Menu

Genesis 49:14 — Word Study

Depth

WLCיִשָּׂשכָ֖ר חֲמֹ֣ר גָּ֑רֶם רֹבֵ֖ץ בֵּ֥ין הַֽמִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם׃

BSAIssacharYissâˢkâr [there is recompense, a strong and rewarded tribe] [is] a stronggerem [powerful, robust] donkeychămôwr [a male ass] lying downrâbats [to stretch, to rest] betweenbêyn [in the midst of, among] the sheepfoldsmishpâth [burdens, places of animal care, or saddle bags]

Word
Listen & take awayGenesis 49
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 14 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (Ha.mish.pe.Ta.yim) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Genesis 49:14quick helps
In a sentenceIssachar is depicted as a strong donkey, resting between the sheepfolds.
Who is speakingJacob, blessing his sons and describing their characteristics.
Where we areIn the context of Jacob's blessings to his sons, each receiving a unique description.
The hard wordגָּרֶם
Take awayIssachar's strength and willingness to bear burdens are highlighted.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectיִשָּׂשכָר verbרָבַץ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Genesis 49:14

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Jacob's Blessing to His Sonsgenerated

13Zebulun shall dwell by the seashore and become a harbor for ships; his border shall extend to Sidon.
14Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between the sheepfolds.
15He saw that his resting place was good and that his land was pleasant, so he bent his shoulder to the burden and submitted to labor as a servant.
16Dan shall provide justice for his people as one of the tribes of Israel.

Genesis 49:14 describes Issachar as a strong donkey, indicating his robust nature and readiness to bear burdens. This verse is part of Jacob's final blessings to his sons, where he characterizes each tribe based on their traits and future roles within Israel. The blessings reflect the significance of each tribe's identity and their contributions to the nation of Israel.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 30:18Then Leah said, “God has rewarded me for giving my maidservant to my husband.” So she named him Issachar.
2Deuteronomy 33:18Concerning Zebulun he said: “Rejoice, Zebulun, in your journeys, and Issachar, in your tents.
3Joshua 19:17–23The fourth lot came out for the clans of the tribe of Issachar:
4Judges 5:15The princes of Issachar were with Deborah, and Issachar was with Barak, rushing into the valley at his heels. In the clans of Reuben there was great indecision.
5Judges 10:1After the time of Abimelech, a man of Issachar, Tola son of Puah, the son of Dodo, rose up to save Israel. He lived in Shamir, in the hill country of Ephraim.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 6 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens:Genesis 30:18 Deuteronomy 33:18 Joshua 19:17–23 Judges 5:15 Judges 10:1 1 Chronicles 12:32

The Key Word יִשָּׂשכָר, yi.so.sh.Khargenerated

The name יִשָּׂשכָר (Yissaskar) means 'there is recompense' and refers to the ninth son of Jacob and Leah. It signifies a strong and rewarded tribe, emphasizing the tribe's future prosperity and strength in Israel.

As a proper noun, it indicates both the individual and the collective identity of the tribe descended from him. The parsing as a masculine noun shows its role as a significant figure in the genealogical and tribal structure of Israel.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The verse is rendered in the Berean Standard Bible, which aligns closely with the KJV and ASV in describing Issachar as a strong donkey.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb רֹבֵ֖ץ, lying down, governs the sentence, with the subject יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר and its attributes following. The structure reflects a simple subject-verb relationship, typical of Hebrew prose.

The noun phrase יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר is the subject, and the participial phrase רֹבֵ֖ץ describes the action, while the prepositional phrase בֵּ֥ין introduces the location of the action.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates יִשָּׂשכָר as ισσαξαρ, indicating a direct correspondence in naming but differing in structure and style. This choice preserves the identity of Issachar while adapting to Greek linguistic patterns.

The Greek word for 'lying down' is ἀναπαυόμενος, which emphasizes rest, similar to the Hebrew, but may carry different connotations in the Greek context.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Genesis 49:14 describes Issachar as a strong donkey, resting between the sheepfolds. This imagery highlights his strength and readiness to bear burdens, which reflects the characteristics of the tribe that descended from him.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Issachar symbolize in this verse?

Issachar symbolizes strength and the ability to bear burdens, reflecting the characteristics of the tribe that descended from him.

Why is Issachar compared to a donkey?

The comparison to a donkey emphasizes Issachar's strength, reliability, and willingness to work hard, traits valued in the agricultural society of ancient Israel.

What is the significance of lying down between the sheepfolds?

Lying down between the sheepfolds suggests a position of rest and safety, indicating that Issachar is content and strong in his role within the community.

How does this verse relate to the other blessings Jacob gives?

This verse is part of a series of blessings where Jacob characterizes each son, highlighting their strengths and roles within the larger context of Israel's tribes.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What qualities do I see in myself that resemble Issachar's strength and willingness to bear burdens?
  2. How can I find contentment in my role within my community, similar to Issachar's resting place?
  3. In what ways can I support others as Issachar supports his tribe?
  4. How does understanding the characteristics of Issachar help me appreciate the diversity of gifts within my own community?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early Christian writers have commented on Jacob's blessings, often drawing moral and spiritual lessons from the characteristics of Issachar as a symbol of strength and labor.

Tyrannius RufinusTHE BLESSINGS OF THE PATRIARCHS 2.14 c. 344–411
Above we have taken into consideration that one who erred because of the threefold impulse of the soul (as a weakness of the entire soul), which is divided into carnal passion symbolized by Reuben,
Early Church Fathers on Genesis 49 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Genesis 49:14 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Issachar is a strong ass,.... Or as one, the note of similitude being wanting, as Ben Melech observes; "a bony" (e) one, as the word signifies; not one that is lean, and nothing but skin and bones,

Read John Gill on Genesis 49 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens: Issachar is a strong ass - literally, a male donkey of bone; i:e., stout, strong-bodied.

Read Robert Jamieson on Genesis 49 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

A strong ass, Heb. an ass of bone, i.e. of great bulk and bones, and strength of body, but of little spirit and courage, couching down between two burdens, which are laid upon his back, and which he is contented to bear. Or, lying down, i.e. enjoying his ease and rest, between the borders, to wit, of the other tribes, with which he was encompassed and secured from foreign enemies, which made him more secure and slothful. Or, between the borders or folds of cattle; as a word very near akin to it, and proceeding from the same root, signifies, , to the feeding and minding whereof he wholly gave himself, neglecting more generous things.

Read Matthew Poole on Genesis 49 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Genesis 49:14 Issachar [is] a strong ass couching down between two burdens:Ver. 14. Issachar is a strong ass, &c.] He so commends his strength, that, with it, he condemns his dulness. This Christ can so little abide, that he said even to Judas, "That thou doest, do quickly." God utterly refused an ass in sacrifice. The firstling of an ass must either be redeemed, or have his neck broke. Bellarmine gives the reason, and it is a very good one, quia tardum et pigrum animal, because it is a slow sluggish creature, segnis quasi seignls, without fire; slow to action, which God, who is himself a pure act [spirit?], cannot abide.

Read John Trapp on Genesis 49 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(14) Issachar.—The description of Issachar’s lot is derived partly from the cognizance he had chosen for his signet, and partly from his personal character, He had taken for his symbol the ass—a very noble, active, spirited, and enduring animal in the East. (See Genesis 16:12, where Ishmael is compared to the wild ass, which adds to these qualities the love of freedom.) His real character was slothful, inactive, and commonplace. Jacob therefore likens him to a “strong ass;” Heb., an ass of bone, that is, one coarsely bred, as animals of high parentage have small bones. He is thus fit only to be a drudge, and with the laziness of a cart-horse lies down “between two burdens.” The word occurs…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Genesis 49 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

14. Issachar is a strong ass Couching between two burdens. 15. And he saw the resting place that it was good, And the land that it was pleasant; And he inclined his shoulder to the load, And he became a servant unto tribute. Verse 14. Issachar is a strong ass] חמר גרם chamor garem is properly a strong-limbed ass; couching between two burdens - bearing patiently, as most understand it, the fatigues of agriculture, and submitting to exorbitant taxes rather that exert themselves to drive out the old inhabitants. The two burdens literally mean the two sacks or panniers, one on each side of the animal's body; and couching down between these refers to the well-known propensity of the ass…

Read AdamClarke on Genesis 49 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

14. a strong ass] Lit. “a bony ass,” as Aquila ὄνοςὀστώδης; Lat. asinus fortis. Issachar is compared, not to the wild ass, high spirited and swift, but to the strong domestic beast of burden. The territory of Issachar included the southern part of Galilee and the Valley of Jezreel. Slightly different readings are represented by the Sam. gκrim (instead of gerem), i.e. “the ass of strangers,” “bearing the burdens imposed by foreigners,” “a tributary.” The LXX τὸκαλὸνἐπεθύμησεν = “he desired the beautiful,” gives an entirely different turn to the sense. between the sheepfolds] For this word, see Judges 5:16, “why satest thou among the sheepfolds?,” and Psalms 68:13. Issachar is represented as…

Read Cambridge on Genesis 49 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

14. Ass of bone — Or, bony ass; that is, strongly built and fit for carrying burdens. See Genesis 30:18, on the origin of the name Issachar.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Genesis 49 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between the sheepfolds.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

“Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between the saddlebags.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between the sheepfolds.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Issachar is a strong-boned donkey lying down between two saddlebags.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

¶ Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens:

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Issachar is a strong ass, Couching down between the sheepfolds:

RVARevised Version, American1894

Issachar is a strong ass, Couching down between the sheepfolds:

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Issachar is a strong ass, couching down between two burdens:

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Issachar shalbe a strong asse, couching downe betweene two burdens:

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Issachar is a bony ass, Crouching down between two hurdles.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Issacher [is] a strong ass, Crouching between the two folds;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Issachar [is] a strong donkey, || Crouching between the two folds;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Issachar is a strong-boned ass, couching down between the stables.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between the sheepfolds.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Issachar shall be a strong ass lying down between the borders.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between two saddle bags.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Issachar is a strong ass stretched out among the flocks:

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausesubjectיִשָּׂשכָ֖רIssacharnoun phrase · predicatenoun phraseחֲמֹ֣ר[is].a.donkeyגָּ֑רֶםof.boneadjective phraseclauseverbרֹבֵ֖ץlying.downprepositional phrase · prepositionalבֵּ֥יןbetweennoun phraseהַֽthe.twoמִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִםsaddlebaskets

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint align closely, with five of the six words matching. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs in two words: it uses חמור (he-ass) and גרים (bone), indicating slight variations in the description of Issachar.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר חֲמֹ֣ר גָּ֑רֶם רֹבֵ֖ץ בֵּ֥ין הַֽמִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
יִשָּׂשכָ֖רισσαξαρגָּ֑רֶםἐπεθύμησενרֹבֵ֖ץἀναπαυόμενοςבֵּ֥יןμέσονהַֽמִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם׃κλήρων

5 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

ישׂשׂכר חמור גרים רבץ בין המשׁפתים

2 words differ from the Masoretic Text: חמור (he-ass), גרים (bone)

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Genesis 49:14יִשָּׂשכָרIssacharIssacharיִשָּׂשכָרחֲמוֹר[is] a donk[is] a donkey oחֲמוֹרגֶּ֫רֶםboneboneגֶּ֫רֶםרָבַץlying downlying downרָבַץבַּ֫יִןbetweenbetweenבַּ֫יִןמִשְׁפְּתַ֫יִםthe two camthe two campfirמִשְׁפְּתַ֫יִםנָשָׂאto lift: rto lift: raiseנָשָׂאחָמַרto aggitatto aggitateחָמַרגָּרַםto reserveto reserveגָּרַםבִּיןto understto understandבִּיןשָׁפָהbe barebe bareשָׁפָהצוּעָרZuarZuarצוּעָרזְבוּלֻןZebulunZebulunזְבוּלֻןחָבַשׁto saddle/to saddle/tieחָבַשׁשׁוֹרcattlecattleשׁוֹרנָוֶהpasturepastureנָוֶהעֵ֫דֶרflockflockעֵ֫דֶרבָּדַלto separatto separateבָּדַל
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Genesis 49:14

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

Issachar [is] a donkey of bone lying down between the two campfires
יִשָּׂשכָ֖רyi.so.sh.Khar Issachar H3485 Noun proper masculine
43× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Issachar means 'there is recompense' and refers to the 9th son of Jacob and the tribe that descended from him. He was the 5th son of Leah, Jacob's first wife. The tribe of Issachar is mentioned in 1 Chronicles and other books.
Amplified meaning
there is recompense, a strong and rewarded tribe
Tyndale gloss
Issachar
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יִשָּׂשכָר (Yissaskar) refers to Issachar, the ninth son of Jacob and Leah, and the progenitor of the tribe named after him. The name means 'there is recompense' and is associated with a territory in Canaan. Additionally, there is a Korahite Levite named Issachar, mentioned in the context of temple duties.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יִשָּׂשכָר 43 n.pr.m. Issachar

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3485 יִשָּׂשכָר Issachar

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3485 Yissaskar yis-saw-kawr'

(strictly yis-saws-kawr'); from 5375 and 7939; he will bring

a reward; Jissaskar, a son of Jacob:--Issachar.

see HEBREW for 05375

see HEBREW for 07939

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יִשָּׂשכָר (yis.sa.s.khar) — Issachar.

A man of the tribe of Issachar living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.30.18;

son of: Israel (H3478) and Leah (H3812);

brother of: Reuben (H7205), Simeon (H8095), Levi (H3878), Judah (H3063), Zebulun (H2074) and Dinah (H1783);

half-brother of: Dan (H1835H), Naphtali (H5321), Gad (H1410), Asher (H0836), Joseph (H3130) and Benjamin (H1144);

father of: Tola (H8439), Puah (H6312), Jashub (H3437H) and Shimron (H8110B)

Also named: Isachar (Ἰσαχάρ "Issachar" G2466)

§ Issachar = "there is recompense"

1) the 9th son of Jacob and the 5th by Leah his first wife and the progenitor of a tribe by his name

2) a Korahite Levite and the 7th son of Obed-edom and doorkeeper to the temple

3) the tribe descended from Issachar the son of Jacob

4) the territory allocated to the descendants of Issachar when they entered the land of Canaan

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

is'-a-kar (yissa(se)khar; Septuagint, Swete Issachar; Tischendorf, Issachar, so also in the New Testament, Tregelles, and Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in Greek):

(1) The 9th son of Jacob, the 5th borne to him by Leah (Ge 30:17 f).

1. The Name:

His birth is in this passage connected with the strange story of Reuben and his mandrakes, and the name given him is apparently conceived as derived from 'ish sakhar, "a hired workman." There is a play upon the name in this sense in Ge 49:15, "He bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant under taskwork." Wellhausen (Textder Buch. Sam., 95) thinks that the second element of the name may denote a deity; and Sokar, an Egyptian god, has been suggested. The name in that case would mean "worshipper of Sokar." Practically nothing is…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Issachar

Hired (Gen. 30:18). “God hath given me,” said Leah, “my hire (Heb. sekhari)...and she called his name Issachar.” He was Jacob’s ninth son, and was born in Padan-aram (comp. 28:2). He had four sons at the going down into Egypt (46:13; Num. 26:23, 25).

Issachar, Tribe of, during the journey through the wilderness, along with Judah and Zebulun (Num. 2:5), marched on the east of the tabernacle. This tribe contained 54,400 fighting men when the census was taken at Sinai. After the entrance into the Promised Land, this tribe was one of the six which stood on Gerizim during the ceremony of the blessing and cursing (Deut. 27:12). The allotment of Issachar is…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(reward). I. The ninth son of Jacob and the fifth of Leah. (Genesis 30:17,18) (B.C. 1753-45) At the descent into Egypt four sons are ascribed to him, who founded the four chief families of the tribes. (Genesis 46:13; Numbers 26:23,25; 1 Chronicles 7:1) The number of the fighting men of Issachar, when taken in the census at Sinai, was 54,400. During the journey they seem to have steadily increased. The allotment of Issachar lay above that of Manasseh. (Joshua 19:17-23) In the words of Josephus, "it extended in length from Carmel to the Jordan, in breadth to Mount Tabor." This territory was, as it still is, among the…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Recompense, so named by Leah his mother, Ge 30:18, the ninth son of Jacob, born B. C. 1749. The character of his posterity was foretold by Jacob and by Moses, Ge 49:14,15 De 33:18,19.

The TRIBE OF ISSACHAR numbered fifty-four thousand men in the desert, and on entering Canaan was the third in population, Nu 1:28 26:25. Their portion, having the Jordan on the east, Manasseh on the west, Zebulun north, and Ephraim south, included a considerable part of the fine plain Esdraelon, the most fertile in the country. They were industrious agriculturists, and are mentioned with honor for their brave and wise patriotism, Jud 5:15

Issachar [is] a donkey of bone lying down between the two campfires
חֲמֹ֣רcha.Mor [is] a donkey of H2543 Noun common · both singular construct
96× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for a male donkey, it is translated as he ass in the KJV Bible. The name comes from the animal's reddish-brown color.
Amplified meaning
a male ass
Tyndale gloss
donkey
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֲמוֹר (chamor) refers to a male donkey, derived from a root meaning 'to be red' or 'dun.' The term is consistently translated as 'ass' or 'donkey' across various lexicons, indicating its specific reference to this animal in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֲמוֹר n.m. (he)-ass

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2543 חֲמוֹר (he)-ass

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2543 chamowr kham-ore'

or (shortened) chamor {kham-ore}; from 2560; a male ass (from

its dun red):--(he)ass.

see HEBREW for 02560

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֲמוֹר (cha.mor) — donkey.

(he) ass

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs — Noun common · both singular construct
HNcbsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

Issachar [is] a donkey of bone lying down between the two campfires
גָּ֑רֶםGa.rem bone H1634 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
5× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A bone is the literal meaning of this word, but it can also be used figuratively to refer to one's self or inner strength. It appears in various forms throughout the Bible.
Amplified meaning
powerful, robust
Tyndale gloss
bone
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גֶּ֫רֶם (gerem) primarily means 'bone' and can also refer to 'strength' or 'self.' It is derived from a root meaning related to bones, suggesting a figurative sense of being strong or foundational. The entries include some uncertainty about additional meanings like 'bare' or 'self.' The word appears in contexts that emphasize physical strength or structural integrity.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גֶּ֫רֶם n.[m.] bone, strength, self (?)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1634 גֶּ֫רֶם bone, strength, self (?)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1634 gerem gheh'-rem

from 1633; a bone (as the skeleton of the body); hence, self,

i.e. (figuratively) very:--bone, strong, top.

see HEBREW for 01633

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גֶּ֫רֶם (ge.rem) — bone.

1) bone, strength, bare?, self?

1a) bone

1b) strength, strong-boned

1c) self?, bare? (of stairs)

Aramaic equivalent: ge.rem (גְּרַם "bone" H1635)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Issachar [is] a donkey of bone lying down between the two campfires
רֹבֵ֖ץro.Vetz lying down H7257 Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular
30× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To stretch or lie down, like an animal, and can imply resting or lurking, as in Exodus 23:5.
Amplified meaning
to stretch, to rest
Tyndale gloss
to stretch
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָבַץ (rabats) is a Hebrew verb meaning to stretch out or lie down. It encompasses actions like reclining, brooding, or lurking, and can imply causing something to lie down as well. The entries indicate its use in various forms, including Qal and Hiphil, but do not provide specific verse references.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָבַץ vb. stretch oneself out, lie down, lie stretched out

Qal lie down, lie

Hiph. cause to lie down, or lie

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7257 רָבַץ stretch oneself out, lie down, lie stretched out

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7257 rabats raw-bats'

a primitive root; to crouch (on all four legs folded, like a

recumbent animal); be implication, to recline, repose, brood,

lurk, imbed:--crouch (down), fall down, make a fold, lay,

(cause to, make to) lie (down), make to rest, sit.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָבַץ (ra.vats) — to stretch.

1) to stretch oneself out, lie down, lie stretched out

1a) (Qal) to lie down, lie

1b)(Hiphil) to cause to lie down

1b1) laying (stones)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular
HVqrmsa
Issachar [is] a donkey of bone lying down between the two campfires
בֵּ֥יןbein between H996 Prep
407× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Between is the meaning of this preposition, used to show a location or a choice, like either or, as seen in Exodus where it describes the space between two objects.
Amplified meaning
in the midst of, among
Tyndale gloss
between
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בַּ֫יִן (beyn) is a noun meaning 'interval' or 'space between.' It primarily functions as a preposition meaning 'between' or 'among,' and can also indicate distinctions or choices. The dual form בֵּנַ֫יִם refers specifically to the space between two entities, such as armies. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between

always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between

Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H996 בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between . always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between

. Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

996 beyn bane

(sometimes in the plural masculine or feminine); properly,

the constructive form of an otherwise unused noun from 995; a

distinction; but used only as a prep, between (repeated before

each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction,

either...or:--among, asunder, at, between (-twixt...and), +

from (the widest), X in, out of, whether (it be...or), within.

see HEBREW for 0995

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between.

: between

between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between

בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between: among.

: among

between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between

A sub-meaning of ben (בַּ֫יִן ": between" H0996)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Prep
HAcmsc
Issachar [is] a donkey of bone lying down between the two campfires
הַֽמִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם׃Ha.mish.pe.Ta.yim the two campfires H4942 Particle · noun common masculine dual absolute
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Mishpath refers to a sheepfold or a place where animals are kept, and is also translated as burden, highlighting the importance of animal care in biblical times.
Amplified meaning
burdens, places of animal care, or saddle bags
Tyndale gloss
sheepfold
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׁפְּתַ֫יִם (mishpath) likely refers to dual structures, possibly meaning fire-places or ash-heaps, though its exact meaning is uncertain. It is also associated with sheepfolds and saddlebags. The word is derived from a root that suggests a connection to a stall for cattle.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׁפְּתַ֫יִם n.[m.]du. prob. fire-places or ash-heaps

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4942 מִשְׁפְּתַ֫יִם prob. fire-places or ash-heaps

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4942 mishpath mish-pawth'

from 8192; a stall for cattle (only dual):--burden,

sheepfold.

see HEBREW for 08192

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׁפְּתַ֫יִם (mish.pat) — sheepfold.

1) fire-places, ash-heaps

1a) meaning uncertain

2) (CLBL) sheepfolds, saddlebags

2a) meaning uncertain

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-md — Particle · noun common masculine dual absolute
HTd/Ncmda
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

Everything we make is available for free because of a generous community of supporters.

Donate