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Psalms 11:6 — Word Study

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WLCיַמְטֵ֥ר עַל־ רְשָׁעִ֗ים פַּ֫חִ֥ים אֵ֣שׁ וְ֭גָפְרִית וְר֥וּחַ זִלְעָפ֗וֹת מְנָ֣ת כּוֹסָֽם׃

BSAOnʻal the wickedrâshâʻ [morally wrong, guilty of crime or sin] He will rain downmâṭar [blazing] fieryʼêsh coalspach [flaming pieces of metal] and sulfurgophrîyth [highly flammable, brimstone] a scorchingzalʻâphâh [severe] windrûwach [a blast of air] will be their portionmᵉnâth [allotted share]

Word
Listen & take awayPsalms 11
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 6 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ko.Sam) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Psalms 11:6quick helps
In a sentenceThe verse warns of the severe judgment that will come upon the wicked.
Who is speakingThe psalmist, reflecting on God's justice.
Where we areThis verse is part of a psalm that contrasts the fate of the righteous and the wicked.
The hard wordרְשָׁעִ֗ים
Take awayThe wicked will face divine retribution.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbמָטַר The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Psalms 11:6

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Judgment of the Wickedgenerated

4The LORD is in His holy temple; the LORD is on His heavenly throne. His eyes are watching closely; they examine the sons of men.
5The LORD tests the righteous and the wicked; His soul hates the lover of violence.
6On the wicked He will rain down fiery coals and sulfur; a scorching wind will be their portion.
7For the LORD is righteous; He loves justice. The upright will see His face.

Psalm 11:6 depicts the consequences awaiting the wicked, emphasizing God's role as a righteous judge. The psalmist asserts that the Lord observes the actions of humanity and will respond to injustice. This verse serves as a warning about the fate of those who oppose God's ways, contrasting it with the safety of the righteous, as noted in the surrounding verses.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 105:32He gave them hail for rain, with lightning throughout their land.
2Genesis 19:24Then the LORD rained down sulfur and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah—from the LORD out of the heavens.
3Exodus 9:23–24So Moses stretched out his staff toward heaven, and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and lightning struck the earth. So the LORD rained down hail upon the land of Egypt.
4Job 18:15Fire resides in his tent; burning sulfur rains down on his dwelling.
5Job 20:23When he has filled his stomach, God will vent His fury upon him, raining it down on him as he eats.

The Key Word יַמְטֵ֥ר, yam.Tergenerated

The verb מָטַר (matar) means 'to rain' and is in the Hiphil stem, indicating causation. Here, it describes God actively sending down judgment upon the wicked, illustrating His power over nature and justice.

This usage highlights God's authority to enact punishment, as rain is often seen as a blessing or curse in biblical literature. The jussive form expresses a strong intention, suggesting that this action is both imminent and inevitable.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study references the Berean Standard Bible, which uses rain down for יַמְטֵ֥ר.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb יַמְטֵ֥ר (yam.Ter) governs the entire verse, with a prepositional phrase indicating the target of the action, followed by a noun phrase that details what is being sent down. This structure emphasizes God's direct involvement in the judgment.

The overall sentence structure reflects a cause-and-effect relationship, where the action of raining down fiery coals and sulfur leads to the resulting portion of the wicked.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint uses ἐπιβρέχει to translate יַמְטֵ֥ר, which conveys the same sense of pouring down. This choice maintains the imagery of divine judgment while aligning with Greek literary conventions.

The translation indicates a direct action from God, reinforcing the theme of divine retribution present in the Hebrew text.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Psalm 11:6 warns that God will bring severe judgment on the wicked, using imagery of fiery coals and sulfur to illustrate the punishment they will face. This verse emphasizes God's role as a righteous judge who observes the actions of humanity.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does the verse say about the wicked?

The verse indicates that the wicked will face divine judgment, symbolized by fiery coals and sulfur.

What is the significance of fire and sulfur in this context?

Fire and sulfur symbolize destruction and judgment, often associated with God's wrath against sin.

How does this verse relate to the overall message of Psalm 11?

This verse highlights the contrast between the fate of the wicked and the protection of the righteous, reinforcing the theme of God's justice.

What can we learn about God's character from this verse?

This verse reveals God's nature as a just judge who will not overlook wickedness and will enact punishment on those who oppose Him.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What are some examples of injustice in the world today, and how can we respond to them?
  2. How does understanding God's judgment shape our view of morality and justice?
  3. In what ways can we ensure we are living righteously in light of this warning?
  4. How can we share the message of God's justice and mercy with others?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early Church Fathers reference this verse to discuss God's judgment and the consequences of sin, illustrating its theological significance.

Didymus the BlindFRAGMENTS ON THE Psalms 11:7 c. 313–398
Harsh punishments are often denoted in Scripture by the word cup.… So it follows that even in this place “cup” denotes the punishment to be poured out, especially, the fullness of this cup is fire, sulphur and a stormy wind,
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 11 →
Augustine of HippoExposition on Psalms 11 354–430
"He shall rain snares upon the sinners" [Psalms 11:6]. If by clouds are understood prophets generally, whether good or bad,
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 11 →
Fulgentius of RuspeON THE FORGIVENESS OF SINS 6:1-2 c. 462–533
Eternal life will be given in the future only to the one to whom forgiveness of sins has been given in this world. Only he will receive the forgiveness of sins here who renounces his sins and hastens to the highest and true God with true…
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 11 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Psalms 11:6 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Upon the wicked,.... The wicked one, the man of sin, antichrist, and upon all that worship the beast and his image, on all persecutors, and upon all wicked men in general: he shall rain snares, fire,

Read John Gill on Psalms 11 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup.

Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 11 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

He shall rain; which notes their original to be extraordinary, and from God’ s hand; and withal, that they should come plentifully, swiftly, and suddenly, violently and unavoidably, as rain commonly doth fall from heaven. Snares, i.e. grievous plagues or judgments, which are called snares here, as also ,10 22:10 24:17,18; partly because wicked men are ofttimes surprised with them when they least expect them, ; and partly because they cannot escape them, nor get out of them, but are held fast and destroyed by them. Fire and brimstone, and a horrible tempest, i.e. dreadful judgments, so called metaphorically, and by allusion to the destruction of Sodom and other places by these means. But…

Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 11 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Psalms 11:6 Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible tempest: [this shall be] the portion of their cup.Ver. 6. Upon the wicked he shall rain snares] His soul hateth them; and as revenge is the next effect of hatred, he will exercise horrible judgmeuts upon them. Go on they may in their wicked ways for a time, and happily think to outrun wrath, but it shall easily overtake them, and inevitably: for the first thing that God shall rain upon them is snares, to catch and hold them fast, that they may surely suffer the rest that follow. "Take him, and lead him away safely," saith Judas concernmg Jesus to the soldiers, Mark 14:44. And the same in effect saith God…

Read John Trapp on Psalms 11 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(6) Rain snares.—Or nooses. (Comp. 1 Corinthians 7:35.) This is certainly an extraordinary figure, and various emendations have been suggested. Ewald’s “coals of fire” (pecham for pachîm) is the best (comp. Psalms 18:13, where the Hebrew word, however, is gechalîm, “live, or red coals”; while pecham is used in Proverbs 26:21 as fuel for fire, in contrast with live coals: but in Isaiah 44:12; Isaiah 54:16 it is itself plainly burning coal.) He arranges the clauses thus: “Causeth to rain upon wicked men coals of fire with brimstone; a glowing blast is the portion of their cup.” “Put we our quarrel to the will of Heaven, Who, when he sees the hours ripe on earth, Will rain hot vengeance on…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 11 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 6. Upon the wicked he shall rain] This is a manifest allusion to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Snares] Judgments shall fall upon them suddenly and unawares. Fire] Such as shall come immediately from God, and be inextinguishable. Brimstone] Melted by the fire, for their drink! This shall be the portion of their cup. A horrible tempest] רוח זלעפות ruach zilaphoth, "the spirit of terrors." Suffering much, and being threatened with more, they shall be filled with confusion and dismay. My old MS. has gost of stormis. See at the end. See Clarke on Psalms 11:7. Or, the blast of destructions. This may refer to the horribly suffocating Arabian wind, called [Arabic] Smum. Mohammed, in…

Read AdamClarke on Psalms 11 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

6. Literally: Let him rain snares upon the wicked! Fire and brimstone and scorching blast be the portion of their cup! A wish takes the place of the simple statement (he shall rain) which might have been expected. Cp. Psalms 12:3. May the wicked meet the fate of Sodom, so often alluded to as the typical example of signal judgment upon gross and defiant sin. The language is borrowed from Genesis 19:24. Cp. Deuteronomy 29:23; Ezekiel 38:22. The ‘snares’ are to entangle them so that they cannot escape from the fire which consumes, and the fatal simoom which suffocates. But possibly we should follow the version of Symmachus in reading coals of fire for snares. So Cheyne and others. Cp. Psalms…

Read Cambridge on Psalms 11 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Upon the wicked - Upon all the wicked. He shall rain - He shall pour down as in a furious tempest.

Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 11 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

On the wicked He will rain down fiery coals and sulfur; a scorching wind will be their portion.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

On the wicked he will rain blazing coals; fire, sulfur, and scorching wind shall be the portion of their cup.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

On the wicked He will rain down fiery coals and sulfur; a scorching wind will be their portion.

NETBNew English Translation2006

May the Lord rain down burning coals and brimstone on the wicked! A whirlwind is what they deserve!

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Upon the wicked he will rain snares; Fire and brimstone and burning wind shall be the portion of their cup.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Upon the wicked he shall rain snares; fire and brimstone and burning wind shall be the portion of their cup.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and a horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Vpon the wicked he shall raine snares, fire, and brimstone, and stormie tempest: this is the porcion of their cup.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone; and scorching wind shall be the portion of their cup.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

He poureth on the wicked snares, fire, and brimstone, And a horrible wind [is] the portion of their cup.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

He pours on the wicked snares, fire, and brimstone, || And a horrible wind [is] the portion of their cup.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

He letteth rain upon the wicked burning coals, fire and brimstone; and a glowing wind is the portion of their cup.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

He rains burning coals and brimstone upon the wicked; a scorching wind will be their portion from his cup!

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

By reason of the misery of the needy, and the groans of the poor, now will I arise, saith the Lord. I win set him in safety; I will deal confidently in his regard.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

He will make blazing coals and sulfur rain down on the wicked; a scorching wind is what's coming on them.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

On the evil-doer he will send down fire and flames, and a burning wind; with these will their cup be full.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseverbיַמְטֵ֥רhe.will.rain.downprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַלonרְשָׁעִ֗יםwicked.[people]objectפַּ֫חִ֥יםsnaresclausenoun phrase · subjectאֵ֣שׁ[will.be].fireוְ֭andגָפְרִיתsulfurוְandnoun phraseר֥וּחַa.windזִלְעָפ֗וֹתof.burning.heat(s)noun phrase · predicateמְנָ֣תthe.portionnoun phraseכּוֹסָֽtheir.cupםtheir

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of this verse, with all ten Hebrew words matched in the Greek translation. This consistency suggests a shared understanding of the text's meaning across these traditions.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

יַמְטֵ֥ר עַל־ רְשָׁעִ֗ים פַּ֫חִ֥ים אֵ֣שׁ וְ֭גָפְרִית וְר֥וּחַ זִלְעָפ֗וֹת מְנָ֣ת כּוֹסָֽם׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
יַמְטֵ֥רἐπιβρέχειעַל־ἐπὶרְשָׁעִ֗יםἁμαρτωλοὺςפַּ֫חִ֥יםπαγίδαςאֵ֣שׁπῦρוְ֭גָפְרִיתθεῖονוְר֥וּחַπνεῦμαזִלְעָפ֗וֹתκαταιγίδοςמְנָ֣תμερὶςכּוֹסָֽם׃ποτηρίου

10 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Psalms 11:6מָטַרhe will raihe will rain doמָטַרעַלononעַלרָשָׁעwicked [peowicked [people]רָשָׁעפַּחsnaressnaresפַּחאֵשׁfirefireאֵשׁגָּפְרִיתand sulfurand sulfurגָּפְרִיתרוּחַand [will band [will be] aרוּחַזַלְעָפָהburning heaburning heatזַלְעָפָהמְנָת[the] porti[the] portion oמְנָתכּוֹסcup theircup theirכּוֹסרָשַׁעbe wickedbe wickedרָשַׁעפָּחַחto ensnareto ensnareפָּחַחרִיחַto smellto smellרִיחַזָעַףto enrageto enrageזָעַףמָנָהto countto countמָנָהעַלheightheightעַלגֹּ֫פֶרgophergopherגֹּ֫פֶרכִּיסpursepurseכִּיסחֶלְקָהportionportionחֶלְקָהכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאצַדִּיקrighteousrighteousצַדִּיקאָבַדto perishto perishאָבַדיָקֹשׁto snareto snareיָקֹשׁפַּ֫חַתpitpitפַּ֫חַתלֶהָבָהflameflameלֶהָבָהיָצַתto kindleto kindleיָצַתזֶ֫פֶתpitchpitchזֶ֫פֶת
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Psalms 11:6

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
יַמְטֵ֥רyam.Ter he will rain down H4305 Verb · Hiphil · jussive third person masculine singular
17× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to send rain or cause it to rain, often used to describe God's power over the weather. It appears in the Bible to describe rain, hail, or other forms of precipitation. This word is used in various contexts, including the story of Noah's flood.
Amplified meaning
blazing
Tyndale gloss
to rain
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָטַר (matar) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to rain.' It can refer to the act of raining or being rained upon, with specific forms indicating whether the subject is causing rain to fall or simply receiving it. The entries highlight its use in both the Niphal and Hiphil stems, covering various aspects of rain.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מָטַר] vb. denom. [rain]

Niph. be rained upon

Hiph. send rain, rain

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4305 מָטַר vb. denom. [rain] . be rained upon

. send rain, rain

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4305 matar maw-tar'

a primitive root; to rain:--(cause to) rain (upon).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָטַר (ma.tar) — to rain.

1) to rain

1a) (Niphal) to be rained on or upon

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to rain, send rain

1b2) to rain hail, send hail

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · jussive third person masculine singular
HVhj3ms
he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
עַל־'al- on H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

On

Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See HELIOPOLIS.

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

pain; force; iniquity

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
רְשָׁעִ֗יםre.sha.'Im wicked [people] H7563 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
263× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word describes someone who is morally wrong, a bad person who is guilty of crime or sin against God or others. It is used to describe the wicked in biblical stories, such as in the book of Genesis.
Amplified meaning
morally wrong, guilty of crime or sin
Tyndale gloss
wicked
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָשָׁע (rasha`) refers to someone who is wicked or criminal, encompassing meanings such as guilty and ungodly. It is derived from a root that implies moral wrongdoing. The term is used to describe individuals who are hostile to God or guilty of sin against others.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָשָׁע 263 adj. wicked, criminal

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7563 רָשָׁע wicked, criminal

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7563 rasha` raw-shaw'

from 7561; morally wrong; concretely, an (actively) bad

person:--+ condemned, guilty, ungodly, wicked (man), that did

wrong.

see HEBREW for 07561

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָשָׁע (ra.sah) — wicked.

1) wicked, criminal

1a) guilty one, one guilty of crime (subst)

1b) wicked (hostile to God)

1c) wicked, guilty of sin (against God or man)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Nave's Topical Bible

→ Compared with

Abominable branches Isa 14:19

Ashes under the feet Mal 4:3

Bad fish Mt 13:48

Animals Ps 49:12; 2Pe 2:12

Blind people Zep 1:17; Mt 15:14

Bronze and iron Jer 6:28; Eze 22:18

Briers add thorns Isa 55:13; Eze 2:6

The bulls of Bashan Ps 22:12

he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
פַּ֫חִ֥יםpa.Chim snares H6341 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
27× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a thin, flat piece of metal, like a plate. It can also describe a net used for catching animals, spread out like a thin sheet of metal.
Amplified meaning
flaming pieces of metal
Tyndale gloss
snare
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פַּח (pach) refers to both a bird trap and a metal plate. It is derived from a root meaning to spread out or pound thin, indicating its use as a snare or a thin sheet of metal. The word can also figuratively represent calamities or plots. The entries consistently highlight these two primary meanings without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פַּח n.m. bird-trap

base

[פַּח] n.[m.] plate of metal

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6341a פַּח bird-trap H6341b פַּח plate of metal

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6341 pach pakh

from 6351; a (metallic) sheet (as pounded thin); also a

spring net (as spread out like a lamina):--gin, (thin) plate,

snare.

see HEBREW for 06351

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פַּח (pach) — snare.

1) bird trap, trap, snare

1a) bird trap (literal)

1b) of calamities, plots, source or agent of calamity (fig.)

פַּח (pach) — plate.

plate (of metal)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
אֵ֣שׁ'esh fire H784 Noun common · both singular absolute
378× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Fire is a powerful symbol in the Bible, representing both God's anger and his refining presence, as seen in Deuteronomy 4:24 and Malachi 3:2-3. It is also used for cooking and warmth. This concept is central to many biblical stories.
Tyndale gloss
fire
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵשׁ (esh) means 'fire' and encompasses various types, including natural fire, supernatural fire associated with divine appearances, and fire used for cooking or on altars. It can also figuratively represent God's anger. The entries consistently highlight its literal and metaphorical uses, with no significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵשׁ 377 n.f. fire

fire, of conflagration

of supernatural fire

fire for cooking, roasting, parching

esp. of altar fire

fig. of Yahweh's anger

in various combinations

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H784 אֵשׁ fire . fire, of conflagration

. of supernatural fire

. fire for cooking, roasting, parching

. esp. of altar fire

. fig. of Yahweh's anger

. in various combinations

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

784 'esh aysh

a primitive word; fire (literally or figuratively):--

burning, fiery, fire, flaming, hot.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵשׁ (esh) — fire.

1) fire

1a) fire, flames

1b) supernatural fire (accompanying theophany)

1c) fire (for cooking, roasting, parching)

1d) altar-fire

1e) God's anger (fig.)

Aramaic equivalent: esh (אֶשָּׁא "fire" H0785)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs — Noun common · both singular absolute
HNcbsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

fir ('esh; pur):

These are the common words for fire, occurring very frequently. 'Ur, "light" (Isa 24:15 the King James Version; compare the Revised Version (British and American); Isa 31:9, and see FIRES), nur (Aramaic) (Da 3:22 ff) are found a few times, also 'eshshah (Jer 6:29), and be`erah (Ex 22:6), once each. Ac 28:2,3 has pura, "pyre," and Mr 14:54; Lu 22:56, phos, "light," the Revised Version (British and American) "in the light (of the fire)." "To set…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Fire

(1.) For sacred purposes. The sacrifices were consumed by fire (Gen. 8:20). The ever-burning fire on the altar was first kindled from heaven (Lev. 6:9, 13; 9:24), and afterwards rekindled at the dedication of Solomon’s temple (2 Chr. 7:1, 3). The expressions “fire from heaven” and “fire of the Lord” generally denote lightning, but sometimes also the fire of the altar was so called (Ex. 29:18; Lev. 1:9; 2:3; 3:5, 9).

Fire for a sacred purpose obtained otherwise than from the altar was called “strange fire” (Lev. 10:1, 2;

is represented as the symbol of Jehovah’s presence and the instrument of his power, in the way either of approval or of destruction. (Exodus 3:2; 14:19) etc. There could not be a better symbol for Jehovah than this of fire, it being immaterial, mysterious, but visible, warming, cheering, comforting, but also terrible and consuming. Parallel with this application of fire and with its symbolical meaning are to be noted the similar use for sacrificial purposes and the respect paid to it, or to the heavenly bodies as symbols of deity, which prevailed among so many nations of antiquity, and of which the traces are not even now extinct; e.g. the Sabean and Magian systems of worship. (Isaiah 27:9) Fire for sacred purposes obtained elsewhere than from the altar was called "strange fire," and for the use of such Nadab and Abihu were punished…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

In Scripture, is often connected with the presence of Jehovah; as in the burning bush, and on Mount Sinai, Ex 3:2 19:18 Ps 18:1-50 Hab 1:1-3:19. The second coming of Christ will be "in flaming fire," 2Th 1:8. In the New Testament it illustrates the enlightening, cheering, and purifying agency of the Holy Spirit, Mt 3:11 Ac 2:3. By sending fire from heaven to consume sacrifices, God often signified his acceptance of them: as in the case of Abel, Ge 4:4; Abraham, Ge…

he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
וְ֭גָפְרִיתVe.ga.fe.rit and sulfur H1614 Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absolute
7× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Brimstone, or cypress-resin, is a highly flammable substance, often used to symbolize God's judgment or wrath in the Bible. It is associated with fire and destruction.
Amplified meaning
highly flammable, brimstone
Tyndale gloss
brimstone
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גָּפְרִית (gophriyth) refers to brimstone, commonly associated with judgment and the breath of Jehovah in a figurative sense. It is likely derived from a word meaning cypress-resin, emphasizing its flammable nature. The entries consistently define it as brimstone without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גָּפְרִית n.f. brimstone

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1614 גָּפְרִית brimstone

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1614 gophriyth gof-reeth'

probably feminine of 1613; properly, cypress- resin; by

analogy, sulphur (as equally inflammable):--brimstone.

see HEBREW for 01613

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גׇּפְרִית (goph.rit) — brimstone.

1) brimstone

1a) of judgment (fig.)

1b) of Jehovah's breath (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-fs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absolute
HC/Ncfsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
וְר֥וּחַve.Ru.ach and [will be] a wind of H7307 Conjunction · noun common feminine singular construct
378× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word for spirit refers to the breath of life, the wind, or a person's mind and emotions, as seen in the book of Ezekiel.
Amplified meaning
a blast of air
Tyndale gloss
spirit
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רוּחַ (ruach) means breath, wind, or spirit. It encompasses various meanings, including the breath of life, emotional disposition, and the spirit of God. The term can refer to both physical phenomena, like wind, and abstract concepts, such as moral character or mental acts. Notably, it is used frequently in the context of divine inspiration and the Holy Spirit.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רוּחַ 378 n.f. (less oft. m.) breath, wind, spirit

breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)

wind (117 t.)

spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)

spirit of the living, breathing being

spirit as seat of emotion

occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts

rarely of the will

רוּחַ esp. of moral character

spirit of God (94 t.)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7307 רוּחַ breath, wind, spirit . breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.)

. wind (117 t.)

. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.)

. spirit of the living, breathing being

. spirit as seat of emotion

. occasionally (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts

. rarely of the will

. רוּחַ esp. of moral character

. spirit of God (94 t.)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7307 ruwach roo'-akh

from 7306; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or

even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger,

unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by

resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including

its expression and functions):--air, anger, blast, breath, X

cool, courage, mind, X quarter, X side, spirit((-ual)),

tempest, X vain, ((whirl-))wind(-y).

see HEBREW for 07306

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רוּחַ (ru.ach) — spirit.

: spirit

1) wind, breath, mind, spirit

1a) breath

1b) wind

1b1) of heaven

1b2) quarter (of wind), side

1b3) breath of air

1b4) air, gas

1b5) vain, empty thing

1c) spirit (as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation)

1c1) spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour

1c2) courage

1c3) temper, anger

1c4) impatience, patience

1c5) spirit, disposition (as troubled, bitter, discontented)

1c6) disposition (of various kinds), unaccountable or uncontrollable impulse

1c7) prophetic spirit

1d) spirit (of the living, breathing being in man and animals)

1d1) as gift, preserved by God, God's spirit, departing at death, disembodied being

1e) spirit (as seat of emotion)

1e1) desire

1e2) sorrow, trouble

1f) spirit

1f1) as seat or organ of mental acts

1f2) rarely of the will

1f3) as seat especially of moral character

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-cs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular construct
HC/Ncfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
זִלְעָפ֗וֹתzil.'a.Fot burning heat H2152 Noun common · feminine plural absolute
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means a scorching heat or a strong wind, and can also describe a severe famine. It is used to convey a sense of horror or something terrible. In the Bible, it is used to describe God's anger and judgment.
Amplified meaning
severe
Tyndale gloss
scorching
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זַלְעָפָה (zal`aphah) refers to a state of intense heat or fervor, often associated with fever, famine, or a burning wind. It conveys a sense of horror or terror as well. The term is derived from another Hebrew root, indicating its connection to consuming or overwhelming conditions.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

זַלְעָפָה n.f. raging heat

of fever heat of famine

of burning wind

fig. of zeal

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2152 זַלְעָפָה, זִלְעָפָה

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2152 zal`aphah zal-aw-faw'

or ziliaphaph {zil-aw-faw'}; from 2196; a glow (of wind or

anger); also a famine (as consuming):--horrible, horror,

terrible.

see HEBREW for 02196

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זַלְעָפָה (zal.a.phah) — scorching.

burning heat, raging heat

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural absolute
HNcfpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

het (chom, horebh, "drought," Job 30:30; Isa 4:6; 25:4; Jer 36:30; sharabh, Isa 49:10, translated in the Revised Version margin "mirage"; zestos, "fervent," Re 3:15, therme, Ac 28:3, kauma, Re 7:16, kauson, Mt 20:12; see MIRAGE):

1. Dreaded in Palestine:

The heat of the summer is greatly dreaded in Palestine, and as a rule the people rest under cover during the middle of the day, when the sun is hottest. There is no rain from May to October, and scarcely a cloud…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Jonah overcome with Jon 4:8

→ See SUNSTROKE

he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
מְנָ֣תme.Nat [the] portion of H4521 Noun common · feminine singular construct
8× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A portion refers to an allotment given by God, law, or courtesy. It is a share or part of something, such as land or inheritance, assigned to someone. This concept appears in the Bible as a way of dividing resources.
Amplified meaning
allotted share
Tyndale gloss
portion
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מְנָת (mnath) means 'portion' or 'allotment,' derived from a root meaning to assign or give. The term is used in contexts relating to distribution or sharing, as indicated by its glosses in various lexicons. There are no significant disagreements among the entries regarding its meaning.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מְנָת] n.f. portion

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4521 מְנָת

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4521 mnath men-awth'

from 4487; an allotment (by courtesy, law or

providence):--portion.

see HEBREW for 04487

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מְנָת (me.nat) — portion.

portion

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular construct
HNcfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
he will rain down on wicked [people] snares fire and sulfur and [will be] a wind of burning heat [the] portion of cup their
כּוֹסָֽם׃ko.Sam cup their H3563 Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
34× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word can mean a cup or a type of owl, possibly due to the owl's unique eye shape. It's often used figuratively, like in Psalm 16:5, where God is the cup that fills our lives. The KJV translates it as 'cup' or 'owl'.
Tyndale gloss
cup
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כּוֹס (kos) primarily means 'cup,' referring to a container, but it also denotes a type of owl, considered unclean. The word seems to derive from a root meaning to hold together. The entries indicate a figurative use of 'cup' as a lot or potion, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כּוֹס n.f. cup

base

כּוֹס n.[m.] a kind of owl

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3563a כּוֹס cup H3563b כּוֹס n. [m.] a kind of owl

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3563 kowc koce

from an unused root meaning to hold together; a cup (as a

container), often figuratively, a lot (as if a potion); also

some unclean bird, probably an owl (perhaps from the cup-like

cavity of its eye):--cup, (small) owl. Compare 3599.

see HEBREW for 03599

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כּוֹס (kos) — cup.

cup

כּוֹס (kos) — owl.

a kind of owl (an unclean bird)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfsc/Sp3mp — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
HNcfsc/Sp3mp
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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