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Job 21:10 — Word Study

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WLCשׁוֹר֣וֹ עִ֭בַּר וְלֹ֣א יַגְעִ֑ל תְּפַלֵּ֥ט פָּ֝רָת֗וֹ וְלֹ֣א תְשַׁכֵּֽל׃

BSATheir bullsshôwr [oxen, cattle] breedʻâbar withoutlôʼ failgâʻal [always successfully, and do not loath] their cowspârâh [heifers, female cattle] bear calvespâlaṭ [young ones, offspring] and do notlôʼ miscarryshâkôl [are not bereaved, do not cast their young]

Word
Listen & take awayJob 21
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 10 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (te.sha.Kel) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Job 21:10quick helps
In a sentenceJob observes the prosperity of the wicked, noting their livestock breed successfully.
Who is speakingJob, expressing his thoughts on the fate of the wicked.
Where we areJob is responding to his friends' arguments about suffering and divine justice.
The hard wordתְשַׁכֵּֽל
Take awayThe wicked seem to enjoy uninterrupted success in life.
6 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, AdamClarke & more — read them › clause verbעָבַר The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Job 21:10

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Job's Reflection on the Wickedgenerated

9Their homes are safe from fear; no rod of punishment from God is upon them.
10Their bulls breed without fail; their cows bear calves and do not miscarry.
11They send forth their little ones like a flock; their children skip about,
12singing to the tambourine and lyre and making merry at the sound of the flute.

Job 21:10 presents Job's argument that the wicked often experience prosperity and success, contrasting with the suffering of the righteous. He highlights the apparent ease with which their livestock reproduce, emphasizing their seemingly untroubled lives. This verse is part of Job's broader discourse on the injustices he perceives in the world, as he seeks to understand the nature of divine justice.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Exodus 23:26No woman in your land will miscarry or be barren; I will fulfill the number of your days.
2Deuteronomy 7:13–14He will love you and bless you and multiply you. He will bless the fruit of your womb and the produce of your land—your grain, new wine, and oil, the young of your herds and the lambs of your flocks—in the land that He swore to your fathers to give you.
3Deuteronomy 28:11The LORD will make you prosper abundantly—in the fruit of your womb, the offspring of your livestock, and the produce of your land—in the land that the LORD swore to your fathers to give you.
4Psalm 144:13–14Our storehouses will be full, supplying all manner of produce; our flocks will bring forth thousands, tens of thousands in our fields.
5Ecclesiastes 9:1–2So I took all this to heart and concluded that the righteous and the wise, as well as their deeds, are in God’s hands. Man does not know what lies ahead, whether love or hate.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 7 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word שׁוֹר֣וֹ, sho.Rogenerated

The word שׁוֹר (shor) refers to a bull or ox, a common animal in agricultural societies, used for labor and sacrifice. It is a masculine noun, indicating possession with the suffix, meaning 'his bull.' This term is often associated with strength and utility in farming contexts, as seen throughout the Hebrew Scriptures.

In this verse, the bull represents the prosperity and success of the wicked, who breed their cattle without fail. The use of this term emphasizes the fertility and productivity of their livestock, which serves as a symbol of their overall fortune.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations agree that the bulls breed successfully and the cows bear calves without miscarrying.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The structure of the verse is built around two main actions: the bulls breeding and the cows bearing calves. The finite verb עִבַּר governs the first clause, while תְּפַלֵּט governs the second. The conjunction וְלֹא introduces the negations, indicating what does not happen.

This construction emphasizes the certainty of the bulls breeding and the cows calving, while the negative clauses highlight the absence of failure or miscarriage.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates שׁוֹר as βόες, meaning 'cattle' or 'oxen,' which aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning. This choice indicates a consistent understanding of the term across translations.

The Greek word for 'fails' is ὠμοτόκησεν, which carries a similar connotation of not bringing forth successfully, reflecting the Hebrew's emphasis on successful breeding.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Job 21:10 states that the bulls of the wicked breed without fail, and their cows bear calves without miscarrying. This highlights the prosperity of the wicked, as they seem to enjoy success in their livestock and lives.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Job mean by saying their bulls breed without fail?

Job is illustrating the prosperity of the wicked, suggesting that they experience success and fertility in their livestock, unlike the suffering he endures.

Why does Job focus on livestock in this verse?

Livestock is a symbol of wealth and prosperity in ancient agricultural societies, and Job uses this imagery to emphasize the apparent ease with which the wicked thrive.

What does it mean for cows to not miscarry?

This phrase indicates that the cows bear their young successfully, further underscoring the idea that the wicked enjoy uninterrupted success in their lives.

How does this verse relate to the theme of justice in Job?

Job is questioning the fairness of divine justice, as he observes that the wicked appear to prosper while he suffers, challenging the assumptions of his friends about righteousness and reward.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What does this verse reveal about the nature of prosperity and justice?
  2. How can we reconcile the apparent success of the wicked with our understanding of divine justice?
  3. In what ways do we see similar patterns of success and failure in our own lives today?
  4. What lessons can we learn from Job's observations about the fate of the wicked?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Gregory the Dialogist comments on Job's observations regarding the nature of livestock and their breeding, highlighting the common understanding of gender in biblical terminology.

Gregory the DialogistMorals on the Book of Job, Book XV c. 540–604
Ver. 10. Their ox conceiveth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and loseth not her calf. It is the usage of common talk to call 'ox' masculine, and 'cow' feminine, but literary phraseology designates 'ox' of the common gender.
Early Church Fathers on Job 21 →

Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Job 21:10 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Their bull gendereth, and faileth not,.... As the wicked man's prosperity is described before by the increase and comfortable settlement of his children and grandchildren, and by the peace and safety

Read John Gill on Job 21 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf. Their cattle (i:e., cows) conceive. The first clause of the verse describes an easy conception, the second a happy birch (Umbreit).

Read Robert Jamieson on Job 21 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Job 21:10 Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf.Ver. 10. Their bull gendereth, and faileth not, &c.] All things hit, and nothing misseth to make them happy and wealthy; they have profit and pleasure at will, the world comes tumbling in upon them, as towns were said to come in to Timotheus’ toils while he slept (Plut. in Sulla), and so they seem to be the only heirs of those promises, Exodus 23:26, "There shall nothing cast their young, nor be barren in the land"; so Deuteronomy 7:14; whereunto notwithstanding they are perfect strangers: Laban and Nabal for instance.

Read John Trapp on Job 21 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 10. Their bull gendereth] עבר ibbar, passes over, i.e., on the cow, referring to the actions of the bull when coupling with the female. Their flocks multiply greatly, they bring forth in time, and none of them is barren.

Read AdamClarke on Job 21 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

10. Their cattle thrives—no failure or barrenness assails them.

Read Cambridge on Job 21 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Their bull gendereth - See Rosenmuller and Lee on this verse; comp Bochart, Hieroz. P. 1, Lib. ii. c. xxx. The general idea is, that the wicked were prospered as well as the pious.

Read Albert Barnes on Job 21 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Their bulls breed without fail; their cows bear calves and do not miscarry.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Their bulls breed without fail. Their cows calve, and don’t miscarry.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Their bulls breed without fail; their cows bear calves and do not miscarry.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Their bulls breed without fail; their cows calve and do not miscarry.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; Their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Their bullocke gendreth, and fayleth not: their cow calueth, and casteth not her calfe.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

His bullock hath eaten corn, and doth not loath. His cow bringeth forth safely, And doth not miscarry.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

His bullock breeds without fail. His cow brings forth safely, and does not miscarry.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

The bull of each one gendereth, and disappointeth not: the cow of each one calveth, and casteth not her young.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Their bull breeds; it does not fail to do so; their cow gives birth and does not lose her calf prematurely.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Their cattle have conceived, and failed not: their cow has calved, and is not deprived of her fruit.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Their bulls always breed successfully; their cows give birth to calves and do not miscarry.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Their ox is ready at all times to give seed; their cow gives birth, without dropping her young.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseclausenoun phrase · subjectשׁוֹר֣bullוֹhisverbעִ֭בַּרit.impregnatesוְandclauseadverbialלֹ֣אnotverbיַגְעִ֑לit.failsclauseclauseverbתְּפַלֵּ֥טit.calvesnoun phrase · subjectפָּ֝רָת֗cowוֹhisוְandclauseadverbialלֹ֣אnotverbתְשַׁכֵּֽלit.miscarries

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text (MT) of Job 21:10 states that the bulls breed without fail and the cows bear calves without miscarrying. The Septuagint (LXX) does not provide a direct equivalent for this verse, as it contains a different structure and wording, indicating a divergence from the MT. Without the full text from the LXX, we cannot ascertain specific differences in meaning, but the lack of a direct match suggests that the Septuagint may convey a different nuance or emphasis compared to the MT. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Dead Sea Scrolls do not provide additional evidence for this specific verse, so we rely primarily on the MT and the LXX for comparison.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

שׁוֹר֣וֹ עִ֭בַּר וְלֹ֣א יַגְעִ֑ל תְּפַלֵּ֥ט פָּ֝רָת֗וֹ וְלֹ֣א תְשַׁכֵּֽל׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְלֹ֣אοὐκיַגְעִ֑לὠμοτόκησενוְלֹ֣אοὐκתְשַׁכֵּֽל׃ἔσφαλεν

4 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Job 21:10שׁוֹרbull hisbull hisשׁוֹרעָבַרit impregnait impregnatesעָבַרלֹאand notand notלֹאגָּעַלit failsit failsגָּעַלפָּלַטit calvesit calvesפָּלַטפָּרָהcow hiscow hisפָּרָהלֹאand notand notלֹאשָׁכֹלit miscarriit miscarriesשָׁכֹלשׁוּרto travelto travelשׁוּרפַּרbullockbullockפַּרעוֹדstillstillעוֹדיָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹלשֶׂהsheepsheepשֶׂהחֲמוֹרdonkeydonkeyחֲמוֹריַרְדֵןJordanJordanיַרְדֵןחָלַץto rescueto rescueחָלַץמָגֵןshieldshieldמָגֵןמָאַסto rejectto rejectמָאַסמְצוּדָהnetnetמְצוּדָהבָּרִיאfatfatבָּרִיאיָפֶהbeautifulbeautifulיָפֶהחֶ֫רֶבswordswordחֶ֫רֶב
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Job 21:10

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

bull his it impregnates and not it fails it calves cow his and not it miscarries
שׁוֹר֣וֹsho.Ro bull his H7794 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
79× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to cattle, like oxen or bulls, used for work, food, or sacrifices, as seen in Genesis and Leviticus.
Amplified meaning
oxen, cattle
Tyndale gloss
cattle
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שׁוֹר (shor) refers to a head of cattle, specifically a bullock or ox, and is associated with agricultural and sacrificial contexts. It is derived from the root meaning to travel, indicating its role in farming and food. The term appears in various forms and usages, including in Aramaic.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שׁוֹר 78 n.m. a head of cattle, bullock, ox, etc.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7794 שׁוֹר a head of cattle, bullock, ox, etc.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7794 showr shore

from 7788; a bullock (as a traveller):--bull(-ock), cow, ox,

wall (by mistake for 7791).

see HEBREW for 07788

see HEBREW for 07791

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שׁוֹר (shor) — cattle.

1) ox, bull, a head of cattle

1a) for plowing, for food, as sacrifice

Aramaic equivalent: tor (תּוֹר "bullock" H8450)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hiz: Used often in the King James Version with reference to a neuter or inanimate thing, or to a lower animal (Ge 1:11, "after his kind"; Le 1:16, "pluck away his crop"; Ac 12:10, "of his own accord"; 1Co 15:38, "his own body"), etc. the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "its."

bull his it impregnates and not it fails it calves cow his and not it miscarries
עִ֭בַּר'I.bar it impregnates H5674 Verb · Piel · perfect third person masculine singular
556× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb can mean to cross over or transition from one thing to another, and is sometimes used to describe being arrogant or crossing a boundary.
Tyndale gloss
to pass
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עָבַר (abar) is a versatile verb meaning to pass over, through, or by, and it encompasses a range of actions including crossing, traversing, and alienating. It can also imply causing something to pass or be transferred, as well as emotional states like anger in its Hithpael form. The entries highlight its use in various contexts, though they do not provide specific verse references.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָבַר 648 vb. pass over, through, by, pass on

Qal

pass over

Pass beyond

Pass through, traverse

pass along by

pass by

sweep by, of scourge

be past, over, of time

pass along (from hand to hand)

Pass on, go on

Pass away

Niph. Impf. a stream which cannot be forded

Pi.

his bull impregnateth

cause one to cross river

cause something to pass over

make over to

devote children to (לְ) heathen god

pass along (from hand to hand)

cause to pass through

let pass through

cause to pass by

let pass by

cause arrow to pass beyond

cause to pass under rod, for counting

cause to pass away, take away

Hiph.

cause to pass over, bring over

he made to pass across with chains of gold

base

[עָבַר] vb. denom. Hithp. be arrogant, infuriate oneself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5674a עָבַר pass over, through, by, pass on .. pass over

. Pass beyond

. Pass through, traverse

. . pass along by

. pass by

. sweep by, of scourge

. be past, over, of time

. pass along (from hand to hand)

. Pass on, go on

. Pass away

. Impf. a stream which cannot be forded

. . his bull impregnateth . cause one to cross river

. cause something to pass over

. make over to

. devote children to (לְ) heathen god

. pass along (from hand to hand)

. . cause to pass through

. let pass through

. . cause to pass by

. let pass by

. cause arrow to pass beyond

. cause to pass under rod, for counting

. cause to pass away, take away

. . cause to pass over, bring over

. he made to pass across with chains of gold

H5674b עָבַר vb. denom. Hithp. be arrogant, infuriate oneself

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5674 `abar aw-bar'

a primitive root; to cross over; used very widely of any

transition (literal or figurative; transitive, intransitive,

intensive, causative); specifically, to cover (in

copulation):--alienate, alter, X at all, beyond, bring (over,

through), carry over, (over-)come (on, over), conduct (over),

convey over, current, deliver, do away, enter, escape, fail,

gender, get over, (make) go (away, beyond, by, forth, his way,

in, on, over, through), have away (more), lay, meddle,

overrun, make partition, (cause to, give, make to, over)

pass(-age, along, away, beyond, by, -enger, on, out, over,

through), (cause to, make) + proclaim(-amation), perish,

provoke to anger, put away, rage, + raiser of taxes, remove,

send over, set apart, + shave, cause to (make) sound, X

speedily, X sweet smelling, take (away), (make to)

transgress(-or), translate, turn away, (way-)faring man, be

wrath.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָבַר (a.var) — to pass.

1) to pass over or by or through, alienate, bring, carry, do away, take, take away, transgress

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to pass over, cross, cross over, pass over, march over, overflow, go over

1a2) to pass beyond

1a3) to pass through, traverse

1a3a) passers-through (participle)

1a3b) to pass through (the parts of victim in covenant)

1a4) to pass along, pass by, overtake and pass, sweep by

1a4a) passer-by (participle)

1a4b) to be past, be over

1a5) to pass on, go on, pass on before, go in advance of, pass along, travel, advance

1a6) to pass away

1a6a) to emigrate, leave (one's territory)

1a6b) to vanish

1a6c) to perish, cease to exist

1a6d) to become invalid, become obsolete (of law, decree)

1a6e) to be alienated, pass into other hands

1b) (Niphal) to be crossed

1c) (Piel) to impregnate, cause to cross

1d) (Hiphil)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Perf-3ms — Verb · Piel · perfect third person masculine singular
HVpp3ms
bull his it impregnates and not it fails it calves cow his and not it miscarries
וְלֹ֣אve.Lo' and not H3808 Conjunction · particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Part — Conjunction · particle
HC/Tn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
bull his it impregnates and not it fails it calves cow his and not it miscarries
יַגְעִ֑לyag.'Il it fails H1602 Verb · Hiphil · imperfect third person masculine singular
10× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To abhor means to strongly dislike or reject something. In the Bible, it is used to describe a strong feeling of hatred or disgust. People may abhor evil or sinful things, and God may abhor wickedness.
Amplified meaning
always successfully, and do not loath
Tyndale gloss
to abhor
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גָּעַל (ga'al) means to abhor or loathe. It is a primitive root that conveys a strong sense of rejection or detestation. The verb appears in various forms: in the Qal stem, it means to abhor; in the Niphal, it can imply being defiled; and in the Hiphil, it refers to rejecting something as loathsome.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[גָּעַל] vb. abhor, loathe

Qal abhor, loathe

Niph. the shield of heroes was defiled

Hiph. and doth not curse, or allow, (the cow) to reject as loathsome

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1602 גָּעַל abhor, loathe

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1602 ga`al gaw-al'

a primitive root; to detest; by implication, to

reject:--abhor, fail, lothe, vilely cast away.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גָּעַל (ga.al) — to abhor.

1) to abhor, loathe, be vilely cast away, fall

1a) (Qal) to abhor, loathe

1b) (Niphal) to be defiled

1c) (Hiphil) to reject as loathsome, show aversion

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVhi3ms
bull his it impregnates and not it fails it calves cow his and not it miscarries
תְּפַלֵּ֥טte.fa.Let it calves H6403 Verb · Piel · imperfect third person feminine singular
26× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To escape means to slip out of a difficult situation, like the Israelites did when they left Egypt, as told in Exodus 14. The word can also mean to deliver or save someone, often used to describe God's actions in the Bible. It appears in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
Amplified meaning
young ones, offspring
Tyndale gloss
to escape
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פָּלַט (palat) is a Hebrew verb meaning to escape or slip away. It encompasses various nuances, including delivering, bringing to safety, and causing to escape, with different forms indicating active or passive meanings. The entries suggest its use in contexts of security and deliverance, though no specific Old Testament verses are cited.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[פָּלַט] vb. escape

Qal and (if) escapers of them escape.

Pi.

bring into security

cause to escape, cast forth, of cow calving

appar. intrans. be delivered

Hiph. bring into security

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6403 [פָּלַט] escape .and (if) escapers of them escape.

. . bring into security

. cause to escape, cast forth, of cow calving

. appar. intrans. be delivered

. bring into security

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6403 palat paw-lat'

a primitive root; to slip out, i.e. escape; causatively, to

deliver:--calve, carry away safe, deliver, (cause to) escape.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פָּלַט (pa.lat) — to escape.

1) to escape, save, deliver, slip away

1a) (Qal) to escape

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to bring into security, deliver

1b2) to cause to escape, cast forth

1b3) to be delivered

1b4) to slip away

1c) (Hiphil) to bring into security, bring to safety

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Imperf-3fs — Verb · Piel · imperfect third person feminine singular
HVpi3fs
bull his it impregnates and not it fails it calves cow his and not it miscarries
פָּ֝רָת֗וֹpa.ra.To cow his H6510 Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
26× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A heifer is a young female cow, and this Hebrew word is used in the Bible to describe such an animal. In Exodus 29:1, a heifer is used as a sacrifice, and in Numbers 19:2, it is used for purification. It is an important animal in biblical times.
Amplified meaning
heifers, female cattle
Tyndale gloss
heifer
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פָּרָה (parah) refers to a heifer or cow, specifically a female bovine. The entries consistently define it as a heifer or cow, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פָּרָה 26 n.f. heifer, cow

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6510 פָּרָה heifer, cow

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6510 parah paw-raw'

feminine of 6499; a heifer:--cow, heifer, kine.

see HEBREW for 06499

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פָּרָה (pa.rah) — heifer.

cow, heifer

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffix
HNcfsc/Sp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hiz: Used often in the King James Version with reference to a neuter or inanimate thing, or to a lower animal (Ge 1:11, "after his kind"; Le 1:16, "pluck away his crop"; Ac 12:10, "of his own accord"; 1Co 15:38, "his own body"), etc. the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "its."

bull his it impregnates and not it fails it calves cow his and not it miscarries
וְלֹ֣אve.Lo' and not H3808 Conjunction · particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Part — Conjunction · particle
HC/Tn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
bull his it impregnates and not it fails it calves cow his and not it miscarries
תְשַׁכֵּֽל׃te.sha.Kel it miscarries H7921 Verb · Piel · imperfect third person feminine singular
23× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Barrenness refers to the inability to have children. In the Bible, this word is used to describe someone who has lost a child or is unable to conceive, like Hannah in 1 Samuel 1:5-6.
Amplified meaning
are not bereaved, do not cast their young
Tyndale gloss
be bereaved
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שָׁכֹל (shakol) primarily means 'to be bereaved' or 'to miscarry,' indicating loss or childlessness. It can refer to causing barrenness or abortion and includes related forms like שָׁכוּל (shakul), meaning 'childless.' The entries reflect a range of meanings associated with loss of children, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׁכֹל, שָׁכַל] vb. be bereaved

Qal be bereaved

Pi.

make childless

cause barrenness, or abortion

shew barrenness, or abortion

Hiph. miscarrying womb

base

[שָׁכוּל] adj. childless (through bereavement);—fs. Is 49:21

ref

מְשַׁכֶּ֫לֶת n.f.abstr. barrenness, 2 K 2:21

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7921a שָׁכֹל, שָׁכַל be bereaved .be bereaved

. . make childless

. . cause barrenness, or abortion

. shew barrenness, or abortion

. miscarrying womb

H7921b שָׁכוּל childless H7921c מְשַׁכֶּ֫לֶת n. f. abstr. childless (through bereavement)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7921 shakol shaw-kole'

a primitive root; properly, to miscarry, i.e. suffer

abortion; by analogy, to bereave (literally or

figuratively):--bereave (of children), barren, cast calf

(fruit, young), be (make) childless, deprive, destroy, X

expect, lose children, miscarry, rob of children, spoil.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁכֹל (sha.khol) — be bereaved.

1) to be bereaved, make childless, miscarry

1a) (Qal) to be bereaved

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to make childless

1b2) to cause barrenness, show barrenness or abortion

1b3) to miscarry

1c) (Hiphil) miscarrying (participle)

שָׁכוּל (sha.khul) — childless.

adj

childless (through bereavement)

Also means: shak.kul (שַׁכּוּל "childless" H7909)

מְשַׁכֶּ֫לֶת (me.sha.ke.let) — barenness.

barrenness

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Imperf-3fs — Verb · Piel · imperfect third person feminine singular
HVpi3fs
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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