Isaiah 10:34 — Word Study
WLCוְנִקַּ֛ף סִֽבְכֵ֥י הַיַּ֖עַר בַּבַּרְזֶ֑ל וְהַלְּבָנ֖וֹן בְּאַדִּ֥יר יִפּֽוֹל׃ ס
BSAHe will clearnâqaph [cut down, strike] the forestyaʻar [thickets of the wilderness] thicketsçᵉbâk [small groups of trees or bushes] with an axebarzel [iron, a strong metal] and LebanonLᵉbânôwn [a mountain range in Israel, known for its white snow or limestone peaks] will fallnâphal▸ [be defeated, come down] before the Mighty Oneʼaddîyr [a great and powerful being, the Almighty]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וְנִקַּ֛ף | and he will cut down | Verb, Piel, sequential perfect third person masculine singular |
| סִֽבְכֵ֥י | [the] thickets of | Noun common, masculine plural construct |
| הַיַּ֖עַר | the forest | Particle, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| בַּבַּרְזֶ֑ל | with iron [axe] | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| וְהַלְּבָנ֖וֹן | and the Lebanon | Conjunction, particle, noun proper |
| בְּאַדִּ֥יר | by a mighty [one] | Preposition |
| יִפּֽוֹל׃ ס | it will fall | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | He will clear the forest thickets with an axe, and Lebanon will fall before the Mighty One. |
| KJV | And he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one. |
| ASV | And he will cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one. |
| YLT | And He hath gone round the thickets of the forest with iron, And Lebanon by a mighty one falleth! |
| WEB | He will cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon will fall by the Mighty One. |
| BBE | And he is cutting down the thick places of the wood with an axe, and Lebanon with its tall trees is coming down. |
Where they part company is נִקַּף — see How Translations Differ.
The main clause presents God's action, followed by a conjunction leading to the subject of Lebanon's fall, creating a clear sequence of events.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbנָקַף
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 10:34
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Prophecy Against Assyriagenerated
Isaiah 10:34 describes God's decisive action against the forces of nature and powerful nations. This verse follows a series of judgments against Assyria, emphasizing that even the mightiest, represented by Lebanon, cannot withstand God's will. The imagery of cutting down trees reflects the totality of God's judgment, which is both physical and spiritual, as seen in the preceding verses.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 10:18 | The splendor of its forests and orchards, both soul and body, it will completely destroy, as a sickness consumes a man. |
| 2 | Isaiah 37:24 | Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest heights, the densest of its forests. |
| 3 | Jeremiah 22:7 | I will appoint destroyers against you, each man with his weapons, and they will cut down the choicest of your cedars and throw them into the fire. |
| 4 | Jeremiah 46:22–23 | Egypt will hiss like a fleeing serpent, for the enemy will advance in force; with axes they will come against her like woodsmen cutting down trees. |
| 5 | Jeremiah 48:2 | There is no longer praise for Moab; in Heshbon they devise evil against her: ‘Come, let us cut her off from nationhood.’ You too, O people of Madmen, will be silenced; the sword will pursue you. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 15 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — נִקַּף, ni.Kafgenerated
The verb נִקַּף (ni.kaf) is from the root meaning to strike or surround. It conveys the action of cutting down, suggesting a violent act of judgment. The Piel form indicates an intensive action, emphasizing the thoroughness of the cutting down.
This word is used in contexts where God acts decisively, often implying destruction or removal of obstacles. The choice of this verb in this verse highlights the severity of God's judgment against those who oppose Him.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verbs נִקַּף and יִפּוֹל govern the verse, with the first describing the action of cutting down and the second indicating the result of that action. The structure presents a clear cause and effect: as the thickets are cut down, Lebanon will fall.
The sentence flows from the action of cutting down to the consequence of Lebanon's downfall, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of God's judgment.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates נִקַּף with πεσοῦνται (G4098), which means 'they will fall.' This choice reflects a broader interpretation of the action, suggesting not just cutting down but a complete downfall.
This rendering indicates a focus on the outcome rather than the method, emphasizing the totality of God's power over both nature and nations.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 10:34 tells us that God will cut down the thickets of the forest with an iron axe, and even the great mountain range of Lebanon will fall before His might. This verse illustrates God's power over nature and nations, showing that nothing can stand against Him.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Lebanon represents strength and majesty in this verse, and its fall signifies God's supreme power over even the mightiest entities.
The axe symbolizes God's judgment and the decisive action He takes to remove obstacles and execute His will.
The thickets symbolize the complexities and entanglements of nature and nations that God will clear away.
This verse illustrates God's authority to bring down those who oppose Him, demonstrating that His judgment is inevitable and powerful.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What does this verse teach us about God's power over nature and nations?
- How can we apply the message of God's judgment in our own lives?
- In what ways do we see God's authority at work in the world today?
- How does understanding God's might affect our faith and trust in Him?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Fathers referenced this verse to discuss God's judgment and the fall of great powers, illustrating their theological interpretations.
In this instance Lebanon means Jerusalem … which the Word warns will fall with all of the men of greatness and glory.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 10 →
In this instance the birth of Christ from the seed of Jesse and David is joined with the destruction of Lebanon and the call of the Gentiles.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 10 →
[God spoke] of the branches (thickets), not the root. When the measure of the people’s sins was complete, John came and took up the roots of their trees.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 10 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 10:34 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron,.... The multitude of the common soldiers, the whole body of the army, by means of one of his angels, that excel in strength, for which he
Read John Gill on Isaiah 10 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one. He shall cut down the thickets of the forests with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 10 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleWith iron; or, as with iron, as the trees of the forest are cut down by instruments of iron. And Lebanon; or, his Lebanon, the pronoun being oft understood in the Hebrew text; the Assyrian army, which being before compared to a forest or wood, and being called his Carmel in the Hebrew text, , may very fitly, upon the same ground, be called his Lebanon here; especially considering that the king of Assyria is called a cedar of Lebanon, . By a mighty one; by a mighty angel, .
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 10 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 10:34 And he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.Ver. 34. By a mighty one.] That is, by an angel. Per magnificum.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 10 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 34. Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one] באדיר beaddir, the angel of the Lord, who smote them, Kimchi. And so Vitringa understands it. Others translate, "The high cedars of Lebanon shall fall:" but the king of Assyria is the person who shall be overthrown.
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 10 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges33, 34. Just when the Assyrian is in sight of his goal, Jehovah smites him down. The description naturally passes into figurative and somewhat vague language. The image is that of a stately forest laid low by the axe-man. Isaiah 10:33. The Lord Jehovah of Hosts, as in Isaiah 10:16. The “high ones of stature,” and the “lofty ones” (R.V.) are the great trees; the epithets keep within the limits of the figure. For be humbled read lie low. Isaiah 10:34. the thickets of the forest (R.V.) cf. ch. Isaiah 9:18. The verb in the first clause is probably passive: “shall be cut down.” Lebanon] Better, the Lebanon. Lebanon means “the white (mountain)”—either from its snows or its chalk cliffs—and in…
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 10 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleAnd he shall cut down the thickets of the forest - The army of the Assyrians, described here as a thick, dense forest; compare Isaiah 10:18-19.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 10 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible29-34. The towns or villages lay within from two to twelve miles (English) north-northeast from Jerusalem.“He comes from Ayyath; (Ai, probably ten to twelve miles from Jerusalem;) passes through
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Isaiah 10 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
He will clear the forest thickets with an axe, and Lebanon will fall before the Mighty One.
He will cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon will fall by the Mighty One.
He will clear the forest thickets with an axe, and Lebanon will fall before the Mighty One.
The thickets of the forest will be chopped down with an ax, and mighty Lebanon will fall.
Tyndale line
And he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.
And he will cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.
And he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.
And he shall cut down the thickets of the forests with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.
And he shall cut away the thicke places of the forest with yron, and Lebanon shall haue a mightie fall.
Strictly literal
and he shall make clearings in the thickets of the forest with iron; and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.
And He hath gone round the thickets of the forest with iron, And Lebanon by a mighty one falleth!
And He has gone around the thickets of the forest with iron, || And Lebanon falls by a mighty one!
And he will cut down the thickets of the forests with iron, and the Lebanon shall fall by [means of] a mighty one.
He will chop down the thickets of the forest with an ax, and Lebanon in his majesty will fall.
From the Latin
And the thickets of the forest shall be cut down with iron, and Libanus with its high ones shall fall.
Simplified
He will cut down the thick forest with an ax, and Lebanon will fall at the hand of the Mighty One.
And he is cutting down the thick places of the wood with an axe, and Lebanon with its tall trees is coming down.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
וְנִקַּ֛ף סִֽבְכֵ֥י הַיַּ֖עַר בַּבַּרְזֶ֑ל וְהַלְּבָנ֖וֹן בְּאַדִּ֥יר יִפּֽוֹל׃ The Masoretic Text aligns with the Dead Sea Scrolls, confirming the wording of the verse. The Septuagint matches six of the seven words, indicating a strong agreement in the core message.
וְנִקַּ֛ף סִֽבְכֵ֥י הַיַּ֖עַר בַּבַּרְזֶ֑ל וְהַלְּבָנ֖וֹן בְּאַדִּ֥יר יִפּֽוֹל׃ ס
6 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
ונקף סבכי היער בברזל והלבנון באדיר יפול
7 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 10:34
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
נָקַף (naqaph) is a Hebrew verb with meanings related to striking and surrounding. It can denote striking off or going around, encompassing, or completing a circuit. The entries suggest it covers both violent actions, like cutting down, and more passive ones, like surrounding or encompassing. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
[נָקַף] vb. strike off
Niph. and the thickets of the forest shall be struck away
Pi. after my skin, which they have struck off
base
[נָקַף] vb. go around (intrans.)
Qal let feasts go around
Hiph.
go around, surround, encompass
make the round, i.e. complete the circuit
make round, round off (lit.)
base
H5362a נָקַף strike off H5362b נָקַף go around (intrans.) .let feasts go around
. . go around, surround, encompass
. make the round, i.e. complete the circuit
. make round, round off (lit.)
5362 naqaph naw-kaf'
a primitive root; to strike with more or less violence (beat,
fell, corrode); by implication (of attack) to knock together,
i.e. surround or circulate:--compass (about, -ing), cut down,
destroy, go round (about), inclose, round.
נָקַף (na.qaph) — to strike.
1) to strike, strike off
1a) (Piel) to strike off skin
Aramaic equivalent: ne.qash (נְקַשׁ "to knock" H5368)
נָקַף (na.qaph) — to surround.
1) to go around, compass, round
1a) (Qal) to go around
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to go around, surround, encompass, enclose
1b2) to make the round, complete the circuit
1b3) to make round, round off
Conj | V-Piel-3ms — Verb · Piel · sequential perfect third person masculine singularHc/Vpq3ms
סְבַךְ (se.vakh) means 'thicket' and is derived from the root meaning related to a copse. The entries consistently define it as a thick or dense area of vegetation.
סְבַךְ n.[m.] thicket
base
H5442 סְבַךְ thicket
5442 cbak seb-awk'
from 5440, a copse:--thick(-et).
see HEBREW for 05440
סְבַךְ (se.vakh) — thicket.
thicket
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural constructHNcmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
יַ֫עַר (ya'ar) refers to both a wood or forest and a honeycomb. The word is derived from a root suggesting thick vegetation. It encompasses meanings related to wooded areas and also has a specific reference to honeycomb, possibly due to its association with trees. Some entries connect it to specific locations or phrases in the Old Testament.
יַ֫עַר n.m. wood, forest, thicket
base
יַ֫עַר n.[m.] honeycomb
base
H3293a יַ֫עַר wood, forest, thicket H3293b יַ֫עַר honeycomb
3293 ya`ar yah'-ar
from an unused root probably meaning to thicken with verdure;
a copse of bushes; hence, a forest; hence, honey in the comb
(as hived in trees):--(honey-)comb, forest, wood.
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — wood.
forest, wood, thicket, wooded height
Also means: ya.or (יָעוֹר "wood" H3264)
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — honeycomb.
honeycomb
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — Jaar.
honeycomb
Another name of qir.yat ye.a.rim (קִרְיַת יְעָרִים "Kiriath-jearim" H7157)
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — (Ephraim) Forest.
Combined with eph.ra.yim (אֶפְרַ֫יִם " of Ephraim" H0669K)
§ honeycomb
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — (House of) the Forest.
Combined with ba.yit (בַּ֫יִת "House" H1004J)
§ honeycomb
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ncmsa
for'-est:
(1) choresh (compare proper name Harosheth), 2Ch 27:4. In 1Sa 23:15 ff translated "wood"; in Isa 17:9, "wood"; in Eze 31:3, "forest-like shade." Applied to any thick growth of vegetation but not necessarily so extensive as (3).
(2) pardec: Ne 2:8, margin "park"; Ec 2:5, the King James Version "orchards," the Revised Version (British and American) "parks"; So 4:13, English Versions of the Bible "orchard," the Revised Version, margin "paradise." A word of Persian origin signifying probably an enclosure.
Forest
Heb. ya’ar, meaning a dense wood, from its luxuriance. Thus all the great primeval forests of Syria (Eccl. 2:6; Isa. 44:14; Jer. 5:6; Micah 5:8). The most extensive was the trans-Jordanic forest of Ephraim (2 Sam. 18:6, 8; Josh. 17:15, 18), which is probably the same as the wood of Ephratah (Ps. 132:6), some part of the great forest of Gilead. It was in this forest that Absalom was slain by Joab. David withdrew to the forest of Hareth in the mountains of Judah to avoid the fury of Saul (
Although Palestine has never been in historical times a woodland country, yet there can be no doubt that there was much more wood formerly than there is a t present, and that the destruction of the forests was one of the chief causes of the present desolation.
בַּרְזֶל (barzel) means 'iron' and can refer to iron ore or iron implements like tools and utensils. It also carries figurative meanings related to harshness, strength, or oppression. The word may be derived from a root associated with cutting. There is an Aramaic equivalent, פַּרְזֶל (parzel), also meaning 'iron'.
בַּרְזֶל n.m. iron
iron, lit.
tool of iron
iron in fig. of unwatered earth
base
H1270 בַּרְזֶל iron
1270 barzel bar-zel'
perhaps from the root of 1269; iron (as cutting); by
extension, an iron implement:--(ax) head, iron.
see HEBREW for 01269
בַּרְזֶל (bar.zel) — iron.
1) iron
1a) iron
1a1) iron ore
1a2) as material of furniture, utensils, implements
2) tool of iron
3) harshness, strength, oppression (fig.)
Aramaic equivalent: par.zel (פַּרְזֶל "iron" H6523)
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
Axe
Used in the Authorized Version of Deut. 19:5; 20:19; 1 Kings 6:7, as the translation of a Hebrew word which means “chopping.” It was used for felling trees (Isa. 10:34) and hewing timber for building. It is the rendering of a different word in Judg. 9:48, 1 Sam. 13:20, 21, Ps. 74:5, which refers to its sharpness. In 2 Kings 6:5 it is the translation of a word used with reference to its being made of iron. In Isa. 44:12 the Revised Version renders by “axe” the…
לְבָנוֹן (le.van.on) refers to Lebanon, a mountain range in Palestine known for its whiteness, likely due to its snow-capped peaks. The term is derived from a root meaning 'white' and is associated with various geographical features, including valleys and houses in the region. It appears in contexts describing the northern border of Israel.
לְבָנוֹן 71 n.pr.mont. Lebanon
base
H3844 לְבָנוֹן Lebanon
3844 Lbanown leb-aw-nohn'
from 3825; (the) white mountain (from its snow); Lebanon, a
mountain range in Palestine:--Lebanon.
see HEBREW for 03825
לְבָנוֹן (le.va.non) — Lebanon.
§ Lebanon = "whiteness"
a wooded mountain range on the northern border of Israel
לְבָנוֹן (le.va.non) — (Mount) Lebanon.
§ Lebanon = "whiteness"
a wooded mountain range on the northern border of Israel
לְבָנוֹן (le.va.non) — (Valley of) Lebanon.
Combined with biq.ah (בִּקְעָה " Valley" H1237I)
§ Lebanon = "whiteness"
a wooded mountain range on the northern border of Israel
לְבָנוֹן (le.va.non) — (House of the Forest of) Lebanon.
Combined with ba.yit (בַּ֫יִת "House" H1004K)
§ Lebanon = "whiteness"
a wooded mountain range on the northern border of Israel
Conj | Art | N-proper — Conjunction · particle · noun properHC/Td/Npl
leb'-a-non (lebanon; Septuagint Libanos; Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) Libanus):
1. Name:
Derived from the root labhen, "to be white," probably from the snow which covers its summits the greater part of the year. "White mountains" are found in almost every country. The light color of the upper limestone may, however, form a sufficient reason for the name. In prose the article is usually connected with the name. In poetry it is more often without the article. In the Septuagint, however, the article is generally present both in prose and poetry.
2. General Description:
The Lebanon range proper borders the east coast of the Mediterranean, for a distance of 100 miles, running North-Northeast and South-Southwest from the mouth of the Litany river, the classic Leontes (which enters the sea a little North of Tyre), to the mouth of the Eleuthurus (Nahr el-Kebir), a few miles North of…
Lebanon
White, “the white mountain of Syria,” is the loftiest and most celebrated mountain range in Syria. It is a branch running southward from the Caucasus, and at its lower end forking into two parallel ranges, the eastern or Anti-Lebanon, and the western or Lebanon proper. They enclose a long valley (Josh. 11:17) of from 5 to 8 miles in width, called by Roman writers Coele-Syria, now called el-Buka’a, “the valley,” a prolongation of the valley of the Jordan.
Lebanon proper, Jebel es-Sharki, commences at its southern extremity in the gorge of the Leontes, the ancient Litany, and extends north-east, parallel to the Mediterranean coast, as far as the river Eleutherus, at the plain of Emesa, “the entering of Hamath” (Num. 34:8;
a mountain range in the north of Palestine. The name Lebanon signifies white, and was applied either on account of snow which, during a great part of the year, cover its whole summit, or on account of the white color of its limestone cliffs and peaks. It is the "white mountain" --the Mont Blane of Palestine. Lebanon is represented in Scripture as lying upon the northern border of the land of Israel. (1:7; 11:24; Joshua 1:4) Two distinct ranges bear this name. They run in parallel lines from southwest to northeast for about 90 geographical miles, enclosing between them a long, fertile valley from five to eight miles wide, anciently called Coele-Syria . The western range is the "Libanus" of the old geographers and the Lebanon of Scripture. The eastern range was called "Anti-Libanus" by geographers, and "Lebanon toward the sunrising" by…
White, a long chain of mountains on the north of Palestine, so named from the whitish limestone of which they are composed and in part perhaps from their snowy whiteness in winter. It consists of two main ridges running northeast and southwest, nearly parallel with each other and with the coast of the Mediterranean. See view in SIDON. The western ridge was called Libanus by the Greeks, and the eastern AntiLibanus. Between them lies a long valley called Coele-Syria, that is, Hollow Syria, and the "valley of Lebanon," Jos 11:17, at present Bukkah. It opens towards the north, but is exceedingly narrow towards the south, where the river Litany, anciently Orontes, issues form the valley and flows west to the sea, north of Tyre. The western ridge is generally higher than the eastern, and several of its peaks are thought to be towards…
אַדִּיר (addiyr) means majestic and conveys a sense of greatness or power. It can describe large entities like the sea or trees, as well as kings, nations, and noble figures. The word is built from a root meaning wide or large, with a range that includes excellent, glorious, and noble.
אַדִּיר adj. majestic
base
H117 אַדִּיר majestic
117 'addiyr ad-deer'
from 142; wide or (generally) large; figuratively,
powerful:--excellent, famous, gallant, glorious, goodly,
lordly, mighty(- ier one), noble, principal, worthy.
see HEBREW for 0142
אַדִּיר (ad.dir) — great.
1) great, majestic
1a) of waters of sea
1b) of a tree
1c) of kings, nations, gods
2) great one, majestic one
2a) of nobles, chieftains, servants
Prep | Adj — PrepositionHR/Aamsa
wun.
See NUMBER.
נָפַל (naphal) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to fall,' encompassing a wide range of applications, including falling by accident, experiencing violent death, or going to ruin. It can also refer to prostrating oneself, attacking, or causing someone to fall. The term appears in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, often indicating physical or metaphorical downfall.
נָפַל 433 vb. fall, lie
Qal 366
fall, by accident
Esp. of violent death
fig. = go to ruin, perish, etc.
fig. = experience calamity
fall, of a city
Fall prostrate
fall = prostrate oneself before
fall upon one's neck, in embrace
Fall upon = attack
desert or fall away to, go over to
Fig., of deep sleep
Other idiomatic uses
= lie; = lie prostrate
Hiph.
cause to fall
Of causing death; = overthrow, bring to destruction
Esp. of casting lot
Fig., let drop, cause to fail
cause deep sleep to fall
Other idioms
Hithp. throw, or prostrate oneself
base
H5307 נָפַל fall, lie .. fall, by accident
. . Esp. of violent death
. fig. = go to ruin, perish, etc.
. fig. = experience calamity
. fall, of a city
. . Fall prostrate
. fall = prostrate oneself before
. fall upon one's neck, in embrace
. . Fall upon = attack
. desert or fall away to, go over to
. Fig., of deep sleep
. Other idiomatic uses
. = lie; = lie prostrate
. . cause to fall
. Of causing death; = overthrow, bring to destruction
. Esp. of casting lot
. Fig., let drop, cause to fail
. cause deep sleep to fall
. Other idioms
. throw, or prostrate oneself
5307 naphal naw-fal'
a primitive root; to fall, in a great variety of applications
(intransitive or causative, literal or figurative):--be
accepted, cast (down, self, (lots), out), cease, die, divide
(by lot), (let) fail, (cause to, let, make, ready to) fall
(away, down, -en, -ing), fell(-ing), fugitive, have
(inheritance), inferior, be judged (by mistake for 6419), lay
(along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be (X hast) lost,
lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present(-ed, -ing), (make
to) rot, slay, smite out, X surely, throw down.
see HEBREW for 06419
נָפַל (na.phal) — to fall: fall.
: fall/drop/fail
1) to fall, lie, be cast down, fail
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to fall
1a2) to fall (of violent death)
1a3) to fall prostrate, prostrate oneself before
1a4) to fall upon, attack, desert, fall away to, go away to, fall into the hand of
1a5) to fall short, fail, fall out, turn out, result
1a6) to settle, waste away, be offered, be inferior to
1a7) to lie, lie prostrate
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to cause to fall, fell, throw down, knock out, lay prostrate
1b2) to overthrow
1b3) to make the lot fall, assign by lot, apportion by lot
1b4) to let drop, cause to fail (fig.)
1b5) to cause to fall
1c) (Hithpael)
1c1) to throw or prostrate oneself, throw oneself upon
1c2) to lie prostrate, prostrate oneself
1d) (Pilel) to fall
נָפַל (na.phal) — to fall: deserting.
: deserting
1) to fall, lie, be cast down, fail
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to fall
1a2) to fall (of violent death)
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singularHVqi3ms
fol (vb.): The idea of falling is most frequently expressed in Hebrew by naphal, but also by many other words; in Greek by pipto, and its compounds. The uses of the word in Scripture are very varied. There is the literal falling by descent; the falling of the countenance in sorrow, shame, anger, etc. (Ge 4:5,6); the falling in battle (Ge 14:10; Nu 14:3, etc.); the falling into trouble, etc. (Pr 24:16,17); prostration in supplication and reverence (Ge 17:3; Nu 14:5, etc.); falling of the Spirit of Yahweh (Eze 11:5…