Psalms 102:21 — Word Study
WLCלְסַפֵּ֣ר בְּ֭צִיּוֹן שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֑ה וּ֝תְהִלָּת֗וֹ בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃
BSAto hearshâmaʻ groaningʼănâqâh prisonerʼâçîyr to openpâthach sonbên deathtᵉmûwthâh
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| לְסַפֵּ֣ר | to recount | Preposition, verb piel infinitive construct common |
| בְּ֭צִיּוֹן | in Zion | Preposition, noun proper |
| שֵׁ֣ם | [the] name of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| יְהוָ֑ה | Yahweh | Noun proper |
| וּ֝תְהִלָּת֗וֹ | and praise his | Conjunction, noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ | in Jerusalem | Preposition, noun proper |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | that they may proclaim the name of the LORD in Zion and praise Him in Jerusalem, |
| KJV | To declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem; |
| ASV | That men may declare the name of Jehovah in Zion, And his praise in Jerusalem; |
| YLT | To declare in Zion the name of Jehovah, And His praise in Jerusalem, |
| WEB | that men may declare Yahweh’s name in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem, |
| BBE | So that they may give out the name of the Lord in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem; |
The translations agree on the key concepts in this verse.
The verse consists of two main clauses connected by a conjunction, with prepositional phrases indicating the locations of the actions.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 102:21
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Plea for Deliverance and Praisegenerated
Psalm 102:21 expresses the psalmist's longing for the name of the LORD to be proclaimed in Zion and for praise to be offered in Jerusalem. This verse is part of a broader lament about suffering and a plea for God's intervention, emphasizing the importance of worship and recognition of God's sovereignty in the heart of His people.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 9:13–14 | Be merciful to me, O LORD; see how my enemies afflict me! Lift me up from the gates of death, |
| 2 | Psalm 22:22 | I will proclaim Your name to my brothers; I will praise You in the assembly. |
| 3 | Psalm 51:14–15 | Deliver me from bloodguilt, O God, the God of my salvation, and my tongue will sing of Your righteousness. |
| 4 | Psalm 79:13 | Then we Your people, the sheep of Your pasture, will thank You forever; from generation to generation we will declare Your praise. |
| 5 | Isaiah 51:11 | So the redeemed of the LORD will return and enter Zion with singing, crowned with everlasting joy. Gladness and joy will overtake them, and sorrow and sighing will flee. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 8 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — לְסַפֵּ֣ר, le.sa.Pergenerated
The verb לְסַפֵּר (le.sa.Per) is a piel infinitive construct of the root שָׁמַע (shama), meaning 'to recount' or 'to tell.' This word implies a formal declaration or recording, often associated with a scribe or one who documents important events.
In this context, it emphasizes the act of proclaiming God's name, suggesting a public acknowledgment of His character and reputation, particularly in the sacred space of Zion.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The translations generally agree on the meaning of the verse.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb לְסַפֵּר, to recount, governs the structure of the verse, linking the act of proclamation with the location of Zion and the act of praise in Jerusalem.
The sentence is built around this verb, with prepositional phrases indicating where the proclamation and praise are to occur, emphasizing the importance of these locations in the worship of God.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates לְסַפֵּר as ἀκοῦσαι (akousai), meaning 'to hear.' This choice suggests a focus on the auditory aspect of proclamation, emphasizing the need for the community to hear and respond to the declaration of God's name.
This rendering highlights the communal aspect of worship and the transmission of God's reputation through spoken word.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 102:21 expresses a desire for the name of the LORD to be proclaimed in Zion and for Him to be praised in Jerusalem. This verse highlights the importance of worship and recognition of God's sovereignty, especially in the holy city.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
To proclaim the name of the LORD means to publicly declare His character and reputation, acknowledging His power and authority.
Zion is significant as it represents the spiritual center of Jerusalem, where God's presence dwells and where worship is to be directed.
Praising God in Jerusalem emphasizes the city's role as the center of worship for the Israelites, highlighting its significance in the covenant relationship between God and His people.
This verse connects to the themes of suffering and hope by expressing a longing for God's deliverance and the restoration of worship, even amidst trials.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How can I actively proclaim the name of the LORD in my community?
- What does it mean for me to praise God in my own 'Jerusalem'?
- In what ways have I experienced God's presence in my life that I can share with others?
- How can I encourage others to recognize and declare God's character and deeds?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
The verse has been referenced by early church fathers, including Augustine of Hippo, who discusses its significance in the context of declaring God's name.
"That the name of the Lord may be declared in Sion" [Psalms 102:21].Early Church Fathers on Psalms 102 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 102:21 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleTo declare the name of the Lord in Zion,.... That is, that the prisoners and persons appointed to death, being loosed, might declare, in the church, what great things the Lord has done for them; and
Read John Gill on Psalms 102 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThis shall be written for the generation to come: and the people which shall be created shall praise the LORD.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 102 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThat they being delivered might publish and celebrate the name and praises of God in his church.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 102 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 102:21 To declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem;Ver. 21. To declare the name of the Lord in Zion] This shall be the business of the converted Gentiles, to make up one catholic Church with the Christian Jews, and to bear a part in setting forth God’ s worthy praises. See Psalms 102:18.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 102 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(20, 21) Comp. Isaiah 61:1-2, and generally the whole magnificent cycle of prophetic songs at the close of Isaiah. Appointed to death.—See margin. LXX. and Vulg., “the sons of the slain.”
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 102 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 21. To declare the name of the Lord] To publish that Messenger of the Covenant in whom the name of the Lord is, that Messiah in whom the fulness of the Godhead dwelt; and to commence at Jerusalem, that the first offers of mercy might be made to the Jews, from whom the word of reconciliation was to go out to all the ends of the earth.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 102 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges21. To declare] R.V. That men may declare: either the returned exiles or the assembled nations, or in the widest sense, both together.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 102 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleTo declare the name of the Lord in Zion ... - That his name might be declared in Zion, or that his praise might be set up in Jerusalem again.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 102 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
that they may proclaim the name of the LORD in Zion and praise Him in Jerusalem,
that men may declare Yahweh’s name in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem,
that they may proclaim the name of the LORD in Zion and praise Him in Jerusalem,
so they may proclaim the name of the Lord in Zion, and praise him in Jerusalem,
Tyndale line
To declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem;
That men may declare the name of Jehovah in Zion, And his praise in Jerusalem;
That men may declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem;
To declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem;
That they may declare the Name of the Lord in Zion, and his prayse in Ierusalem,
Strictly literal
That the name of Jehovah may be declared in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem,
To declare in Zion the name of Jehovah, And His praise in Jerusalem,
To declare in Zion the Name of YHWH, || And His praise in Jerusalem,
(102:22) That men may proclaim in Zion the name of the Lord, and his praise in Jerusalem;
Then men will proclaim the name of Yahweh in Zion and his praise in Jerusalem
From the Latin
Bless the Lord, all ye his hosts: you ministers of his that do his will.
Simplified
As a result the wonderful nature of the Lord will be celebrated with praise in Jerusalem,
So that they may give out the name of the Lord in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem;
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text reads לְסַפֵּ֣ר בְּ֭צִיּוֹן שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֑ה וּ֝תְהִלָּת֗וֹ בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃, while the Septuagint matches five of the six words, indicating a close relationship between the Hebrew and Greek texts. The Dead Sea Scrolls also provide partial agreements, with some words restored by editors.
לְסַפֵּ֣ר בְּ֭צִיּוֹן שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֑ה וּ֝תְהִלָּת֗וֹ בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃
5 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
לשמע אנקת [אסיר] לפתח בני תמותה
4 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 1 supplied entire by an editor.
[לשמע] [אנקת] [אסיר] [לפתח] בני תמותה
2 words on the leather — 4 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 102:21
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
סָפַר (safar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to count or recount, with various forms indicating actions like declaring or rehearsing. The noun form סֹפֵר (sofer) refers to a scribe or secretary. The entries highlight its use in contexts of enumeration and record-keeping, but do not present significant disagreement among lexicons.
סָפַר 107 vb. count, Pi. recount, relate
Qal 27
count things, to learn their number
number = take account of, carefully observe and consider, reckon
Niph. be counted, numbered
Pi. 67 recount, rehearse, declare
Pu. be recounted, related, rehearsed
base
סֹפֵר, סוֹפֵר n.m. enumerator, muster-officer, secretary, scribe
base
H5608a סָפַר count, Pi. recount, relate .. count things, to learn their number
. number = take account of, carefully observe and consider, reckon
. be counted, numbered
. recount, rehearse, declare
. be recounted, related, rehearsed
H5608b סֹפֵר, סוֹפֵר enumerator, muster-officer, secretary, scribe
5608 caphar saw-far'
a primitive root; properly, to score with a mark as a tally
or record, i.e. (by implication) to inscribe, and also to
enumerate; intensively, to recount, i.e. celebrate:--commune,
(ac-)count; declare, number, + penknife, reckon, scribe, shew
forth, speak, talk, tell (out), writer.
סָפַר (sa.phar) — to recount.
v
1) to count, recount, relate
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to count (things)
1a2) to number, take account of, reckon
1b) (Niphal) to be counted, be numbered
1c) (Piel) to recount, rehearse, declare
1c1) to recount (something), rehearse
1c2) to talk
1c3) to count exactly or accurately
1d) (Pual) to be recounted, be rehearsed, be related
סֹפֵר (so.pher) — secretary.
1) enumerator, muster-officer, secretary, scribe
1a) enumerator, muster-officer, secretary
1b) learned man, scribe
Aramaic equivalent: sa.pher (סָפִר "scribe" H5613)
HR/Vpcc — Preposition · verb piel infinitive construct commonHR/Vpcc
צִיּוֹן (Tsiyyôn) refers to Zion, often identified as a mountain in Jerusalem and a symbolic name for the city itself, particularly in prophetic contexts. The term is linked to the Hebrew word for Jerusalem and is noted for meaning 'parched place.' It is consistently recognized across lexicons as a proper noun.
צִיּוֹן 154 n.pr.loc. Ṣiyyôn, Zion
base
H6726 צִיּוֹן Ṣiyyôn, Zion
6726 Tsiyown tsee-yone'
the same (regularly) as 6725; Tsijon (as a permanent
capital), a mountain of Jerusalem:--Zion.
see HEBREW for 06725
צִיּוֹן (tsiy.yon) — Zion.
Zion = "parched place"
another name for Jerusalem especially in the prophetic books
Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
HR/Npl — Preposition · noun properHR/Npl
zi'-on (tsiyon; Sion):
1. Meaning of the Word
2. The Zion of the Jebusites
3. Zion of the Prophets
4. Zion in Later Poetical Writings and Apocrypha
5. Omission of Name by Some Writers
6. The Name "Zion" in Christian Times
LITERATURE
1. Meaning of the Word:
A name applied to Jerusalem, or to certain parts of it, at least since the time of David. Nothing certain is known of the meaning. Gesenius and others have derived it from a Hebrew root tsahah, "to be dry"; Delitzsch from tsiwwah, "to set up" and Wetzstein from tsin, "to protect." Gesenius finds a more hopeful suggestion in the Arabic equivalent cihw, the Arabic cahwat signifying "ridge of a mountain" or "citadel," which at any rate suitably applies to what we know to have been the original Zion (compare Smith, HGHL, under the word).
Zion
Sunny; height, one of the eminences on which Jerusalem was built. It was surrounded on all sides, except the north, by deep valleys, that of the Tyropoeon (q.v.) separating it from Moriah (q.v.), which it surpasses in height by 105 feet. It was the south-eastern hill of Jerusalem.
When David took it from the Jebusites (Josh. 15:63; 2 Sam. 5:7) he built on it a citadel and a palace, and it became “the city of David” (1 Kings 8:1; 2 Kings 19:21, 31; 1 Chr. 11:5). In the later books of the Old Testament this name was sometimes used (Ps. 87:2; 149:2;
[JERUSALEM]
monument; raised up; sepulcher
שֵׁם (shem) means 'name' and encompasses various meanings such as reputation, fame, and glory. It can refer to the designation of God and is often associated with memorials or monuments. The word is built from a primitive root and highlights individuality and honor. There is a mention of its use in relation to false gods, which is forbidden.
שֵׁם 864 n.m. name (√ unknown)
of river, beasts, city, i.e. exact designation of it
usu. of pers.
= reputation
esp. as giving a man a kind of posthumous life, esp. in his sons
name, as designation of God
of false gods, use forbidden
= memorial, monument
base
H8034 שֵׁם name (√ unknown)
8034 shem shame
a primitive word (perhaps rather from 7760 through the idea
of definite and conspicuous position; compare 8064); an
appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; by
implication honor, authority, character:--+ base,
(in-)fame(-ous), named(-d), renown, report.
see HEBREW for 07760
see HEBREW for 08064
שֵׁם (shem) — name.
1) name
1a) name
1b) reputation, fame, glory
1c) the Name (as designation of God)
1d) memorial, monument
Aramaic equivalent: shum (שֻׁם "name" H8036)
HNcmsc — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) is the proper name of the God of Israel, often rendered as Jehovah or the Lord. It signifies the self-existent or eternal nature of God. The name is closely associated with the revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:12-15 and is used in conjunction with other terms to denote sacred places. Some scholars suggest it derives from a root meaning 'to bring into being.'
יהוה c. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה n.pr.dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel—(1. MT יְהֹוָה 6518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהֹוִה 305 (Qr אֱלֹהִים) 2. Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph. of הוה (= היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver)
יהוה is not used by E in Gn, but is given Ex 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb
יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D
the phrase † אֲנִי יהוה is noteworthy
יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh
base
H3068 יהוה i.e. יַהְוֶה n. pr. dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel
3068 Yhovah yeh-ho-vaw'
from 1961; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish
national name of God:--Jehovah, the Lord. Compare 3050, 3069.
see HEBREW for 01961
see HEBREW for 03050
see HEBREW for 03069
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — LORD.
Jehovah = "the existing One"
1) the proper name of the one true God
1a) unpronounced except with the vowel pointings of a.do.na (אֲדֹנָי "Lord" H0136)
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — The Lord.
Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — (Jerusalem of) the Lord.
Combined with ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
HNpt — Noun properHNpt
The Hebrew word תְּהִלָּה (*tehillah*) means praise, specifically in the form of a song or hymn. It encompasses acts of adoration and thanksgiving directed towards God, as well as general public praise and the qualities of God that warrant such praise. The word is derived from a root meaning to laud.
תְּהִלָּה n.f. praise, song of praise
praise, adoration, thanksgiving, paid to י׳
the act of general, public, praise
praise-song, as title
qualities, deeds, etc., of י׳, demanding praise
renown, fame, glory
base
H8416 תְּהִלָּה praise, song of praise . praise, adoration, thanksgiving, paid to י׳
. the act of general, public, praise
. praise-song, as title
. qualities, deeds, etc., of י׳, demanding praise
. renown, fame, glory
8416 thillah teh-hil-law'
from 1984; laudation; specifically (concretely) a
hymn:--praise.
see HEBREW for 01984
תְּהִלָּה (te.hil.lah) — praise.
1) praise, song or hymn of praise
1a) praise, adoration, thanksgiving (paid to God)
1b) act of general or public praise
1c) praise-song (as title)
1d) praise (demanded by qualities or deeds or attributes of God)
1e) renown, fame, glory
1e1) of Damascus, God
1e2) object of praise, possessor of renown (fig)
HC/Ncfsc/Sp3ms — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHC/Ncfsc/Sp3ms
יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫͏ם (Yruwshalaim) refers to Jerusalem, the capital city of Palestine. The name is thought to derive from terms meaning 'founded peaceful' and is linked to its two main hills. It is described as the chief city of the united kingdom and the nation of Judah.
יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫͏ם, יְרוּשָׁלַ֫יִם 644 n.pr.loc. Jerusalem
base
H3389 יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫͏ם, יְרוּשָׁלַ֫יִם Jerusalem
3389 Yruwshalaim yer-oo-shaw-lah'-im
rarely Yruwshalayim {yer-oo- shaw-lah'-yim}; a dual (in
allusion to its two main hills (the true pointing, at least of
the former reading, seems to be that of 3390)); probably from
(the passive participle of) 3384 and 7999; founded peaceful;
Jerushalaim or Jerushalem, the capital city of
Palestine:--Jerusalem.
see HEBREW for 03390
see HEBREW for 03384
see HEBREW for 07999
יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם (ye.ru.sha.laim) — Jerusalem.
§ Jerusalem = "teaching of peace"
the chief city of Palestine and capital of the united kingdom and the nation of Judah after the split
HR/Npl — Preposition · noun properHR/Npl
je-roo'-sa-lem:
I. THE NAME
1. In Cuneiform
2. In Hebrew
3. In Greek and Latin
4. The Meaning of Jerusalem
5. Other Names
II. GEOLOGY, CLIMATE AND SPRINGS
1. Geology
2. Climate and Rainfall
3. The Natural Springs
III. THE NATURAL SITE
1. The Mountains Around
2. The Valleys
3. The Hills
IV. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY OF JERUSALEM
1. Description of Josephus
2. Summary of the Names of the Five Hills
3. The Akra
4. The Lower City
5. City of David and Zion
V. EXCAVATIONS AND ANTIQUITIES
1. Robinson
2. Wilson, and the Palestine Exploration Fund (1865)
3. Warren and Conder
4. Maudslay
5. Schick
6. Clermont-Ganneau
7. Bliss and Dickie
8. Jerusalem Archaeological Societies
VI. THE CITY'S WALLS AND GATES
1. The Existing Walls
2. Wilson's Theory
3. The Existing Gates
4. Buried Remains of Earlier Walls
5. The Great Dam of the Tyropoeon
6. Ruins of Ancient Gates
7. Josephus' Description of the Walls
8. First Wall
9. Second Wall
10. Third Wall
Jerusalem
Called also Salem, Ariel, Jebus, the “city of God,” the “holy city;” by the modern Arabs el-Khuds, meaning “the holy;” once “the city of Judah” (2 Chr. 25:28). This name is in the original in the dual form, and means “possession of peace,” or “foundation of peace.” The dual form probably refers to the two mountains on which it was built, viz., Zion and Moriah; or, as some suppose, to the two parts of the city, the “upper” and the “lower city.” Jerusalem is a “mountain city enthroned on a mountain fastness” (comp. Ps. 68:15, 16; 87:1; 125:2; 76:1, 2; 122:3). It stands on the edge of one of the highest table-lands in Palestine, and is surrounded on the south-eastern, the southern, and the western sides by deep and precipitous ravines.
(the habitation of peace), Jerusalem stands in latitude 31 degrees 46’ 35" north and longitude 35 degrees 18’ 30" east of Greenwich. It is 32 miles distant from the sea and 18 from the Jordan, 20 from Hebron and 36 from Samaria. "In several respects," says Dean Stanley, "its situation is singular among the cities of Palestine. Its elevation is remarkable; occasioned not from its being on the summit of one of the numerous hills of Judea, like most of the towns and villages, but because it is on the edge of one of the highest table-lands of the country. Hebron indeed is higher still by some hundred feet, and from the south, accordingly (even from Bethlehem), the approach to Jerusalem is by a slight descent. But from any other side the ascent is perpetual; and to the traveller approaching the city from the east or west it must always have presented the appearance beyond any other capital…
The chief city of the Holy Land, and to the Christian the most illustrious in the world. It is situated in 31 degrees 46’43" N. lat., and 35 degrees 13’ E. long. on elevated ground south of the center of the country, about thirty-seven miles from the Mediterranean, and about twenty-four from the Jordan. Its site was early hallowed by God’s trial of Abraham’s faith, Ge 22:1-24 2Ch 3:1. It was on the border of the tribes of Benjamin and Judah, mostly within the limits of the former, but reckoned as belonging to the latter, because conquered by it, Jos 15:8 18:16,28 Jud 1:18. The most ancient name of the city was Salem, Ge…