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Jeremiah 48:31 — Word Study

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WLCעַל־ כֵּן֙ עַל־ מוֹאָ֣ב אֲיֵלִ֔יל וּלְמוֹאָ֥ב כֻּלֹּ֖ה אֶזְעָ֑ק אֶל־ אַנְשֵׁ֥י קִֽיר־ חֶ֖רֶשׂ יֶהְגֶּֽה׃

BSAThereforeʻal [so, thus] I will wailyâlal [to howl, mourn loudly] forʻal MoabMôwʼâb [the land and descendants of Lot] I will cry outzâʻaq [to lament, mourn publicly] for allkôl [everything, the whole] of MoabMôwʼâb I will moanhâgâh [to mutter, ponder sorrowfully] forʼêl of Kir-heresQîyr Cheres [the wall of potsherds, a chief stronghold]

Word
Listen & take awayJeremiah 48
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 31 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (yeh.Geh) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Jeremiah 48:31quick helps
In a sentenceJeremiah expresses deep sorrow for Moab's fate, mourning for its people and strongholds.
Who is speakingThe prophet Jeremiah, speaking on behalf of the LORD.
Where we areA lamentation for Moab amidst prophecies of judgment and destruction.
The hard wordאֲיֵלִ֔יל
Take awayThe lament is profound; the destruction is imminent.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbיָלַל The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Jeremiah 48:31

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — A Lament for Moabgenerated

30I know his insolence,” declares the LORD, “but it is futile. His boasting is as empty as his deeds.
31Therefore I will wail for Moab; I will cry out for all of Moab; I will moan for the men of Kir-heres.
32I will weep for you, O vine of Sibmah, more than I weep for Jazer. Your tendrils have extended to the sea; they reach even to Jazer. The destroyer has descended on your summer fruit and grape harvest.
33Joy and gladness are removed from the orchard and from the fields of Moab. I have stopped the flow of wine from the presses; no one treads them with shouts of joy; their shouts are not for joy.

Jeremiah 48:31 reveals the prophet's sorrow for Moab, a region that has faced impending judgment. This lamentation reflects the emotional weight of loss and destruction, as Jeremiah mourns not only for the land but also for its people, particularly those in Kir-heres. The context of this passage is a series of prophecies against Moab, emphasizing the consequences of their actions and the LORD's judgment, which is echoed in surrounding verses.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Isaiah 15:5My heart cries out over Moab; her fugitives flee as far as Zoar, as far as Eglath-shelishiyah. With weeping they ascend the slope of Luhith; they lament their destruction on the road to Horonaim.
2Isaiah 16:7–11Therefore let Moab wail; let them wail together for Moab. Moan for the raisin cakes of Kir-hareseth, you who are utterly stricken.
3Jeremiah 48:36Therefore My heart laments like a flute for Moab; it laments like a flute for the men of Kir-heres, because the wealth they acquired has perished.
42 Kings 3:25They destroyed the cities, and each man threw stones on every good field until it was covered. They stopped up every spring and cut down every good tree. Only Kir-haraseth was left with stones in place, but men with slings surrounded it and attacked it as well.
5Isaiah 16:7Therefore let Moab wail; let them wail together for Moab. Moan for the raisin cakes of Kir-hareseth, you who are utterly stricken.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

Kar-harasethIsaiah 16:7

The Key Word אֲיֵלִ֔יל, 'a.ye.Lilgenerated

The verb יָלַל (*yalal*) is a Hiphil imperfect form meaning 'to wail' or 'to howl.' It expresses a loud, mournful cry, indicative of deep sorrow and distress. The form indicates that the speaker (Jeremiah) is actively engaging in this lamentation, emphasizing the urgency and intensity of the emotion.

This word is often used in contexts of mourning, and its onomatopoeic nature captures the sound of grief. Jeremiah's choice of this verb underscores the seriousness of Moab's situation and the pain of impending loss.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb אֲיֵלִ֔יל governs the entire verse, indicating the primary action of lamenting. The structure includes several phrases that expand on the subjects of the lament: a prepositional phrase indicating the object of mourning, followed by additional clauses that specify the scope of the lamentation.

The word order emphasizes the sequential nature of the lament: first for Moab, then for all of Moab, and finally for the men of Kir-heres, highlighting the depth of Jeremiah's sorrow.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates אֲיֵלִ֔יל as ὀλολύζετε, which conveys a similar sense of wailing or crying out. This choice reflects a continuity in the expression of grief, though the Greek term may carry a slightly different connotation in terms of intensity.

The LXX also uses μωαβ for מוֹאָב, maintaining the identification of the land and its people, which is consistent across both texts.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Jeremiah 48:31 shows the prophet Jeremiah mourning for Moab, expressing sorrow for the land and its people. He laments loudly for Moab and specifically for the men of Kir-heres, indicating the seriousness of their situation. This passage emphasizes the emotional weight of loss and the consequences of judgment.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Jeremiah mean by 'wailing for Moab'?

Jeremiah's wailing signifies deep sorrow and mourning for the impending destruction of Moab and its people, reflecting the emotional impact of God's judgment.

Why does Jeremiah mention Kir-heres specifically?

Kir-heres is noted as a stronghold in Moab, and Jeremiah's lament for its men indicates a concern for those who will suffer in the judgment.

How does this lament relate to the broader context of Moab's judgment?

This lament is part of a series of prophecies against Moab, highlighting the consequences of their actions and the emotional toll of impending destruction.

What can we learn from Jeremiah's expression of grief?

Jeremiah's grief illustrates the seriousness of sin and the weight of judgment, reminding us of the emotional realities faced by those affected by such events.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How do I respond to the suffering of others in my community, as Jeremiah does for Moab?
  2. What does it mean for me to lament the consequences of sin in my life and the lives of others?
  3. In what ways can I express my sorrow for those who are lost or suffering?
  4. How can I better understand the weight of God's judgment and its impact on individuals and communities?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Jeremiah 48:31 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Therefore will I howl for Moab,.... The prophet, being as a man affected with the miseries of a people very wicked, and so deserving of them; though indeed by this he does not so much design to

Read John Gill on Jeremiah 48 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab; mine heart shall mourn for the men of Kirheres.

Read Robert Jamieson on Jeremiah 48 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Though wicked men rejoice and triumph in the ruin of good men, yet their charity suffereth them not to do the like, but engageth them to mourn for them in the day of their affliction. Jeremiah declareth his compassion toward these Moabites, though they derided the Jews when they were carried into captivity. nay, he mourns upon the prospect of their misery at some distance; when the sight of the Jews’ present calamity would not affect the Moabites with any compassion at all. We find the like compassion in another prophet, there it is called Kir-hareseth, which was a city of Moab, as we read, .

Read Matthew Poole on Jeremiah 48 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Jeremiah 48:31 Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab; [mine heart] shall mourn for the men of Kirheres.Ver. 31. Therefore will I howl.] Isaiah 16:7; Isaiah 15:5.

Read John Trapp on Jeremiah 48 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(31) Therefore will I howl for Moab.—The changes of person are remarkable. The “I” that speaks is neither Jehovah nor the prophet, but the unnamed mourner, who in the next clause appears in the third person (“she shall mourn,” the English “mine heart” having no equivalent in the Hebrew) as the representative of those who mourn for Moab. In Jeremiah 48:33, “I have caused wine to fail” appears as the utterance of Jehovah. In Isaiah 16:7, of which the whole passage is a free reproduction, Moab is named as the mourner. Possibly, however, Jeremiah in his sympathy may speak here in his own person. For the men of Kir-heres.—The name appears in Isaiah 16:7 as Kirhareseth, and is probably identical…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Jeremiah 48 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

31. Based on Isaiah 16:7, but the influence of the first person in Jeremiah 48:9 there (“I will, etc.”) has led here to the prophet’s grief for Moab being represented as caused by her pride. will I howl] In the corresponding passage in Isaiah it is first the country that mourns for itself, Jeremiah 48:7, and only later, Jeremiah 48:9, the prophet also expresses grief. For “the men of” we should probably read, as in Isaiah, raisin-cakes of Kir-heres. They were made of a mixture of raisins and meal. Cp. Hosea 3:1. The two words in the original resemble each other. Kir-heres was probably the modern Kerak, eighteen miles S. of the Arnon and eight miles E. of the Dead Sea; a strong fortress on a…

Read Cambridge on Jeremiah 48 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Mine heart ... - Rather, “there shall be mourning for” etc.

Read Albert Barnes on Jeremiah 48 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

29-33. Substantially taken from Isaiah 16:6-10.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Jeremiah 48 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Therefore I will wail for Moab; I will cry out for all of Moab; I will moan for the men of Kir-heres.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Therefore I will wail for Moab. Yes, I will cry out for all Moab. They will mourn for the men of Kir Heres.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Therefore I will wail for Moab; I will cry out for all of Moab; I will moan for the men of Kir-heres.

NETBNew English Translation2006

So I will weep with sorrow for Moab. I will cry out in sadness for all of Moab. I will moan for the people of Kir Heres.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab; mine heart shall mourn for the men of Kir-heres.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Therefore will I wail for Moab; yea, I will cry out for all Moab: for the men of Kir-heres shall they mourn.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Therefore will I howl for Moab; yea, I will cry out for all Moab: for the men of Kir-heres shall they mourn.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab; my heart shall mourn for the men of Kirheres.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Therefore will I howle for Moab, and I will crie out for all Moab: mine heart shall mourne for the men of Kir-heres.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab: for the men of Kir-heres shall there be moaning.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Therefore for Moab I howl, even for Moab — all of it, I cry for men of Kir-Heres, it doth mourn,

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Therefore I howl for Moab, even for Moab—all of it, || I cry for men of Kir-Heres, it mourns,

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Therefore will I wail for Moab, and for all Moab will I cry out; for the men of Kir-cheres shall people moan.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

So I will howl a lament for Moab, and I will shout in sorrow for all of Moab. I will lament for the people of Kir Hareseth.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Therefore will I lament for Moab, and I will cry out to all Moab, for the men of the brick wall that mourn.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

So I will weep for Moab; I will cry out for all the Moabites; I will mourn for the people of Kir-heres.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

For this cause I will give cries of grief for Moab, crying out for Moab, even for all of it; I will be sorrowing for the men of Kir-heres.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

conjunction phraseprepositional phraseעַלthereforeכֵּן֙clauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַלonמוֹאָ֣בMoabverbאֲיֵלִ֔ילI.will.wailוּandclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalלְfornoun phraseמוֹאָ֥בMoabnoun phraseכֻּלֹּ֖of.itהallverbאֶזְעָ֑קI.will.cry.outclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalאֶלconcerningnoun phraseאַנְשֵׁ֥יthe.peopleverbיֶהְגֶּֽהhe.will.groan

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint share significant agreement, with 9 of the 13 words matched. The Dead Sea Scrolls provide partial restoration, indicating some variations but largely aligning with the Masoretic Text. The differences primarily arise from the restoration process rather than substantive textual disagreements.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

עַל־ כֵּן֙ עַל־ מוֹאָ֣ב אֲיֵלִ֔יל וּלְמוֹאָ֥ב כֻּלֹּ֖ה אֶזְעָ֑ק אֶל־ אַנְשֵׁ֥י קִֽיר־ חֶ֖רֶשׂ יֶהְגֶּֽה׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
עַל־διὰכֵּן֙τοῦτοעַל־ἐπὶמוֹאָ֣בμωαβאֲיֵלִ֔ילὀλολύζετεכֻּלֹּ֖הπάντοθενאֶזְעָ֑קβοήσατεאֶל־ἐπ’אַנְשֵׁ֥יἄνδρας

9 of the 13 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 2Q13a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

על כן על מואב איליל [ולמואב] כל׳ה אזעק [אל] [אנשי] [קיר] חרשת יהגה

7 words on the leather — 2 partly restored, 4 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Jeremiah 48:31עַלthere-there-עַלכֵּן-fore-foreכֵּןעַלononעַלמוֹאָבMoabMoabמוֹאָביָלַלI will wailI will wailיָלַלמוֹאָבand for Moaand for Moabמוֹאָבכֹּלall of itall of itכֹּלזָעַקI will cry I will cry outזָעַקאֶלconcerningconcerningאֶלאֱנוֹשׁ[the] peopl[the] people ofאֱנוֹשׁקִירKirKirקִירקִירHeresHeresקִירהָגָהhe will grohe will groanהָגָהקִירwallwallקִירעַלheightheightעַלכּוּןto establito establish: pכּוּןאָבfatherfatherאָבכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלאָנַשׁbe incurabbe incurableאָנַשׁהָגִיגmeditationmeditationהָגִיגכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאעֲרָבָהplainplainעֲרָבָהעַמּוֹןAmmonAmmonעַמּוֹןאֲשִׁישָׁהraisin bunraisin bunאֲשִׁישָׁהכֹּהthusthusכֹּהאָדוֹןLordLordאָדוֹןתַּרְשִׁישׁTarshishTarshishתַּרְשִׁישׁסָפַדto mournto mournסָפַדעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָה
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Jeremiah 48:31

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
עַל־'al- there- H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Amplified meaning
so, thus
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
כֵּן֙ken -fore H3651 Adverb
771× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means 'so' or 'thus', often used to show agreement or confirmation, like in the book of Genesis. It can also mean 'rightly' or 'justly', as in doing something the correct way. It appears in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
Tyndale gloss
right
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word כֵּן (*ken*) is built from the root meaning 'set upright.' It functions as an adjective meaning 'right,' 'veritable,' or 'honest,' and as an adverb meaning 'so,' 'therefore,' or 'thus.' It appears in various contexts, often indicating manner or relation, and is used in phrases like 'forasmuch as.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֵּן adj. right, veritable, honest

right

veritable, true

pl. concr. honest (men)

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

כֵּן adv. so

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3651a כֵּן adj. right, veritable, honest H3651b כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as H3651c כֵּן so

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3651 ken kane

from 3559; properly, set upright; hence (figuratively as

adjective) just; but usually (as adverb or conjunction)

rightly or so (in various applications to manner, time and

relation; often with other particles):--+ after that

(this, -ward, -wards), as ... as, + (for-)asmuch as yet, + be

(for which) cause, + following, howbeit, in (the) like

(manner, -wise), X the more, right, (even) so, state,

straightway, such (thing), surely, + there (where)-fore, this,

thus, true, well, X you.

see HEBREW for 03559

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֵּן (ken) — right.

adv

adj

1) right, just, honest, true, veritable

1a) right, just, honest

1b) correct

1c) true, veritable

[כִּי עַל] כֵּן ([ki al] ken) — as.

adv

forasmuch as, since

כֵּן (ken) — so.

adv

1) so, therefore, thus

1a) thus, so

1b) just so

1c) therefore

1d) so...as (paired with adv)

1e) then

1f) forasmuch as (in phrase)

1g) (with prep)

1g1) therefore, this being so (specific)

1g2) hitherto

1g3) therefore, on this ground (general)

1g4) afterwards

1g5) in such case

Aramaic equivalent: ken (כֵּן "thus" H3652)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HD — Adverb
HD
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
עַל־'al- on H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

On

Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See HELIOPOLIS.

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

pain; force; iniquity

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
מוֹאָ֣בmo.'Av Moab H4124 Noun proper
181× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Moab refers to the land and descendants of the son of Lot, who was born out of an incestuous relationship. The land of Moab is mentioned in the book of Numbers and the book of Ruth.
Amplified meaning
the land and descendants of Lot
Tyndale gloss
(Plains of) Moab
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מוֹאָב (Moab) refers to both a person and a territory. It denotes Moab, the son of Lot by his eldest daughter, and the nation and land descended from him. The name means 'of his father,' highlighting the incestuous origins of Moab. The term appears in various contexts in the Old Testament, including references to the Moabites and their territory.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מוֹאָב, מֹאָב 180 n.pr.gent. et terr. Moab

Moab as son of Lot by his elder daughter

Moab:

= nation of which Lot’s son is represented as ancestor

= territory of Moab

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4124 מוֹאָב, מֹאָב Moab

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4124 Mow'ab mo-awb

from a prolonged form of the prepositional prefix m- and 1;

from (her (the mother's)) father; Moab, an incestuous son of

Lot; also his territory and descendants:--Moab.

see HEBREW for 01

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — Moab.

Moab = "of his father"

the nation descended from the son of Lot

Also named: mo.a.vi (מוֹאָבִי "Moab" H4125)

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — Moab.

A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.19.37;

son of: Lot (H3876) and his first daughter (H3876H);

half-brother of Ben-ammi (H1151);

§ Moab = "of his father"

1) a son of Lot by his eldest daughter

2) the nation descended from the son of Lot

3) the land inhabited by the descendants of the son of Lot

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — (Plains of) Moab.

Combined with a.ra.vah (עֲרָבָה " Plains" H6160I)

§ Moab = "of his father"

the land inhabited by the descendants of the son of Lot

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Moab

The seed of the father, or, according to others, the desirable land, the eldest son of Lot (Gen. 19:37), of incestuous birth.

(2.) Used to denote the people of Moab (Num. 22:3-14; Judg. 3:30; 2 Sam. 8:2; Jer. 48:11, 13).

(3.) The land of Moab (Jer. 48:24), called also the “country of Moab” (Ruth 1:2, 6; 2:6), on the east of Jordan and the Dead Sea, and south of the Arnon (Num. 21:13, 26). In a wider sense it included the whole region that had been occupied by…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(of his father), Mo’abites. Moab was the son of the Lot’s eldest daughter, the progenitor of the Moabites. Zoar was the cradle of the race of Lot. From this centre the brother tribes spread themselves. The Moabites first inhabited the rich highlands which crown the eastern side of the chasm of the Dead Sea, extending as far north as the mountain of Gilead, from which country they expelled the Emims, the original inhabitants, (2:11) but they themselves were afterward driven southward by the warlike Amorites, who had crossed the Jordan, and were confined to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary. (Numbers 21:13; Judges 11:18) The territory occupied by Moab at the period of its greatest extent, before the invasion of the Amorites, divided itself…

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

of his father

Nave's Topical Bible

1. Son of Lot Ge 19:37

2. Plains of

Israelites come in De 2:17,18

Military forces numbered in Nu 26:3,63

The law rehearsed in, by Moses Nu 35; 36; De 29; 30; 31; 32; 33

The Israelites renew their covenant in De 29:1

The land of promise allotted in Jos 13:32

there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
אֲיֵלִ֔יל'a.ye.Lil I will wail H3213 Verb · Hiphil · imperfect first person common singular
30× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to wail or howl, expressing strong emotions like sadness or pain, used to describe a loud, mournful cry.
Amplified meaning
to howl, mourn loudly
Tyndale gloss
to wail
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָלַל (yalal) is a Hebrew verb meaning to howl or wail, often with a wailing tone. It is classified as a primitive root and appears in the Hiphil form, indicating an action of making a howling sound. The entries consistently emphasize its onomatopoeic nature, reflecting the sound associated with the action.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[יָלַל] vb. Hiph. howl, make a howling (onomatop.)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3213 [יָלַל] Hiph. howl, make a howling (onomatop.)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3213 yalal yaw-lal'

a primitive root; to howl (with a wailing tone) or yell (with

a boisterous one):--(make to) howl, be howling.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָלַל (ya.lal) — to wail.

(Hiphil) to howl, wail, make a howling

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Imperf-1cs — Verb · Hiphil · imperfect first person common singular
HVhi1cs
there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
וּלְמוֹאָ֥בu.le.mo.'Av and for Moab H4124 Conjunction · preposition · noun proper
181× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Moab refers to the land and descendants of the son of Lot, who was born out of an incestuous relationship. The land of Moab is mentioned in the book of Numbers and the book of Ruth.
Tyndale gloss
(Plains of) Moab
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מוֹאָב (Moab) refers to both a person and a territory. It denotes Moab, the son of Lot by his eldest daughter, and the nation and land descended from him. The name means 'of his father,' highlighting the incestuous origins of Moab. The term appears in various contexts in the Old Testament, including references to the Moabites and their territory.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מוֹאָב, מֹאָב 180 n.pr.gent. et terr. Moab

Moab as son of Lot by his elder daughter

Moab:

= nation of which Lot’s son is represented as ancestor

= territory of Moab

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4124 מוֹאָב, מֹאָב Moab

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4124 Mow'ab mo-awb

from a prolonged form of the prepositional prefix m- and 1;

from (her (the mother's)) father; Moab, an incestuous son of

Lot; also his territory and descendants:--Moab.

see HEBREW for 01

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — Moab.

Moab = "of his father"

the nation descended from the son of Lot

Also named: mo.a.vi (מוֹאָבִי "Moab" H4125)

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — Moab.

A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.19.37;

son of: Lot (H3876) and his first daughter (H3876H);

half-brother of Ben-ammi (H1151);

§ Moab = "of his father"

1) a son of Lot by his eldest daughter

2) the nation descended from the son of Lot

3) the land inhabited by the descendants of the son of Lot

מוֹאָב (mo.av) — (Plains of) Moab.

Combined with a.ra.vah (עֲרָבָה " Plains" H6160I)

§ Moab = "of his father"

the land inhabited by the descendants of the son of Lot

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Prep | N-proper — Conjunction · preposition · noun proper
HC/R/Npl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Moab

The seed of the father, or, according to others, the desirable land, the eldest son of Lot (Gen. 19:37), of incestuous birth.

(2.) Used to denote the people of Moab (Num. 22:3-14; Judg. 3:30; 2 Sam. 8:2; Jer. 48:11, 13).

(3.) The land of Moab (Jer. 48:24), called also the “country of Moab” (Ruth 1:2, 6; 2:6), on the east of Jordan and the Dead Sea, and south of the Arnon (Num. 21:13, 26). In a wider sense it included the whole region that had been occupied by…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(of his father), Mo’abites. Moab was the son of the Lot’s eldest daughter, the progenitor of the Moabites. Zoar was the cradle of the race of Lot. From this centre the brother tribes spread themselves. The Moabites first inhabited the rich highlands which crown the eastern side of the chasm of the Dead Sea, extending as far north as the mountain of Gilead, from which country they expelled the Emims, the original inhabitants, (2:11) but they themselves were afterward driven southward by the warlike Amorites, who had crossed the Jordan, and were confined to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary. (Numbers 21:13; Judges 11:18) The territory occupied by Moab at the period of its greatest extent, before the invasion of the Amorites, divided itself…

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

of his father

Nave's Topical Bible

1. Son of Lot Ge 19:37

2. Plains of

Israelites come in De 2:17,18

Military forces numbered in Nu 26:3,63

The law rehearsed in, by Moses Nu 35; 36; De 29; 30; 31; 32; 33

The Israelites renew their covenant in De 29:1

The land of promise allotted in Jos 13:32

there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
כֻּלֹּ֖הku.Loh all of it H3605 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Amplified meaning
everything, the whole
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
אֶזְעָ֑ק'ez.'Ak I will cry out H2199 Verb · Qal · imperfect first person common singular
73× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to cry out for help or announce something publicly, often in a loud voice, like a herald calling people together. It is used in the Bible to describe people crying out to God for aid. It can also mean to summon or assemble people.
Amplified meaning
to lament, mourn publicly
Tyndale gloss
to cry out
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זָעַק (za`aq) is a Hebrew verb meaning to cry out or call for help, often in a context of distress or need. It can also refer to assembling or summoning people, particularly for military purposes. The word has various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances of calling or gathering.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[זָעַק] vb. cry, cry out, call

Qal

call, to one's aid

cry, cry out, in need

Niph. be called together, assemble, join

Hiph.

call, call out, or together, for military service

make a crying

have proclamation made

call out, or at

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2199 זָעַק cry, cry out, call .. call, to one's aid

. cry, cry out, in need

. be called together, assemble, join

. . call, call out, or together, for military service

. make a crying

. have proclamation made

. call out, or at

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2199 za`aq zaw-ak'

a primitive root; to shriek (from anguish or danger); by

analogy, (as a herald) to announce or convene publicly:--

assemble, call (together), (make a) cry (out), come with such

a company, gather (together), cause to be proclaimed.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זָעַק (za.aq) — to cry out.

1) to cry, cry out, call, call for help

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to call (to one's aid)

1a2) to cry, cry out (in need)

1b) (Niphal) to be assembled, be called together, be joined together

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to call, call out, call together, summon

1c2) to make a crying, proclaim

1c3) to have a proclamation made

1c4) to call out to, call out at

Aramaic equivalent: ze.iq (זְעִ֑ק "to cry out" H2200)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-1cs — Verb · Qal · imperfect first person common singular
HVqi1cs
there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
אֶל־'el- concerning H413 Preposition
5,518× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Tyndale gloss
to(wards)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֶל (el) is primarily a preposition indicating motion towards or direction to a person or place. It can also imply entering a limit, presence at a location, or a hostile direction (against). Additionally, it may express concepts such as concerning, in addition to, or according to. The entries highlight its versatility in both physical and metaphorical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph),

prep. denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).of motion to or unto a person or place

Where the limit is actually entered, into

Of direction towards anything

Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

Of rule or standard according to (rare)

Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H413 אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph), . of motion to or unto a person or place

. Where the limit is actually entered, into

. Of direction towards anything

. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

. Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

. Of rule or standard according to (rare)

. Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

413 'el ale

(but only used in the shortened constructive form sel {el});

a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but

occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e. near, with or

among; often in general, to:--about, according to ,after,

against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and,

by, concerning, for, from, X hath, in(- to), near, (out) of,

over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether,

with(-in).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶל (el) — to(wards).

1) to, toward, unto (of motion)

2) into (limit is actually entered)

2a) in among

3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion)

4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character)

5) in addition to, to

6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of

7) according to (rule or standard)

8) at, by, against (of one's presence)

9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

kon-surn'-ing:

The Revised Version (British and American) makes frequent changes, such as "for," "as for," "from," "about," for "concerning"; "concerning" instead of "for," "of," "over," "in," "against," etc. Some of the other changes are, "unto that which is good" for "concerning" (Ro 16:19), "concerning" instead of "because of" (Jer 23:9), for "the miracle of" (Mr 6:52); for "with" (Mr 10:41), for "of the Lord" (Ac 18:25), "concerning Jesus" (diferent text), "by way of disparagement" (2Co 11:21), instead of "concerning reproach"; "Why askest thou me concerning…

there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
אַנְשֵׁ֥י'an.Shei [the] people of H582 Noun common · masculine plural construct
566× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Enosh refers to a human or mankind in general, used to describe individuals or people as a whole in the Bible.
Tyndale gloss
human
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֱנוֹשׁ (enowsh) refers to man or mankind, often used in a poetic context. It denotes a mortal individual, distinguishing humans from more dignified terms for man. The word encompasses both singular and collective meanings, indicating people or persons in general. Its Aramaic equivalent is אֱנָשׁ (e.nash), also meaning 'man'.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֱנוֹשׁ n.m. man, mankind, mostly poet.

of individ.

coll. men

man, mankind

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H582 אֱנוֹשׁ man, mankind, mostly poet.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

582 'enowsh en-oshe'

from 605; properly, a mortal (and thus differing from the

more dignified 120); hence, a man in general (singly or

collectively):--another, X (blood-)thirsty, certain,

chap(-man); divers, fellow, X in the flower of their age,

husband, (certain, mortal) man, people, person, servant, some

( X of them), + stranger, those, + their trade. It is often

unexpressed in the English versions, especially when used in

apposition with another word . Compare 376.

see HEBREW for 0605

see HEBREW for 0120

see HEBREW for 0376

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֱנוֹשׁ (e.nosh) — human.

1) man, mortal man, person, mankind

1a) of an individual

1b) men (collective)

1c) man, mankind

Aramaic equivalent: e.nash (אֱנָשׁ "man" H0606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmpc — Noun common · masculine plural construct
HNcmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
קִֽיר־kir- Kir H7025 Noun proper
10× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Amplified meaning
the wall of potsherds, a chief stronghold
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קִיר in n.pr.loc. of Moabite cities

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7025 קִיר of Moabite cities

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7025 Qiyr Cheres keer kheh'-res

or (feminine of the latter word) Qiyr Chareseth {keer

khar-eh'-seth}; from 7023 and 2789; fortress of earthenware;

Kir-Cheres or Kir-Chareseth, a place in Moab:--Kir-haraseth,

Kir-hareseth, Kir-haresh, Kir-heres.

see HEBREW for 07023

see HEBREW for 02789

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קִיר חֶרֶשׂ (qir che.re.s) — Kir-hareseth.

Kir-hareseth or Kir-hares or Kir-haresh = "wall of potsherds"

one of the two chief strongholds of Moab

Another name of qir (קִיר "Kir" H7024B)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

kur, kir (kir):

1. Meaning:

The meaning of Kir is "inclosure" or "walled place," and it is therefore doubtful whether it is a place-name in the true sense of the word. In 2Ki 16:9 it is mentioned as the place whither Tiglath-pileser IV carried the Syrian (Aramean) captives which he deported from Damascus after he had taken that city. In Am 1:5 the prophet announces that the people of Syria (Aram) shall go into captivity unto Kir, and in 9:7 it is again referred to as the place whence the Lord had brought the Syrians (Arameans) as Israel had been brought out of Egypt, and the Philistines from Caphtor.

2. How Rendered in the Septuagint:

Except in one manuscript (Septuagint, Codex Alexandrinus), where it appears as the Libyan Cyrene (2Ki…

Kir

A wall or fortress, a place to which Tiglath-pileser carried the Syrians captive after he had taken the city of Damascus (2 Kings 16:9; Amos 1:5; 9:7). Isaiah (22:6), who also was contemporary with these events, mentions it along with Elam. Some have supposed that Kir is a variant of Cush (Susiana), on the south of Elam.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(fortress) is mentioned by Amos, (Amos 9:7) as the land from which the Syrians (Aramaeans) were once "brought up;" i.e. apparently as the country where they had dwelt before migrating to the region north of Palestine. (A difference of opinion exists in regard to the position of Kir, since some suppose it to be identical with Carma, a city of Media, in the south, on the river Mardus; others place it in Armenia, on the river Kar. --ED.)

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

1. A strong city of Moab; called also Kir-hareseth, Kir-haresh, and Kir-heres, Isa 15:1; 16:7,11; Jer 48:31. It was once nearly destroyed by Joram king of Israel, 2Ki 3:25. It is now called Kerak, and is a town of three hundred families, on a steep hill at the head of a ravine running up fifteen miles into the mountains of Moab. Three-fourths of its present inhabitants are nominal Christians, greatly oppressed by the Mohammedan Arabs around them.

2. A region to which Tiglath-pileser transported the captive people of Damascus, 2Ki 16:9; believed to have been in the vicinity of the river Kur or Cyrus, on the northeast of Armenia. The Kur flows southeast, unites with the…

there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
חֶ֖רֶשׂChe.res Heres H7025 Noun proper
10× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קִיר in n.pr.loc. of Moabite cities

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7025 קִיר of Moabite cities

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7025 Qiyr Cheres keer kheh'-res

or (feminine of the latter word) Qiyr Chareseth {keer

khar-eh'-seth}; from 7023 and 2789; fortress of earthenware;

Kir-Cheres or Kir-Chareseth, a place in Moab:--Kir-haraseth,

Kir-hareseth, Kir-haresh, Kir-heres.

see HEBREW for 07023

see HEBREW for 02789

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קִיר חֶרֶשׂ (qir che.re.s) — Kir-hareseth.

Kir-hareseth or Kir-hares or Kir-haresh = "wall of potsherds"

one of the two chief strongholds of Moab

Another name of qir (קִיר "Kir" H7024B)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

he'-rez, he'-res:

(1) har-cherec, "Mount Heres" (Jud 1:34 f), a district from which the Amorites were not expelled; it is mentioned along with Aijalon and Shallbim. In Jos 19:41 f we have then two towns in association with Ir-shemesh and many authorities consider that as cherec = shemesh, i.e. the sun, and har, being perhaps a copyist's error for `ir, "city," we have in Jud 1:34 a reference to Beth-shemesh, the modern `Ain Shems. Conder thinks that Batn Harasheh, Northeast of Aijalon, a prominent hill, may be the place referred to. Budde thinks Har-heres may be identified with the Bit-Ninib (Ninib being the fierce morning sun) of the Tell el-Amarna Letters; this place was in the district of Jerusalem.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Heres

Sun. (1.) “Mount Heres” (Judg. 1:35), Heb. Har-heres, i.e., “sun-mountain;” probably identical with Irshemesh in Josh. 19:41.

(2.) Isa. 19:18, marg. (See ON.)

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(the sun), (Judges 1:35) a city of Dan, in Mount Ephraim, near Ajalon; possibly identical with Mount Jearim (Ir-shemesh, city of the gun).

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

the son; an earthen pot

there- -fore on Moab I will wail and for Moab all of it I will cry out concerning [the] people of Kir Heres he will groan
יֶהְגֶּֽה׃yeh.Geh he will groan H1897 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
25× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To mutter or ponder, as seen in Psalm 1:2 where it means to meditate on God's law, and also in Psalm 37:35 where it describes plotting evil.
Amplified meaning
to mutter, ponder sorrowfully
Tyndale gloss
to mutter
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָגָה (hagah) encompasses a range of meanings related to vocal expressions, including to moan, growl, and utter. It can imply both inarticulate sounds and more deliberate actions like meditation and devising thoughts. The entries suggest uses in various contexts, including distress and magical mutterings, but do not indicate any significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָגָה vb. moan, growl, utter, speak, muse (only poet.)

Qal

of inarticulate sounds

growl, of lion growling over prey

groan, moan, in distress (like dove)

utter

of inarticulate sounds

(soliloquize) meditate, muse

imagine, devise

Po. a conceiving and an uttering, out of the heart, lying words

Hiph. those that make chirpings and mutterings, of necromancers and wizards

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1897 הָגָה moan, growl, utter, speak, muse (only poet.) .. of inarticulate sounds . growl, of lion growling over prey

. groan, moan, in distress (like dove)

. utter

. of inarticulate sounds . (soliloquize) meditate, muse

. imagine, devise

. a conceiving and an uttering, out of the heart, lying words

. those that make chirpings and mutterings, of necromancers and wizards

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1897 hagah daw-gaw'

a primitive root (compare 1901); to murmur (in pleasure or

anger); by implication, to ponder:--imagine, meditate, mourn,

mutter, roar, X sore, speak, study, talk, utter.

see HEBREW for 01901

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָגָה (ha.gah) — to mutter.

1) to moan, growl, utter, muse, mutter, meditate, devise, plot, speak

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to roar, growl, groan

1a2) to utter, speak

1a3) to meditate, devise, muse, imagine

1b) (Poal) to utter

1c) (Hiphil) to mutter

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVqi3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

gron (na'aq, 'anaq; stenazo, embrimaomai): The English word, noun and verb, is an attempt to imitate the vocal sound which is expressive of severe pain or distress, physical or mental. It is cognate with the Scottish dialect word girn, and with grin in its original obsolete sense, as used in the Anglican Prayer-book version of Ps 59:6,14, "grin like a dog and go about the city"; here "grin" is a translation of hamah, and means the sound of the nightly howling of the pariah dogs in Jerusalem and other oriental cities. It is used in the Old Testament:

(1) To denote the expression accompanying physical suffering, as in the case of the Israelites in Egypt oppressed by Pharaoh's taskmasters (Ex 2:24; 6:5), or in Palestine under the yoke of the Canaanites (

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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