Isaiah 5:28 — Word Study
WLCאֲשֶׁ֤ר חִצָּיו֙ שְׁנוּנִ֔ים וְכָל־ קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יו דְּרֻכ֑וֹת פַּרְס֤וֹת סוּסָיו֙ כַּצַּ֣ר נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יו כַּסּוּפָֽה׃
BSATheir arrowschêts [sharp, ready for battle] are sharpenedshânan [to sharpen, made pointy] and allkôl [every single one] their bowsqesheth [an archer's weapon] are strungdârak [bent, prepared for use] The hoovesparçâh [claws, split hooves] of their horsesçûwç [chariot horses, swift] are like flinttsar [hard, unyielding] their chariot wheelsgalgal [turning, spinning] [are] like a whirlwindçûwphâh [a hurricane, storm]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אֲשֶׁ֤ר | which | Particle |
| חִצָּיו֙ | arrows its | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| שְׁנוּנִ֔ים | [are] sharpened | Verb, Qal, participle (passive) masculine plural |
| וְכָל־ | and all | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular construct |
| קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יו | bows its | Noun common feminine plural construct, suffix |
| דְּרֻכ֑וֹת | [are] bent | Verb, Qal, participle (passive) feminine plural |
| פַּרְס֤וֹת | [the] hooves of | Noun common, feminine plural construct |
| סוּסָיו֙ | horses its | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| כַּצַּ֣ר | like flint | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ | they are regarded | Verb, Niphal, perfect third person common plural |
| וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יו | and wheels its | Conjunction, noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| כַּסּוּפָֽה׃ | like storm-wind | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Their arrows are sharpened, and all their bows are strung. The hooves of their horses are like flint; their chariot wheels are like a whirlwind. |
| KJV | Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses’ hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind: |
| ASV | whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses’ hoofs shall be accounted as flint, and their wheels as a whirlwind: |
| YLT | Whose arrows [are] sharp, and all its bows bent, Hoofs of its horses as flint have been reckoned, And its wheels as a hurricane! |
| WEB | whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent. Their horses’ hoofs will be like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind. |
| BBE | Their arrows are sharp, and every bow is bent: the feet of their horses are like rock, and their wheels are like a rushing storm. |
Where they part company is שְׁנוּנִ֔ים — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has one main clause and several subordinate phrases, creating a complex structure that emphasizes the army's readiness.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbשָׁנַן
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 5:28
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Description of a Fearsome Armygenerated
Isaiah 5:28 depicts a powerful army, using vivid imagery to describe their weapons and horses. The arrows are sharp, and the bows are ready, indicating that they are prepared for battle. The comparison of the horses' hooves to flint and the chariot wheels to a whirlwind emphasizes the strength and speed of this military force, illustrating their readiness to strike with force and precision.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 45:5 | Your arrows pierce the hearts of the king’s foes; the nations fall beneath your feet. |
| 2 | Psalm 120:4 | Sharp arrows will come from the warrior, with burning coals of the broom tree! |
| 3 | Jeremiah 5:16 | Their quivers are like open graves; they are all mighty men. |
| 4 | Ezekiel 21:9–11 | “Son of man, prophesy and tell them that this is what the Lord says: ‘A sword, a sword, sharpened and polished— |
| 5 | Judges 5:22 | Then the hooves of horses thundered— the mad galloping of his stallions. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שְׁנוּנִ֔ים, she.nu.Nimgenerated
The word שְׁנוּנִ֔ים (*she.nu.Nim*) is a passive participle derived from the root שָׁנַן (*shanan*), meaning 'to sharpen.' It describes arrows that are made pointy and ready for use in battle. The participle form indicates that the arrows have been sharpened, emphasizing their preparedness.
In this context, sharpening the arrows symbolizes the army's readiness and effectiveness in combat. The imagery conveys a sense of danger and power, suggesting that the army is not only equipped but also lethal in their approach.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb in this verse is שְׁנוּנִ֔ים, are sharpened, which governs the description of the arrows. The structure includes a series of phrases that describe the weapons and horses, creating a vivid image of a well-prepared army.
The sentence is constructed with a focus on the weapons first, followed by the horses, which emphasizes the military's readiness and strength. The use of comparative phrases, such as like flint and like a whirlwind, adds to the imagery and impact of the description.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the Hebrew word חִצָּיו֙ is rendered as βέλη (*belē*), which means 'missiles' or 'arrows.' This choice broadens the understanding of the weaponry being described, implying a more general readiness for various types of projectiles.
The translation of שְׁנוּנִ֔ים as ἐντεταμένα (*entetamena*) suggests a state of having been prepared or set in order, further emphasizing the readiness of the army.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 5:28 describes a powerful army with sharpened arrows and strung bows, ready for battle. Their horses' hooves are compared to flint, highlighting their strength, while their chariot wheels are likened to a whirlwind, emphasizing speed and power.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The imagery signifies the readiness and lethality of the army, indicating that they are well-prepared for combat.
The comparison to flint emphasizes the hardness and strength of the horses, suggesting they are formidable in battle.
The whirlwind imagery conveys speed and power, indicating that the army can move quickly and strike with force.
This verse reflects the importance of preparation and the use of effective weaponry in warfare, showcasing the military strategies of the time.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How does the imagery of sharp weapons influence your understanding of readiness in life?
- In what ways can you prepare yourself for challenges you face, similar to the army described in this verse?
- What does the comparison of horses' hooves to flint teach about strength and resilience?
- How can you apply the concept of being prepared for battle in your own life or faith journey?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 5:28 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleWhose arrows [are] sharp, and all their bows bent,.... Ready to shoot their arrows upon any occasion; and which being sharp, penetrated deep, and were deadly.
Read John Gill on Isaiah 5 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryWhose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind: All their bows bent - ready for battle. Their horses' hoofs ... flint.
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 5 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleWhose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; who are every way furnished and ready for my work, waiting only for my command. Their horses’ hoofs shall be counted like flint, because they shall not be broken or battered by the length or stoutness and ruggedness of the way. Their wheels like a whirlwind; partly for the swiftness of their march, and partly for the force and violence of their chariots in battle.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 5 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 5:28 Whose arrows [are] sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses’ hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind:Ver. 28. Whose arrows are sharp.] Or, Sharpened, sc., to wound the deeper. Their horses’ hoofs.] Judea was a stony country; but hard to hard will not easily break.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 5 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(27-29) None shall be weary . . .—The three verses paint the progress of the invading army. Unresting, unhasting, in perfect order, they march onward. They do not loosen their girdle for repose. The latchet or thong which fastens their sandals is not “broken” or untied. The light-armed troops are there, probably the Medes and Elamites in the Assyrian army (Isaiah 13:18). The chariots of the Assyrians themselves are there, sweeping onward like a tempest. Their unshod hoofs (the practice of shoeing horses was unknown in the ancient East) are hard as flint. Comp. Homer’s epithet of “brazen-footed” (Il. v. 329); and Amos 6:12. The battle-cry is heard far off like the roaring of lions.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 5 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 28. Their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint - "The hoofs of their horses shall be counted as adamant"] The shoeing of horses with iron plates nailed to the hoof is quite a modern practice, and was unknown to the ancients, as appears from the silence of the Greek and Roman writers, especially those that treat of horse medicine, who could not have passed over a matter so obvious and of such importance that now the whole science takes its name from it, being called by us farriery. The horseshoes of leather and iron which are mentioned; the silver and gold shoes with which Nero and Poppaea shod their mules, used occasionally to preserve the hoofs of delicate cattle, or for vanity…
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 5 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges28. bows bent] which was done only for immediate action. his horses’ hoofs … flint] Therefore he will not shrink from riding them on the rocky soil of Palestine, which was extremely unfavourable to the use of horses (Amos 6:12). Similar allusions are frequent in ancient literature (κρατερώνυχεςἵπποι) the shoeing of horses being unknown in antiquity. The bows and arrows, cavalry and chariots, are all characteristic of the Assyrians.
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 5 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWhose arrows are sharp - Bows and arrows were the common instruments of fighting at a distance.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 5 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Their arrows are sharpened, and all their bows are strung. The hooves of their horses are like flint; their chariot wheels are like a whirlwind.
whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent. Their horses’ hoofs will be like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind.
Their arrows are sharpened, and all their bows are strung. The hooves of their horses are like flint; their chariot wheels are like a whirlwind.
Their arrows are sharpened, and all their bows are prepared. The hooves of their horses are hard as flint, and their chariot wheels are like a windstorm.
Tyndale line
Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses’ hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind:
whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses’ hoofs shall be accounted as flint, and their wheels as a whirlwind:
whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses’ hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind:
Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind:
Whose arrowes shall be sharpe, and all his bowes bent: his horse hoofes shall be thought like flint, and his wheeles like a whirlewinde.
Strictly literal
their arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs are reckoned as the flint, and their wheels as a whirlwind.
Whose arrows [are] sharp, and all its bows bent, Hoofs of its horses as flint have been reckoned, And its wheels as a hurricane!
Whose arrows [are] sharp, and all its bows bent, || Hooves of its horses have been reckoned as flint, || And its wheels as a windstorm!
Whose arrows are sharpened, and all whose bows are bent; its horses hoofs are hard like the flint, and its wheels like the whirlwind;
Their arrows are sharp and all their bows are bent; their horses' hooves are like flint, and their chariot wheels like storms.
From the Latin
Their arrows are sharp, and all their bows are bent. The hoofs of their horses shall be like the hint, and their wheels like the violence of a tempest.
Simplified
Their arrows are already sharpened, and all their bows have been strung. The hooves of their horses are hard as flint; their chariot wheels spin like a whirlwind.
Their arrows are sharp, and every bow is bent: the feet of their horses are like rock, and their wheels are like a rushing storm.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text is supported by the Septuagint, which matches 9 of the 12 words. The Dead Sea Scrolls also provide significant agreement with the Masoretic Text, with 12 words found in one scroll, indicating a strong consistency in the transmission of this verse.
אֲשֶׁ֤ר חִצָּיו֙ שְׁנוּנִ֔ים וְכָל־ קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יו דְּרֻכ֑וֹת פַּרְס֤וֹת סוּסָיו֙ כַּצַּ֣ר נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יו כַּסּוּפָֽה׃
9 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
אשר חצי׳ו שנונים וכול קשתותי׳ו דרוכות פרסות סוסי׳ו כצור נחשבו וגלגלי׳ו כסופה
12 words on the leather.
אשר [חצי׳ו] [שנונים] [וכל] [קשתתי׳ו] [דרכות] [פרסות] [סוסי׳ו] [כצר] [נחשבו] וגלגלי׳ו [כסופה]
nothing on the leather here — 2 partly restored, 10 supplied entire by an editor.
[פרסות] [סוסי׳ו] [כצר] נחשבו וגלגלי׳ו [כסופה]
6 words of the verse are on this fragment — 2 partly restored, 4 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 5:28
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word אֲשֶׁר (*asher*) is a relative pronoun that can mean 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.' It serves various grammatical functions, including as an adverb or conjunction, indicating relationships between clauses, places, or conditions. Variants like בַאֲשֶׁר (*ba-asher*), מֵאֲשֶׁר (*me-asher*), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (*ka-asher*) expand its usage to specific contexts such as location, causation, and time.
אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause.
base
בַאֲשֶׁר
in (that) which
adv. in (the place) where
conj. in that, inasmuch as
on account of whom?
base
מֵאֲשֶׁר
from (or than) that which
adv. from (the place) where
conj. from (the fact) that …, since
base
כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when
according to that which, according as, as
with a causal force, in so far as, since
with a temporal force, when
base
H834a אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. H834b בַאֲשֶׁר . in (that) which
. adv. in (the place) where
. conj. in that, inasmuch as
. on account of whom?
H834c מֵאֲשֶׁר . from (or than) that which
. adv. from (the place) where
. conj. from (the fact) that …, since
H834d כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when . according to that which, according as, as
. with a causal force, in so far as, since
. with a temporal force, when
834 'aher ash-er'
a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction)
when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.:--X after, X
alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, +
from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which,
wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where
(+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, +
whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is
indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun
expletively, used to show the connection.
אֲשֶׁר (a.sher) — which.
A: 1) (relative part.)
1a) which, who
1b) that which
2) (conj)
2a) that (in obj clause)
2b) when
2c) since
2d) as
2e) conditional if
B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which
2) (adv)
2a) where
3) (conj)
3a) in that, inasmuch as
3b) on account of
C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which
2) from (the place) where
3) from (the fact) that, since
D: Kaph+
1) (conj.), according as, as, when
1a) according to that which, according as, as
1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since
1c) with a temporal force: when
בַאֲשֶׁר (ba.a.sher) — in which.
1) in (that) which
2) (adv)
2a) where
3) (conj)
3a) in that, inasmuch as
3b) on account of
מֵאֲשֶׁר (me.a.sher) — whence.
1) from (or than) that which
2) from (the place) where
3) from (the fact) that, since
כַּאֲשֶׁר (ka.a.sher) — as which.
conj
1) according as, as, when
1a) according to that which, according as, as
HTr — ParticleHTr
חֵץ (chets) means 'arrow,' primarily found in poetic and prophetic contexts. It is derived from a root meaning 'to pierce' and can imply a wound or refer to a thunderbolt in a figurative sense. The word also encompasses related terms like 'dart' and 'shaft,' indicating its use in various forms of weaponry.
חֵץ n.m. arrow, mostly poet. and proph.
base
H2671 חֵץ arrow, mostly poet. and proph.
2671 chets khayts
from 2686; properly, a piercer, i.e. an arrow; by
implication, a wound; figuratively, (of God) thunder-bolt; (by
interchange for 6086) the shaft of a spear:--+ archer, arrow,
dart, shaft, staff, wound.
see HEBREW for 02686
see HEBREW for 06086
חֵץ (chets) — arrow.
arrow
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3ms
שָׁנַן (shanan) primarily means to sharpen or whet. It can also refer to teaching incisively or being pierced, particularly in a figurative sense. The word appears in various forms, including Qal for sharpening and Piel for teaching. Notably, it is associated with a piercing feeling in the kidneys.
[שָׁנַן] vb. whet, sharpen
Qal whet, sharpen
Pi. teach the words incisively
Hithpō‛. in my kidneys I was pierced
base
H8150 [שָׁנַן] whet, sharpen .whet, sharpen
. teach the words incisively
. in my kidneys I was pierced
8150 shanan shaw-nan'
a primitive root; to point (transitive or intransitive);
intensively, to pierce; figuratively, to inculcate:--prick,
sharp(-en), teach diligently, whet.
שָׁנַן (sha.nan) — to sharpen.
1) to sharpen, whet
1a) (Qal) to whet, sharpen
1b) (Piel) to sharpen, teach (incisively)
1c)(Hithpolel) to be pierced
V-Qal-Inf-c — Verb · Qal · participle (passive) masculine pluralHVqsmpa
כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.
כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all
with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
Absolutely:
without the art., all things, all
with the art. הַכֹּל
where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
base
H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all
. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
3605 kol kole
or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;
hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a
plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any
(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as
many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,
whoso(-ever).
see HEBREW for 03634
כֹּל (kol) — all.
1) all, the whole
1a) all, the whole of
1b) any, each, every, anything
1c) totality, everything
Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular constructHC/Ncmsc
ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.
(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.
(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).
קֶ֫שֶׁת (qesheth) primarily means 'bow,' referring to a weapon for hunting or battle, and can also denote 'rainbow.' It is derived from a root meaning to bend, suggesting strength. The term encompasses both literal and figurative uses, including references to archers and might.
קֶ֫שֶׁת n.f. bow
bow
rainbow
base
H7198 קֶ֫שֶׁת bow . bow
. rainbow
7198 qesheth keh'-sheth
from 7185 in the original sense (of 6983) of bending: a bow,
for shooting (hence, figuratively, strength) or the iris:--X
arch(-er), + arrow, bow((-man, -shot)).
see HEBREW for 07185
see HEBREW for 06983
קֶ֫שֶׁת (qe.shet) — bow.
1) bow
1a) bow (for hunting, battle)
1b) bowmen, archers
1c) bow (fig. of might)
1d) rainbow
N-fp | Suff — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHNcfpc/Sp3ms
דָּרַךְ (darakh) is a Hebrew verb meaning to tread or march. It encompasses a range of actions including walking, leading, and bending a bow. The word appears in various forms, such as Qal and Hiphil, indicating both simple and causative actions. Notably, it can refer to treading down or guiding others.
דָּרַךְ vb. tread, march
Qal
tread, march, march forth
tread upon
tread wine- (or oil-) press
tread (i.e. bend) the bow
Hiph.
tread, tread down
tread (bend) the bow
causat. cause to tread or march, lead
base
H1869 דָּרַךְ tread, march
1869 darak daw-rak'
a primitive root; to tread; by implication, to walk; also to
string a bow (by treading on it in bending):--archer, bend,
come, draw, go (over), guide, lead (forth), thresh, tread
(down), walk.
דָּרַךְ (da.rakh) — to tread.
1) to tread, bend, lead, march
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to tread, march, march forth
1a2) to tread on, tread upon
1a3) to tread (a press)
1a4) to tread (bend) a bow
1a5) archer, bow-benders (participle)
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to tread, tread down
1b2) to tread (bend with the foot) a bow
1b3) to cause to go, lead, march, tread
V-Qal-Inf-c — Verb · Qal · participle (passive) feminine pluralHVqsfpa
פַּרְסָה (par.sah) refers to a hoof, likely originating from the concept of a divided hoof. It encompasses the hooves of ruminants and also mentions horses, which have undivided hooves. The entries consistently highlight its feminine form and its relation to the root word for claw or split hoof.
פַּרְסָה 21 n.f. hoof (prob. orig. divided hoof)
base
H6541 פַּרְסָה hoof (prob. orig. divided hoof)
6541 parcah par-saw'
feminine of 6538; a claw or split hoof:--claw,
(cloven-)footed, hoof.
see HEBREW for 06538
פַּרְסָה (par.sah) — hoof.
1) hoof
1a) of ruminants
1b) of horses (undivided hooves)
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural constructHNcfpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
סוּס (sus) refers to both a 'swallow' and a 'horse,' derived from a root meaning to skip or leap. The word captures the swift nature of both the bird and the animal, often associated with chariot horses in the context of the Old Testament. There is a note in the entries about a comparison with another Hebrew word, but no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
סוּס n.[m.] swallow or swift
base
סוּס 138 n.m. horse
base
H5483a סוּס swallow or swift H5483b סוּס horse
5483 cuwc soos
or cuc {soos}; from an unused root meaning to skip (properly,
for joy); a horse (as leaping); also a swallow (from its rapid
flight):--crane, horse((-back, -hoof)). Compare 6571.
see HEBREW for 06571
סוּס (sus) — swallow.
swallow, swift
סוּס (sus) — Horse (Gate).
This name means horse
סוּס (sus) — horse.
1) horse
1a) chariot horses
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3ms
The Hebrew word צַר (tsar) is built from the root meaning 'narrow' or 'tight.' It encompasses a range of meanings including 'distress,' 'adversary,' and 'hard pebble' or 'flint.' The term can refer to physical tightness or metaphorical trouble, as well as an enemy or foe. It appears in contexts of anguish and tribulation, with a specific verse reference in Isaiah 5:28.
צַר adj. narrow, tight
base
צַר n.[m.] straits, distress
base
צַר 68 n.m. adversary, foe
base
צַר n.[m.] hard pebble, flint;—Is 5:28
ref
H6862a צַר narrow, tight H6862b צַר straits, distress H6862c צַר adversary, foe H6862d צַר hard pebble, flint
6862 tsar tsar
or tsar {tsawr}; from 6887; narrow; (as a noun) a tight place
(usually figuratively, i.e. trouble); also a pebble (as in
6864); (transitive) an opponent (as crowding):--adversary,
afflicted(-tion), anguish, close, distress, enemy, flint, foe,
narrow, small, sorrow, strait, tribulation, trouble.
see HEBREW for 06887
see HEBREW for 06864
צַר (tsar) — narrow.
narrow, tight
צַר (tsar) — distress.
straits, distress
צַר (tsar) — enemy.
adversary, foe, enemy, oppressor
צַר (tsar) — hard.
hard pebble, flint
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
flint (challamish (De 8:15; 32:13; Job 28:9; Ps 114:8), tsor (Ex 4:25; Eze 3:9), tser (Isa 5:28), tsur (Job 22:24; Ps 89:43), tsurim (Jos 5:2 f); (= kechlex "pebble"), kochlax ( /APC 1Macc 10:73)):
The word challamish signifies a hard stone, though not certainly flint, and is used as a figure for hardness in Isa 50:7, "Therefore have I set my face like a…
Flint
Abounds in all the plains and valleys of the wilderness of the forty years’ wanderings. In Isa. 50:7 and Ezek. 3:9 the expressions, where the word is used, means that the “Messiah would be firm and resolute amidst all contempt and scorn which he would meet; that he had made up his mind to endure it, and would not shrink from any kind or degree of suffering which would be necessary to accomplish the great work in which he was engaged.” (Comp. Ezek. 3:8, 9.) The words “like a flint” are used with reference to the hoofs of horses (Isa. 5:28).
a well-known stone, a variety of quartz. It is extremely hard, and strikes fire. It was very abundant in and about Palestine.
The Hebrew word חָשַׁב (chashab) is a primitive root meaning to think, account, or devise. It encompasses a range of actions including planning, valuing, and inventing, both for humans and in relation to God. The entries indicate various grammatical forms, such as Qal, Niphal, Piel, and Hithpael, each reflecting different nuances of thought and consideration.
חָשַׁב vb. think, account
Qal
of man:
think, account
devise, plan, mean
charge, impute
esteem, value, regard
invent ingenious and artistic things
of God:
think
devise, plan, mean
inpute, reckon
esteem, value, regard
invent ingenious and artistic things
Niph.
be accounted, thought, esteemed
be computed, reckoned
be imputed to any one
Pi.
think upon, consider, be mindful of
think to do, devise, plan
count, reckon, the years since a sale of land
Hithp. among the nations it shall not reckon itself
base
H2803 חָשַׁב think, account .. of man: . think, account
. devise, plan, mean
. charge, impute
. esteem, value, regard
. invent ingenious and artistic things
. of God: . think
. devise, plan, mean
. inpute, reckon
. esteem, value, regard
. invent ingenious and artistic things
. . be accounted, thought, esteemed
. be computed, reckoned
. be imputed to any one
. . think upon, consider, be mindful of
. think to do, devise, plan
. count, reckon, the years since a sale of land
. among the nations it shall not reckon itself
2803 chashab khaw-shab'
a primitive root; properly, to plait or interpenetrate, i.e.
(literally) to weave or (gen.) to fabricate; figuratively, to
plot or contrive (usually in a malicious sense); hence (from
the mental effort) to think, regard, value, compute:--(make)
account (of), conceive, consider, count, cunning (man, work,
workman), devise, esteem, find out, forecast, hold, imagine,
impute, invent, be like, mean, purpose, reckon(-ing be made),
regard, think.
חָשַׁב (cha.shav) — to devise: design.
: design/skillful
1) to think, plan, esteem, calculate, invent, make a judgment, imagine, count
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to think, account
1a2) to plan, devise, mean
1a3) to charge, impute, reckon
1a4) to esteem, value, regard
1a5) to invent
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be accounted, be thought, be esteemed
1b2) to be computed, be reckoned
1b3) to be imputed
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to think upon, consider, be mindful of
1c2) to think to do, devise, plan
1c3) to count, reckon
1d) (Hithpael) to be considered
חָשַׁב (cha.shav) — to devise: count.
: count/regard_as
1) to think, plan, esteem, calculate, invent, make a judgment, imagine, count
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to think, account
1a2) to plan, devise, mean
1a3) to charge, impute, reckon
1a4) to esteem, value, regard
1a5) to invent
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be accounted, be thought, be esteemed
1b2) to be computed, be reckoned
1b3) to be imputed
HVNp3cp — Verb · Niphal · perfect third person common pluralHVNp3cp
גַּלְגַּל (galgal) refers to a wheel or a whirlwind, with implications of something that rolls or whirls, such as dust or chaff. The word is built from reduplication and connects to the concept of movement. It appears in contexts that involve rolling or whirling, but no specific verses are cited.
גַּלְגַּל n.m. wheel, whirl, whirlwind
base
H1534 גַּלְגַּל wheel, whirl, whirlwind
1534 galgal gal-gal'
by reduplication from 1556; a wheel; by analogy, a whirlwind;
also dust (as whirled):--heaven, rolling thing, wheel.
see HEBREW for 01556
גַּלְגַּל (gal.gal) — wheel.
1) wheel, whirl, whirlwind, whirling
1a) wheel
1b) whirl (of dust, chaff)
Aramaic equivalent: gal.gal (גַּלְגַּל "wheel" H1535)
Conj | N-mp | Suff — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHC/Ncmpc/Sp3ms
סוּפָה (cuwphah) refers to a storm or whirlwind, derived from a root meaning to sweep away. It is associated with strong winds and is noted in the context of a location east of the Jordan River. The term appears in ancient texts, including a fragment in Numbers 21:14, indicating its historical significance.
סוּפָה n.f. storm-wind (that makes an end ?)
base
סוּפָה n.pr.loc. E. of Jordan;—only in ancient poet. fragment Nu 21:14; SE. oasis of Dead Sea
ref
H5492a סוּפָה strom-wind H5492b סוּפָה E. of Jordan
5492 cuwphah soo-faw'
from 5486; a hurricane:--Red Sea, storm, tempest, whirlwind,
Red sea.
see HEBREW for 05486
סוּפָה (su.phah) — whirlwind.
storm-wind
סוּפָה (su.phah) — Suphah.
§ Suphah = "honeycomb: overflow"
a place east of the Jordan
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHRd/Ncfsa
wind (anemos:
1. Causes:
Unequal distribution of heat in the atmosphere causes currents of air or wind. The heated air rises and the air from around rushes in. The direction from which a current comes determines its name, as west wind coming from the West but blowing toward the East. When two currents of air of different directions meet, a spiral motion sometimes results.
See WHIRLWIND.
2. West Wind:
In Palestine the west wind is the most common. It comes from the sea and carries the moisture which condenses to form clouds, as it is turned upward by the mountains, to the cooler layers of the atmosphere. If the temperature reached is cool enough the cloud condenses and rain falls. Elijah looked toward the West for the "small cloud," and soon "the heavens grew black with clouds and wind" (1Ki 18:44 f). "When ye see a cloud rising in the…