1 Chronicles 4:31 — Word Study
WLCוּבְבֵ֤ית מַרְכָּבוֹת֙ וּבַחֲצַ֣ר סוּסִ֔ים וּבְבֵ֥ית בִּרְאִ֖י וּֽבְשַׁעֲרָ֑יִם אֵ֥לֶּה עָרֵיהֶ֖ם עַד־ מְלֹ֥ךְ דָּוִֽיד׃
BSABeth-marcabothBêyth ham-Markâbôwth [house of the chariots] Hazar-susimChătsar Çûwçîym [village of horses] Beth-biriBêyth Birʼîy [house of a creative one] and ShaaraimShaʻărayim [double gate] Theseʼêl-leh [specific cities] were their citiesʻîyr [settlements, towns] untilʻad [as far as, up to the time of] the reignmâlak [kingly rule, dominion] of DavidDâvid [the youngest son of Jesse, a king of Israel]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וּבְבֵ֤ית | and in Beth | Conjunction, preposition, noun proper |
| מַרְכָּבוֹת֙ | Marcaboth | Noun proper |
| וּבַחֲצַ֣ר | and in Hazar | Conjunction, preposition, noun proper |
| סוּסִ֔ים | Susim | Noun proper |
| וּבְבֵ֥ית | and in Beth | Conjunction, preposition, noun proper |
| בִּרְאִ֖י | Biri | Noun proper |
| וּֽבְשַׁעֲרָ֑יִם | and in Shaaraim | Conjunction, preposition, noun proper |
| אֵ֥לֶּה | these | Particle |
| עָרֵיהֶ֖ם | [were] cities their | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| עַד־ | until | Preposition |
| מְלֹ֥ךְ | reigned | Verb, Qal, infinitive construct common |
| דָּוִֽיד׃ | David | Noun proper masculine |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Beth-marcaboth, Hazar-susim, Beth-biri, and Shaaraim. These were their cities until the reign of David. |
| KJV | And at Beth-marcaboth, and Hazar-susim, and at Beth-birei, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign of David. |
| ASV | and at Beth-marcaboth, and Hazar-susim, and at Beth-biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign of David. |
| YLT | and in Beth-Marcaboth, and in Hazar-Susim, and in Beth-Birei, and in Shaarim; these [are] their cities till the reigning of David. |
| WEB | at Beth Marcaboth, Hazar Susim, at Beth Biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities until David’s reign. |
| BBE | And at Beth-marcaboth, and at Hazarsusim, and at Beth-biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their towns till David became king. |
The translations agree on the list of cities without significant variation.
The main clause presents the cities, with two prepositional phrases providing context about their location and time frame.
7 commentators on this verse
Jamieson, Poole, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them ›
clause
subjectאֵלֶּה
verbמָלַךְ
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — 1 Chronicles 4:31
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Cities of Simeongenerated
1 Chronicles 4:31 lists the cities of the tribe of Simeon, showing their geographical presence and settlements during the time leading up to King David's reign. This verse highlights the importance of these locations in the history of Israel, particularly for the tribe of Simeon, as they established their communities in the land.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joshua 19:5–6 | Ziklag, Beth-marcaboth, Hazar-susah, |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 1 reference, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שַׁעֲרַ֫יִם, sha.a.Ra.yimgenerated
The word שַׁעֲרַ֫יִם (Sha`arayim) translates to 'double gates' and refers to a town significant for its dual entrances. The dual form indicates its importance as a place with two gates, which may have served a strategic or symbolic purpose.
This term appears in the context of settlements, emphasizing the geographical and cultural significance of the town within the territory of Simeon.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
All translations agree on the rendering of the cities mentioned in this verse.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The structure of the verse is governed by a main clause stating the identity of the cities, followed by a prepositional phrase that describes the context of these cities until the reign of David. The Hebrew word order emphasizes the cities first, followed by their significance in relation to David's kingship.
The finite verb מְלֹ֥ךְ (me.Lokh) indicates the action of reigning, linking the cities to the time period of David's rule.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint uses the Greek word for 'and' to connect the cities, indicating a straightforward listing without additional commentary. This choice reflects a more concise rendering of the Hebrew text.
The simplicity of the Septuagint's translation suggests a focus on the enumeration of the cities rather than their detailed descriptions.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
1 Chronicles 4:31 names the cities of the tribe of Simeon: Beth-marcaboth, Hazar-susim, Beth-biri, and Shaaraim. These were their cities until the reign of David, showing the settlements established by this tribe.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The cities represent the settlements of the tribe of Simeon, indicating their geographical presence and community structure during the time before David's reign.
These cities were significant for the tribe as they established their identity and presence in the land of Israel, contributing to their heritage and history.
Shaaraim means 'double gates' and indicates a town that likely had two entrances, which could have served strategic or symbolic purposes.
This verse links the tribe of Simeon to the broader history of Israel, showing how their settlements fit into the timeline leading up to the establishment of David's kingship.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What can we learn about the settlement patterns of the tribes of Israel from this verse?
- How do the names of these cities reflect the culture and history of the tribe of Simeon?
- In what ways do these cities contribute to our understanding of ancient Israelite society?
- How might the concept of 'double gates' in Shaaraim symbolize aspects of community and security in biblical times?
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on 1 Chronicles 4:31 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd at Bethmarcaboth, and Hazar-susim, and at Bethbirei, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign of David. And at Beth-birei , [ Beeyt-Bir'iy (H1011); supposed by Wilton ('Negeb,' p.
Read Robert Jamieson on 1 Chronicles 4 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleEither, 1. Of David’ s posterity, i.e. as long as the kingdom of Judah lasted, or until the captivity of Babylon. But this seems not to be true, for Simeon was gone into captivity with the rest of the ten tribes long before that time. Or rather, 2. Of David himself. And this may seem to be added, because some of these cities, though given to Simeon by Joshua, yet through the sloth or cowardice of that tribe were not taken from the Philistines until David’ s time, who took some of them, and, the Simeonites having justly forfeited their right to them by their neglect, gave them to his own tribe. For it is evident concerning Ziklag, one of them, that it was in the Philistines’ hands in David’…
Read Matthew Poole on 1 Chronicles 4 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments1 Chronicles 4:31 And at Bethmarcaboth, and Hazarsusim, and at Bethbirei, and at Shaaraim. These [were] their cities unto the reign of David.Ver. 31. Unto the reign of David.] Who restored Ziklag and some others of them to the tribe of Judah, saith Lyra.
Read John Trapp on 1 Chronicles 4 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(31) Beth-marcaboth = “house of chariots.” Hazar - susim = “village of horses;” for which Hazarsusah is an equivalent (susah being used as a collective word). Beth-birei.—Probably a corrupt writing of Beth-lebaoth, “house of lionesses” (Joshua 19:6), for which Joshua 15:32 has the contraction Lebaoth. There were lions in the wilds of Judah (1 Samuel 17:34). (Comp. Judges 14:5; 1 Kings 13:24.) Shaaraim (two gates) is Sharuhen (Joshua 19:6), and Shilhim (Joshua 15:32). Sharuhen is known from Egyptian inscriptions (Sharuhuna).These were their cities unto the reign of David, and their villages.—Joshua 19:6 shows that this is the right punctuation: “And Beth-lebaoth and Sharuhen: thirteen towns…
Read Charles John Ellicott on 1 Chronicles 4 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 31. These were their cities unto the reign of David.] It appears that David took some of the cities of the Simeonites, and added them to Judah; Ziklag for instance, 1 Samuel 27:6. As the tribe of Simeon had withdrawn their allegiance from the house of David, the kings of Judah extended their domination as far as possible into the territories of that tribe, so that they were obliged to seek pasture for their flocks at Gedor, and in the mountains of Seir, as we find 1 Chronicles 4:39-42.
Read AdamClarke on 1 Chronicles 4 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges31. Beth-marcaboth … Hazar-susim] These names mean respectively, House of chariots, and Court of horses. They may have been royal chariot-cities, 1 Kings 9:19. Shaaraim] 1 Samuel 17:52. These were their cities unto the reign of David] This may he a reference to David’s census, which doubtless shewed generally the possessions of tribes or families as well as their numbers. It does not necessarily mean that these cities ceased to belong to Simeon after David’s day.
Read Cambridge on 1 Chronicles 4 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleUnto the reign of David - It is not quite clear why this clause is added. Perhaps the writer is quoting from a document belonging to David’s reign.
Read Albert Barnes on 1 Chronicles 4 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Beth-marcaboth, Hazar-susim, Beth-biri, and Shaaraim. These were their cities until the reign of David.
at Beth Marcaboth, Hazar Susim, at Beth Biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities until David’s reign.
Beth-marcaboth, Hazar-susim, Beth-biri, and Shaaraim. These were their cities until the reign of David.
Beth Marcaboth, Hazar Susim, Beth Biri, and Shaaraim. These were their towns until the reign of David.
Tyndale line
And at Beth-marcaboth, and Hazar-susim, and at Beth-birei, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign of David.
and at Beth-marcaboth, and Hazar-susim, and at Beth-biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign of David.
and at Beth-marcaboth, and Hazar-susim, and at Beth-biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign of David.
And at Beth-marcaboth, and Hazar-susim, and at Beth-birei, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities to the reign of David.
And at Beth-marcaboth, and at Hazar Susim, at Beth-birei, and at Shaaraim, these were their cities vnto the reigne of Dauid.
Strictly literal
and at Beth-marcaboth, and Hazar-susim, and at Beth-biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities until the reign of David.
and in Beth-Marcaboth, and in Hazar-Susim, and in Beth-Birei, and in Shaarim; these [are] their cities till the reigning of David.
and in Beth-Marcaboth, and in Hazar-Susim, and in Beth-Birei, and in Shaarim; these [are] their cities until the reigning of David.
And at Beth-marcaboth, and Chazar-sussim, and at Beth-biri, and at Sha'arayim. These were their cities until the reign of David.
Beth Markaboth, Hazar Susim, Beth Biri, and Shaaraim. These were their cities until the reign of David.
From the Latin
And in Bethmarchaboth, and in Hasarsusim, and in Bethberai, and in Saarim. These were their cities unto the reign of David.
Simplified
Beth Marcaboth, Hazar Susim, Beth Biri, and Shaaraim. These were their towns until David became king.
And at Beth-marcaboth, and at Hazarsusim, and at Beth-biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their towns till David became king.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text lists the cities of the tribe of Simeon, which aligns with the Septuagint's approach, though only two words match directly. The differences in word order and structure highlight the translation choices made in the Greek version.
וּבְבֵ֤ית מַרְכָּבוֹת֙ וּבַחֲצַ֣ר סוּסִ֔ים וּבְבֵ֥ית בִּרְאִ֖י וּֽבְשַׁעֲרָ֑יִם אֵ֥לֶּה עָרֵיהֶ֖ם עַד־ מְלֹ֥ךְ דָּוִֽיד׃
2 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in 1 Chronicles 4:31
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
בֵּית מַרְכָּבוֹת n.pr.loc. in Simeon (place of chariots)
base
H1024 בֵּית מַרְכָּבוֹת
1024 Beyth ham-Marka-bowth bayth ham-mar-kaw-both'
or (shortened) Beyth Mar-kabowth {bayth mar-kaw-both'}; from
1004 and the plural of 4818 (with or without the article
interposed); place of (the) chariots; Beth-ham-Markaboth or
Beth-Markaboth, a place in Palestine:--Beth-marcaboth.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 04818
בֵּית מַרְכָּבוֹת (bet ham.mar.ka.vot) — Beth-marcaboth.
Beth-marcaboth = "house of the chariots"
a place in Simeon
Another name of mad.man.nah (מַדְמַנָּה "Madmannah" H4089G)
N-proper — Conjunction · preposition · noun properHC/R/Npl
Beth
Occurs frequently as the appellation for a house, or dwelling-place, in such compounds as the words immediately following:
the most general word for a house or habitation. It has the special meaning of a temple or house of worship Beth is more frequently employed in compound names of places than any other word.
House, forms a part of many compounds names of places, and sometimes means the place or dwelling; and at others the temple. This word becomes Beit in modern Arabic.
בֵּית מַרְכָּבוֹת n.pr.loc. in Simeon (place of chariots)
base
H1024 בֵּית מַרְכָּבוֹת
1024 Beyth ham-Marka-bowth bayth ham-mar-kaw-both'
or (shortened) Beyth Mar-kabowth {bayth mar-kaw-both'}; from
1004 and the plural of 4818 (with or without the article
interposed); place of (the) chariots; Beth-ham-Markaboth or
Beth-Markaboth, a place in Palestine:--Beth-marcaboth.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 04818
בֵּית מַרְכָּבוֹת (bet ham.mar.ka.vot) — Beth-marcaboth.
Beth-marcaboth = "house of the chariots"
a place in Simeon
Another name of mad.man.nah (מַדְמַנָּה "Madmannah" H4089G)
HNpl — Noun properHNpl
חֲצַר סוּסָה, ה׳ סוּסִים n.pr.loc. in Simeon
base
H2702 חֲצַר סוּסָה, ה׳ סוּסִים
2702 Chatsar Cuwciym khats-ar' soo-seem'
from 2691 and the plural of 5483; village of horses;
Chatsar-Susim, a place in Palestine:--Hazar- susim.
see HEBREW for 02691
see HEBREW for 05483
חֲצַר סוּסִים (cha.tsar su.sim) — Hazar-susim.
§ Hazar-susim = "village of horses"
a place in Simeon
N-proper — Conjunction · preposition · noun properHC/R/Npl
ha'-zar (chatsar, construct of chatser, "an enclosure," "settlement," or "village"): Is frequently the first element in Hebrew place-names.
1. Hazar-addar:
Hazar-addar (Hebrew chatsar 'addar), a place on the southern boundary of Judah (Nu 34:4), is probably identical with Hazron (Jos 15:3), which, in this case, however, is separated from Addar (the King James Version "Adar"). It seems to have lain somewhere to the Southwest of Kadesh-barnea.
חֲצַר סוּסָה, ה׳ סוּסִים n.pr.loc. in Simeon
base
H2702 חֲצַר סוּסָה, ה׳ סוּסִים
2702 Chatsar Cuwciym khats-ar' soo-seem'
from 2691 and the plural of 5483; village of horses;
Chatsar-Susim, a place in Palestine:--Hazar- susim.
see HEBREW for 02691
see HEBREW for 05483
חֲצַר סוּסִים (cha.tsar su.sim) — Hazar-susim.
§ Hazar-susim = "village of horses"
a place in Simeon
HNpl — Noun properHNpl
H1011 בֵּית לְבָאוֹת
1011 Beyth Bir`iy bayth bir-ee'
from 1004 and 1254; house of a creative one; Beth-Biri, a
place in Palestine:--Beth-birei.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 01254
בֵּית בִּרְאִי (bet bir.i) — Beth-biri.
§ Beth-birei = "house of a creative one"
a place in the territory of Simeon
N-proper — Conjunction · preposition · noun properHC/R/Npl
Beth
Occurs frequently as the appellation for a house, or dwelling-place, in such compounds as the words immediately following:
the most general word for a house or habitation. It has the special meaning of a temple or house of worship Beth is more frequently employed in compound names of places than any other word.
House, forms a part of many compounds names of places, and sometimes means the place or dwelling; and at others the temple. This word becomes Beit in modern Arabic.
H1011 בֵּית לְבָאוֹת
1011 Beyth Bir`iy bayth bir-ee'
from 1004 and 1254; house of a creative one; Beth-Biri, a
place in Palestine:--Beth-birei.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 01254
בֵּית בִּרְאִי (bet bir.i) — Beth-biri.
§ Beth-birei = "house of a creative one"
a place in the territory of Simeon
HNpl — Noun properHNpl
שַׁעֲרַ֫יִם (Sha`arayim) means "double gates" and refers to a town located in both Judah and Simeon. It is a dual form derived from another Hebrew word, indicating its significance as a place with two gates. The entries consistently identify it as a geographical location in the Shephelah of Judah and the Negeb.
שַׁעֲרַ֫יִם n.pr.loc.
in the Shephelah of Judah
in the Negeb (Simeon)
base
H8189 שַׁעֲרַ֫יִם
8189 Sha`arayim shah-ar-ah'-yim
dual of 8179; double gates; Shaarajim, a place in
Palestine:--Shaaraim.
see HEBREW for 08179
שַׁעֲרַ֫יִם (sha.a.ra.yim) — Shaaraim.
§ Shaaraim = "double gate"
a town in Judah
שַׁעֲרַ֫יִם (sha.a.ra.yim) — Shaaraim.
Shaaraim = "double gate"
a town in Simeon
Another name of sha.ru.chen (שָׁרוּחֶ֑ן "Sharuhen" H8287)
Conj | Prep | N-proper — Conjunction · preposition · noun properHC/R/Npl
sha-a-ra'-im (sha`arayim, "two gates"; Sakareim; the King James Version Sharaim):
(1) A city in the Shephelah or "lowland" of Judah mentioned (Jos 15:36) in close association with Socoh and Azekah; the vanquished army of the Philistines passed a Shaaraim in their flight from Socoh toward Gath and Ekron (1Sa 17:52). It is possible that in this latter reference the "two gates" may refer--as Septuagint implies--to the two Philistine strongholds themselves. Shaaraim has been identified with Tell Zakariya (see however AZEKAH) and with Kh. Sa`ireh (PEF, III, 124, Sh XVII), an old site West of Beit `Atab. Both proposals are hazardous.
(2) One of the towns of Simeon (1Ch 4:31), called (
Shaaraim
Two gates. (1.) A city in the plain of Judah (1 Sam. 17:52); called also Sharaim (Josh. 15:36).
(2.) A town in Simeon (1 Chr. 4:31).
(two gates), a city in the territory allotted to Judah, (Joshua 15:36) in Authorized Version incorrectly Sharaim. (1 Samuel 17:52) Shaaraim one of the towns of Simeon, (1 Chronicles 4:31) must be a different place.
gates; valuation; hairs
אֵ֫לֶּה (el-leh) means 'these' and is used in various grammatical contexts, often in apposition to a noun with a pronoun suffix. It can appear with or without the definite article and is sometimes paired with other terms like וְאֵלֶּה (and these). The word conveys a sense of proximity or specification, referring to particular items or people.
אֵ֫לֶּה pr.pl.m. & f. these
in appos. to a subst. with a pron. suff. (always without the article)
repeated, אלה … ואלה, these … those
with the art. (but only after a subst. determined likewise by the art.)
with preps.
base
H428 אֵ֫לֶּה these . in appos. to a subst. with a pron. suff. (always without the article)
. repeated, אלה … ואלה, these … those
. with the art. (but only after a subst. determined likewise by the art.)
. with preps.
428 'el-leh ale'-leh
prolonged from 411; these or those:--an- (the) other; one
sort, so, some, such, them, these (same), they, this, those,
thus, which, who(-m).
see HEBREW for 0411
אֵ֫לֶּה (el.leh) — these.
1) these
1a) used before antecedent
1b) used following antecedent
Aramaic equivalent: el.leh (אֵלֶּה "these" H0429)
Pron — ParticleHTm
The Hebrew word עִיר (*'iyr*) has meanings related to both excitement and city. It can denote excitement, particularly of terror or rage, as well as refer to a city or town, indicating a place that is guarded or inhabited. The entries suggest a broad application, from fortified cities to simple encampments. There is a specific mention of a man named Ir in 1 Chronicles 4:12.
עִיר n.[m.] excitement;—of terror; of rage
base
עִיר 1092 n.f. city, town
city, town, abode of men
of fortress in a city
appar. fortified place, of any size
base
H5892a עִיר excitement;—of terror; of rage H5892b עִיר city, town . city, town, abode of men
. of fortress in a city
. appar. fortified place, of any size
5892 `iyr eer
or (in the plural) par {awr}; or ayar (Judges 10:4)
{aw-yar'}; from 5782 a city (a place guarded by waking or a
watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or
post):--Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town.
see HEBREW for 05782
עִיר (ir) — excitement.
1) excitement, anguish
1a) of terror
עִיר (ir) — city.
1) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)
1a) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)
1a) city, town
עִיר (ir) — City (of On).
Combined with on (אֹן "On" H0204)
This name means city, town
Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)
עִיר (ir) — Ir-.
#A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.12;
son of: Tehinnah (H8468)
N-fp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3mp
עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while
prep.
of space
Of time
Of degree
conj.
until
While
Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)
עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus
of space
Of time
Of degree
base
H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space
. Of time
. Of degree
. conj. . until
. While
. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)
. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space
. Of time
. Of degree
5704 `ad ad
properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or
conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,
or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,
while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,
at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),
(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,
till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.
see HEBREW for 05703
עַד (ad) — till.
prep
1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as
1a) of space
1a1) as far as, up to, even to
1b) in combination
1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)
1c) of time
1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end
1d) of degree
1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like
conj
2) until, while, to the point that, so that even
Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)
Prep — PrepositionHR
מָלַךְ (malak) is a Hebrew verb meaning to reign, become king or queen, or to counsel. It encompasses various forms, including Qal (to reign), Hiphil (to make someone king), and Niphal (to consider). The word appears in contexts related to royalty and governance, with a notable reference in Daniel 9:1 for its use in the passive form.
H4427a מָלַךְ vb. denom. be, or become king, or queen, reign H4427b מָלַךְ counsel, advise—only Niph. Impf.
4427 malak maw-lak'
a primitive root; to reign; inceptively, to ascend the
throne; causatively, to induct into royalty; hence (by
implication) to take counsel:--consult, X indeed, be (make,
set a, set up) king, be (make) queen, (begin to, make to)
reign(-ing), rule, X surely.
מָלַךְ (ma.lakh) — to reign.
1) to be or become king or queen, reign
1a) (Qal) to be or become king or queen, reign
1b) (Hiphil) to make one king or queen, cause to reign
1c) (Hophal) to be made king or queen
מָלַךְ (ma.lakh) — to advise.
1) to counsel, advise
1a) (Niphal) to consider
Aramaic equivalent: me.lakh (מְלֵךְ "counsel" H4431)
V-Qal-Inf-a — Verb · Qal · infinitive construct commonHVqcc
דָּוִד (David) refers to the second king of Israel, known as the youngest son of Jesse. The name means 'beloved' and is associated with a significant lineage, including many siblings and notable descendants like Solomon. The entries highlight his familial connections and historical context, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
דָּוִד, דָּוִיד 1066 n.pr.m. David
base
H1732 דָּוִד, דָּוִיד David
1732 David daw-veed'
rarely (fully); Daviyd {daw-veed'}; from the same as 1730;
loving; David, the youngest son of Jesse:--David.
see HEBREW for 01730
דָּוִד (da.vid) — David.
A king of the tribe of Judah living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at Rut.4.17;
son of: Jesse (H3448) and Nahash (H5176I);
brother of: Eliab (H0446I), Abinadab (H0041I), Shimeah (H8093), Zeruiah (H6870), Abigail (H0026H)(?), Nethanel (H5417H), Raddai (H7288), Ozem (H0684) and Elihu (H0453J); married to Michal (H4324), Abigail (H0026), Ahinoam (H0293H), Maacah (H4601I), Haggith (H2294), Abital (H0037), Eglah (H5698) and Bathsheba (H1339);
father of: Amnon (H0550), Chileab (H3609), Absalom (H0053), Adonijah (H0138), Shephatiah (H8203), Ithream (H3507), Shammua (H8051H), Shobab (H7727), Nathan (H5416), Solomon (H8010), Ibhar (H2984), Elishua (H0474), Nepheg (H5298H), Japhia (H3309I), Elishama (H0476H), Eliada (H0450), Eliphelet (H0467), Tamar (H8559H), Elpelet (H0467I), Nogah (H5052) and Jerimoth (H3406N)
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
da'-vid (dawidh, or dawidh, "beloved"; Daueid, also in New Testament, Dauid, Dabid; see Thayer's Lexicon):
I. NAME AND GENEALOGY
II. EARLY YEARS
1. Shepherd
2. Slinger
3. Harpist
4. Poet
5. Psalmist
6. Tribesman
III. IN THE SERVICE OF SAUL
1. David First Meets Saul
2. His First Exploit
3. Envy of Saul and Flight of David
4. Jonathan and David
IV. DAVID IN EXILE
1. David as Outlaw
2. David Joins the Philistines
V. DAVID AS KING
1. Civil War
2. Conquests Abroad
3. Political Situation
4. The Ark
VI. DOMESTIC LIFE
1. His Wives and Children
2. Domestic Troubles
VII. HIS OFFICIALS
1. Prophets
2. Priests
3. Military Officers
4. Other Officials
5. Mutual Rivalry
VIII. PERSONAL CHARACTER OF DAVID
1. Chronicles
2. Psalms
3. Complex Character
4. Physical Courage
5. Moral Courage
6. Prudence
7. Strategy
8. Nobility
9. David in Relation to His Family
10. David in Relation to His Friends
11. His Success
12. His Foreign Friends
13. Nemesis
David
Beloved, the eighth and youngest son of Jesse, a citizen of Bethlehem. His father seems to have been a man in humble life. His mother’s name is not recorded. Some think she was the Nahash of 2 Sam. 17:25. As to his personal appearance, we only know that he was red-haired, with beautiful eyes and a fair face (1 Sam. 16:12; 17:42).
His early occupation was that of tending his father’s sheep on the uplands of Judah. From what we know of his after history, doubtless he frequently beguiled his time, when thus engaged, with his shepherd’s flute, while he drank in the many lessons taught him by the varied scenes spread around him. His first recorded exploits were his encounters with the wild beasts of the field. He mentions that with his own unaided hand he slew a lion and also a…
(well-beloved), the son of Jesse. His life may be divided into three portions: His youth before his introduction to the court of Saul; His relations with Saul; His reign. The early life of David contains in many important respects the antecedents of his future career. It appears that David was the youngest son, probably the youngest child, of a family of ten, and was born in Bethlehem B.C. 1085. The first time that David appears in history at once admits us to the whole family circle. The annual sacrificial feast is being held when Samuel appears, sent by God to anoint one of Jesse’s sons as they pass before him, (1 Samuel 16:6-10) Samuel sends for the youngest, David, who was "keeping the sheep," and anoints him. (1 Samuel 16:11-13) As David stood before Samuel we are enabled to…
Beloved, the youngest son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah, born in Bethlehem B. C. 1085; one of the most remarkable men in either sacred of secular history. His life is fully recorded in 1Sa 16:1 1Ki 2:46. He was "the Lord’s anointed," chosen by God to be king of Israel instead of Saul, and consecrated to that office by the venerable prophet Samuel long before he actually came to the throne, 1Sa 16:1-13, for which God prepared him by the gift of his Spirit, and a long course of vicissitudes and dangers. In his early pastoral life he distinguished himself by his boldness, fidelity, and faith in God; and while yet a youth was summoned to court, as one expert in music, valiant, prudent in behavior, and comely in person. He…