Proverbs 9:3 — Word Study
WLCשָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣יהָ תִקְרָ֑א עַל־ גַּ֝פֵּ֗י מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת׃
BSAShe has sent outshâlach■ her maidservantsnaʻărâh [servant girls, maidens] she calls outqârâʼ▸ [cries, invites] fromʻal the heightsmârôwm [highest, lofty] of the cityqereth [town, urban area]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה | she has sent out | Verb, Qal, perfect third person feminine singular |
| נַעֲרֹתֶ֣יהָ | female servants her | Noun common feminine plural construct, suffix |
| תִקְרָ֑א | she calls out | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person feminine singular |
| עַל־ | on | Preposition |
| גַּ֝פֵּ֗י | [the] elevations of | Noun common, masculine plural construct |
| מְרֹ֣מֵי | [the] heights of | Noun common, masculine plural construct |
| קָֽרֶת׃ | [the] town | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | She has sent out her maidservants; she calls out from the heights of the city. |
| KJV | She hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest places of the city, |
| ASV | She hath sent forth her maidens; She crieth upon the highest places of the city: |
| YLT | She hath sent forth her damsels, She crieth on the tops of the high places of the city: |
| WEB | She has sent out her maidens. She cries from the highest places of the city: |
| BBE | She has sent out her women-servants; her voice goes out to the highest places of the town, saying, |
Where they part company is נַעֲרֹתֶיהָ — see How Translations Differ.
One main verb with two phrases hanging off it, emphasizing the action of sending and the subsequent calling.







8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbשָׁלַח
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Proverbs 9:3
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Call of Wisdomgenerated
Proverbs 9:3 presents a vivid image of Wisdom as a woman who prepares a feast and sends out her maidservants to invite those who are simple. This passage illustrates the accessibility of Wisdom and her desire to reach out to those who lack understanding, as seen in the surrounding verses that emphasize the invitation to partake in her offerings.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Matthew 22:3–4 | He sent his servants to call those he had invited to the banquet, but they refused to come. |
| 2 | Luke 11:49 | Because of this, the wisdom of God said, ‘I will send them prophets and apostles; some of them they will kill and others they will persecute.’ |
| 3 | Luke 14:17–21 | When it was time for the banquet, he sent his servant to tell those who had been invited, ‘Come, for everything is now ready.’ |
| 4 | Romans 10:15 | And how can they preach unless they are sent? As it is written: “How beautiful are the feet of those who bring good news!” |
| 5 | 2 Corinthians 5:20–21 | Therefore we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God were making His appeal through us. We implore you on behalf of Christ: Be reconciled to God. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 10 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שָׁלְחָה, sha.le.Chahgenerated
The verb שָׁלַח (shalach) means 'to send' and is used here in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action. It conveys the idea of sending out with purpose, suggesting that Wisdom has actively dispatched her maidservants to fulfill her invitation.
This word has a wide range of applications, including sending away or letting go. In this context, it emphasizes the proactive nature of Wisdom in reaching out to those who need guidance.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb שָׁלְחָה, she has sent out, governs the whole verse, with two phrases hanging off it: a noun phrase for the object and a prepositional phrase indicating the location from which she calls. The structure emphasizes the action of sending as central to the verse.
The prepositional phrase עַל־ גַּ֝פֵּי מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת specifies the heights of the city, highlighting the elevated position from which Wisdom calls out, suggesting a place of prominence.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates שָׁלְחָה as ἀπέστειλεν (apestēlen), meaning 'she sent out.' This choice aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning, emphasizing the action of sending.
The Greek word συγκαλούσα for תִקְרָא reflects a similar intent, indicating a calling or summoning, which maintains the invitation aspect of Wisdom's message.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Proverbs 9:3 shows Wisdom sending out her maidservants to call out from the heights of the city. This reflects her desire to invite those who are simple to partake in her feast.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It signifies that Wisdom actively seeks to reach those who lack understanding, inviting them to partake in her teachings.
The maidservants represent those who assist Wisdom in her mission, serving as messengers to call others to her.
Calling from the heights symbolizes a position of authority and prominence, emphasizing the importance of Wisdom's invitation.
This passage illustrates the theme of seeking wisdom and understanding, showing that it is accessible to all who are willing to listen.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways have I responded to invitations for wisdom in my own life?
- How can I be a messenger of wisdom to others, like the maidservants in this verse?
- What does it mean to me that wisdom calls out from a place of prominence?
- How can I better recognize and accept the invitations to wisdom that come my way?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Bede comments on this verse, noting how Wisdom sends out her maidservants to gather the faithful to her heavenly feast.
She has also sent out her maidens, etc. She chose weak and despised preachers, who would gather the faithful people to the heavenly edifices of the supernal homeland.Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 9 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Proverbs 9:3 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleShe hath sent forth her maidens,.... Not moral virtues, or good works, which subserve the interest of Christ and religion, adorn the Gospel and its professors; nor the liberal arts and sciences, said
Read John Gill on Proverbs 9 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryShe hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest places of the city, She hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest places of the city - literally, 'upon the pinnacles of
Read Robert Jamieson on Proverbs 9 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleHer maidens; her servants, to invite the guests; ministers of the word, whom he calls maidens, partly for the decency of the parable; for wisdom being compared to a great princess, was fit to be attended upon by maidens; and partly to show that God by his word did work sweetly, though strongly, and did allure and draw rather than drive sinners to repentance. Upon the highest places: either upon the tops of the houses, which were flat; or rather, from such high seats as those from which judges delivered their sentences, and officers made proclamations, for the conveniency of the people’ s better hearing.
Read Matthew Poole on Proverbs 9 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsProverbs 9:3 She hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest places of the city,Ver. 3. She hath sent forth her maidens.] So ministers are called - in prosecution of the allegory, for it is fit that this great lady should have suitable attendants - to teach them innocence, purity, and sedulity as maidens, keeping the word in sincerity, and not adulterating and corrupting it, as vintners oft do their wines, or hucksters their wares. Hence Isaiah also putteth the prophets and evangelists in the feminine gender, Mebashereth She crieth upon, &c.] She, together with her maids, crieth; she puts not off all the business to them, but hath a hand in it herself. We are workers together…
Read John Trapp on Proverbs 9 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(3) She hath sent forth her maidens.—Wisdom being here described under the figure of a woman, is properly represented as attended by her maidens, whom she sends forth to summon the guests. But the King (Matthew 22) despatches His servants for the same work, viz., His prophets and wise men and scribes (Matthew 23:34), whom from age to age He sends forth as His messengers. She crieth upon the highest places of the city—so that all may hear. (Comp. our Lord’s command to proclaim His message “upon the housetops,” Matthew 10:27).
Read Charles John Ellicott on Proverbs 9 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 3. She hath sent forth her maidens] The wisdom of God has made use of the most proper means to communicate Divine knowledge to the inhabitants of the earth; as a good and gracious Creator wills to teach them whence they came, how they are supported, whither they are going, and for what end they were formed. It is a custom to the present day, in Asiatic countries, to send their invitations to guests by a company of females, preceded by eunuchs: they go to the doors of the invited, and deliver their message.
Read AdamClarke on Proverbs 9 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWisdom and the “foolish woman” Proverbs 9:13 speak from the same places and to the same class - the simple, undecided, wavering, standing at the diverging point of the two paths that lead to life or death.
Read Albert Barnes on Proverbs 9 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible3. Sent forth her maidens — πςψϊιδ, her young women. Wisdom being personified as a woman, a queen, it is fitting that her attendants should also be women. She crieth — That is, by her maidens.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Proverbs 9 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
She has sent out her maidservants; she calls out from the heights of the city.
She has sent out her maidens. She cries from the highest places of the city:
She has sent out her maidservants; she calls out from the heights of the city.
She has sent out her female servants; she calls out on the highest places of the city.
Tyndale line
She hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest places of the city,
She hath sent forth her maidens; She crieth upon the highest places of the city:
She hath sent forth her maidens, she crieth upon the highest places of the city,
She hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest places of the city,
She hath sent forth her maydens and cryeth vpon the highest places of the citie, saying,
Strictly literal
she hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the summits of the high places of the city,
She hath sent forth her damsels, She crieth on the tops of the high places of the city:
She has sent forth her girls, || She cries on the tops of the high places of the city:
She hath sent forth her maidens: she inviteth [her guests] upon the top of the highest places of the town.
She has sent out her maids; she calls out from the highest points of the city,
From the Latin
She hath sent her maids to invite to the tower, and to the walls of the city:
Simplified
She has sent out her servant girls with invitations. She calls out from the highest places of the town,
She has sent out her women-servants; her voice goes out to the highest places of the town, saying,
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely, with six of the seven words matched. This shows a strong consistency in the core message of the verse, although the Septuagint's word order and articles differ.
שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣יהָ תִקְרָ֑א עַל־ גַּ֝פֵּ֗י מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת׃
6 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Proverbs 9:3
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word שָׁלַח (shalach) is a primitive root meaning 'to send' with a wide range of applications. It can refer to sending away, stretching out (especially a hand), or letting go. The entries indicate various forms, including sending off, casting out, and setting free. Notably, it can also imply divorce or being sent away in a marital context.
שָׁלַח 814 vb. send
Qal
send: human subj.
send: subj. י׳ (God)
stretch out, esp. acc. hand
rarely send away: human subj.
let loose
Niph. letters were sent
Pi.
send off, away, human subj.
send away, subj. י׳
give over
cast out
send out, forth
let go, set free
shoot forth branches
let down
shoot
Phrases
Pu. be sent off (started on journey); be put away, divorced, of wife; be impelled(?)
Hiph. and I (י׳) will send
base
H7971 שָׁלַח send .. send: human subj.
. send: subj. י׳ (God)
. stretch out, esp. acc. hand
. rarely send away: human subj.
. let loose
. letters were sent
. . send off, away, human subj.
. . send away, subj. י׳
. give over
. cast out
. send out, forth
. let go, set free
. shoot forth branches
. let down
. shoot
. Phrases
. be sent off (started on journey); be put away, divorced, of wife; be impelled(?)
. and I (י׳) will send
7971 shalach shaw-lakh'
a primitive root; to send away, for, or out (in a great
variety of applications):--X any wise, appoint, bring (on the
way), cast (away, out), conduct, X earnestly, forsake, give
(up), grow long, lay, leave, let depart (down, go, loose),
push away, put (away, forth, in, out), reach forth, send
(away, forth, out), set, shoot (forth, out), sow, spread,
stretch forth (out).
שָׁלַח (sha.lach) — to send: depart.
: depart/send
1) to send, send away, let go, stretch out
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to send
1a2) to stretch out, extend, direct
1a3) to send away
1a4) to let loose
1b) (Niphal) to be sent
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to send off or away or out or forth, dismiss, give over, cast out
1c2) to let go, set free
1c3) to shoot forth (of branches)
1c4) to let down
1c5) to shoot
1d) (Pual) to be sent off, be put away, be divorced, be impelled
1e) (Hiphil) to send
שָׁלַח (sha.lach) — to send: let go.
: let_go/free
1) to send, send away, let go, stretch out
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to send
1a2) to stretch out, extend, direct
1a3) to send away
1a4) to let loose
1b) (Niphal) to be sent
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to send off or away or out or forth, dismiss, give over, cast out
1c2) to let go, set free
1c3) to shoot forth (of branches)
1c4) to let down
1c5) to shoot
V-Qal-Perf-3fs — Verb · Qal · perfect third person feminine singularHVqp3fs
The Hebrew word נַעֲרָה (*na`arah*) means 'girl' or 'damsel' and refers to a young female from infancy to adolescence. It can also denote a young woman, including terms like maid or female servant. The entries indicate a range of meanings that include marriageable young women and even concubines or prostitutes.
נַעֲרָה n.f. girl, damsel
girl, damsel
of female attendants, maids
base
H5291 נַעֲרָה girl, damsel
5291 na`arah nah-ar-aw'
feminine of 5288; a girl (from infancy to
adolescence):--damsel, maid(-en), young (woman).
see HEBREW for 05288
נַעֲרָה (na.a.rah) — maiden.
1) girl, damsel, female servant
1a) girl, damsel, little girl
1a1) of young woman, marriageable young woman, concubine, prostitute
1b) maid, female attendant, female servant
N-fp | Suff — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHNcfpc/Sp3fs
The Hebrew word קָרָא (qara') is a primitive root meaning to call, proclaim, or read. It encompasses a range of actions including calling out, crying for help, reading aloud, and summoning. The word can also imply being called or named in various contexts. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
קָרָא 724 vb. call, proclaim, read
Qal
call, cry, utter a loud sound
call, cry
call unto some one
cry for help
proclaim
read aloud
read to oneself
summon
call = name
Niph.
reflex.
pass. be called
Pu. be called
base
H7121 קָרָא call, proclaim, read .. . call, cry, utter a loud sound
. call, cry
. . call unto some one
. cry for help
. proclaim
. . read aloud
. read to oneself
. summon
. call = name
. . reflex.
. pass. be called
. be called
7121 qara' kaw-raw'
a primitive root (rather identical with 7122 through the idea
of accosting a person met); to call out to (i.e. properly,
address by name, but used in a wide variety of
applications):--bewray (self), that are bidden, call (for,
forth, self, upon), cry (unto), (be) famous, guest, invite,
mention, (give) name, preach, (make) proclaim(- ation),
pronounce, publish, read, renowned, say.
see HEBREW for 07122
קָרָא (qa.ra) — to call: call to.
: call_to/invite/entreat
1) to call, call out, recite, read, cry out, proclaim
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to call, cry, utter a loud sound
1a2) to call unto, cry (for help), call (with name of God)
1a3) to proclaim
1a4) to read aloud, read (to oneself), read
1a5) to summon, invite, call for, call and commission, appoint, call and endow
1a6) to call, name, give name to, call by
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to call oneself
1b2) to be called, be proclaimed, be read aloud, be summoned, be named
1c) (Pual) to be called, be named, be called out, be chosen
קָרָא (qa.ra) — to call: call by.
: call_by/name
1) to call, call out, recite, read, cry out, proclaim
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to call, cry, utter a loud sound
1a2) to call unto, cry (for help), call (with name of God)
1a3) to proclaim
1a4) to read aloud, read (to oneself), read
V-Qal-Imperf-3fs — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person feminine singularHVqi3fs
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
Prep — PrepositionHR
On
Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…
(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…
See HELIOPOLIS.
pain; force; iniquity
[גַּף] n.m. body, self, height, elevation
base
H1610 גַּף body, self, height, elevation
1610 gaph gaf
from an unused root meaning to arch; the back; by extensive
the body or self:--+ highest places, himself.
גַּף (gaph) — single/height.
1) body, self (only in phrase, eg by himself)
2) height, elevation
HNcmpc — Noun common · masculine plural constructHNcmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
מָרוֹם (marowm) means 'height' and encompasses both concrete and abstract uses, referring to elevated places, elevation, and even pride. It can describe physical heights or be used figuratively for dignity and nobility. The word is poetically used in the Old Testament, with its root linked to the concept of altitude.
מָרוֹם n.m. height (poet.)
height, elevation (concr.), elevated place
alone = height of heaven
adv. fig., = proudly
fig. of nobles
base
H4791 מָרוֹם height (poet.)
4791 marowm maw-rome'
from 7311; altitude, i.e. concretely (an elevated place),
abstractly (elevation, figuratively (elation), or adverbially
(aloft):--(far) above, dignity, haughty, height, (most, on)
high (one, place), loftily, upward.
see HEBREW for 07311
מָרוֹם (ma.rom) — height.
1) height
1a) height, elevation, elevated place
1a1) in a high place (adv)
1b) height
1c) proudly (adv)
1d) of nobles (fig.)
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural constructHNcmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
קֶ֫רֶת (qereth) refers to a town or city. It is derived from the root word meaning 'to build' and is used in the context of urban settlements. The entries consistently define it as a city or town, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
[קֶ֫רֶת] n.f. town, city
base
H7176 קֶ֫רֶת
7176 qereth keh'-reth
from 7136 in the sense of building; a city:--city.
see HEBREW for 07136
קֶ֫רֶת (qe.ret) — town.
city, town
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
toun: This word is used to represent a number of different Hob terms in the Old Testament.
(1) When any explanatory word or attendant circumstances show that a "city" was unwalled, and sometimes in the contrary case (1Sa 23:7), the Hebrew `ir is translated "town" by the King James Version, and the Revised Version (British and American) generally agrees with it (De 3:5; 1Sa 27:5; Es 9:19).
(2) Both the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American) translate chawwoth by "towns" (Nu 32:41; Jos 13:30; 1Ki…
→ See CITY
