Isaiah 1:8 — Word Study
WLCוְנוֹתְרָ֥ה בַת־ צִיּ֖וֹן כְּסֻכָּ֣ה בְכָ֑רֶם כִּמְלוּנָ֥ה בְמִקְשָׁ֖ה כְּעִ֥יר נְצוּרָֽה׃
BSAAnd the Daughterbath [of God, a beloved child] of ZionTsîyôwn [a mountain in Jerusalem] is abandonedyâthar■ [left deserted, like a shelter without watchmen] like a shelterçukkâh [a small booth, a temporary dwelling] in a vineyardkerem [a garden of grapes, a place of abundance] like a shackmᵉlûwnâh [a lodge, a small hut] in a cucumber fieldmiqshâh [a garden of cucumbers, a place of fruitfulness] like a cityʻîyr [a town, a place of human habitation] besiegednâtsar [surrounded by enemies, under attack]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וְנוֹתְרָ֥ה | and she has been left | Verb, Niphal, sequential perfect third person feminine singular |
| בַת־ | [the] daughter of | Noun common, feminine singular construct |
| צִיּ֖וֹן | Zion | Noun proper |
| כְּסֻכָּ֣ה | like a shelter | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| בְכָ֑רֶם | in a vineyard | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| כִּמְלוּנָ֥ה | like a watchman's hut | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| בְמִקְשָׁ֖ה | in a cucumber field | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| כְּעִ֥יר | like a city | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| נְצוּרָֽה׃ | besieged | Verb, Qal, participle (passive) feminine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | And the Daughter of Zion is abandoned like a shelter in a vineyard, like a shack in a cucumber field, like a city besieged. |
| KJV | And the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city. |
| ASV | And the daughter of Zion is left as a booth in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city. |
| YLT | And left hath been the daughter of Zion, As a booth in a vineyard, As a lodge in a place of cucumbers — as a city besieged. |
| WEB | The daughter of Zion is left like a shelter in a vineyard, like a hut in a field of melons, like a besieged city. |
| BBE | And the daughter of Zion has become like a tent in a vine-garden, like a watchman's house in a field of fruit, like a town shut in by armies. |
Where they part company is נוֹתְרָה — see How Translations Differ.
The main clause is followed by three similes that illustrate Zion's state of abandonment.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbיָתַר
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 1:8
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Desolation of Ziongenerated
Isaiah 1:8 describes the dire state of Zion, personified as a daughter, who is left abandoned and vulnerable, similar to temporary shelters that cannot provide safety. This verse is part of a larger message in Isaiah, where the prophet laments the consequences of Israel's unfaithfulness and calls for repentance. The imagery used emphasizes the fragility of Zion's situation amidst the surrounding desolation, as seen in the verses before and after.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 4:4 | when the Lord has washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion and cleansed the bloodstains from the heart of Jerusalem by a spirit of judgment and a spirit of fire. |
| 2 | Isaiah 10:32 | Yet today they will halt at Nob, shaking a fist at the mount of Daughter Zion, at the hill of Jerusalem. |
| 3 | Isaiah 37:22 | this is the word that the LORD has spoken against him: ‘The Virgin Daughter of Zion despises you and mocks you; the Daughter of Jerusalem shakes her head behind you. |
| 4 | Isaiah 62:11 | Behold, the LORD has proclaimed to the ends of the earth, “Say to Daughter Zion: See, your Savior comes! Look, His reward is with Him, and His recompense goes before Him.” |
| 5 | Psalm 9:14 | that I may declare all Your praises— that within the gates of Daughter Zion I may rejoice in Your salvation. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 15 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — נוֹתְרָה, ve.not.Rahgenerated
The verb יָתַר (yathar) is in the Niphal stem, indicating a passive action, meaning 'to remain' or 'to be left over.' This form suggests that Zion is not just abandoned but has been left in a state of desolation by others.
The parsing as a perfect tense indicates a completed action, emphasizing that the abandonment has already occurred. The word can also imply a sense of excess or preservation, but in this context, it clearly conveys the idea of being left desolate.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb of the verse is נוֹתְרָה, she has been left, which governs the description of Zion's state. This structure emphasizes the abandonment of Zion, with several similes following to illustrate her desolation.
The sentence is built around a series of comparisons, each introduced by like, which creates a vivid imagery of Zion's vulnerability through the examples of a shelter in a vineyard, a shack in a cucumber field, and a besieged city.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates נוֹתְרָה as ἐγκαταλειφθήσεται, meaning 'will be left behind.' This choice highlights a sense of abandonment and neglect, aligning with the overall theme of desolation in the verse.
The Greek term suggests a similar understanding of Zion's state, emphasizing that she has been forsaken, which resonates with the Hebrew meaning but also carries a slightly different nuance in the context of the Greek translation.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 1:8 describes the Daughter of Zion as abandoned, using vivid imagery to compare her to a temporary shelter in a vineyard, a shack in a cucumber field, and a city under siege. This illustrates the desolate state of Zion, emphasizing her vulnerability and the consequences of Israel's unfaithfulness.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It signifies that Zion, representing the people of Israel, is left vulnerable and without protection due to their disobedience to God.
Temporary shelters symbolize fragility and lack of security, highlighting the precarious situation of Zion.
The imagery emphasizes the desolation and abandonment of Zion, calling attention to the consequences of Israel's actions and their need for repentance.
This verse sets the tone for Isaiah's message about judgment and the need for Israel to return to faithfulness, as seen throughout the book.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways can I identify areas in my life where I feel abandoned or vulnerable, like Zion?
- How can I find hope and restoration in times of desolation, as Zion is called to do?
- What steps can I take to ensure I am not left desolate in my spiritual life?
- How does understanding the context of Zion's abandonment help me in my own faith journey?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Jerome comments on this verse, using it to illustrate the desolation of Zion and its significance in the broader context of Israel's unfaithfulness.
The daughter of Zion will be abandoned like a shelter in a vineyard, like a hut in a cucumber field. The vineyard, which is called the whole of Israel, is testified to by the Prophet in the following,Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 1 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 1:8 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in the vineyard,.... The Targum is, "after they have got in the vintage.'' A cottage in the vineyard was a booth, as the word (e) signifies, which was
Read John Gill on Isaiah 1 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city.
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 1 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe daughter of Zion, i.e. Zion, or Jerusalem; for these two names are promiscuously used of the same place; the name of daughter being frequently given to cities or countries. Thus the daughter of Babylon is put for Babylon itself, . In the same sense we read of the daughter of Tyre, , and of Zidon, , and of Egypt, ,24, and of Edom, . Is left as a cottage in a vineyard as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers; is left solitary, all the neighbouring villages and country round about it being laid waste.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 1 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 1:8 And the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city.Ver. 8. And the daughter of Zion.] Jerusalem, which is called the daughter of Zion, say some, because standing at the foot of that hill as a daughter; it comes out from between the feet, being also cherished and tendered by God as his daughter. Howbeit, as dear as she was to him, she fell into deep distress when she became undutiful. Abused mercy turneth into fury. Is left as a cottage in a vineyard.] As a shed or booth, whereof after the vintage there is little use or regard. As a lodge in a garden of cucumbers.] Or, Melons, which, when ripe, lie on the ground.…
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 1 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(8) The daughter of Zion.—The phrase stands, as everywhere (Psalms 45:12; Lamentations 2:8; Micah 4:10), for the ideal city personified. Is left as a cottage in a vineyard . . .—The “hut,” or “booth,” in which the keeper of the vineyards dwelt, apart from other habitations, was an almost proverbial type of isolation, yet to such a state was Zion all but reduced. The second similitude is of the same character. Cucumbers and other plants of the gourd type (Jonah 4:6) were largely cultivated in Judæa, and here, too, each field or garden, like the olive groves and vineyards of Italy, had its solitary hut. As a besieged city.—The comparison of the besieged city to itself is at first startling.…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 1 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 8. As a cottage in a vineyard - "As a shed in a vineyard"] A little temporary hut covered with boughs, straw, turf, or the like materials, for a shelter from the heat by day, and the cold and dews by night, for the watchman that kept the garden or vineyard during the short season the fruit was ripening, (see Job 27:18,) and presently removed when it had served that purpose. See Harmer's Observ. i. 454. They were probably obliged to have such a constant watch to defend the fruit from the jackals. "The jackal," (chical of the Turks,) says Hasselquist, (Travels, p. 227,) "is a species of mustela which is very common in Palestine, especially during the vintage; and often destroys whole…
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 1 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges8. daughter of Zion] A gen. of apposition = “the daughter, Zion.” It is a personification either of the city or the population of Jerusalem, or both together. The capital is as yet spared, but its isolation in the midst of the devastated country suggests to the imagination of the prophet two homely and vivid pictures of forlorn and dreary solitariness: like a booth in a vineyard, or a night-lodge in a cucumber field. Such frail structures, consisting of four poles stuck in the ground, with cross-pieces supporting a couch and a slight roof or awning overhead, were erected for the watchers who guarded the fruit or crop from thieves and wild animals. (See Wetzstein’s description in Del. Comm.…
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 1 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleAnd the daughter of Zion - Zion, or Sion, was the name of one of the hills on which the city of Jerusalem was built.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 1 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
And the Daughter of Zion is abandoned like a shelter in a vineyard, like a shack in a cucumber field, like a city besieged.
The daughter of Zion is left like a shelter in a vineyard, like a hut in a field of melons, like a besieged city.
And the Daughter of Zion is abandoned like a shelter in a vineyard, like a shack in a cucumber field, like a city besieged.
Daughter Zion is left isolated, like a hut in a vineyard, or a shelter in a cucumber field; she is a besieged city.
Tyndale line
And the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city.
And the daughter of Zion is left as a booth in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city.
And the daughter of Zion is left as a booth in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city.
And the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city.
And the daughter of Zion shall remaine like a cotage in a vineyarde, like a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, and like a besieged citie.
Strictly literal
And the daughter of Zion is left, as a booth in a vineyard, as a night-lodge in a cucumber-garden, as a besieged city.
And left hath been the daughter of Zion, As a booth in a vineyard, As a lodge in a place of cucumbers — as a city besieged.
And the daughter of Zion has been left, || As a shelter in a vineyard, || As a lodge in a place of cucumbers—as a city besieged.
And left is the daughter of Zion as a hut in a vineyard, as a lodge in a cucumber field, as a besieged city.
The daughter of Zion is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a garden of cucumbers, like a besieged city.
From the Latin
And the daughter of Sion shall be left as a covert in a vineyard, and as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, and as a city that is laid waste.
Simplified
The daughter of Zion is left like a shack in a vineyard, like a hut in a cucumber field, like a city under attack.
And the daughter of Zion has become like a tent in a vine-garden, like a watchman's house in a field of fruit, like a town shut in by armies.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls agree closely, with all significant words matching. The Septuagint also aligns with the Hebrew text, maintaining the same themes of abandonment and vulnerability without significant variation.
וְנוֹתְרָ֥ה בַת־ צִיּ֖וֹן כְּסֻכָּ֣ה בְכָ֑רֶם כִּמְלוּנָ֥ה בְמִקְשָׁ֖ה כְּעִ֥יר נְצוּרָֽה׃
9 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
ונתרת בת ציון כסוכה בכרם וכמלונה במקשה כעיר נצורה
9 words on the leather.
[ונותרה] [בת] [ציון] כסכה בכרם [כמלונה] [במקשה] [כעיר] נצורה
2 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 6 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 1:8
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
יָתַר (yathar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to remain or be left over. It encompasses various nuances, including leaving a remnant, excelling, and preserving alive. The entries indicate that it can express both the idea of excess and the act of leaving something behind. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
[יָתַר] 107 vb. remain over
Qal Pt. the remainder
Niph. be left over, remain over
Hiph.
leave over, leave
abs. leave a remnant
save over, i.e. presevre alive
excel, shew pre-eminence
shew excess = have more than enough
base
H3498 [יָתַר] remain over .Pt. the remainder
. be left over, remain over
. . . leave over, leave
. abs. leave a remnant
. save over, i.e. presevre alive
. excel, shew pre-eminence
. shew excess = have more than enough
3498 yathar yaw-thar'
a primitive root; to jut over or exceed; by implication, to
excel; (intransitively) to remain or be left; causatively, to
leave, cause to abound, preserve:--excel, leave (a remnant),
left behind, too much, make plenteous, preserve, (be, let)
remain(-der, -ing, - nant), reserve, residue, rest.
יָתַר (ya.tar) — to remain.
1) to be left over, remain, remain over, leave
1a) (Qal) remainder (participle)
1b) (Niphal) to be left over, remain over, be left behind
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to leave over, leave
1c2) to save over, preserve alive
1c3) to excel, show pre-eminence
1c4) to show excess, have more than enough, have an excess
Conj | V-Niphal-Perf-3fs — Verb · Niphal · sequential perfect third person feminine singularHc/VNq3fs
left (sama'l, "to go to the left," "to turn to the left," semo'l, "the left hand," sema'li, "belonging to the left," "situated on the left"; aristeros, and euphemistically euonumos, literally, "having a good name," "of good omen"): The words are chiefly used in orientation with or without the addition of the word "hand." So Abraham says to Lot: "If thou wilt take the left hand (semo'l), then I will go to the right; or if thou take the right hand, then I will go to the left (sama'l)" (Ge 13:9). Frequently in Hebrew idiom the right hand and the left are mentioned together in order to express the idea "everywhere," "anywhere," "altogether" (Ge 24:49; Ex 14:22,29; Nu 22:26…
בַּת (bat) means 'daughter' and encompasses a range of meanings including female child, young women, and even personifications of cities or inhabitants. It can also refer to villages in certain contexts. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to build' and is used in various figurative senses, such as 'branch' or 'apple of the eye.'
בַּת 587 n.f. daughter
daughter, female child
young women, women
with name of city, land, or people, poet. personif. of that city or inhabitants
pl. = villages, after name of city
in phrases denoting character, quality, etc.
ostrich
fig.
of vine = branch
as n. relat.
base
H1323 בַּת daughter . daughter, female child
. young women, women
. with name of city, land, or people, poet. personif. of that city or inhabitants
. pl. = villages, after name of city
. in phrases denoting character, quality, etc.
. ostrich
. fig.
. of vine = branch
. as n. relat.
1323 bath bath
from 1129 (as feminine of 1121); a daughter (used in the same
wide sense as other terms of relationship, literally and
figuratively):--apple (of the eye), branch, company, daughter,
X first, X old, + owl, town, village.
see HEBREW for 01129
see HEBREW for 01121
בַּת (bat) — daughter.
: daughter
1) daughter
1a) daughter, girl, adopted daughter, daughter-in-law, sister, granddaughters, female child, cousin
1a1) as polite address
1a2) as designation of women of a particular place
2) young women, women
1a3) as personification
1a4) daughter-villages
1a5) description of character
Also means: bat (בַּת ": village" H1323H)
בַּת (bat) — daughter: village.
: village
1) daughter
1a) daughter, girl, adopted daughter, daughter-in-law, sister, granddaughters, female child, cousin
1a1) as polite address
1a2) as designation of women of a particular place
2) young women, women
1a3) as personification
1a4) daughter-villages
1a5) description of character
בַּת (bat) — Bath (Shua).
A woman living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.38.2;
daughter of: Shua (H7770); married to Judah (H3063);
mother of: Er (H6147), Onan (H0209) and Shelah (H7956)
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular constructHNcfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
צִיּוֹן (Tsiyyôn) refers to Zion, often identified as a mountain in Jerusalem and a symbolic name for the city itself, particularly in prophetic contexts. The term is linked to the Hebrew word for Jerusalem and is noted for meaning 'parched place.' It is consistently recognized across lexicons as a proper noun.
צִיּוֹן 154 n.pr.loc. Ṣiyyôn, Zion
base
H6726 צִיּוֹן Ṣiyyôn, Zion
6726 Tsiyown tsee-yone'
the same (regularly) as 6725; Tsijon (as a permanent
capital), a mountain of Jerusalem:--Zion.
see HEBREW for 06725
צִיּוֹן (tsiy.yon) — Zion.
Zion = "parched place"
another name for Jerusalem especially in the prophetic books
Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
zi'-on (tsiyon; Sion):
1. Meaning of the Word
2. The Zion of the Jebusites
3. Zion of the Prophets
4. Zion in Later Poetical Writings and Apocrypha
5. Omission of Name by Some Writers
6. The Name "Zion" in Christian Times
LITERATURE
1. Meaning of the Word:
A name applied to Jerusalem, or to certain parts of it, at least since the time of David. Nothing certain is known of the meaning. Gesenius and others have derived it from a Hebrew root tsahah, "to be dry"; Delitzsch from tsiwwah, "to set up" and Wetzstein from tsin, "to protect." Gesenius finds a more hopeful suggestion in the Arabic equivalent cihw, the Arabic cahwat signifying "ridge of a mountain" or "citadel," which at any rate suitably applies to what we know to have been the original Zion (compare Smith, HGHL, under the word).
Zion
Sunny; height, one of the eminences on which Jerusalem was built. It was surrounded on all sides, except the north, by deep valleys, that of the Tyropoeon (q.v.) separating it from Moriah (q.v.), which it surpasses in height by 105 feet. It was the south-eastern hill of Jerusalem.
When David took it from the Jebusites (Josh. 15:63; 2 Sam. 5:7) he built on it a citadel and a palace, and it became “the city of David” (1 Kings 8:1; 2 Kings 19:21, 31; 1 Chr. 11:5). In the later books of the Old Testament this name was sometimes used (Ps. 87:2; 149:2;
[JERUSALEM]
monument; raised up; sepulcher
The Hebrew word סֻכָּה (*sukkah*) refers to a thicket or booth, indicating a temporary shelter or covert. It is a feminine noun derived from the root word for a hut or lair. The entries consistently emphasize its meanings related to temporary structures, such as booths or tabernacles.
סֻכָּה n.f. thicket, booth
base
H5521 סֻכָּה thicket, booth
5521 cukkah sook-kaw'
fem of 5520; a hut or lair:--booth, cottage, covert,
pavilion, tabernacle, tent.
see HEBREW for 05520
סֻכָּה (suk.kah) — booth.
1) thicket, covert, booth
1a) thicket
1b) booth (rude or temporary shelter)
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHR/Ncfsa
כֶּרֶם (kerem) means 'vineyard' and is derived from an unused root of uncertain meaning. It covers the concept of a garden or vineyard, including terms like 'vines' and 'vintage.' The word appears in contexts related to agriculture, specifically in the Old Testament.
כֶּרֶם 92 n.m. (f.) vineyard
base
H3754 כֶּרֶם vineyard
3754 kerem keh'-rem
from an unused root of uncertain meaning; a garden or
vineyard:--vines, (increase of the) vineyard(-s), vintage. See
also 1021.
see HEBREW for 01021
כֶּרֶם (ke.rem) — vineyard.
vineyard
Prep | N-cs — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
vin'-yard.
See VINE.
See VINE.
מְלוּנָה (mluwnah) is a feminine noun meaning a lodge or hut. It is derived from the root word לוּן (lun), which relates to lodging. The term encompasses meanings like cottage and hammock, indicating a place of temporary shelter.
מְלוּנָה n.f. lodge, hut
base
H4412 מְלוּנָה lodge, hut
4412 mluwnah mel-oo-naw'
feminine from 3885; a hut, a hammock:--cottage, lodge.
see HEBREW for 03885
מְלוּנָה (me.lu.nah) — lodge.
lodge, hut
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHR/Ncfsa
מִקְשָׁה (miqshah) refers to a place or field specifically associated with cucumbers, essentially a cucumber patch or garden. The term is derived from a root meaning 'to be firm' or 'to be strong,' but its usage in the Old Testament is limited to this agricultural context.
מִקְשָׁה n.f. place, field, of cucumbers
base
H4750 מִקְשָׁה place, field, of cucumbers
4750 miqshah mik-shaw'
denominative from 7180; literally, a cucumbered field, i.e. a
cucumber patch:--garden of cucumbers.
see HEBREW for 07180
מִקְשָׁה (miq.shah) — cucumber field.
place or field of cucumbers
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHR/Ncfsa
feld.
See AGRICULTURE.
Field
(Heb. sadeh), a cultivated field, but unenclosed. It is applied to any cultivated ground or pasture (Gen. 29:2; 31:4; 34:7), or tillage (Gen. 37:7; 47:24). It is also applied to woodland (Ps. 132:6) or mountain top (Judg. 9:32, 36; 2 Sam. 1:21). It denotes sometimes a cultivated region as opposed to the wilderness (Gen. 33:19; 36:35). Unwalled villages or scattered houses are spoken of as “in the fields” (Deut. 28:3, 16; Lev. 25:31;
The Hebrew sadeh is applied to any cultivated ground, and in some instances in marked opposition to the neighboring wilderness. On the other hand the sadeh is frequently contrasted with what is enclosed, whether a vineyard, a garden or a walled town. In many passages the term implies what is remote from a house, (Genesis 4:8; 24:63; 22:25) or settled habitation, as in the case of Esau. (Genesis 25:27) The separate plots of ground were marked off by stones, which might easily be removed, (19:14; 27:17) cf. Job 24:2; Prov 22:28; 23:10 The absence of fences rendered the fields liable to damage from straying cattle, (Exodus…
The Hebrew word עִיר (*'iyr*) has meanings related to both excitement and city. It can denote excitement, particularly of terror or rage, as well as refer to a city or town, indicating a place that is guarded or inhabited. The entries suggest a broad application, from fortified cities to simple encampments. There is a specific mention of a man named Ir in 1 Chronicles 4:12.
עִיר n.[m.] excitement;—of terror; of rage
base
עִיר 1092 n.f. city, town
city, town, abode of men
of fortress in a city
appar. fortified place, of any size
base
H5892a עִיר excitement;—of terror; of rage H5892b עִיר city, town . city, town, abode of men
. of fortress in a city
. appar. fortified place, of any size
5892 `iyr eer
or (in the plural) par {awr}; or ayar (Judges 10:4)
{aw-yar'}; from 5782 a city (a place guarded by waking or a
watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or
post):--Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town.
see HEBREW for 05782
עִיר (ir) — excitement.
1) excitement, anguish
1a) of terror
עִיר (ir) — city.
1) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)
1a) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)
1a) city, town
עִיר (ir) — City (of On).
Combined with on (אֹן "On" H0204)
This name means city, town
Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)
עִיר (ir) — Ir-.
#A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.12;
son of: Tehinnah (H8468)
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHR/Ncfsa
sit'-i (`ir, qiryah; polis):
I. THE CANAANITE CITY
1. Origin
2. Extent
3. Villages
4. Sites
5. External Appearance
6. General
II. THE CITY OF THE JEWISH OCCUPATION
1. Tower or Stronghold
2. High Place
3. Broad Place
4. Streets
5. General Characteristics
III. STORE CITIES
IV. LEVITICAL CITIES
LITERATURE
I. The Canaanite City.
1. Origin:
The development of the Canaanite city has been traced by Macalister in his report on the excavation at Gezer (Palestine Exploration Fund Statement, 1904, 108 ff). It originated on the slopes of a bare rocky spur, in which the Neolithic Troglodytes quarried their habitations out of the solid rock, the stones therefrom being used to form a casing to the earthen ramparts, with which the site was afterwards surrounded and which served as a protection against the intrusion of enemies. Later Semitic intruders occupied the site, stone houses were built, and high stone defense…
City
The earliest mention of city-building is that of Enoch, which was built by Cain (Gen. 4:17). After the confusion of tongues, the descendants of Nimrod founded several cities (10:10-12). Next, we have a record of the cities of the Canaanites, Sidon, Gaza, Sodom, etc. (10:12, 19; 11:3, 9; 36:31-39). The earliest description of a city is that of Sodom (19:1-22). Damascus is said to be the oldest existing city in the world. Before the time of Abraham there were cities in Egypt (Num. 13:22). The Israelites in Egypt were employed in building the “treasure cities” of Pithom and Raamses (Ex. 1:11); but it does not seem that they had any cities of their own in Goshen (Gen.…
The towns and cities of Palestine were commonly built on heights, for better security against robbers or invaders. These heights, surrounded by walls, sometimes formed the entire city. In other cases, the citadel alone crowned the hill, around and at the base of which the town was built; and in time of danger the surrounding population all took refuge in the fortified place. Larger towns and cities were often not only defended by strong outer walls, with towers and gates, but by a citadel or castle within these limits-a last resort when the rest of the city was taken, Jud 9:46,51. The "fenced cities" of the Jews, De 3:5, were of various sizes and degrees of strength; some being surrounded by high and thick stone walls, and others by feebler ramparts, often of clay or sun-dried…
נָצַר (natsar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to watch, guard, or keep. It encompasses a range of actions including protecting, preserving, and observing, as well as concealing or keeping secret. The entries suggest both positive and negative connotations, such as guarding from danger or hiding something. The term can also refer to a watchman.
[נָצַר] vb. watch, guard, keep;—Qal
Watch, guard, keep
Guard from dangers, preserve
Guard with fidelity, keep, observe
Guard, keep secret
Keep close, blockaded
base
H5341 נָצַר watch, guard, keep . Watch, guard, keep
. Guard from dangers, preserve
. Guard with fidelity, keep, observe
. Guard, keep secret
. Keep close, blockaded
5341 natsar naw-tsar'
a primitive root; to guard, in a good sense (to protect,
maintain, obey, etc.) or a bad one (to conceal, etc.):--
besieged, hidden thing, keep(-er, -ing), monument, observe,
preserve(-r), subtil, watcher(-man).
נָצַר (na.tsar) — to watch.
1) to guard, watch, watch over, keep
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to watch, guard, keep
1a2) to preserve, guard from dangers
1a3) to keep, observe, guard with fidelity
1a4) to guard, keep secret
1a5) to be kept close, be blockaded
1a6) watchman (participle)
V-Qal-Inf-c — Verb · Qal · participle (passive) feminine singularHVqsfsa