Isaiah 28:25 — Word Study
WLCהֲלוֹא֙ אִם־ שִׁוָּ֣ה פָנֶ֔יהָ וְהֵפִ֥יץ קֶ֖צַח וְכַמֹּ֣ן יִזְרֹ֑ק וְשָׂ֨ם חִטָּ֤ה שׂוֹרָה֙ וּשְׂעֹרָ֣ה נִסְמָ֔ן וְכֻסֶּ֖מֶת גְּבֻלָתֽוֹ׃
BSAWhenʼim he has leveledshâvâh■ [made plain, smoothed out] its surfacepânîym does he notlôʼ sowzâraq▸ [scatter seeds of] carawayqetsach [dill, a type of herb] and scatterpûwts [disperse, spread out] ◂cuminkammôn [a seed used as a condiment] He plantssûwm [puts in order, arranges] wheatchiṭṭâh [a type of grain] in rowssôwrâh△ [lines, a measured arrangement] and barleysᵉʻôrâh [a staple grain] in plotsçâman△ [appointed places, designated areas] and ryekuççemeth [spelt, a type of grain] within its bordergᵉbûwlâh [boundary, designated limit]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| הֲלוֹא֙ | ¿ not | Particle, particle |
| אִם־ | if | Particle |
| שִׁוָּ֣ה | he has leveled | Verb, Piel, perfect third person masculine singular |
| פָנֶ֔יהָ | surface its | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| וְהֵפִ֥יץ | and does he scatter | Verb, Hiphil, sequential perfect third person masculine singular |
| קֶ֖צַח | black cumin | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| וְכַמֹּ֣ן | and cumin | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| יִזְרֹ֑ק | does he sprinkle? | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| וְשָׂ֨ם | and does he put? | Verb, Qal, sequential perfect third person masculine singular |
| חִטָּ֤ה | wheat | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| שׂוֹרָה֙ | a row | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| וּשְׂעֹרָ֣ה | and barley | Conjunction, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| נִסְמָ֔ן | an appointed [place] | Verb, Niphal, participle (active) masculine singular |
| וְכֻסֶּ֖מֶת | and spelt | Conjunction, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| גְּבֻלָתֽוֹ׃ | territory its | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | When he has leveled its surface, does he not sow caraway and scatter cumin? He plants wheat in rows and barley in plots, and rye within its border. |
| KJV | When he hath made plain the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and cast in the principal wheat and the appointed barley and the rie in their place? |
| ASV | When he hath levelled the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and put in the wheat in rows, and the barley in the appointed place, and the spelt in the border thereof? |
| YLT | Hath he not, if he have made level its face, Then scattered fitches, and cummin sprinkle, And hath placed the principal wheat, And the appointed barley, And the rie [in] its own border? |
| WEB | When he has leveled its surface, doesn’t he plant the dill, and scatter the cumin seed, and put in the wheat in rows, the barley in the appointed place, and the spelt in its place? |
| BBE | When the face of the earth has been levelled, does he not put in the different sorts of seed, and the grain in lines, and the barley in its place, and the spelt at the edge? |
Where they part company is וְהֵפִ֥יץ — see How Translations Differ.
The structure consists of a main clause followed by several coordinating phrases that detail the actions taken by the farmer.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbשָׁוָה
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
2 of 15 occur nowhere else in the Old Testament — words chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 28:25
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Wisdom of Agricultural Practicesgenerated
Isaiah 28:25 discusses the practices of a plowman who levels the ground and sows various seeds. This verse illustrates the careful planning and execution involved in agriculture, drawing a parallel to the wisdom and instruction provided by God. The surrounding verses emphasize the importance of understanding the right methods for cultivation, as God teaches His people through nature, similar to how He instructs through His word.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Exodus 9:31–32 | (Now the flax and barley were destroyed, since the barley was ripe and the flax was in bloom; |
| 2 | Ezekiel 4:9 | But take wheat, barley, beans, lentils, millet, and spelt; put them in a single container and make them into bread for yourself. This is what you are to eat during the 390 days you lie on your side. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 2 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שִׁוָּ֣ה, shi.Vahgenerated
The verb שִׁוָּ֣ה (shi.Vah) is in the Piel stem, indicating an active process of leveling or making even. It conveys the idea of arranging or setting something in order, which in this context refers to preparing the land for sowing. The use of this term emphasizes the farmer's role in transforming the land to make it suitable for planting.
This word also carries a sense of comparison or adjustment, suggesting that the act of leveling is not just physical but also metaphorical, reflecting the order that God instills in creation. The choice of this verb highlights the intentionality behind agricultural practices, as well as the divine wisdom that guides them.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse is structured around a series of actions taken by the farmer, with the finite verbs שִׁוָּ֣ה (he has leveled) and וְהֵפִ֥יץ (and does he scatter) governing the sentence. The actions are presented in a sequential manner, illustrating the process of preparing the land and sowing seeds.
The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the actions of the farmer, with the verbs leading the sentence. This structure highlights the importance of each step in the agricultural process, reflecting a methodical approach to farming.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates שִׁוָּ֣ה as ὁμαλίσῃ (he will level), which captures the essence of leveling the ground. This choice shows a focus on the smoothness and evenness of the surface, aligning with the agricultural context.
The translation of וְהֵפִ֥יץ as σπείρει (he sows) indicates a direct action of planting, which emphasizes the farmer's role in actively engaging with the land.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 28:25 describes the actions of a farmer who levels the ground and sows seeds like caraway and cumin, as well as planting wheat and barley. This verse illustrates the careful planning involved in agriculture, showing how God instructs His people through the natural order of things.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It indicates that the farmer prepares the ground to ensure proper sowing, reflecting the importance of order and preparation in agricultural practices.
Scattering seeds represents the farmer's role in cultivating the land and ensuring a fruitful harvest, symbolizing God's provision and care.
The verse mentions caraway, cumin, wheat, barley, and spelt, each representing different aspects of agricultural life in ancient Israel.
The verse illustrates how God teaches His people through the natural processes of farming, emphasizing the wisdom and order inherent in creation.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How can I apply the principles of preparation and order from this verse in my own life?
- What lessons can I learn from the farmer's practices about diligence and care in my responsibilities?
- In what ways does understanding agricultural practices enhance my appreciation for God's creation?
- How can I see God's instruction in the natural world around me, as illustrated in this verse?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 28:25 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleWhen he hath made plain the face thereof,.... By harrowing it, after it is ploughed: doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin; in sowing them in the ground, prepared for them; the
Read John Gill on Isaiah 28 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryWhen he hath made plain the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and cast in the principal wheat and the appointed barley and the rie in their place?
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 28 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleMade plain the face thereof, by breaking the clods, which made it ragged and uneven. The principal wheat; either, 1. The wheat, which is the principal or chief of all these grains; or, 2. The best wheat, which he prudently chooseth for seed. The appointed barley; that proportion of barley which he appointed. Or, as others, the marked barley; or, the choice barley, which they laid aside in a sack for seed; and therefore set aside with a peculiar mark upon it. In their place, Heb. in his border; each seed in a several and proper place.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 28 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 28:25 When he hath made plain the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and cast in the principal wheat and the appointed barley and the rie in their place?Ver. 25. When he hath made plain.] Laid it level and equal. Doth he not cast in the fitches?] See on Isaiah 28:24. The appointed barley.] Hordeum signatum. Whatsoever is sealed with a seal is excellent in its own kind; so are all God’ s sealed ones.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 28 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(25) Doth he not cast abroad the fitches. . . .?—Modern English would give vetches. Each verb is carefully chosen to describe the special process that belonged to each kind of seed. We have, as it were, an excerpt from the “Georgics” of Palestine. Identification in such cases is not always easy; but I follow Mr. Carruthers (Bible Educator, i. 38) in reading “fennel seed” for the “fitches” of the English version. This, proverbially among the smallest of seeds, so as to be a type of the microscopic unseen, was scattered broadcast; “cummin,” also proverbial for its smallness, was sown by a like process, with some technical variation, indicated by the use of the Hebrew words. Wheat and barley…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 28 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges25. fitches (R.V. marg. black cummin [Nigella sativa]) and cummin [Cuminum sativum] are both mentioned only in this passage. Note the different methods of sowing; scatter (of the fitches), sow (of the cummin), plant (of wheat and barley). The planting of wheat, &c. in rows is a mark of the most careful husbandry, still practised in Yemen and Egypt. the principal wheat] Rather: the wheat in rows (R.V.). the appointed barley] a very difficult expression. Perhaps “barley in the appointed place” (R.V.). Both this adjective and that for “principal” are wanting in the LXX. and are deleted as mistakes or glosses by Cheyne and others. the rye in their place] the spelt (others, “vetches”) as its…
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 28 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWhen he hath made plain ... - That is, when he has leveled, or made smooth the surface of the ground by harrowing, or rolling it.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 28 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible24-26. Doth the ploughman plough all day — That is, does he plough interminably, never cease? To sow — In order to sow, in order to make the ground ready for sowing. The parallel number is of the same meaning.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Isaiah 28 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
When he has leveled its surface, does he not sow caraway and scatter cumin? He plants wheat in rows and barley in plots, and rye within its border.
When he has leveled its surface, doesn’t he plant the dill, and scatter the cumin seed, and put in the wheat in rows, the barley in the appointed place, and the spelt in its place?
When he has leveled its surface, does he not sow caraway and scatter cumin? He plants wheat in rows and barley in plots, and rye within its border.
Once he has leveled its surface, does he not scatter the seed of the caraway plant, sow the seed of the cumin plant, and plant the wheat, barley, and grain in their designated places?
Tyndale line
When he hath made plain the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and cast in the principal wheat and the appointed barley and the rie in their place?
When he hath levelled the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and put in the wheat in rows, and the barley in the appointed place, and the spelt in the border thereof?
When he hath made plain the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the appointed place and the spelt in the border thereof?
When he hath made even the face of it, doth he not cast abroad the vetches, and scatter the cummin, and cast in the principal wheat, and the appointed barley, and the rye in their place?
When he hath made it plaine, wil he not then sowe the fitches, and sowe cummin, and cast in wheat by measure, and the appointed barly and rye in their place?
Strictly literal
Doth he not, when he hath levelled the face thereof, cast abroad dill, and scatter cummin, and set the wheat in rows, and the barley in an appointed place, and the rye in its border?
Hath he not, if he have made level its face, Then scattered fitches, and cummin sprinkle, And hath placed the principal wheat, And the appointed barley, And the rie [in] its own border?
Has he not, if he has made its face level, || Then scattered fitches, and sprinkles cumin, || And has placed the principal wheat, || And the appointed barley, || And the rye [in] its own border?
Is it not so? that, when he hath made level its surface he scattereth fennel, and streweth about cumin, and planteth the wheat in rows, and barley on its assigned [place], and millet on its proper spot?
When he has prepared the ground, does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges?
From the Latin
Will he not, when he hath made plain the surface thereof, sow gith, and scatter cummin, and put wheat in order, and barley, and millet, and vetches in their bounds?
Simplified
Once he has everything ready doesn't he sow seeds like dill and cumin, doesn't he plant wheat and barley in rows, with spelt grain as a border?
When the face of the earth has been levelled, does he not put in the different sorts of seed, and the grain in lines, and the barley in its place, and the spelt at the edge?
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaa agree closely, with only minor variations in spelling and punctuation. Both texts convey the same agricultural practices and the actions of the farmer, underscoring the consistency of the message across these ancient witnesses.
הֲלוֹא֙ אִם־ שִׁוָּ֣ה פָנֶ֔יהָ וְהֵפִ֥יץ קֶ֖צַח וְכַמֹּ֣ן יִזְרֹ֑ק וְשָׂ֨ם חִטָּ֤ה שׂוֹרָה֙ וּשְׂעֹרָ֣ה נִסְמָ֔ן וְכֻסֶּ֖מֶת גְּבֻלָתֽוֹ׃
12 of the 15 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
הלוא אמ שוה פני׳ה והפיץ קצח וכימן וזרק ושם חטה שורה ושעורה נסמן וכסמת גבולות׳ו
15 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 28:25
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'
לֹא or לוֹא adv. not
base
H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not
3808 lo' lo
or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often
used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,
ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,
no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out
of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +
of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.
לֹא (lo) — not.
1) not, no
1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)
1b) not (with modifier-negation)
1c) nothing (subst)
1d) without (with particle)
1e) before (of time)
Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)
Part | Part — Particle · particleHTi/Tn
אִם (im) is a Hebrew conjunction primarily meaning 'if' and is used in various contexts, including conditional clauses and interrogative situations. It can also express negation, alternatives, or exceptions, and appears frequently in the Old Testament. The lexicons note its use in oaths and its ability to connect different clauses, sometimes altering their meanings.
אִם conj.
hypoth. part. if
Interrog. part.
base
כִּי אם־
each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:
that if
for if
(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—
limiting the prec. clause, except
the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
after an oath, surely
base
H518a אִם conj. . hypoth. part. if
. Interrog. part.
H518b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if
. for if
. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except
. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
. after an oath, surely
518 'im eem
a primitive particle; used very widely as demonstrative, lo!;
interrog., whether?; or conditional, if, although; also Oh
that!, when; hence, as a negative, not:--(and, can-,
doubtless, if, that) (not), + but, either, + except, +
more(-over if, than), neither, nevertheless, nor, oh that, or,
+ save (only, -ing), seeing, since, sith, + surely (no more,
none, not), though, + of a truth, + unless, + verily, when,
whereas, whether, while, + yet.
אִם (im) — if.
: if/whether_or/though
1) if
1a) conditional clauses
1a1) of possible situations
1a2) of impossible situations
1b) oath contexts
1b1) no, not
1c) if...if, whether...or, whether...or...or
1d) when, whenever
1e) since
1f) interrogative particle
1g) but rather
[כִּי] אם (ki im) — if: except.
1) except if
1a) but if
אִם (im) — if: surely no.
: surely_no
1) if
1a) conditional clauses
1a1) of possible situations
1a2) of impossible situations
1b) oath contexts
1b1) no, not
1c) if...if, whether...or, whether...or...or
1d) when, whenever
1e) since
1f) interrogative particle
1g) but rather
אִם (im) — if: surely yes.
: surely_yes
1) if
1a) conditional clauses
1a1) of possible situations
1a2) of impossible situations
1b) oath contexts
1b1) no, not
1c) if...if, whether...or, whether...or...or
1d) when, whenever
1e) since
1f) interrogative particle
1g) but rather
אִם (im) — if: until.
: until/except
Conj — ParticleHTc
שָׁוָה (shavah) is a Hebrew verb that conveys the idea of being even or smooth, and extends to meanings like agreeing, resembling, or making something like another. It is built from a primitive root and covers a range of uses, including to level, set, or adjust. The entries indicate various forms, such as Qal, Piel, and Hiphil, which express different nuances of the verb.
שָׁוָה vb. (be even, smooth, v. Pi., hence) agree with, be like, resemble
Qal it was not equalled to me, i.e. not requited
Pi. he hath levelled
Hiph. make like
Nithp. (appar.) are alike
base
[שָׁוָה] vb. Pi. set, place
base
H7737a שָׁוָה (be even, smooth, v. Pi., hence) agree with, be like, resemble . make like
. (appar.) are alike
H7737b שָׁוָה Pi. set, place
7737 shavah shaw-vaw'
a primitive root; properly, to level, i.e. equalize;
figuratively, to resemble; by implication, to adjust (i.e.
counterbalance, be suitable, compose, place, yield,
etc.):--avail, behave, bring forth, compare, countervail,
(be, make) equal, lay, be (make, a- )like, make plain, profit,
reckon.
שָׁוָה (sha.vah) — be like.
1) to agree with, be or become like, level, resemble
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be like
1a2) equivalent (participle)
1a3) to set, place
1a4) setting (participle)
1b) (Piel) to level, smooth, still
1c) (Hiphil) to make like
1d) (Nithpael) to be alike
Aramaic equivalent: she.vah (שְׁוָה "be like" H7739A)
שָׁוָה (sha.vah) — to set.
(Piel) to set, place
Aramaic equivalent: she.vah (שְׁוָה "be set" H7739B)
V-Piel-Perf-3ms — Verb · Piel · perfect third person masculine singularHVpp3ms
The Hebrew word פָּנֶה (*pāneh*) is a noun meaning 'face' or 'presence,' and it appears in various contexts, including the faces of seraphim and animals, as well as the surface of the ground. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'before' or 'in front of.' The word is built from a root that suggests turning or facing, and it encompasses a wide range of applications, both literal and figurative.
[פָּנֶה], pl. פָּנִים 2123 n.m. face, also faces
face, faces
presence, person
technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence
face of seraphim
face of animals
face (= surface) of ground
as adv.loc. before
for other phrases
with prepositions
base
H6440 פָּנֶה, pl. פָּנִים face, also faces . . face, faces
. . presence, person
. technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence
. face of seraphim
. face of animals
. face (= surface) of ground
. as adv. loc. before
. for other phrases
. with prepositions
6440 paniym paw-neem'
plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun (paneh
{paw-neh'}; from 6437); the face (as the part that turns);
used in a great variety of applications (literally and
figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a
preposition (before, etc.):--+ accept, a-(be- )fore(-time),
against, anger, X as (long as), at, + battle, + because (of),
+ beseech, countenance, edge, + employ, endure, + enquire,
face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er
time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, X him(-self), +
honourable, + impudent, + in, it, look(-eth) (- s), X me, +
meet, X more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), X on,
open, + out of, over against, the partial, person, + please,
presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, + regard, right
forth, + serve, X shewbread, sight, state, straight, + street,
X thee, X them(-selves), through (+ - out), till, time(-s)
פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face: before.
: before/to/front
1) face
1a) face, faces
1b) presence, person
1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
1d) face (of animals)
1e) face, surface (of ground)
1f) as adv of loc/temp
1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
1g) with prep
1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of
פָּנֶה (pa.neh) — face.
: face
1) face
1a) face, faces
1b) presence, person
1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
1d) face (of animals)
1e) face, surface (of ground)
1f) as adv of loc/temp
1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before
1g) with prep
1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from…
N-cp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3fs
The Hebrew word פּוּץ (puwts) primarily means to scatter or disperse, applicable to both people and armies. It can also convey the idea of flowing or overflowing. The noun form מֵפִיץ (mephits) refers to a scatterer. Additionally, it has connotations of breaking or shattering, as seen in related forms.
[פּוּץ] vb. be dispersed, scattered
Qal be dispersed, disperse; be scattered, of enemies
Niph.
be scattered, of army
be spread abroad, of peoples
Hiph.
trans. scatter
intrans. scatter
base
מֵפִיץ n.m. scatterer, disperser
base
פּוּץ vb. flow, overflow
base
[פָּצַץ] vb. break (Ar. break, break asunder; Nab. break asunder; Syr. crush)
Pō‛. a hammer which shatters rock.
Pilp. he [God] dashed me in pieces (fig.).
base
H6327a פּוּץ be dispersed, scattered .be dispersed, disperse; be scattered, of enemies
. . be scattered, of army
. be spread abroad, of peoples
. . trans. scatter
. intrans. scatter
H6327b מֵפִיץ scatterer, disperser H6327c פּוּץ flow, overflow H6327d [פָּצַץ] break (Ar. break, break asunder; Nab. break asunder; Syr. crush) . a hammer which shatters rock.
. he [God] dashed me in pieces (fig.).
6327 puwts poots
a primitive root; to dash in pieces, literally or
figuratively (especially to disperse):--break (dash, shake)
in (to) pieces, cast (abroad), disperse (selves), drive,
retire, scatter (abroad), spread abroad.
פּוּץ (puts) — to scatter.
1) to scatter, be dispersed, be scattered
1a) (Qal) to be dispersed, be scattered
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be scattered
1b2) to be spread abroad
1c) (Hiphil) to scatter
1d) Hithpael) scatter
מֵפִיץ (me.phits) — scatterer.
n.m.
scatterer
פּוּץ (puts) — to flow.
(Qal) to flow, overflow
פָּצַץ (pa.tsats) — to shatter.
1) to break
1a) (Polel) to shatter
1b) (Pilpel) to dash to pieces
Conj | V-Hiphil-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · sequential perfect third person masculine singularHc/Vhq3ms
קֶ֫צַח (qetsach) refers to black cumin, a plant known for its small, acrid seeds used as a condiment. The entries suggest it may also relate to a pungent fennel flower, though the primary focus is on its culinary use.
קֶ֫צַח n.m. black cumin;—plant with small black acrid seeds, used as condiment
base
H7100 קֶ֫צַח black cumin;—plant with small black acrid seeds, used as condiment
7100 qetsach keh'-tsakh
from an unused root apparently meaning to incise;
fennelflower (from its pungency):--fitches.
קֶ֫צַח (qe.tsach) — dill.
1) black cummin
1a) a plant with small black acrid seeds used as a condiment
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
כַּמֹּן (kammon) refers to cummin, a plant used as a condiment. The entries suggest it is derived from a root meaning to store up or preserve, highlighting its culinary use. All sources consistently define it as cummin, with no significant disagreements noted.
כַּמֹּן n.m. cummin, plant grown as condiment
base
H3646 כַּמֹּן cummin, plant grown as condiment
3646 kammon kam-mone'
from an unused root meaning to store up or preserve; "cummin"
(from its use as a condiment):--cummin.
כַּמֹּן (kam.mon) — cummin.
1) cummin, cumin
1a) a seed used as a condiment
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/Ncmsa
זָרַק (zaraq) is a Hebrew verb meaning to scatter or toss, often in a plentiful manner. It can refer to both solid and fluid particles being sprinkled or thrown about. The entries indicate uses in various contexts, including the scattering of water in purification rituals. There is a note in Brown-Driver-Briggs about its use in describing profuse grey hairs.
זָרַק vb. to toss or throw (in a volume), scatter abundantly
Qal
toss
intrans. grey hairs are profuse upon him
Pu. of water of purification poured over one defiled by a corpse
base
H2236 זָרַק to toss or throw (in a volume), scatter abundantly
2236 zaraq zaw-rak'
a primitive root; to sprinkle (fluid or solid particles):--be
here and there, scatter, sprinkle, strew.
זָרַק (za.raq) — to scatter.
1) to scatter, sprinkle, toss, throw, scatter abundantly, strew
1a) (Qal) to scatter, sprinkle, toss
1b) (Pual) to be sprinkled
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singularHVqi3ms
The Hebrew word שׂוּם (sum) is a verb meaning to put, place, or set, with a wide range of applications including appointing, establishing, and making. It can also refer to laying something upon or directing it. There is a related noun שׂוּמָה (sumah), which may denote a token of unluckiness. The entries do not present any significant disagreement.
שׂוּם, שִׂים 582 vb. put, place, set
Qal
put, set, in a place
put something upon
put, lay, set
put, c. בֵּין
set, direct
set, ordain, in a place
set, establish a law, statute
set, found a nation
set, appoint (as ruler, official)
set, constitute, make
set, determine, fix, bounds
set, station, at a post
put in position, sacred bread, sword, staves, bars
set up altars
= plant, wheat
set, fix (countenance)
make a thing, or pers. (acc.), for, transform into
make, constitute
work, bring to pass
appoint, give
set, fix (countenance)
Hiph. I will make him for a sign
Hoph. there was set before him
base
שׂוּמָה perhaps n. f. token of unluckiness, scowl;—2 S 13:32
ref
H7760a שׂוּם, שִׂים put, place, set .. . put, set, in a place
. put something upon
. put, lay, set
. put, c. בֵּין
. set, direct
. . set, ordain, in a place
. set, establish a law, statute
. set, found a nation
. set, appoint (as ruler, official)
. set, constitute, make
. set, determine, fix, bounds
. . set, station, at a post
. put in position, sacred bread, sword, staves, bars
. set up altars
. = plant, wheat
. set, fix (countenance)
. . make a thing, or pers. (acc.), for, transform into
. make, constitute
. work, bring to pass
. appoint, give
. set, fix (countenance)
. I will make him for a sign
. there was set before him
H7760b שׂוּמָה perhaps n. f. token of unluckiness, scowl
7760 suwm soom
or siym {seem}; a primitive root; to put (used in a great
variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially,
and elliptically):--X any wise, appoint, bring, call (a
name), care, cast in, change, charge, commit, consider,
convey, determine, + disguise, dispose, do, get, give, heap
up, hold, impute, lay (down, up), leave, look, make (out),
mark, + name, X on, ordain, order, + paint, place, preserve,
purpose, put (on), + regard, rehearse, reward, (cause to) set
(on, up), shew, + stedfastly, take, X tell, + tread down,
((over-))turn, X wholly, work.
שׂוּם (sum) — to set: make.
: make/establish
1) to put, place, set, appoint, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to put, set, lay, put or lay upon, lay (violent) hands on
1a2) to set, direct, direct toward
1a2a) to extend (compassion) (fig)
1a3) to set, ordain, establish, found, appoint, constitute, make, determine, fix
1a4) to set, station, put, set in place, plant, fix
1a5) to make, make for, transform into, constitute, fashion, work, bring to pass, appoint, give
1b) (Hiphil) to set or make for a sign
1c) (Hophal) to be set
שׂוּמָה (su.mah) — fate.
token of unluckiness, scowl
שׂוּם (sum) — to set: put.
: put/give
1) to put, place, set, appoint, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to put, set, lay, put or lay upon, lay (violent) hands on
1a2) to set, direct, direct toward
1a2a) to extend (compassion) (fig)
1a3) to set, ordain, establish, found, appoint, constitute, make, determine, fix
Conj | V-Qal-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person masculine singularHc/Vqq3ms
put (puT; Phoud, in Genesis and Chronicles, variant for Genesis Phout, for Chronicles, Phouth):
1. Renderings:
In consequence of the identification at the time, the prophets have "Libya" (Libues), except Nab 3:9, where the Greek renders the word as phuge, "flight." The Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) has "Phut," "Phuth," and in the Prophets "Libyes" and "Libya"; the King James Version "Phut."
2. Son of Ham:
In the "Table of Nations" Put is the third son of Ham (Ge 10:6), the first and second being Cush and Misraim, and the fourth Canaan. Put is the only one of the sons of Ham who is not credited with descendants.
3. As Nationality:
In the Prophets, warriors from Put are referred to, principally in connection with the forces of Egypt. They appear as shield-bearers (Jer 46:9…
(1 Chronicles 1:8; Nahum 3:9) [PHUT, PUT]
→ See PHUT
חִטָּה (chittah) means wheat, referring to both the grain and the plant. It can also denote wheat flour. The Aramaic equivalent is חִנְטָה (chintah). The word's derivation is uncertain.
חִטָּה n.f. wheat
base
H2406 חִטָּה wheat
2406 chittah khit-taw'
of uncertain derivation; wheat, whether the grain or the
plant:--wheat(-en).
חִטָּה (chit.tah) — wheat.
1) wheat
1a) wheat (plant)
1b) wheat flour
Aramaic equivalent: chin.tah (חִנְטָה "wheat" H2591)
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
hwet
((1) chiTTah, the specific word for wheat (Ge 30:14; Ex 34:22, etc.), with puros (Judith 3:3; Sirach 39:26);
(2) bar, or bar (Jer 23:28; Joe 2:24; Am 5:11; 8:6); in other passages translated "grain" or "corn";
(3) sitos (Mt 3:12; 13:25,29,30; Lu 3:17; 16:7; 22:31, etc.) (for other words translated occasionally "wheat" in the King James Version see CORN; FOOD)): Wheat, usually the bearded variety, is cultivated all over Palestine, though less so than barley. The great plain of the Hauran is a vast expanse of…
Wheat
One of the earliest cultivated grains. It bore the Hebrew name hittah, and was extensively cultivated in Palestine. There are various species of wheat. That which Pharaoh saw in his dream was the Triticum compositum, which bears several ears upon one stalk (Gen. 41:5). The “fat of the kidneys of wheat” (Deut. 32:14), and the “finest of the wheat” (Ps. 81:16; 147:14), denote the best of the kind. It was exported from Palestine in great quantities (1 Kings 5:11; Ezek. 27:17; Acts 12:20).
the well-known valuable cereal, cultivated from the earliest times, is first mentioned in ((Genesis 30:14) in the account of Jacob’s sojourn with Laban in Mesopotamia. Egypt in ancient times was celebrated for the growth of its wheat; the best quality was all bearded; and the same varieties existed in ancient as in modern times, among which may be mentioned the seven-eared quality described in Pharaoh’s dream. (Genesis 41:22) Babylonia was also noted for the excellence of its wheat and other cereals. Syria and Palestine produced wheat of fine quality and in large quantities. (Psalms 81:16; 147:14) etc. There appear to be two or three kinds of wheat at present grown in Palestine, the Triticum vulgare , the T. spelta , and…
Is the principal and most valuable kind of grain for the service of man, and is produced in almost every part of the world, Ge 30:14 De 8:8 Jud 6:11 Mt 13:25 1Co 15:37. It is often intended where the word corn is used. See CORN.
The Egyptian wheat, Triticum Compositum, has six or seven ears on one head; so that it presented its usual appearance in this respect in Pharaoh’s dream, Ge 41:5-7. The "meat-offerings" of the Mosaic service, Le 2:1-16, were all made of wheaten flour.
שׂוֹרָה (sowrah) likely means 'row' and may derive from a word meaning 'ring.' Its usage in the Old Testament, specifically in Isaiah 28:25, suggests a reference to arrangement or order. The precise meaning remains uncertain, as noted by some lexicons.
שׂוֹרָה Is 28:25 prob. dittogr. for foll.; in rows
ref
H7795 שׂוֹרָה prob. dittogr. for foll.; in rows
7795 sowrah so-raw'
from 7786 in the primitive sense of 5493; properly, a ring,
i.e. (by analogy) a row (adverbially):--principal.
see HEBREW for 07786
see HEBREW for 05493
שׂוֹרָה (s.vo.rah) — row.
1) row
1a) meaning uncertain
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
שְׂעֹרָה (se'orah) refers to barley, specifically the bearded grain. It can denote both the plant and the grain itself. The word is derived from a root meaning 'roughness,' which relates to the texture of barley. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meaning.
שְׂעֹרָה n.f. barley (bearded grain)
base
H8184 שְׂעֹרָה barley (bearded grain)
8184 s`orah seh-o-raw'
or snowrah {seh-o-raw'} (feminine meaning the plant); and
(masculine meaning the grain); also s or {seh-ore'}; or s-owr
{seh-ore'}; from 8175 in the sense of roughness; barley (as
villose):--barley.
see HEBREW for 08175
שְׂעֹרָה (se.o.rah) — barley.
1) barley
1a) barley (of the plant)
1b) barley (of the meal or grain)
Conj | N-fs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absoluteHC/Ncfsa
bar'-li (se`orah):
(1) In the Bible, as in modern times, barley was a characteristic product of Palestine--"a land of wheat and barley, and vines and fig-trees," etc. (De 8:8), the failure of whose crop was a national disaster (Joe 1:11). It was, and is, grown chiefly as provender for horses and asses (1Ki 4:28), oats being practically unknown, but it was, as it now is, to some extent, the food of the poor in country districts (Ru 2:17; 2Ki 4:42; Joh 6:9,13). Probably this is the meaning of the dream of the Midianite concerning Gideon: "Behold, I dreamed a dream; and, lo…
Barley
A grain much cultivated in Egypt (Ex. 9:31) and in Palestine (Lev. 27:16; Deut. 8:8). It was usually the food of horses (1 Kings 4:28). Barley bread was used by the poorer people (Judg. 7:13; 2 Kings 4:42). Barley of the first crop was ready for the harvest by the time of the Passover, in the middle of April (Ruth 1:22; 2 Sam. 21:9). Mention is made of barley-meal (Num. 5:15). Our Lord fed five thousand…
is one of the most important of the cereal grains, and the most hardy of them all. It was grown by the Hebrews, (Leviticus 27:16; 8:8; Ruth 2:17) etc., who used it for baking into bread chiefly among the poor, (Judges 7:13; 2 Kings 4:42; John 6:9,13) and as fodder for horses. (1 Kings 4:28) The barley harvest, (Ruth 1:22; 2:23; 2 Samuel 21:9;10) takes place in Palestine in March and April, and in the hilly district as late as May. It always precedes the wheat…
סמן (saman) is a Hebrew verb meaning to appoint or designate. It is noted in the Niphal form, which conveys the sense of being appointed or determined. The word appears in contexts like Isaiah 28:25, referring to a specific arrangement or portion.
סמן vb. whence Niph. Is 28:25 barley in an appointed place, or a determined portion
ref
H5567 סמן whence Niph. barley in an appointed place, or a determined portion
5567 caman saw-man'
a primitive root; to designate:--appointed.
סָמַן (sa.man) — to appoint.
1) to mark off
1a) (Niphal) appointed, determined (participle)
V-Niphal — Verb · Niphal · participle (active) masculine singularHVNrmsa
plas: Normally for maqom, Old Testament, and topos, New Testament, but in the King James Version "place" represents a great number of Hebrew and Greek words, often used with no difference in force (e.g. 2Ch 35:10,15). the Revised Version (British and American) has made few changes, but occasionally has attempted to specialize the meaning (Ge 40:13; Job 37:8; Ac 8:32; Jas 3:11, etc.).
כֻּסֶּ֫מֶת (kuccemeth) refers to spelt, a type of grain similar to wheat. It is derived from the root word for a bristly appearance, suggesting its physical characteristics. The entries consistently identify it as spelt or rye, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
כֻּסֶּ֫מֶת n.f. spelt
base
H3698 כֻּסֶּ֫מֶת spelt
3698 kuccemeth koos-seh'-meth
from 3697; spelt (from its bristliness as if just
shorn):--fitches, rie.
see HEBREW for 03697
כֻּסֶּ֫מֶת (kus.se.met) — rye.
spelt-a wheat-like crop planted and harvested in the fall or spring
Conj | N-fs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absoluteHC/Ncfsa
spelt (kuccemeth; olura, zea (Ex 9:32, the King James Version "rye"; Isa 18:25, the King James Version "rye," margin "spelt"; Eze 4:9, the King James Version "fitches" margin "spelt"; the Revised Version (British and American) adopts "spelt," influenced by the Septuagint, in all passages)): Spelt is the seed of Triticum spelta, a kind of wild wheat. Several writers would identify this kuccemeth with the Arabic kirsenneh (Vicia ervilia), a kind of vetch much used as camels' fodder.
→ See RYE
גְּבוּלָה (gbuwlah) refers to a border or boundary, indicating a limit or region. It is a feminine noun derived from גְּבוּל (gbul), which also relates to boundaries and landmarks. The term encompasses meanings such as coast and place, but no specific Old Testament verse is cited.
[גְּבוּלָה] n.f. border, boundary
ref
H1367 [גְּבוּלָה] border, boundary
1367 gbuwlah gheb-oo-law'
or (shortened) gbulah {gheb-oo-law'}; feminine of 1366; a
boundary, region:--border, bound, coast, landmark. place.
see HEBREW for 01366
גְּבוּלָה (ge.vu.lah) — border.
border, boundary
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp3ms