we have "peace" and "prosperity," and in 35:27; 73:3, shalom is translated "prosperity." In 2Sa 11:7 the King James Version, David asked of Uriah "how Joab did" (margin "of the peace of Joab"), "and how the people did (the Revised Version (British and American) "fared," literally, "of the peace of the people"), and…